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[Display omitted] • Triple-atom anchored PC 6 TACs for CO 2 RR investigated. • Mn 3 @PC 6 , Fe 3 @PC 6 , and Co 3 @PC 6 exhibit high activity and selectivity. • High-performance originate from synergistic effect of triple-atom center which breaks *CHO–*CO scaling relationship. • Comparative study of M 2 @PC 6 DACs and M 3 @PC 6 TACs on CO 2 RR performance. • E ads (*CO 2) and ε d can be regarded as descriptors for CO 2 RR performance. Tremendous challenges remain to develop high-efficient catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) owing to the poor activity and low selectivity. However, the activity of catalyst with single active site is limited by the linear scaling relationship between the adsorption energy of intermediates. Motivated by the idea of multiple activity centers, triple metal clusters (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pd, and Rh) doped PC 6 monolayer (M 3 @PC 6) were constructed in this study to investigate the CO 2 RR catalytic performance via density functional theory calculations. Results shows Mn 3 @PC 6 , Fe 3 @PC 6 , and Co 3 @PC 6 exhibit high activity and selectivity for the reduction of CO 2 to CH 4 with limiting potentials of −0.32, −0.28, and −0.31 V, respectively. Analysis on the high-performance origin shows the more binding sites in M 3 @PC 6 render the triple-atom anchored catalysts (TACs) high ability in regulating the binding strength with intermediates by self-adjusting the charges and conformation, leading to the improved performance of M 3 @PC 6 than dual-atom doped PC 6. This work manifests the huge application of PC 6 based TACs in CO 2 RR, which hope to prove valuable guidance for the application of TACs in a broader range of electrochemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-throughput sequencing has ushered in a paradigm shift in gastric microbiota, breaking the stereotype that the stomach is hostile to microorganisms beyond H. pylori. Recent attention directed toward the composition and functionality of this 'community' has shed light on its potential relevance in cancer. The microbial composition in the stomach of health displays host specificity which changes throughout a person's lifespan and is subject to both external and internal factors. Distinctive alterations in gastric microbiome signature are discernible at different stages of gastric precancerous lesions and malignancy. The robust microbes that dominate in gastric malignant tissue are intricately implicated in gastric cancer susceptibility, carcinogenesis, and the modulation of immunosurveillance and immune escape. These revelations offer fresh avenues for utilizing gastric microbiota as predictive biomarkers in clinical settings. Furthermore, inter-individual microbiota variations partially account for differential responses to cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize current literature on the influence of the gastric microbiota on gastric carcinogenesis, anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy, providing insights into potential clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fascinating approach for sustainable NH 3 production, the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is still hampered by low Faraday efficiency due to high energy required for inert N N triple bond activation and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this paper, we propose a method to increase the NRR catalytic activity by constructing bimetallic sites on boron nitride (BN) monolayer. In order to approach the efficient NRR region, the metal-based linear-scaling relationship between adsorbed intermediates is broken by synergistic effects between the bimetallic active sites. TiRu-BN was identified as an effective NRR electrocatalyst with low limiting potential (−0.28 V) and superior selectivity after systematic evaluation of the thermal stability, electrochemical stability, activity, and selectivity of 36 homo- and heteronuclear diatomic catalyst candidates. Analysis on the origin of high performance shows the screened high-performance diatomic catalyst is located in the region of moderate linear-scaling relationship breaking of intermediates. Breaking the linear scale relationship to the most significant extend does not imply the most improved catalytic activity. This work not only provides experimentally synthesizable exceptional NRR electrocatalyst candidates, but also provides theoretical guidance for practical application of efficient NRR electrocatalyst. [Display omitted] • Metal dimers anchored on defective BN monolayers for NRR investigated. • TiRu-BN was identified as high performance NRR electrocatalyst. • Synergistic effect of dual metal site breaks scaling relationship of intermediates. • High-performance catalyst shows the moderate scaling relationship breaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Constitutive photomorphogenic protein 1 (COP1) plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of several human cancers and is reported to be upregulated in liver cancer. However, the role of COP1 in human liver cancer is unclear. Methods: We analyzed the COP1 expression in normal liver and liver cancer tissue samples using western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. We overexpressed and silenced COP1 in HepG2 and Huh7 cells and analyzed the effect on liver cancer cell proliferation. Additionally, COP1 was used as a bait to screen COP1-interacting proteins in a human cDNA library in a yeast two-hybrid screen and the results were confirmed with co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess co-localization. The protein levels of COP1 and mIL1RAcP were determined in clinical samples. Results: COP1 was upregulated in liver cancer samples compared to that in normal tissue samples. COP1 overexpression promoted proliferation of liver cancer cells, while COP1 knockdown exerted the opposite effect. Yeast two-hybrid screen identified interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) as a potential COP1-interacting protein. Co-IP assays further