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Background: Reportedly, the stress–hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) is closely associated with poor prognosis in patients with severe acute disease. However, the community‐dwelling may also be in a state of stress due to environmental exposure. Our study aimed to explore the association between SHR and all‐cause mortality in the community‐dwelling population. Methods: A total of 18 480 participants were included out of 82 091 from the NHANES 1999–2014 survey. The Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were used to assess the disparities in survival rates based on SHR, and the log‐rank test was employed to investigate the distinctions between groups. The multivariate Cox regression analysis and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis were performed to assess the association of SHR with all‐cause mortality. A subgroup analysis was also conducted. Results: A total of 3188 deaths occurred during a median follow‐up period of 11.0 (7.7; 15.4) years. The highest risk for all‐cause mortality was observed when SHR≤ 0.843 or SHR ≥0.986 (log‐rank p <.001). After adjusting for the confounding factors, compared with subjects in the second SHR quartile (Q2), participants in the highest (Q4, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28–1.73) and lowest quartiles (Q1, adjusted HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.16–1.60) have a higher probability of all‐cause death. The RCS observed a dose‐response U‐shaped association between SHR and all‐cause mortality. The U‐shaped association between SHR and all‐cause mortality was similar across subgroup analysis. Conclusions: The SHR was significantly associated with all‐cause mortality in the community‐dwelling population, and the relationship was U‐shaped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mid- to high-latitude Asia (MHA) is one of the regions with the strongest warming trend and it is also a region where ecosystems are most sensitive to climate variability. However, how the vegetation in the region will change in the future remains uncertain. Using observation-based Leaf Area Index (LAI) and meteorological data and the multiple regression method, this study analyzes the response of vegetation in the MHA to climate elements during 1982–2020. Then, machine learning prediction models based on the Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Random Tree (ERT) algorithms are built and validated. Based on the calibrated meteorological fields from 17 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models under intermediate (SSP2-4.5) and high (SSP5-8.5) emission scenarios and the machine learning models, the LAI over the MHA in 2021–2100 is projected. The historical long-term increasing trends of LAI in the MHA since 1982 are found to be mainly caused by the increasing near-surface air temperature, while the interannual variations of LAI are also greatly affected by precipitation and surface downward solar radiation, especially in summer. The LAI over most of the MHA shows a significant increasing trend in the future, except over some dry areas, and the increasing trends are stronger under the SSP5-8.5 scenario than under the SSP2-4.5 scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Serum sodium level is associated with cardiovascular and endocrine health. Though decreased serum sodium is considered to be associated with reduced hypertension risk, some studies also found that it may increase the risk of diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the association of serum sodium with new‐onset diabetes in hypertensive patients. Methods: Based on the annual health examinations from 2011 to 2016 in Dongguan City, Guangdong, China, hypertensive patients without diabetes at baseline were selected. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline were used to evaluate the association between serum sodium level and new‐onset diabetes. Subgroup analysis was also conducted. Results: A total of 4438 hypertensive patients with a mean age of 58.65 years were included, of whom 48.9% were male. During a median follow‐up of 35.1 months, 617 (13.9%) of the subjects developed new‐onset diabetes. Per 1‐SD (3.39 mmol/L) increment of serum sodium was associated with a 14% lower risk of new‐onset diabetes (odds ratio = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.97; p = 0.01). The lowest quartile of serum sodium was associated with the lowest diabetes risk. The restricted cubic spline showed a linear inverse relationship (nonlinear p = 0.72). Across all the subgroups, the inverse association was consistent (p for interaction >0.05). Conclusion: An inverse association of serum sodium with new‐onset diabetes in hypertensive patients was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the association between body roundness index (BRI) and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in general population.Design: A retrospective cohort study.Setting: The status of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality of participants were followed through 31 December 2015. Multivariate adjusted Cox restricted cubic spline regression models and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to evaluate the relationship between BRI and cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality.Participants: A sample of 47 356 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1999-2014 with aged ≥18 years.Results: Mean age was 47 years