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Pyridoxal 5'‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent enzymes that catalyze γ‐replacement reactions are prevalent, yet their utilization of carbon nucleophile substrates is rare. The recent discovery of two PLP‐dependent enzymes, CndF and Fub7, has unveiled unique C−C bond forming capabilities, enabling the biocatalytic synthesis of alkyl‐ substituted pipecolic acids from O‐acetyl‐L‐homoserine and β‐keto acid or aldehyde derived enolates. This breakthrough presents fresh avenues for the biosynthesis of pipecolic acid derivatives. However, the catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes remain elusive, and a dearth of structural information hampers their extensive application. Here, we have broadened the catalytic scope of Fub7 by employing ketone‐derived enolates as carbon nucleophiles, revealing Fub7's capacity for substrate‐dependent regioselective α‐alkylation of unsymmetrical ketones. Through an integrated approach combining X‐ray crystallography, spectroscopy, mutagenesis, and computational docking studies, we offer a detailed mechanistic insight into Fub7 catalysis. Our findings elucidate the structural basis for its substrate specificity, stereoselectivity, and regioselectivity. Our work sets the stage ready for subsequent protein engineering effort aimed at expanding the synthetic utility of Fub7, potentially unlocking novel methods to access a broader array of noncanonical amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyridoxal 5'‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent enzymes that catalyze γ‐replacement reactions are prevalent, yet their utilization of carbon nucleophile substrates is rare. The recent discovery of two PLP‐dependent enzymes, CndF and Fub7, has unveiled unique C−C bond forming capabilities, enabling the biocatalytic synthesis of alkyl‐ substituted pipecolic acids from O‐acetyl‐L‐homoserine and β‐keto acid or aldehyde derived enolates. This breakthrough presents fresh avenues for the biosynthesis of pipecolic acid derivatives. However, the catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes remain elusive, and a dearth of structural information hampers their extensive application. Here, we have broadened the catalytic scope of Fub7 by employing ketone‐derived enolates as carbon nucleophiles, revealing Fub7's capacity for substrate‐dependent regioselective α‐alkylation of unsymmetrical ketones. Through an integrated approach combining X‐ray crystallography, spectroscopy, mutagenesis, and computational docking studies, we offer a detailed mechanistic insight into Fub7 catalysis. Our findings elucidate the structural basis for its substrate specificity, stereoselectivity, and regioselectivity. Our work sets the stage ready for subsequent protein engineering effort aimed at expanding the synthetic utility of Fub7, potentially unlocking novel methods to access a broader array of noncanonical amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. To propose a novel deep learning-based method called RG-Net (reconstruction and generation network) for highly accelerated MR parametric mapping by undersampling k-space and reducing the acquired contrast number simultaneously. Methods. The proposed framework consists of a reconstruction module and a generative module. The reconstruction module reconstructs MR images from the acquired few undersampled k-space data with the help of a data prior. The generative module then synthesizes the remaining multi-contrast images from the reconstructed images, where the exponential model is implicitly incorporated into the image generation through the supervision of fully sampled labels. The RG-Net was trained and tested on the T1 ρ mapping data from 8 volunteers at net acceleration rates of 17, respectively. Regional T1 ρ analysis for cartilage and the brain was performed to assess the performance of RG-Net. Results. RG-Net yields a high-quality T1 ρ map at a high acceleration rate of 17. Compared with the competing methods that only undersample k-space, our framework achieves better performance in T1 ρ value analysis. Conclusion. The proposed RG-Net can achieve a high acceleration rate while maintaining good reconstruction quality by undersampling k-space and reducing the contrast number simultaneously for fast MR parametric mapping. The generative module of our framework can also be used as an insertable module in other fast MR parametric mapping methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sixteen undescribed, structurally diverse and novel diterpenoids were characterized from Euphorbia milii. • Thirteen synthetic derivatives were prepared, and a 12-fold increase in inhibitory potency was gained through structural derivation. • Fifteen anti-osteoclastogenesis diterpenoids were identified. Phytochemical study on Euphorbia milii , a common ornamental plant, resulted in the identification of thirteen new ent -rosane diterpenoids (1 – 13), three new ent -atisane diterpenoids (14 – 16), and a known ent -rosane (17). Their structures were delineated using spectroscopic data, quantum chemical calculations, and X-ray diffraction experiments. Euphomilone F (1) represented a rare ent -rosane-type diterpenoid with a 5/7/6 skeleton. Euphoainoid G (8) was a rare rosane diterpenic acid. Compounds 9 and 10 carried infrequent tetrahydrofuran rings, and compounds 11 – 13 was 18- nor - ent -rosane diterpenoids. All isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on RANKL-induced osteoclasts. Notably, compounds with aromatic ester groups (2 – 7) showed promising activities (IC 50 < 10 μM), underscoring the significance of acylated A-ring moieties in the ent -rosane skeleton for anti-osteoclastogenesis. Thirteen synthetic derivatives were obtained through esterification of 17. Of these, compound 27 exhibited remarkable improvement, with an IC 50 of 0.8 μM, more than a 12-fold increase in potency compared to the parent compound 17 (IC 50 > 10 μM). This work presents a series of