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3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a common recreational drug, is known to cause serotonergic neurotoxicity in the brain. Dextromethorphan (DM) is a widely used antitussive reported to exert anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. In this study, we examined the long-term effect of MDMA on the primate serotonergic system and the protective property of DM against MDMA-induced serotonergic abnormality using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Nine monkeys (Macaca cyclopis) were divided into three groups, namely control, MDMA and co-treatment (MDMA/DM). [123I]-ADAM was used as the radioligand for serotonin transporters (SERT) in SPECT scans. SERT levels of the brain were evaluated and presented as the uptake ratios (URs) of [123I]-ADAM in several regions of interest of the brain including midbrain, thalamus and striatum. We found that the URs of [123I]-ADAM were significantly lower in the brains of MDMA than control group, indicating lower brain SERT levels in the MDMA-treated monkeys. This MDMA-induced decrease in brain SERT levels could persist for over four years. However, the loss of brain SERT levels was not observed in co-treatment group. These results suggest that DM may exert a protective effect against MDMA-induced serotonergic toxicity in the brains of the non-human primate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a common recreational drug, is known to cause serotonergic neurotoxicity in the brain. Dextromethorphan (DM) is a widely used antitussive reported to exert anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. In this study, we examined the long-term effect of MDMA on the primate serotonergic system and the protective property of DM against MDMA-induced serotonergic abnormality using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Nine monkeys (Macaca cyclopis) were divided into three groups, namely control, MDMA and co-treatment (MDMA/DM). [ 123 I]-ADAM was used as the radioligand for serotonin transporters (SERT) in SPECT scans. SERT levels of the brain were evaluated and presented as the uptake ratios (URs) of [ 123 I]-ADAM in several regions of interest of the brain including midbrain, thalamus and striatum. We found that the URs of [ 123 I]-ADAM were significantly lower in the brains of MDMA than control group, indicating lower brain SERT levels in the MDMA-treated monkeys. This MDMA-induced decrease in brain SERT levels could persist for over four years. However, the loss of brain SERT levels was not observed in co-treatment group. These results suggest that DM may exert a protective effect against MDMA-induced serotonergic toxicity in the brains of the non-human primate.

Heat stroke (HS) has been shown to induce intestinal barrier dysfunction during whole body hyperthermia. HS-induced intestinal permeability change may result from modulation of aquaporin (AQP) expression, which subsequently regulates water homeostasis. This study aimed to evaluate AQP expression in the intestine of rats with HS at different recovery time points. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to an ambient temperature of 40 ± 0.5°C until a maximum core temperature of 40.5°C was attained. The small intestine was surgically removed and histologically examined, and AQP expression was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. H&E staining revealed those intestinal villi were destroyed from HS0 to HS1 and rebuilt from HS3 to HS12. We further stain with activated caspase 3 found expressed at HS0 and back to normal at HS3. Investigation of AQP mRNA expression identified 10 genes. PCR results of AQP1, 3, 7, 8, and 11 transcripts were significantly higher in the HS group than in the sham group. Immunohistochemical staining showed a more than 11-fold increase in AQP3 and 11 expressions at HS0. AQP1 and 8 increased at HS1 and AQP7 increased at HS3 compared with those in the sham group. In this study, we found HS induced jejunum damage and cell apoptosis. AQPs were upregulation/downregulation after HS in different time point suggested that water/glycerol transport was important when hyperthermia occurred. Furthermore, the biological function of the AQP needs more exploration in response to HS.