and female were 49·9 %. During a median follow-up of 92 months, 4715 participants died from any cause, with 985 died of CVD. In multivariate adjusted Cox regression, compared with the lowest quartile of Body roundness index (BRI), the hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality from other quartiles were 0·83, 95 % CI (0·75, 0·92), 0·73, 95 % CI (0·65, 0·81) and 0·80, 95 % CI (0·72, 0·89), respectively (Pfor trend < 0·05) and the HR for cardiovascular mortality from other quartiles were 0·79, 95 % CI (0·62, 1·00), 0·78, 95 % CI (0·62, 0·99) and 0·79, 95 % CI (0·62, 1·01), respectively (P for trend > 0·05). In the restricted cubic spline regression models, the relationship was showed U-shaped between BRI and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality. In Kaplan-Meier survival curves, the lowest cumulative survival rate of cardiovascular mortality and all-cause mortality was recorded in the highest BRI quartile.Conclusions: The U-shaped association between BRI and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in a large population-based cohort was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimetre-scale HZSM-5 single crystals were successfully synthesized by a two-step hydrothermal method. In the first step, millimetre-sized silicalite-1 single crystals were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis using quartz tube as siliceous source. In the second step, framework Al atoms were inserted into the single crystals of silicalite-1 by another hydrothermal treatment involving NaAlO 2 as aluminium source. Through the characterizations of power and single crystal X-ray diffraction, optical microscope, ICP, 27Al MAS NMR, 29Si MAS NMR, and n -propylamine temperature-programmed decomposition (NPA-TPD), it was confirmed framework Al atoms with uniform spatial distribution can be inserted into giant single crystals of silicalite-1 with no obvious effects on the crystal structure, size and morphology. Such giant HZSM-5 single crystals are a promise candidate for the probe adsorption investigations, which can be applied in the measurement of framework Al spatial distribution. The strategy of insertion of aluminium or other heteroatoms of pure siliceous zeolite through secondary hydrothermal method provides a possible route to prepare giant single crystals that is difficult to synthesize directly. [Display omitted] • Millimetre-scale HZSM-5 single crystals were obtained by two-step hydrothermal. • Al atoms can be inserted into parent silicalite-1 single crystals by hydrothermal. • NaAlO 2 was used as aluminium source in the secondary hydrothermal treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Mitochondrial damage is commonly involved in liver injury. We have previously shown that normal mitochondria can be coated with a carrier protein to form complexes that are specifically taken up by liver cells in culture. The aim of the current study was to determine whether mitochondrial complexes could be specifically delivered to the livers of living rats by intravenous injection. Methods: Mitochondria were harvested from fresh mouse liver, mixed with an asialoglycoprotein‐based carrier, asialoorosomucoid‐polylysine (AsOR‐PL), and purified to form complexes. To facilitate the release of internalized mitochondria from endosomes, an endosomolytic peptide, listeriolysin O (LLO), was coupled to AsOR to form AsOR‐LLO. Mitochondria alone, mitochondrial complexes with AsOR‐PL, and mitochondrial complexes plus AsOR‐LLO conjugate all containing the same number of mitochondria were injected intravenously. Animals were killed, and organs were removed and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of mouse mitochondrial DNA, electron microscopy (EM), and in situ polymerase chain reaction and hybridization followed by immunohistochemical analyses. Results: Calculations revealed that approximately 27% of the total injected mitochondria was detected in the liver, while less than 2% was found in spleen, and < 1% in lungs. Immunohistochemistry showed that mouse mitochondrial DNA staining was minimal with mitochondrial complexes alone, strong periportal with mitochondrial complexes co‐injected with AsOR‐LLO, and absent with mitochondria alone. Conclusions: Targetable mitochondrial complexes can be delivered to rat liver, and the efficiency of that process is greatly enhanced by co‐injection of a targetable endosomal release agent, AsOR‐LLO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorbs 10 formaldehyde molecules on both sides of 2Li-β 12 -borophene. • Li atom improves the adsorption performance of β12-borophene. • Li-β 12 -borophene can adsorb 5 formaldehyde molecules on one side. • The adsorption amount of formaldehyde on one side is 40.22 wt%. • 2Li-β 12 -borophene can adsorb 10 formaldehyde molecules on both sides. • The adsorption amount of formaldehyde on both sides is 56.61 wt%. Based on first-principles density functional theory calculations, we study the adsorption properties of formaldehyde on the surface of β 12 -borophene and Li-β 12 -borophene. The adsorption energy of the most stable structure of β 12 -borophene is only −0.313 eV. The adsorption energy of the most stable structure of Li-β 12 -borophene is −0.983 eV, it is found that the system can adsorb up to 5 formaldehyde on one side, and the average adsorption energy is −0.634 ~ −0.983 eV. The double-sided Li modification of the system can adsorb up to 10 formaldehyde, the formaldehyde storage capacity up to 56.61 wt%, and the average