new ent -rosane diterpenoids with potential antiosteoporosis agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The patient's preference plays an important role in clinical practice. There currently is no available evidence regarding the perception and attitudes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) towards the use of Chinese medicine (CM) approaches. This study was designed to explore preferences and factors associated with CM among COPD patients. Patients and Methods: A pilot survey was conducted among COPD patients using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire. The perceptions of CM therapies (including herbal medicine, non-pharmacotherapies), and expected clinical outcomes were investigated based on patient preference. Factors associated with preference of treatment scenarios were estimated in order of importance. Results: Thirty patients were enrolled in the survey, including 27 males and 3 females. Two-thirds of the patients preferred integrative Chinese and Western medicine for the treatment of COPD. Chinese patent medicines and CM decoction therapy were more popular than CM injections. The preferred non-drug therapy was point application, followed by acupuncture, Tai chi, or Qigong. More than 70% of patients reported that important clinical outcomes were improvements in lung function (77%) and dyspnea, cough, and sputum symptoms (73%), followed by exercise endurance (50%). Besides clinical efficacy, costs and side effects were also important factors for treatment selection. Conclusion: This pilot study showed that Chinese patent medicine and CM decoctions were preferred options for complementary medicines to combine with routine pharmacotherapy for COPD treatment according to the patients' preferences. The improvement of dyspnea, cough symptoms, and lung function was the most desired clinical outcomes for patients. Quicker symptom relief, lower costs, and fewer side effects were key attributes for the treatment selection. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to definitively address the comprehensive conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the emerging Africa–China studies, ethnography has been employed to demystify the monolithic Chinese presence in Africa. Drawing on recent concerns about "discourse" in ethnographies of Chinese migrants in Africa, this article recommends the exploration of "discursive ethnicities": a term coined to frame a conceptualization of ethnicity that, while embedded in migrant experiences, is embodied through discursive practices. Based on inductive analysis of ethnographic fieldwork with Chinese migrants, we propose a framework of discursive ethnicities in the discursive field of "the Chinese" in Nigeria, in which specific subethnicities (Hongkongese, Taiwanese, Fujianese, etc.) emerge, change, or are dismissed, alongside other-ethnicities that are embodied in narrating Nigerians in specific ways as mirrors of Chinese individuals' self-ethnicities. We also discuss how both embedded and disembedded experiences contribute to embodied discursive Chinese ethnicities. The article concludes that "discursive ethnicities" provides a nonessentialist means of understanding the cognition of ethnicity and discourse in migrant experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• F-Bi 2 MoO 6 nanosheets can be synthetized by a hydrothermal method with CTAB. • F-2D BMO shows higher photocatalytic CO 2 reduction activity than 2D BMO. • F doping makes the CB potential value more negative, which helps to generate CO. • DFT calculations further validate the relevant mechanisms. The issue of excessive CO 2 emissions has emerged as a significant global challenge. Photocatalytic technology holds great promise for controlling CO 2 emissions. In this paper, two-dimensional Bi 2 MoO 6 nanosheets were prepared by the hydrothermal method and modified by CTAB and F- doping to impart specific morphological characteristics and an energy band structure. The results showed that F-2D BMO with a doping amount of 1.5 wt% exhibited the highest photocatalytic efficiency. The CO evolution rate can be increased from 1.8 μmol/g/h to 5.6 μmol/g/h, with the CO generation selectivity increasing from 52.94 % to 87.50 %. This enhancement can be attributed to the replacement of original lattice O2– by the doped F-, which altered the lattice parameters and energy band structure of the catalyst. Consequently, the band gap was reduced and the conduction band potential became more negative, rendering it more suitable for CO production. Additionally, the improved separation rate of photogenerated carriers, reduced complexation rate, and enhanced generation and transfer of active species all contribute to the enhanced photocatalytic CO 2 reduction performance of the catalysts. Therefore, this study highlights the potential benefits and significance of using F- doped Bi 2 MoO 6 nanosheets for addressing concerns regarding CO 2 emission concerns and promoting sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Accurately measuring high concentration particle concentration while preventing contamination. • Establishing a functional relationship to describe changes in powder contamination using a fiber optic probe. • Combining microscopic particle contamination patterns with macroscopic particle extinction measurements. Achieving real-time measurements of ultra-fine dry chemical agents (UDCA) is extremely challenging, with their complex composition, high injection concentrations, and susceptibility to contamination. In this study, a high-concentration particulate matter measurement method was proposed based on the extinction principle to reduce the powder contamination effect during calibrations. Through theoretical analysis and experimental verification, a functional relationship was established. Calibration experiments were conducted using sodium bicarbonate (SBA) and potassium bicarbonate (PBA) UDCAs, which are the most representative. The results showed that the measurement ranges of SBA and