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A definite diagnosis of ankle ligament injury is crucial, and many imaging examinations can be used. This review systematically analyzed the effectiveness of various examination methods in the diagnosis of anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) injuries. Three English databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) and three Chinese databases (CNKI, VIP Database, and Wanfang Database) were searched and relevant studies were summarized. A total of 25 randomized controlled trials met the selection criteria, including six, 16, and three studies recruiting patients with acute, chronic, and both acute and chronic ATFL injuries, respectively. A total of 1409 participants were included. The pooled sensitivity rates of acute ATFL injuries were 82.1% (77.1%–86.5%) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 88.6% (82.0%–93.5%) by ultrasonography (US). The pooled sensitivity rates of chronic ATFL injuries were 86.3% (82.5%–89.5%) by MRI, 98.7% (95.3%–99.8%) by US, 74.4% (63.6%–83.4%) by stress radiography, and 100% (87.7%–100.0%) for MR arthrography. The pooled specificity rates of acute ATFL injuries were 37.8% (29.1%–47.2%) by MRI and 90.3% (80.1%–96.4%) by US. The pooled specificity rates of chronic ATFL injuries were 86.8% (81.3%–91.2%) by MRI, 94.0% (85.4%–98.3%) for US, 89.4% (76.9%– 96.5%) by stress radiography and 100% (54.1%–100.0%) by MR arthrography. In conclusion, US may be a valuable imaging technique with high sensitivity for diagnosing chronic lateral ankle ligament injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of laboratory measurements of large focusing wave groups, which were generated using the New Wave theory, are presented. The influences of both the steepness and frequency bandwidth on focused wave characteristics were examined. The influence of frequency bandwidth on focused wave groups with small and moderate steepness was very small. However, for cases with the large steepness, the nonlinearity increased with increasing bandwidth frequency and widened free-wave regimes are identified for those cases with large steepness at the focal location. The underlying nonlinear phase coupling of focused waves was examined using wavelet-based bicoherence and biphase, which can detect nonlinear phase coupling in a short time series. For wave groups with large initial steepness, as wave groups approached the focal location, the values of bicoherence between primary waves and its higher harmonics progressively increased to 1 and the corresponding biphase was gradually close to zero, suggesting that an extreme wave event can be produced by considering Stokes-like nonlinearity to very high-order. Furthermore, the fast change of bicoherence of focused wave groups indicates that the nonlinear energy transfer within focusing waves is faster than that of nonfocusing wave trains. CE Database subject headings: Water waves; Laboratory tests; Wavelet; Spectral analysis; Methodology. Author keywords: Water waves; Nonlinearity; Wavelet; Spectra; Methodology. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000076