adsorption energy is −0.673 ~ −0.985 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shore power (SP) is a key technology to reduce emissions in a port. The deployment of SP has faced a significant challenge due to its high management costs. This study aims to compare various incentive policies that can promote SP from the perspectives of pollutant penalty, berth allocation, construction subsidy, electricity subsidy, and their combinations. To identify effective incentive policies for wide use of SP from both sides, this paper develops a cost-minimizing nonlinear mixed-integer programming model. The model optimizes decisions regarding SP deployment, berth allocation, and ship service sorting simultaneously. The performance of these incentive policies is evaluated in a bulk terminal scenario. Sensitivity analysis of key parameters was conducted to examine the impact of policies. The results show that all the proposed policies can effectively promote SP use and emissions reduction. Policymakers are recommended to implement a mixed incentive policy instead of a single incentive policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• WRECC indicators were selected from dualistic water cycle analysis and represented a reciprocal relationship between humans and nature. • Insufficient natural river base flow and wastewater collection rate were key water environmental issues. • Strategies for increasing recycled water use and sewage treatment efficiency were proposed to promote WRECC. Maintaining water quantity and quality are two problems that occur during water resource development. Considering the reciprocal relationship, the threshold of water resource development urgently needs to be evaluated to guarantee environmental water function. In this study, the water resources and environmental carrying capacity (WRECC) evaluation method was proposed based on dualistic water cycle analysis. Nine indicators from 4 aspects, including the water resource utilization proportion, water use efficiency, pollutant treatment efficiency, river flow, and mutual coupling in the dualistic water cycle processes, were selected to represent the comprehensive WRECC. The first-order tributary of the Yangtze River, the Tuo River Basin, was chosen to validate the method. During the year 2009 to 2018, the water environment quality was improving in the study area, and WRECC evaluation results were in accordance with the change in the water system, which showed a decreasing trend during the study periods. WRECC revealed that the upstream area had severer water pressure than the middle area, mainly coming from insufficient freshwater to support social development and provide dilution capacity. The study proposed a human water cycle intervention scenario by increasing the recycled water use rate and wastewater treatment rate to improve the WRECC, and the improvement effects can reach 30%. The WRECC method provides a useful tool for water environment management and water resource planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Al F at channel intersection of HZSM-5 was identified by toluene adsorption. • The affinity of toluene/Al F was enhanced by the ion exchange of H+ by Na+. • Stepwise TPD (STPD) method was designed to quantitate the toluene desorbed from Na+. • The toluene-STPD method is not affected by the coexistence of Al pair and single Al. Precise analysis of the framework Al (Al F) at channel intersections of HZSM-5 zeolite is the basis of fine tuning of the spatial distribution of active sites within different pores which is critical to promote the catalytic performance in various applications. However, existing technologies cannot provide reliable quantitative results either in theory or practice due to the co-existence of Al pair and single Al. Here we report a new method based on toluene adsorption–desorption. As a promising probe, toluene can be preferentially adsorbed on Al F at channel intersection under low loading (≤4 molecules/unit cell) due to spatial matching and energetic heterogeneity. After strengthening the toluene/Al F affinity through replacing H+ by Na+ and designing a new stepwise TPD technique (toluene-STPD), the contents of Al F atoms at channel intersections of HZSM-5 samples were successfully calculated by counting the desorbed toluene molecules based on the 1:1 stoichiometric relationship between adsorbed toluene and Al F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) excretes conjugated organic anions including bilirubin and bile acids. Malfunction of MRP2 leads to jaundice in patients. Studies in rodents indicate that Radixin plays a critical role in determining Mrp2 canalicular membrane expression. However, it is not known how human hepatic MRP2 expression is regulated in cholestasis. Methods We assessed liver MRP2 expression in patients with obstructive cholestasis caused by gallstone blockage of bile ducts, and investigated the regulatory mechanism in HepG2 cells. Results Western blot detected that liver MRP2 protein expression in obstructive cholestatic patients (n = 30) was significantly reduced to 25% of the non-cholestatic controls (n = 23). Immunoprecipitation identified Ezrin but not Radixin associating with MRP2 in human livers, and the increased amount of phospho-Ezrin Thr567 was positively correlated with the amount of co-precipitated MRP2 in cholestatic livers, whereas Ezrin and Radixin total protein levels were unchanged in cholestasis. Further detailed studies indicate that Ezrin Thr567 phosphorylation