confirmed that COP1 interacts with both preIL1RAP and membrane-bound form of IL1RAP (mIL1RAP). Furthermore, COP1 upregulated mIL1RAP protein levels and promoted nuclear translocation and activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (p50/p65) dimer. Additionally, we demonstrated that COP1 regulated mIL1RAP expression through K63-linked polyubiquitination, suggesting that COP1 plays a role in stabilizing mIL1RAP. Finally, the protein levels of COP1 and mIL1RAcP were found to be positively correlated in clinical samples. Conclusion: COP1 regulates IL1RAP, which in turn results in activation of the NF-κB signaling. Our findings suggest that the COP1/IL1RAP/NF-κB axis promotes proliferation of liver cancer cells and is a potential target for the treatment of liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to untangle the knowledge creation in the cross-project organisations. Drawing on knowledge creation theory, this study developed a theoretical model and hypotheses, and examined them with 402 samples in China. The results indicate that knowledge sharing mediates the relationship between innovation climate and knowledge creation. The mediation is further moderated by knowledge integration capability. By the comparison, marketing knowledge is the easiest to create, while managerial knowledge is the most difficult to create. This study contributes to knowledge creation theory by making an in-depth discussion on the differences of specific types of knowledge creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to obtain the strong Goss texture in the final product of Al–Cu–Mg alloy sheet, texture evolution and related mechanisms during solution treatment were investigated by macro- and micro-texture characterization techniques and new insights into Goss texture formation and development were obtained. The results show that the Goss texture formed from annealing recrystallization can further evolve into the stronger Goss texture during solution treatment. This Goss increment phenomenon attributes to the following two aspects. First, this is due to the recrystallized/substructured Goss grains growing into deformed Brass grains. In this case, the Σ9 boundary between Goss and Brass grains only shows the little mobility advantage during solution treatment. Thus, this mechanism is only part of reason for Goss increment, not a predominated one as it exists during annealing. Second, recrystallized Goss grain can slowly grow into substructured random grains, also partly leading to the increase of Goss texture. In addition, particles stimulated nucleation (PSN) effect on Goss texture formation and development was also revealed in details. It is suggested that the PSN effect by large Fe-rich phases restricts Goss grain nucleation and its subsequent growth, but is beneficial for the formation and subsequent growth of random-oriented nucleus. On the contrary, the PSN effect caused by relatively small θ and S phases won't hinder the development of Goss texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Elevated levels of oxidative stress as a consequence of estrogen deficiency serve as a key driver of the onset of osteoporosis (OP). In addition to increasing the risk of bone fractures, OP can reduce the bone volume proximal to titanium nails implanted to treat these osteoporotic fractures, thereby contributing to titanium nail loosening. Sodium butyrate (NaB) is a short-chain fatty acid produced by members of the gut microbiota that exhibits robust antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: OP fracture model rats parameters including bone mineral density (BMD), new bone formation, and the number of bonelets around the implanted nail were analyzed via micro-CT scans, H&E staining, and Masson's staining. The protective effects of NaB on such osseointegration and the underlying mechanisms were further studied in vitro using MC3T3-E1 cells treated with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) to induce oxidative stress. Techniques including Western immunoblotting, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, and osteoblast mineralization assays were employed to probe behaviors such as reactive oxygen species production, mineralization activity, ALP activity, protein expression, and the ability of cells to attach to and survive on titanium plates. Results: NaB treatment was found to enhance ALP activity, mineralization capacity, and Coll-I, BMP2, and OCN expression levels in CCCP-treated MC3T3-E1 cells, while also suppressing PKC and NF-κB expression and enhancing Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in these cells. NaB further suppressed intracellular ROS production and malondialdehyde levels within the cytosol while enhancing superoxide dismutase activity and lowering the apoptotic death rate. In line with these results, in vivo work revealed an increase in BMD in NaB-treated rats that was associated with enhanced bone formation surrounding titanium nails. Conclusion: These findings indicate that NaB may represent a valuable compound that can be postoperatively administered to aid in treating OP fractures through the enhancement of titanium nail osseointegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by the progressive deterioration of articular cartilage, involving complicated cell-matrix interactions. Systematic investigations of dynamic cellular and matrix changes during OA progression are lacking. In this study, we use label-free two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging to assess cellular and extracellular matrix features of murine articular cartilage during several time points at early stages of OA development following destabilization of medial meniscus surgery. We detect significant changes in the organization of collagen fibers and crosslink-associated fluorescence of the superficial zone as early as one week following surgery. Such changes become significant within the deeper transitional and radial zones at later time-points, highlighting the importance of high spatial resolution. Cellular metabolic changes exhibit a highly dynamic behavior, and