PBA reached 227.15 g/m3 and 122.55 g/m3, respectively. Compared with the uncorrected calibration method, the maximum indicated errors of SBA and PBA with the powder contamination effect corrected were reduced from 11.25% and 22.68% to 5.98% and 9.21%. This method provides a strategy for measuring high concentration powder, especially for achieving the measurement of UDCA in aircraft engine compartments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the rise and decline of Lagos' China Town and its role as a locus of interactions between Chinese migrants and the Nigerian state. I argue that the rise and fall of Chinese private investment in Lagos' China Town is explained by the Nigerian state's adjustment to its own entry into the global market. While some Nigerian government officials formed a shared interest of community with Chinese traders via allowing smuggling and grey customs clearance, others frequently raided China Town in the name of protecting local industries. I also argue that Nigerian traders' and consumers' perspectives on substandard made-in-China products differed sharply from those of the Nigerian state and manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat flow behavior of lithium-ion batteries during normal operation is an important consideration for safety. Yet, there are few studies on this subject. In current work, the heat flow of Li(Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3)O 2 (NCM) and LiFePO 4 (LFP) batteries during a discharge and charge cycle at different ambient temperatures and discharge rates has been tested for the first time using a high precision isothermal microcalorimeter (TAM IV). The agreement of the measured heat flow over several repeated cycles is excellent, with a spike in heat flow occurring at the end of discharge. Low temperatures have a greater effect on the heat flow of the battery than high temperatures. NCM batteries have greater thermal stability than LFP batteries during heating and cooling, as well as when the discharge rate increases. Meanwhile, the heat flow spike of NCM batteries has a good exponential dependence on temperature and discharge rate. At a certain temperature, a model of the heat flow eigenvalue function, which is only dependent on the discharge rate, is developed. There is a strong correlation between the heat flow behavior and the electrical behavior of LFP and NCM batteries. The research provides a practical basis for the application, monitoring, and optimization of lithium-ion batteries. • In-situ measurements of the heat flow from the battery are analyzed. • Fitted curves for heat flow spikes and fitted equations for heat are given. • Relationship between voltage and heat flow during charge and discharge is given. • Voltage varying with different temperatures during charge/discharge is analyzed. • Main reasons for the capacity degradation of LFP and NCM batteries are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new compounds (1 – 3), euphorimaoid A (1), euphorimaoid B (2), 1 α -hydroxy-3 β -acetoxy-olean-9,12-diene (3), two firstly isolated natural products 3 β -acetyloxy-olean-13(18)-en-12-one (4) and 18,19-epoxyolean-3 β -ol acetate (5), together with 13 known compounds (6 – 18) have been identified from the aerial parts of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Structures of compounds 1 – 5 were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of euphorimaoid A (1) was established using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All the isolates were evaluated for their inhibition of osteoclastogenesis in BMMs. Among them, compounds 7 and 10 showed significantly inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we designed and synthesized two "A-π-A" structural small molecules based on N -dimethylaminopropyl-1,8-naphthalimide with π-bridge, namely 4,4'-(thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(2-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione) (ONTN) and 4,4'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione) (ONBN), which are used as cathode interfacial materials (CIMs) to systematically reveal the effect of π-bridge of 1,8-naphthalimide-based cathode interlayers for efficient organic solar cells (OSCs). Compared with ONBN, ONTN shows higher decomposition temperature, more red-shift absorption, lower LUMO and higher HOMO energy levels, higher electron mobility and conductivity, and more uniform film morphology. Both molecules exhibit excellent thermal stability and high light transmittance. The OSCs based on ONTN with PBDB-T:ITIC as active layer demonstrate a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.38%, higher than the control device of ONBN (a PCE of 9.04%). It turns out that thiophene π-bridge 1,8-naphthalimide-based ONTN got better performance as CIMs than that of ONBN with benzene π-bridge. [Display omitted] • We synthesize new building block 2-bromo-2-(3-(dimethylamino) propyl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione and demonstrate its great potential for constructing cathode interfacial materials using in OSCs. • We find that thiophene π-bridge in ONTN significantly enhances the device efficiency. • We investigate effects of the π-bridge on electronic properties, charge transport, film morphology, and photovoltaic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: In Parkinson's disease (PD), wearing off and side effects of long-term medication and complications pose challenges for neurologists. Although Tai Chi is beneficial for many illnesses, its efficacy for PD remains uncertain. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tai Chi for PD. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Tai Chi for PD were electronically searched by the end of December 2013 and identified by two independent reviewers. The tool from the Cochrane Handbook 5.1 was used to assess the risk of bias. A standard meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.2 software. Results: Ten trials with PD of mild-to-moderate severity were included in the review, and nine trials (n = 409) were included in the meta-analysis. The risk of bias was generally high in the blinding of participants and personnel. Improvements in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (mean difference (MD) −4.