plays an important role in MRP2 internalization in HepG2 cells. Since increased expression of PKCα, δ and ε were detected in these cholestatic livers, we further confirmed that these PKCs stimulated Ezrin phosphorylation and reduced MRP2 membrane expression in HepG2 cells. Finally, we identified GP78 as the key ubiquitin ligase E3 involved in MRP2 proteasome degradation. Conclusions Activation of liver PKCs during cholestasis leads to Ezrin Thr567 phosphorylation resulting in MRP2 internalization and degradation where ubiquitin ligase E3 GP78 is involved. This process provides a mechanistic explanation for jaundice seen in patients with obstructive cholestasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes algorithms that use demand-side management to address large-scale integration of wind power. In particular, demand response (DR) is used to manage wind power intermittency by shifting the time that electrical power system loads occur in response to real-time prices and wind availability. An economic dispatch with transmission, DR capacity and operational constraints is used to model the operation of a transmission constrained system with a high penetration of wind power. This optimization model is used to determine the optimal sizing and distribution of DR given a fixed budget for customer incentives and the installation of enabling technology. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the operational model based on a simple PJM 5-bus system and an IEEE 118-bus system. Simulation results show that transmission constraints have a greater effect on sizing of DR capacity than the location of wind power, which means that buses electrically close to congested lines tend to have higher incentives to deploy DR resources than other buses. The second part of the work examines optimal siting of technology that enables DR based on the frequency of DR based load changes, which are generally a function of the network location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which investigated the macroscopic visualization experiments of HFC-134a refrigerant gas hydrate formation. Description of the HFC-134a hydrate macroscopic and microscopic formation photos; Photo processing; Mechanisms of HFC-134a gas hydrate formation.

• The adsorption of the gas molecules on both HsGDY and B-HsGDY is selective. • The doping with B improves the adsorption energies of the gas molecules. • The adsorption of the gas molecules on HsGDY and B-HsGDY is physical adsorption. • After HsGDY and B-HsGDY adsorps NO and NO 2 , the conductivity of systems improves. Hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY) is a novel alkynyl carbon material with a structure similar to that of graphene. In this paper, the adsorption of four gas molecules (NO, NO 2 , NH 3 , and N 2) on HsGDY and B-doped HsGDY (B-HsGDY) was studied using density functional theory. The results show that the adsorption of NO and NO 2 on HsGDY and B-HsGDY is characterized by a larger charge transfer, stronger interaction, and higher adsorption energy compared with that of NH 3 and N 2. Based on the doping with B atoms, the adsorption energies of the gas molecules on HsGDY significantly improve, especially that of NO and NO 2. The gas molecule adsorption on both HsGDY and B-HsGDY is physical adsorption and the adsorption selectivity is good and thus may be applied for gas-sensitive NO and NO 2 materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A framework developed for investigating cumulative impact of damming on water. • Tibetan damming having serious downstream impact but limited to local scale. • Runoff increase under warmer climate most likely offsetting damming impact. • This framework can be applicable for various anthropogenic impact analysis. Damming is one of the major methods that human being secure reliable freshwater. It can change flow magnitude and regime along a river, particularly for Transboundary Rivers shared by multiple jurisdictions. This study develops a coupled framework to assess both the current and future cumulative impacts of damming on downstream water availability for data-sparse regions like the Tibetan Plateau. The framework is applied to the Brahmaputra River Basin (BRB), where dam developments on the Tibetan Plateau are highly concerned. The results show that, despite being part of the 'Asian water tower', the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YTR) contributes just 15–16% to Brahmaputra streamflow, for 48% of its contributing area. We found that the maximum impact due to five recently constructed dams in YTR suggests about 8–11% reduction of mean annual streamflow at outlet of Brahmaputra River. The impacts of damming would be largely offset by runoff increases under the climate scenarios projected by 28 CMIP5 model outputs from RCP4.5 median-level emission scenarios and 29 CMIP5 model outputs from RCP8.5 high-level emission scenarios for the period of 2049 to 2075, compared to the historical period of 1979 to 2005. Our results suggest that it is necessary to use our framework or a similar one to comprehensively evaluate the maximum possible damming impact across the Transboundary Rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by aberrant T cell immune response. Diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (LN-IV) is the most common, severe, and active form of lupus nephritis. In this study, we investigated the production of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in prediction of active form of