indicate metabolic reprogramming from enhanced oxidative phosphorylation to enhanced glycolysis or fatty acid oxidation over the ten-week observation period. The optical metabolic and matrix changes detected within this mouse model are consistent with differences identified in excised human cartilage specimens from OA and healthy cartilage specimens. Thus, our studies reveal important cell-matrix interactions at the onset of OA that may enable improved understanding of OA development and identification of new potential treatment targets. Label-free two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging of osteoarthritic articular cartilage from patients and mice reveal the importance of cell-matrix interactions at disease onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on identity construction in family discourse, with the objective to investigate how identities of an adult daughter (the older sister/adult child at home) are made salient in and through family talk. Guided by Harvey Sacks's (1995) work on membership categorization combined with sequential analysis (Stokoe, 2012), the study examines 15 h of audio-recorded conversations between a mother and her two children in a Chinese-Australian family. Two specific identities of the adult daughter – a home educator and a child – are discussed in this paper where the findings reveal that such identities are invoked and negotiated by participants via their self- and other-categorization. The adult daughter's self-positioning becomes visible in interaction through her turn design and category-implicative social actions, which orient to a set of category-packaged rights, responsibilities, and attributes that index a particular category. However, the invoked memberships are not only accepted but also challenged by other family members in following turns, which reflects how the adult daughter is positioned by them during different family activities. By exploring an adult daughter's membership categorization in family talk, this study contributes to the under-researched topic of identity construction in Chinese-Australian/Chinese family discourse. • This paper focuses on identity (co-)construction and negotiation of an adult daughter in a Chinese-Australian family. • Two types of identity are discussed – as a home educator and as a child. • Such identities become visible through the adult daughter's turn design and social actions. • Such identities are not only accepted but also challenged by other family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SIAH1 has been reported to participate in several human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the effect of SIAH1 on the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has not been reported in HCC cells. Here, we discovered the inhibitory effect of SIAH1 on HCC cell migration and invasion, which was related with regulating EMT. Molecularly, a yeast two-hybrid experiment indicated that Cln Three Requiring 9 (CTR9) was a potential interacting protein of SIAH1, which was further verified by co-immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, SIAH1 inhibited the EMT of HCC cells through negatively regulating CTR9. Importantly, CTR9 was ubiquitinated and degraded by SIAH1 via the proteasome pathway in HCC cells. Additionally, it was showed that SIAH1 mainly mediated the K48-linked polyubiquitination on CTR9. Finally, the protein level of CTR9 was found to be inversely correlated with SIAH1 in human HCC tissues. Summed up all together, these findings reveal that SIAH1/CTR9 axis promotes the EMT of HCC cells and is a promising therapeutic target for HCC therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We welcome the readers to the special issue, Multiphoton Imaging and Quantitative Characterization, which aims to highlight the latest achievements in optical materials, imaging techniques, quantitative methods, and potential applications. These results validated the 2200 HT ht nm window as a new promising excitation window potential for deep-skin multiphoton microscopy. Multiphoton imaging, including two/three photon excited fluorescence (2PEF/3PEF) and second/third harmonic generation (SHG/THG), etc., is based on the optical effect of simultaneous absorption of two or more photons from a pulsed infrared laser source. [Extracted from the article]

The dislocation slips during the hot- and cold-rolling processes, the texture evolution and the Goss-oriented grain refinement during the annealing of the Al–Cu–Mg alloy were investigated using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results shown that {111} <110> octahedral slip systems and {110} <111> non-octahedral slip systems can be activated during the hot- and cold-rolling. When the dislocation slips in {111} planes are suppressed, the cross-slip from the {111} planes to the {110} planes can be activated to coordinate deformation. The strain gradients between the adjacent grains of the alloy with the large cold rolling reduction during annealing are dramatically decreased by the strain homogenization, which suppresses the growth of {110} < 001 > Goss-oriented grains. The activation of {110} <111> slip systems may be led to the decrease of the intensity of {112} <111> Copper texture, and the effect of {110} <111> slip systems on the evolution of {001} < 100 > Cube texture is very small. With the increase of the cold rolling reduction and annealing temperature, the hardness of the annealed and rolled Al–Cu–Mg alloy all increases, strain hardening and grain refinement are responsible for the enhanced hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ring resonator used to study the effective permittivity and the loss of substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) is presented in this article. The effective permittivity is obtained by calculating resonant frequency and the relative value of loss is calculated by comparing unloaded quality factor (Q factor). For the four cases of uniform ring resonators, their S‐parameter, effective permittivity, unloaded Q factors are simulated, measured and investigated. The effect caused