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) −6.67–−2.01), Berg Balance Scale (MD: 4.25, 95% CI: 2.83–5.66), functional reach test (MD: 3.89, 95% CI: 1.73–6.04), Timed Up and Go test (MD: −0.75, 95% CI: −1.30–−0.21), stride length (standardized MD: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.03–1.09), health-related quality of life (standardized MD: −1.10, 95% CI: −1.81–−0.39) and reduction of falls were greater after interventions with Tai Chi plus medication. Satisfaction and safety were high. Intervention with Tai Chi alone was more effective for only a few balance and mobility outcomes. Conclusions: Tai Chi performed with medication resulted in promising gains in mobility and balance, and it was safe and popular among PD patients at an early stage of the disease. This provides a new evidence for PD management. More RCTs with larger sample size that carefully address blinding and prudently select outcomes are needed. PROSPERO registration number CRD42013004989. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecdysteroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), a critical hormone in arthropods, plays an essential role in insect growth, molting and reproduction. A previous study showed that 20E is actually regulated by six P450 genes (five P450 genes belonging to the Halloween family and a CYP18A1 gene) in model insects. However, the role of the six P450 genes in Bemisia tabaci Q (also call Mediterranean, MED), an important pest of field crops, remains unclear. Here, six P450 genes were cloned by RT-PCR, and the phylogenetic tree indicated a close orthologous relationship of these P450 genes between MED and other insects. Spatiotemporal expression profiling revealed that five P450 genes (CYP18A1 , CYP306A1 , CYP307A2 , CYP314A1 and CYP315A1) were expressed at significantly higher levels in the head than in the abdomen and thorax. Four P450 genes (CYP302A1 , CYP307A2 , CYP314A1 and CYP315A1) were expressed at the highest levels in males, and CYP18A1 was expressed at the highest levels in the 4th nymph stage. The molting process was delayed by approximately 1–3 days after knockdown of these genes at the 4th nymph stage, and the mean proportion of shriveled or dead insects reached 8.3% (CYP18A1), 20.8% (CYP302A1), 7.0% (CYP307A2), 31.8% (CYP306A1), 28.6% (CYP314A1) and 24.1% (CYP315A1). In addition, 20E rescued the negative effect of ds- CYP306A1 , ds- CYP314A1 and ds- CYP315A1 on the eclosion rate. We concluded that these Halloween genes and CYP18A1 likely participate in the development of MED, and in particular, CYP306A1 could be used as a putative insecticide target for controlling this piercing-sucking insect. Halloween genes and CYP18A1 likely participate in the development of MED, and in particular, CYP306A1 could be used as a putative insecticide target for controlling this piercing-sucking insect. Unlabelled Image • Full-length cDNA of Halloween genes and CYP18A1 were cloned and characterized in Bemisia tabaci Q (MED). • The molting process was delayed by 1–3 days after knockdown of these genes at the 4th nymph stage, and the mean proportion shriveled or dead insects have unusual rise. • 20E rescued the negative effect of ds-CYP306A1, ds-CYP314A1 and ds-CYP315A1 on the eclosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is an integral component of cytochrome P450-mediated biological reactions, such as the metabolism of xenobiotics, including insecticides. CPR has been reported to be associated with insecticide tolerance in several insects. However, the biochemical characteristics and biological function of CPR in Bemisia tabaci Q (BtCPR) remain undefined. In this study, BtCPR was cloned, and bioinformatic analysis showed that BtCPR is a transmembrane protein with a molecular weight (MW) of 76.73 kDa and contains conserved binding domains (FMN, FAD, and NADPH). Tissue- and developmental stage-dependent expression indicated that the highest expression levels of BtCPR occurred in head tissue and in male adults. Transcripts of BtCPR in the field B. tabaci Q strain were 1.62-fold higher than those of the laboratory B. tabaci Q strain. In both field and laboratory adults, the susceptibility of BtCPR -knockdown B. tabaci Q to imidacloprid substantially increased compared to that of the B. tabaci Q control group. Furthermore, the heterologous expression of BtCPR in Sf9 cells exhibited catalytic activity for cytochrome c reduction, following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Sf9 cells overexpressing BtCPR had greater viability than the control cells when treated with imidacloprid. The results suggest that BtCPR could affect the susceptibility of B. tabaci Q to imidacloprid and could also be considered a novel target for pest control. Unlabelled Image • Full-length cDNA of BtCPR gene were cloned and characterized in Bemisia tabaci Q • In both field and laboratory adults, the susceptibility of BtCPR-knockdown B. tabaci Q to imidacloprid substantially increased compared to that of the B. tabaci Q control group. • Heterologous expression of BtCPR in Sf9 cells exhibited catalytic activity for cytochrome c reduction and had greater viability than the control cells when treated with imidacloprid [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a globally invasive species complex that causes serious damage to field crops, has developed resistance to imidacloprid and many other pesticides. Insect detoxify to pesticides may partially depend on ABC transporters, which contribute to the detoxification of xenobiotics. To determine whether genes in the ABCG subfamily are involved in imidacloprid detoxification in B. tabaci Q, we cloned four ABCG subfamily genes based on the published MED/Q genome and on our previous study of the transcriptional response of ABC transporters in B. tabaci Q adults to imidacloprid. As indicated by the quantification of mRNA levels after a 6-h exposure, the expression level of ABCG3 was 3.3-fold higher in B. tabaci Q adults exposed to 100 μg/mL imidacloprid rather than to the buffer control. The expression level of ABCG3 was higher in females than in males but did not significantly differ among eggs or nymphal stages and did not significantly differ among head, thorax, and abdomen tissues of adults. Knockdown of ABCG3 via RNA interference significantly increased the mortality of imidacloprid-treated laboratory and field-collected adults of B. tabaci Q. These results indicate that the ABCG3 gene may be involved in imidacloprid detoxification by B. tabaci Q. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • Full-length cDNA of four ABCG genes were cloned and characterized in Bemisia tabaci Q • The transcript of ABCG3 was up-regulated after Imidacloprid treatment. • Suppression of ABCG3 increased the sensitivity of Bemisia tabaci Q to Imidacloprid [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The filling conditions and pipeline characteristics of the aircraft fire extinguishing system determine the pressure of the fire extinguishing cylinder outlet, the discharge quality of the extinguishing agent, and the flow distribution during the discharge process. The simulation model of the fire extinguishing system pipeline of an aircraft was established by Amesim. The influence of filling conditions and pipeline characteristics was studied. It was found that the mass curves of the fire extinguishing agent were similar under filling pressures of 4, 5, and 6 MPa with a filling amount of 5.55 kg. The lower the initial temperature is, the pressure at the outlet of the cylinder decreases, but the emptying time is similar to 1.22 s. The lower the roughness is, the faster the discharge is. Under the ideal smooth pipe (ε = 0 mm), the emptying time of the fire extinguishing cylinder is 0.72 s. When the diameter of the short branch pipe is 10 mm, and the diameter of the long branch pipe is 14 mm, the discharge quality of the two pipes is close. The larger the diameter of the main pipe, the higher the discharge rate. The research results have a certain guiding significance for the pipeline design of certain aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is increasingly used by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, there has been no systematic evaluation of its safety. This review examined the adverse events (AEs) reported in clinical studies of CHM for COPD. Five English databases (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, AMED, and CENTRAL) and four Chinese databases (CBM, CNKI, CQVIP, and Wanfang Data) were searched from inception to May 2013. Adverse event data, including nature, severity, author-assigned causality, management, and outcome, were extracted from included studies. Descriptive statistics were used for the rate of adverse events. Of the 152 included studies, AEs were reported in 47 studies. The rate of adverse events was slightly lower in the CHM groups compared with controls (84 events in 5,909 participants, 1.4% versus 102 events in 5,676 participants, 1.8%). The most frequently reported adverse event was nausea (28 cases in the CHM groups and 19 cases in the control groups), which was more common in studies where CHM was combined with pharmacotherapy to treat acute exacerbation of COPD. Other frequent adverse events were abdominal discomfort, dry mouth, and dizziness. Detailed information about the adverse events was scant. Overall, CHM appears to be well tolerated in people with COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) imposes a large burden on economy and society worldwide. In addition to western medicine, multiple kinds of qi-tonifying Chinese medicine injections have been widely used in China as adjunctive treatments. Previous small-sample clinical trials have proven their efficacy in the treatment of AECOPD. However, data on comparative effectiveness and safety of qi-tonifying injections are limited. We conducted this network meta-analysis to compare the efficacy and safety of 7 commonly used qi-tonifying injections in patients with AECOPD. Methods. Literature search was conducted through electronic databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, CBM, CNKI, Wanfang database, and VIP database. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) exploring the efficacy of any of these 7 qi-tonifying injections were included. The primary outcome was lung function (FEV1 and FVC). R 4.0.0 and STATA 12.0 were adopted to perform the network meta-analysis using Bayesian statistics. Results. A total of 36 RCTs involving 2657 participants were included. The results of network meta-analyses indicated that Chuankezhi injection (CKZ) combined with routine treatment (RT) was superior to other qi-tonifying injections combined with RT in terms of FEV1 improvement (MD = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.22, 1.04). For improving FVC, Shengmai injection (SGM) combined with RT showed the greatest therapeutic effect (MD = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.61). Moreover, SGM combined with RT revealed the best estimates for response rate (MD = 4.00, 95% CI: 1.34, 13.63). The main adverse events in this study were gastrointestinal reactions and injection site reactions. No serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion. In this network meta-analysis, SGM and CKZ were potential best adjunctive therapies in the treatment of AECOPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), which are major phase II detoxification enzymes, have been implicated in the glycosylation of lipophilic endobiotics and xenobiotics and thus potentially lead to the evolution of insecticide resistance. In this study, we identified and cloned two putative UGT genes from transcriptome data which are named UGT352A4 and UGT352A5. As demonstrated by qRT-PCR, two UGT genes were over-expressed