LN-IV. ProcartaPlex multiplex immunoassays panels were used for detection of serum Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines profiling. Th1 and Th17 cytokines (IL-18, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-6, and IL-17A) were considerably expressed in the serum of lupus nephritis IV patients in comparison to the healthy control. However, only IL18 and IL6 were higher in class IV versus class III lupus nephritis. Importantly, the ratios of Th1/Th2 (IL-18/IL-4) and Th17/Th2 (IL-17A/IL-4) were significantly elevated in LN-IV when compared with LN-III, LN-V, and healthy controls. Consistently, the serum cytokines IL-18, IL-17A, and IFN-γ were markedly expressed in LN-IV patient glomeruli and interstitial tissue compared to other classes of LN by IHC. ROC further suggests that IL-18 was a potential marker for LN-IV. The data from our study suggests that the early detection and quantification of these cytokines may help in prediction of active form of LN-IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe burns with delayed resuscitation are associated with high morbidity which is attributed to ischemia–reperfusion injury. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of hydrogen-rich saline known as a significant selective antioxidant on the inflammatory reaction induced by severe burns with delayed resuscitation. By establishing the model of severe burns with delayed resuscitation in rats, we recorded improvement on the mortality, secretion of cytokines and reaction of oxidative stress of rats treated with hydrogen-rich saline. We found that resuscitation by hydrogen-rich saline alleviated inflammation significantly. We further detected the change of the key nuclear factor NF-κB contributed to inflammation. The expression of both NF-κB and phosphorylated NF-κB in rats having severe burns with delayed resuscitation by hydrogen-rich saline was lower than that in rats with delayed resuscitation with Ringers’ solution. Our data imply that hydrogen-rich saline significantly improves the inflammatory reaction in rats with severe burns with delayed resuscitation, possibly by inhibiting activation of NF-κB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eighteen novel acylphloroglucinol meroterpenoid enantiomers were isolated from the rhizomes of Dryopteris crassirhizoma. Anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antifungal activities were assessed. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of compounds 13 and 14 were investigated. [Display omitted] • Eighteen novel acylphloroglucinol meroterpenoid enantiomers were isolated from Dryopteris crassirhizoma and the stereochemistries of six reported meroterpenoids with undefined chiral centers were reassigned. • Two intriguing methods were introduced to discriminate relative configurations of flexible long-chain alcohol with chiral centers separated by three or seven covalent bonds. • Meroterpenoids 13 and 14 showed obvious inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7, and suppressed the expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-18; their anti-inflammatory activity was closely related to the inhibition of the formation and function of inflammasomes. • A non-enzymatic biosynthesis of all meroterpenoids was assumed based on a rare single-crystal cluster formed with two diastereomeric enantiomer pairs (± 1 /± 2) and chiral HPLC analyses. • Antiviral and antifungal activities were assessed. Twenty-four racemic acylphloroglucinol meroterpenoids including eighteen unusual stuctures (3 ∼ 10 , 13 , 14 , and 17 ∼ 24), and a major component filixic acid ABA (25), were isolated from Dryopteris crassirhizoma. Structurally, the dimeric acylphloroglucinol derivatives possess unprecedented skeletons of mixed acylphloroglucinol and sesquiterpene biosynthetic origin. The stereochemistries of six reported meroterpenoids with undefined chiral centers were reassigned. Two intriguing methods by analyzing a) the regularity of chemical shift variation of protons and carbons around the stereogenic centers, and b) pyridine-induced deshielding effect of hydroxy groups, to discriminate relative configurations of flexible long-chain alcohol with chiral centers separated by three or seven covalent bonds, were successfully applied. A non-enzymatic biosynthesis of 1 ∼ 24 was assumed based on a rare single-crystal cluster formed with two diastereomeric enantiomer pairs (± 1 /± 2) and chiral HPLC analyses. Meroterpenoids 13 and 14 showed obvious inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7, and suppressed the expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-18. Their anti-inflammatory activity was closely related to the inhibition of the formation and function of inflammasomes. Additionally, the known 25 showed antiviral efficacy against the influenza viruse A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel tetrahydropyridine derivatives were prepared and evaluated using cell-based measurements. Systematic optimization of general structure G-1 led to the identification of compound 35 (EC 50 = 4.9 nM) and 37 (EC 50 = 8.8 nM) with high GPR119 agonism activity and moderate clog P. Through single and long-term pharmacodynamic experiments, we found that compound 35 showed a hypoglycemic effect and may have an effect on improving basal metabolic rate in DIO mice. Both in vitro and in vivo tests indicated that compound 35 was a potential potent GPR119 agonist in allusion to T2DM treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]