by the height of air cavity, the material of dielectric substrate, dielectric loss tangent is also investigated. Finally, the calculated results indicate that the effective permittivity of SISL structure at operating frequency is very closed to 1, which manifests that within a certain substrate‐material range the relative permittivity of substrate has little influence on SISL platform that is instructive for SISL circuits design. And the use of metalized via‐hole connection with dielectric removal can reduce the circuit loss dramatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CO 2 RR performance of TM doped boron nitride fullerene (BNF) explored. • Mn-B 23 N 24 and Fe-B 23 N 24 exhibited high activity and selectivity for CO 2 RR to CH 4. • Curvature effect of BNF on catalytic performance analyzed by pyramidalization angle. • TM-N 3 center with pyramidalization angle of about 26° exhibits the highest activity. • N coordinating environment are more favorable for regulating catalytic activity. Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) is currently one of the most promising methods for conversion of excessive CO 2 emission. In this study, the electrocatalytic performance of transitional-metal atoms anchored on defective boron nitride fullerene of different size were systematically investigated by density functional theory study (TM= Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, and Mo). The results showed Mn-B 23 N 24 and Fe-B 23 N 24 exhibited high activity and selectivity for CO 2 RR to CH 4. Analysis of the high catalytic performance origin indicates the binding energy of *CO and *OH intermediates (E b (*CO) and E b (*OH)) can server as descriptors for the catalytic performance. The curvature effect of the boron nitride fullerene surface on the catalytic performance was analyzed by the so-called pyramidalization angle which shows TM-N 3 center with the pyramidalization angle of about 26° exhibits the highest activity. The analysis of the coordination environment also reveals B defects are more favorable for regulating catalytic activity compared with N defects. Especially, compare with the Mn doped BN nanosheet, the limiting potential is significantly decreased from −0.64 V on the flat nanosheet to −0.25 V on TM doped B defective B 24 N 24 , highlighting the importance of the curvature effect on the CO 2 RR performance. This study demonstrated that metal-doped boron nitride fullerene with appropriate curvature is high potential to be efficient CO 2 RR catalysts, providing valuable insights for the rational design of CO 2 RR electrocatalysts with high-efficiency. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus causes brain microvascular endothelial cell (MEC) damage, inducing dysfunctional angiogenic response and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Canagliflozin is a revolutionary hypoglycemic drug that exerts neurologic and/or vascular-protective effects beyond glycemic control; however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we hypothesize that canagliflozin ameliorates BBB permeability by preventing diabetes-induced brain MEC damage. Mice with high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes received canagliflozin for 8 weeks. We assessed vascular integrity by measuring cerebrovascular neovascularization indices. The expression of specificity protein 1 (Sp1), as well as tight junction proteins (TJs), phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), and adenosine A2A receptors was examined. Mouse brain MECs were grown in high glucose (30 mM) to mimic diabetic conditions. They were treated with/without canagliflozin and assessed for migration and angiogenic ability. We also performed validation studies using AMPK activator (AICAR), inhibitor (Compound C), Sp1 small interfering RNA (siRNA), and adenosine A2A receptor siRNA. We observed that cerebral pathological neovascularization indices were significantly normalized in mice treated with canagliflozin. Increased Sp1 and adenosine A2A receptor expression and decreased p-AMPK and TJ expression were observed under diabetic conditions. Canagliflozin or AICAR treatment alleviated these changes. However, this alleviation effect of canagliflozin was diminished again after Compound C treatment. Either Sp1 siRNA or adenosine A2A receptor siRNA could increase the expression of TJs. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that Sp1 could bind to the adenosine A2A receptor gene promoter. Our study identifies the AMPK/Sp1/adenosine A2A receptor pathway as a treatment target for diabetes-induced cerebrovascular injury. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcaneal tuberosity avulsion fracture, an extra-articular injury, is a rare fracture caused internally by Achilles tendon driven following intense contraction of gastrocnemius-soleus complex, and externally by low-energy (possibly high-energy). Moreover, the risk of injuries of the skin and Achilles tendon around calcaneal tuberosity is closely related to Lee classification and Carnero-Martín de Soto Classification of calcaneal tuberosity avulsion fracture. Although the diagnosis confirmed by X-ray, digital imaging and computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should also be used to evaluate soft tissue. In recent years, the understanding of this fracture has witnessed the development of different internal fixation devices and surgical procedures. These advances have been further elaborated scientifically in terms of their ability to provide stable fracture reduction ad resistance to Achilles tendon forces. In order to obtain a comprehensive knowledge of the disease, this article reviewed the new understanding of the anatomy, typing, risk factors, and treatment modalities of calcaneal tuberosity avulsion fracture in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein-32A (ANP32A) has been reported to play an essential role in the development and progression of various human cancers. However, its expression pattern and possible mechanism in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain to be elucidated. In this