in the thiamethoxam-resistant (THQR) strain relative to the susceptible (THQS) strain. Moreover, the induction experiment revealed that the expression of the UGT352A5 gene was significantly increased following exposure to thiamethoxam in the THQR strain. Furthermore, the expression of both UGT352A4 and UGT352A5 was downregulated after RNA interference, whereas only the silencing of UGT352A5 resulted in a noticeable increase in the mortality of THQR adults. Our results represent the first line of evidence showing that UGT352A5 might be responsible for conferring thiamethoxam resistance in B. tabaci. The results will be shed new insights for obtaining a better understanding of the role of UGTs in the evolution of insecticide resistance and developing new insect resistance management tactics within the sustainable integrated pest management framework. • Two UGT genes whether function to thiamethoxam resistance were comparative verified. • Over-expressed UGT352A4 does not involve in thiamethoxam resistance in B. tabaci. • Silenced the UGT352A5 increased the sensitivity of B. tabaci to thiamethoxam • UGT352A5 expression level increased with the increasing time of thiamethoxam exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient participation is essential for Core Outcome Set (COS) development studies. Patient education during participation may help patients better express their views in COS studies. This study aimed to investigate the current status of patient participation and the specified educational information in COS studies. We conducted a systematic review of COS development studies. Information on patient participation in COS research, and especially details of patient education, was analyzed. In total, 146 COS development studies were included in this review. Of these, 125 studies (85.6%) mentioned patient participation. Most studies did not provide explicit information on patient participation. Some studies mentioned recruiting patients, but ultimately, none of them responded. Six studies reported conducting patient education through workshops, creating patient forums, or providing videos and slides. However, these studies did not provide details on education. Twenty-three studies used the plain language to explain patient outcomes. COS developers are increasingly focusing on patient participation. However, only a few COS studies have explicitly reported conducting measures related to patient education. Further patient education is necessary when they participate in the development of a new Core Outcome Set. This article provides implementation strategies related to patient education for future COS development studies. • Core outcome set (COS) is a minimum set that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials. • Attaching importance to patients' views, opinions, and participation in the COS development study is necessary. Patient education enables patients to express their perspectives better in the COS study. • COS developers are increasingly focusing on patient participation. However, only a few COS studies included in this review explicitly mentioned patient education during participation. • Conducting patient education is essential for future COS development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Ischemic stroke (IS) seriously impacts the quality of life of survivors. Chinese medicine (CM) has been developed for more than 2000 years and plays a key role in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Many Chinese medicine clinical trials have been conducted; however, the heterogeneity of outcome measurements and reporting limits implications of the findings in clinical practice and health policy development. Therefore, it is important to develop a core outcome set (COS) that should be used and reported in trials for ischemic stroke treated by Chinese medicine. This protocol describes the process of developing the IS-CM-COS. Methods and Analysis. The development of the COS will involve the following four steps: (1) A list of outcomes reported in the registered and published Chinese medicine trials of ischemic stroke will be extracted by conducting a systematic literature review. (2) An additional outcome list will be collected by semistructured interview to patients with ischemic stroke. (3) A two-round Delphi survey will be performed to prioritize and condense the outcomes. (4) In the consensus meeting, a final recommended COS will be developed. Discussion. The COS could improve the reliability and consistency of outcome reporting. We hope that this IS-CM-COS will be used in the future Chinese medicine trials for the treatment of ischemic stroke and improve research quality. Trial Registration. This study was registered with the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials Initiative (http://www.comet-initiative.org/studies/details/1282). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gegen (Radix Puerariae Lobatae), the root of Pueraria lobata, is an edible and medicinal herb which has been used in treating diabetic symptoms in the orient for thousands of years. We present an evidence map of the efficacy and safety of Gegen and Gegen formulas (GGFs) that use Gegen as an essential herb for diabetes, and also its mechanism of actions. We comprehensively searched the ancient medical records to identify empirical evidence; conducted a systematic review (SR) based on moderate- to high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to synthesize the clinical evidence; and reviewed the possible mechanisms of its antidiabetic effects. Empirical application of Gegen in treating diabetic symptoms dated back to more than 2000 years ago. Common herbs used in RCTs that accompany with Gegen included Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae, Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng, Rhizoma Dioscoreae, Poria, and Radix Ophiopogonis. The combinations used today are consistent with their usage in ancient times. Results of the SR showed that GGFs could benefit