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The physical concept of synthetic dimensions has recently been introduced into optics. The fundamental physics and applications are not yet fully understood, and this report explores an approach to optical neural networks using synthetic dimension in time domain, by theoretically proposing to utilize a single resonator network, where the arrival times of optical pulses are interconnected to construct a temporal synthetic dimension. The set of pulses in each roundtrip therefore provides the sites in each layer in the optical neural network, and can be linearly transformed with splitters and delay lines, including the phase modulators, when pulses circulate inside the network. Such linear transformation can be arbitrarily controlled by applied modulation phases, which serve as the building block of the neural network together with a nonlinear component for pulses. We validate the functionality of the proposed optical neural network for the deep learning purpose with examples handwritten digit recognition and optical pulse train distribution classification problems. This proof of principle computational work explores the new concept of developing a photonics-based machine learning in a single ring network using synthetic dimensions, which allows flexibility and easiness of reconfiguration with complex functionality in achieving desired optical tasks.

Spreading on the free surface of a complex fluid is ubiquitous in nature and industry, owing to the wide existence of complex fluids. Here we report on a fingering instability that develops during Marangoni spreading on a deep layer of polymer solution. In particular, the wavelength depends on molecular weight and concentration of the polymer solution. We use the Transmission Lattice Method to characterize the finger height at the micron scale. We model the evolution of spreading radius, involving viscoelastic and shear thinning effects, to suggest a more generalized law than the spreading of Newtonian fluids. We give physical explanation on the origin of the fingering instability as due to normal stresses at high shear rate generating high contact angle and deformation at the leading edge, and so selects the wavelength of the fingering instability. Understanding the spreading mechanism has particular implication in airway drug delivery, and surface coating with patterns., Comment: 30 pages, 17 figures

We demonstrate a fiber source with the best performance from an ultrafast fiber oscillator to date. The ring-cavity Mamyshev oscillator produces 50-nJ and 40-fs pulses. The peak power is an order of magnitude higher than that of previous lasers with similar fiber mode area. This performance is achieved by designing the oscillator to support parabolic pulse formation which enables the management of unprecedented nonlinear phase shifts. Experimental results are limited by available pump power. Numerical simulations reveal key aspects of the pulse evolution, and realistically suggest that (after external compression) peak powers that approach 10 MW are possible from ordinary single-mode fiber. The combination of practical features such as environmental stability, established previously, with the performance described here make the Mamyshev oscillator extremely attractive for applications., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures

Multimode fibres (MMFs) are attracting interest for complex spatiotemporal dynamics, and for ultrafast fibre sources, imaging and telecommunications. This new interest is based on three key properties: their high spatiotemporal complexity (information capacity), the important role of disorder, and complex intermodal interactions. To date, phenomena in MMFs have been studied only in limiting cases where one or more of these properties can be neglected. Here we study MMFs in a regime in which all these elements are integral. We observe a spatial beam-cleaning process preceding spatiotemporal modulation instability. We show that the origin of these processes is a universal unstable attractor in graded-index MMFs. Both the self-organization of the attractor, as well as its instability, are caused by intermodal interactions characterized by cooperating disorder, nonlinearity and dissipation. The demonstration of a disorder-enhanced nonlinear process in MMF has important implications for telecommunications, and the multifaceted complexity of the dynamics showcases MM waveguides as ideal laboratories for many topics and applications in complexity science., Comment: http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v10/n12/full/nphoton.2016.227.html