patients with type 2 diabetes for blood glucose control. When in combination with hypoglycemic agents or insulin, GGFs enhanced the glucose-lowering effect as well as the lipid-lowering effects. Also, the incidence and the risk of adverse events (AE), especially the hypoglycemic episodes, were lower in the combination group. No serious or life-threatening AE was reported. The experimental evidence presented that Gegen and GGFs might exert and enhance the anti-diabetic effects through activation of multiple mechanisms, such as reducing insulin resistance, increasing insulin release, inhibiting glucose absorption and reabsorption, and improving insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, and metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High level resistance for a variety of insecticides has emerged in Bemisia tabaci , a globally notorious insect. Neonicotinoid insecticides have been applied widely to control B. tabaci. Whether a differentially expressed gene CYP6DB3 discovered from transcriptome data of B. tabaci is involved in the resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides remains unclear. In the study, CYP6DB3 expression was significantly up-regulated in both thiamethoxam- and imidacloprid-resistant strains relative to the susceptive strains. We also found that CYP6DB3 expression was up-regulated after B. tabaci adults were exposed to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid. Moreover, knocking down CYP6DB3 expression via feeding corresponding dsRNA significantly reduced CYP6DB3 mRNA levels by 34.1%. Silencing CYP6DB3 expression increased the sensitivity of B. tabaci Q adults against both thiamethoxam and imidacloprid. Overexpression of CYP6DB3 gene reduced the toxicity of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam to transgenic D. melanogaster. In addition, metabolic studies showed that CYP6DB3 can metabolize 24.41% imidacloprid in vitro. Collectively, these results strongly support that CYP6DB3 plays an important role in the resistance of B. tabaci Q to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. This work will facilitate a deeper insight into the part of cytochrome P450s in the evolution of insecticide resistance and provide a theoretical basis for the development of new integrated pest resistance management. [Display omitted] • Silencing CYP6DB3 enhanced thiamethoxam and imidacloprid toxicity to B. tabaci. • CYP6DB3 overexpression reduced thiamethoxam and imidacloprid toxicity to transgenic D. melanogaster. • Recombinant CYP6DB3 protein can metabolize imidacloprid in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro milling forces can easily induce bending deflection when machining micro complex components, which makes the tool center deviate the desired trajectory and causes dimension error. So this study is mainly focused on analysis of dimension error in micro ball end milling. The analytical prediction model of dimension error is proposed based on the deflection of micro ball-end milling cutter induced by micro milling forces, which referenced to Euler Bernoulli cantilever beam equations. The micro milling forces acting on ball end milling cutter can be acquired by numerical integration. And the proposed models using two-section and three-section cantilever beam equation separately were analyzed by comparison. The proposed machining deflection's error prediction model is validated by micro ball end mill on stainless steel workpiece. The experimental results show that the model based on three-section cantilever beam equation has a better correlation with the simulation results. The proposed theoretical model offers a basis for controlling machining deflection as well as manufacturing process optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuticular proteins (CPs) play an important role in protecting insects from adverse environmental conditions, like neonicotinoid insecticides, which are heavily used for numerous pests and caused environmental problems and public health concerns worldwide. However, the relationship between CPs and insecticides resistance in Bemisia tabaci , a serious and developed high insecticide resistance, is lacking. In this study, 125 CPs genes were identified in B. tabaci. Further phylogenetic tree showed the RR-2-type genes formed large gene groups in B. tabaci. Transcriptional expression levels of CPs genes at different developmental stages revealed that some CPs genes may play a specific role in insect development. The TEM results indicated that the cuticle thickness of susceptible strain was thinner than imidacloprid-resistance strain. Furthermore, 16 CPs genes (5 in RR-1 subfamily, 7 in RR-2 subfamily, 3 in CPAP3 subfamily and 1 in CPCFC subfamily) were activated in response to imidacloprid. And RNAi results indicated that CP9 and CP83 involved in imidacloprid resistance. In conclusion, this study was the first time to establish a basic information framework and evolutionary relationship between CPs and imidacloprid resistance in B. tabaci , which provides a basis for proposing integrated pest management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia remains a challenge worldwide. Herbal medicines may play a role in the development of new interventions. To determine effects of herbal medicines for management of the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, meta-analysis was conducted of 31 controlled trials (3613 participants). Frequently tested herbal medicines were the Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761 (seven studies) and the multi-ingredient formula Yokukansan (eight studies). Sixteen studies tested other herbal medicines. Improvements were detected in Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores in EGb 761 groups compared to placebo (MD -3.46 [-5.94, -0.98]; I2 = 93%; n = 1757) and Yokukansan groups compared to no treatment (SMD -0.53 [-0.86, -0.21]; I2 = 0%; n = 150). Cognitive scores were improved in EGb 761 groups while Yokukansan did not appear to affect cognitive function. Of the other herbal medicines, there were improvements in the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and cognitive outcomes in two of four placebo-controlled studies. EGb 761 and Yokukansan appeared safe and well tolerated. Adverse effects and dropouts were not reported consistently for the other herbal medicines. Weaknesses of these included short durations, small sample sizes, lack of blinding and other risks of bias. Well-designed studies are needed to further investigate the reported effects of these interventions on the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to investigate potential cardioprotection of Danlou Tablets in patients undergoing PCI with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). 219 patients with NSTE-ACS were randomised to Danlou Tablet pretreatment (n=109) or placebo (n=110). No patients received statins prior to PCI and all patients were given atorvastatin (10 mg/day) after procedure. The main endpoint was the composite incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) within 30 days after PCI. The proportion of patients with elevated levels of cTn I>5 × 99% of upper reference limit was significantly lower in the Danlou Tablet group at 8 h (22.0% versus 34.5%, p=0.04) and 24 h (23.9% versus 38.2%, p=0.02) after PCI. The 30-day MACEs occurred in 22.0% of the Danlou Tablet group and 33.6% in the placebo group (p=0.06). The incidence of MACE at 90-day follow-up was significantly decreased in the Danlou Tablet group compared to the placebo group (23.9% versus 37.3%, p=0.03). The difference between the groups at 90 days was the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction (22% versus 34.5%, p=0.04). These findings might support that treatment with Danlou Tablet could reduce the incidence of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients with ACS undergoing PCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Three-armed imide-based molecule as the cathode interlayer efficiently promotes interfacial transfer in OSCs. • Achieving the low interfacial tension by balancing crystallization and film-forming ability. • 16.86% and 13.69% PCEs are obtained in NTA-based opaque and semitransparent devices, respectively. Naphthalimide-based molecules, namely NEN and NTA, were designed and utilized as versatile cathode interlayers in organic solar cells (OSCs). Compared with one-armed NA previously reported and two-armed NEN, the NTA with a three-armed molecular structure exhibits more clearly the bathochromic-shifted absorption, aligned work function, stronger self-doping effect, and higher electron mobility. The PM6:Y6-based OSCs with NTA as the cathode interlayer obtains a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.86%, higher than that of NEN (PCE = 1.18%) and NA (PCE = 0.79%). Simultaneously, the PM6:Y6-based devices with NTA possess satisfactory thickness tolerance and better stability. In addition, NTA-based semitransparent devices give a maximum PCE of 13.69% with high short-circuit current density and average visible transmittance. It is demonstrated that the three-armed naphthalimide-based molecule NTA could obtain better interfacial charge transfer performance in OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qingkailing (QKL), Reduning (RDN), Xiyanping (XYP), Tanreqing (TRQ) and Yuxingcao (YXC) injections are all phlegm-heat clearing Chinese medicine (CM) injections composed of the extract from traditional CM materials. Evidence from clinical studies and animal experiments indicates that the above CM injections are effective supplementary therapy for acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), and clinicians are faced with a difficult choice on the optimal phlegm-heat clearing CM injection for AECOPD. This systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of five commonly used phlegm-heat clearing CM injections for COPD. A pairwise and network meta-analyses were performed to assess the effectiveness of QKL, RDN, TRQ, XYP and YXC on AECOPD. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified by searching English and Chinese databases. The primary outcome was lung function (forced expiration volume [FEV1] and forced vital capacity [FVC]), blood gas analysis index was secondary outcome measure. Winbugs and Stata 15.0 software were used for data analysis. A total of 57 RCTs were included. The pairwise analyses showed that each of the injections combined with routine treatment were superior to routine treatment alone [FEV1: QKL, MD 0.20, 95% CI (0.06, 0.35); RDN, MD 0.24, 95% CI (0.08, 0.40); TRQ, MD 0.24, 95% CI (0.19, 0.29); XYP, MD 0.26, 95% CI (0.20, 0.32); YXC MD 0.73, 95% CI (0.06, 1.41)]. The network meta-analysis provided the following rank of lung function improvement: FEV1: YXC > TRQ > XYP > RDN > QKL; FVC: YXC > TRQ > QKL > RDN > XYP. RDN and YXC ranked highest in blood gas analysis index. RDN was the highest ranked injection for effectiveness, followed by QKL, TRQ, XYP, then YXC. Most of the injections appeared safe, with severe adverse events rarely reported. This study suggests that YXC and TRQ are the most effective therapies in treating AECOPD patients. RDN and YXC are more effective in the alleviation of clinical symptoms. Given that the safety of YXC is controversial, TRQ and RDN may be preferable as phlegm-heat clearing CM injections in the adjuvant treatment of AECOPD. [Display omitted] ● This study is the first network meta-analysis that examines phlegm-heat clearing injections related to the treatment of acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) patients. ● The surface under the cumulative ranking curves was used to estimate the hierarchy of the different injections. ● Phlegm-heat clearing Chinese medicine injections can improve the effective rate, lung function, and arterial blood gas in treating AECOPD. ● Tanreqing injection and Reduning injection were more recommended for treating AECOPD as complementary and alternative therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]