study, we used western blot and immunohistochemical staining to detect protein expression. The effects of ANP32A on the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells were examined using 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine (EdU), colony formation, CCK-8, and transwell assays. RT-qPCR was performed to detect mRNA expression. The interaction between ANP32A and the high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) mRNA was assessed using RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP). The tumorigenicity of ANP32A was assessed by establishing a xenograft tumor model in Balb/c nude mice. We found that the ANP32A protein was expressed at high levels in patients with HCC, which was associated with a poor prognosis. Functional experiments revealed that the silencing of ANP32A inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells, whereas overexpression of ANP32A promoted these processes. Further investigations indicated that ANP32A bound the HMGA1 mRNA and maintained its stability to promote the expression of HMGA1, thereby increasing the expression and activation of STAT3. Finally, a xenograft tumor model of Balb/c nude mice confirmed the tumorigenicity of ANP32A. This study found that ANP32A is up-regulated in patients with HCC and may accelerate the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells by modulating the HMGA1/STAT3 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play vital roles in the pathogenesis and development of multiple cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of circ‐SPECC1 in HCC remain poorly understood. In our study, we found that circ‐SPECC1 was apparently downregulated in H2O2‐treated HCC cells. Additionally, knockdown of circ‐SPECC1 inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis of HCC cells under H2O2 treatment. Moreover, circ‐SPECC1 inhibited miR‐33a expression by direct interaction, and miR‐33a inhibitor partially reversed the effect of circ‐SPECC1 knockdown on proliferation and apoptosis of H2O2‐treated HCC cells. Furthermore, TGFβ2 was demonstrated to be a target gene of miR‐33a and TGFβ2 overexpression rescued the phenotypes of HCC cells attenuated by miR‐33a mimics. Meanwhile, autophagy inhibition by 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) abrogated the effect of miR‐33a mimics on proliferation and apoptosis of H2O2‐treated HCC cells. Finally, knockdown of circ‐SPECC1 hindered tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that circ‐SPECC1 regulated TGFβ2 and autophagy to promote HCC tumorigenesis under oxidative stress via miR‐33a. These findings might provide potential treatment strategies for patients with HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methyl silicone oil is used to precondition silica sand for the preparation of high-ductility cementitious composites. Its effect on their mechanical properties is investigated. Results indicate that the presence of methyl silicone oil significantly enhances the ductility (tensile strain capacity) of high-ductility cementitious composites while undermining their compressive and flexural strengths. The strain hardening behaviour, which is indicated by the slope of the linearised tensile stress–strain curve following the first cracking point, was found to be a maximum at 2% methyl silicone oil followed by a gradual decrease at a higher methyl silicone oil content. This behaviour can be explained by the interaction mechanism of methyl silicone oil on the matrix and fibre–matrix interface. Methyl silicone oil is found to improve the fibre distribution as a result of the oil presence on the fibre surface. Microscopic observation reveals that the fibre–matrix interface becomes porous through the presence of thin rod-like hydration products. This reduces the fibre bonding to the matrix that facilitates pullout but increases the post-pullout friction, which is beneficial in ductility improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer therapy that utilizes oncolytic virus may offer an exciting alternative, and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a potent oncolytic virus. This study was to assess the oncolytic activities of novel recombinant CVB3 with genetically inserted basic peptides in lung cancer. Recombinant CVB3 was produced in Vero cells, with or without genetically inserted basic peptides. In vitro and in vivo experiments with nude mouse models bearing human lung carcinoma xenografts were performed to examine the antitumor activities. Cytokines and immune responses to the recombinant CVB3 were determined in cynomolgus monkeys. Recombinant CVB3 with genetically inserted basic peptides was associated with significantly higher pH values within tumors. Mice treated with recombinant CVB3 showed significantly less tumor progression, and recombinant CVB3 with genetically inserted basic peptides appeared to enhance tumor suppression. Recombinant CVB3 was associated with significantly less proliferation of various lung cancer cells without affecting proliferation of normal lung fibroblasts. The cytokine profiles of the cynomolgus monkeys were comparable among control group (normal saline solution) and those given recombinant CVB3 with or without fused basic peptides, with no induction of excessive cytokine or immune responses. In conclusions, recombinant CVB3, especially those with fused basic peptides, possess strong antitumor activities without eliciting excessive immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolution of Goss texture in an Al–Cu–Mg alloy during cold rolling was investigated by three-dimensional orientation distribution functions, electron back-scattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that with increasing reduction from 23.7 to 80%, Goss textures gradually transformed into Brass texture through the activation of sole {111}<110> slip systems. When rolling reduction further increased from 80 to 86.3%, Goss texture rather than Brass started to rotate towards Copper and S components. The formation of Copper and S textures at these high reductions was attributed to the activation of {110}<110> and {001}<110> non-octahedral slip systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, basalt fibers (BF) was employed as high modulus component with good interface bonding with cement matrix to enhance local stress applied on piezoelectric ceramic particles in 0–3 cementitious piezoelectric composites (0–3 CPCs). The effect of content of BF varying from 0.00 vol% to 0.23 vol% on the mechanical, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of 0–3 CPCs and the output voltage of 0–3 CPCs sensor was evaluated. The results showed that amplitude of output voltage of the 0–3 CPCs sensor with 0.12 vol% BF maximized at 4.98 V, which was 60.0% higher than that of the 0–3 CPCs sensor without fibers for the compact structure of the 0–3 CPCs and good interface bonding between BF and cement matrix as a reason of good stress transfer in the composites. While the split tensile strength, piezoelectric voltage constant (g 33), piezoelectric strain constant (d 33), relative dielectric constant (ε r) and dissipation factor (tanδ) was 13.1 MPa, 11.36 × 10−3 V m/N, 43 pC/N, 430.0 and 0.43, respectively. It provided a novel method to improve the mechanical-electrical response of piezoelectric sensor by enhancing local stress applied on piezoelectric ceramic particles in the piezoelectric composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hormones play an important role in normal and diseased breast tissue development. However, they can also disrupt cell-matrix interactions and their role in extracellular matrix reorganization during epithelial morphogenesis remains poorly understood, partly due to a lack of sensitive approaches for matrix characterization. Here, we assess the hormonal regulation of matrix reorganization in a three-dimensional (3D) breast tissue culture model using a novel metric, i.e., 3D directional variance, to characterize the 3D organization of collagen fibers visualized via high-resolution, second harmonic generation imaging. This metric enables resolving and quantifying patterns of spatial organization throughout the matrix surrounding epithelial structures treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) alone, and E2 in combination with either promegestone, a progestogen, or prolactin. Addition of promegestone results in the most disorganized fibers, while the E2 alone treatment leads to the most organized ones. Location-dependent organization mapping indicates that only the prolactin treatment leads to significant heterogeneities in the regional organization of collagen fibers, with higher levels of alignment observed at the end of the elongated epithelial structures. The observed collagen organization patterns for all groups persist for tens of micrometers. In addition, a comparison between 3D directional variance and typical 2D analysis approaches reveals an improved sensitivity of the 3D metric to identify organizational heterogeneities and differences among treatment groups. These results demonstrate that 3D directional variance is sensitive to subtle changes in the extracellular micro-environment and has the potential to elucidate reciprocal cell-matrix interactions in the context of numerous applications involving the study of normal and diseased tissue morphogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation mechanism of recrystallized textures in an Al-Cu-Mg alloy was investigated by means of three dimensional orientation distribution functions (ODFs) and in-situ electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The results showed that in the hot-rolled alloy with a very sharp Brass texture but weak Copper and S orientations, both Goss and Cube grains were recrystallized out of parent Brass matrix. In-situ EBSD analysis revealed that characteristic boundary between Brass and Goss grains to be Σ9, while that between Brass and Cube grains to be Σ5. Frequency of Σ9 and Σ5 boundaries increased quickly at early stage and then reduced gradually with the process of recrystallization. Annealing at a higher temperature (320 °C) was found to be beneficial for the formation of Σ9 boundary, while at lower one (300 °C), Σ5 boundary became dominant. Besides, with temperature decreasing from 320 to 300 °C, the mobility of Σ9 boundaries was greatly degraded, but relatively, Σ5 boundaries still behaved highly mobile. Principally, the preferred growth of recrystallized Goss and Cube grains was respectively attributed to the high mobility of Σ9 and Σ5 boundaries with high index planes that the square sum of plane index was larger than 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of S(Al 2 CuMg) phase size on the formation of texture in an Al-Cu-Mg alloy during annealing has been systemically examined using three dimensional Orientation Distribution Functions (ODFs), Electron Back Scattered Diffraction (EBSD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The results showed that in the region of sheet with the uniform fine S phase precipitates (1–4.5 μm in size), Brass texture mainly transformed into Goss texture after annealing at 320 °C for 4 h. The preferred growth of Goss texture was attributed to the high mobility of Σ9 boundary between Brass and Goss grain. However, in the region of sheet containing intense coarse S phase precipitates (1–8 μm), Brass texture mainly transformed into r-Goss texture after the same annealing condition. The large S phases with size of 4.5–8 μm, were suggested to be responsible for the formation of r-Goss texture. Also, due to the particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) effect caused by these large S phases (4.5–8 μm), the boundaries between Brass and r-Goss grains were non-CSL boundaries. Instead, the preferred growth of r-Goss grain was ascribed to the higher mobility of r-Goss grain boundary with misorientation angle of 26–43°, than that of low (<26°) and high (>43°) angle boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure and fatigue properties of Al-Cu-Li alloy sheets were investigated respectively under the conditions of without pre-deformation, 3% pre-stretching deformation and 8% pre-rolling deformation utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) in present work. Results show that the intensive Goss texture and relatively weaker Brass, Cube texture were formed in without pre-deformed alloy after aging treatment. The pole density level of Goss texture was decreased remarkably and the intensity of Brass, Cube texture was increased lightly after 3% pre-stretching deformation and 8% pre-rolling deformation. The magnitude order of fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate of the alloy under different pre-deformation conditions was da dN pre − rolling  >  da dN pre − stretching  >  da dN non − predeformation in stage II (Paris regime). The combined contribution of T 1 phase with different size, amount and the intensity of Goss texture is the main factors affecting the FCP rate of Al-Cu-Li alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goss texture intensity effect on fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance in an Al-Cu-Mg alloy sheet is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD). Results show that sheet with high intensity Goss texture presents a lower FCP rate than relatively low intensity Goss-texture one. Greater crack deflections in the high intensity Goss texture sheet are observed during FCP, resulting in a rougher fracture surface and a greater roughness induced crack closure (RICC) effect, comparing to the low intensity Goss texture sheet. A modified crystallographic model is developed to calculate the twist angle and tilt angle between neighboring grains. Therefore, fatigue crack deflection occurred during FCP could be analyzed and understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of 2.5% pre-stretching on the solute clustering and subsequent precipitation of an initial aged Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy is investigated by quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) technique. In present work, 2.5% pre-stretching is found to restrict the dense precipitation of Ω phase, leading to the slower age-hardening response at 180 °C. The dominant Mg-Ag co-clustering, as revealed in non-stretched alloy, becomes weak by 2.5% pre-stretching prior to aging. This suppressed Mg-Ag co-clustering leads to a steep drop of the number density of Mg-Ag co-clusters by 70% and finally fails to induce the formation of high density Ω plates. High density dislocations introduced by pre-stretching also serve as the heterogeneous nucleation sites of θ′ phase and favor an enhanced precipitation of coarse θ′ needles. In addition, pre-stretching also exhibits a negative effect on initial Cu-Mg co-clustering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the effect of artificial aging on the Cu-Mg co-clustering and mechanical behavior in a pre-strained Al-Cu-Mg alloy are investigated by tensile and fatigue testing, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). Results show that in the pre-strained samples, sample with artificial aging (170 °C/30 min) possesses unchanged strength and higher elongation in comparison with naturally aged sample. This is due to the greater strengthening effect caused by cluster hardening but the weaker strengthening effect caused by strain hardening in 170 °C/30 min sample. The fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance of 170 °C/30 min sample is higher than that of naturally aged sample. APT analysis indicates that artificial aging remarkably increases Cu-Mg co-cluster size, which leads to a greater critical shear stress for dislocation motion. This undoubtedly enhances fatigue crack closure effect and FCP resistance. Meanwhile, artificial aging reduces the dislocation density, which enhances FCP resistance as well. Compared to the sample without pre-strain, the pre-strained samples exhibit a higher FCP rate as a high density dislocation favors a detrimental effect on FCP resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to evaluate the efficiency and safety of one-step procedure combined endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for treatment of patients with cholecysto-choledocholithiasis. A prospective randomized study was performed on 63 consecutive cholecysto-choledocholithiasis patients during 2008 and 2011. The efficiency and safety of one-step procedure was assessed by comparing the two-step LC with ERCP + endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST). Outcomes including intraoperative features, postoperative features (length of stay and postoperative complications) were evaluated. One- or two-step procedure of LC with ERCP + EST was successfully performed in all patients, and common bile duct stones were completely removed. Statistical analyses showed that length of stay and pulmonary infection rate were significantly lower in the test group compared with that in the control group (P < 0.05), whereas no statistical difference in other outcomes was found between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The one-step procedure of LC with ERCP + EST is superior to the two-step procedure for treatment of patients with cholecysto-choledocholithiasis regarding to the reduced hospital stay and inhibited occurrence of pulmonary infections. Compared with two-step procedure, one-step procedure of LC with ERCP + EST may be a superior option for cholecysto-choledocholithiasis patients treatment regarding to hospital stay and pulmonary infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of pre-strain on Cu-Mg co-clusters and mechanical behavior in a naturally aged Al-Cu-Mg alloy were investigated by tensile and fatigue testing, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) in present work. Results show that pre-strain contributes to increasing tension strength, not only by increasing dislocation density as previously recognized, but also through enhancing Cu/Mg ratio of Cu-Mg co-cluster and resultant critical shear stress for dislocation slip. Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance is not degraded by further increasing pre-strain from 5% to 10%, in spite of a FCP resistance degradation when a pre-strain of 5% is initially applied. APT analysis indicates, comparing with 5% pre-strain, 10% pre-strain remarkably enhances Cu-Mg co-cluster size and Cu/Mg ratio during natural aging, which leads to a greater critical shear stress for dislocation slip. This undoubtedly enhances fatigue crack closure effect, and retards FCP resistance degradation when a greater pre-strain of 10% is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropy in fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior of Al-Cu-Li-T87 alloy thick plate is investigated by means of optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) in the present work. Results show that FCP rates of the three orientations show distinct difference. Grain size and boundary, coarse inclusion particles, precipitates and grain orientations are capable of affecting the fatigue performance, but coarse inclusion particles and T 1 precipitates are found to be the main factors in determining the fatigue performance. Grain boundaries of pan-caked grain structure fail to impede the fatigue crack growth effectively because of the coarse inclusion particles and precipitates along grain boundaries. Fatigue cracks easily propagate along the grain boundaries, therefore result in a low FCP resistance. In addition, Brass grains can induce crack deflection due to the relative large twist angle of grain boundaries between Brass grain and neighboring grain when considerable T 1 precipitates are observed in Al-Cu-Li alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative and qualitative analyses on the dissolution behavior of various size Cu-Mg co-clusters near a fatigue crack tip of underaged Al-Cu-Mg alloy during cyclic loading were performed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). Results showed that the driving force for dissolution of Cu-Mg co-clusters was increased with the increase of the co-clusters size. Therefore, Cu–Mg co-clusters in smaller sizes were easier to dissolve. The number density of small Cu–Mg co-clusters (20–50 atoms) increased and that of Cu–Mg co-clusters (50–200 atoms) reduced in the fatigue crack tip region during cyclic deformation. This was because that the large cluster could be repeated cut by moving dislocations to two or more parts of smaller clusters. Besides, the small clusters containing 20–100 atoms also might re-form after fatigue crack propagation (FCP) test in the fatigue crack tip region. The average equivalent radius of large Cu–Mg co-clusters (100–200 atoms) decreased from 1.38 nm to 1.31 nm during fatigue deformation in 170 °C/1 h sample. But there was no obvious difference of that in 170 °C/8 h sample. This result indicated that the dissolution of the large co-clusters in 170 °C/1 h sample was more violent than 170 °C/8 h sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-like structures are prevalent in biological tissues, yet quantitative approaches to assess their three-dimensional (3D) organization are lacking. We develop 3D directional variance, as a quantitative biomarker of truly 3D fibrillar organization by extending the directional statistics formalism developed for describing circular data distributions (i.e. when 0° and 360° are equivalent) to axial ones (i.e. when 0° and 180° are equivalent). Significant advantages of this analysis include its time efficiency, sensitivity and ability to provide quantitative readouts of organization over different size scales of a given data set. We establish a broad range of applications for this method by characterizing collagen fibers, neuronal axons and fibroblasts in the context of cancer diagnostics, traumatic brain injury and cell-matrix interactions in developing engineered tissues. This method opens possibilities for unraveling in a sensitive, and quantitative manner the organization of essential fiber-like structures in tissues and ultimately its impact on tissue function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Texture and microstructure development of Al-4Cu-1.6Mg alloy during hot rolling was examined by using XRD, EBSD and TEM. The results showed that starting with a random texture during the early stages of rolling with reduction lower than 58.9% at blooming temperature of 430 °C, the materials developed a typical α-fiber texture in the center layer as deformation reduction reached 75.7%. And then the α-fiber textures in the center layer rotated into Brass component mainly through the activity of {111}<110> slip system as the reduction reached 96.3%. Different from the center textures, the main texture in the surface layer was r-Cube with 96.3% reduction. The increase in rolling temperature was beneficial for the enhanced texture intensity of Brass component in the center layer. The analysis of substructure energy density indicated that Brass subgrain had a lower substructural energy density than other oriented subgrains, which together with increased slip rate at elevated temperature, contributed to the development of center Brass texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Ge and Ag additions on quench sensitivity and mechanical properties of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy are investigated using tensile testing, hardness testing, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results show that a small addition of Ge significantly reduces quench sensitivity but decreases the ductility of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy. In the Ge-added alloy, some large Mg 2 Ge particles at grain boundaries are observed, which causes a decrease in the alloy ductility. When Ag is added to Al–Zn–Mg–Cu-Ge alloy, a combination of low quench sensitivity and improved ductility is obtained. It is also found that Ag promotes more uniform decomposition of supersaturated solid solution during aging. As a result, the density of η′ precipitates increases both in the vicinity of grain boundaries and in grain interiors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of intensifying Goss texture and refining Goss grains on the enhancement of fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance in an Al-Cu-Mg alloy was systematically investigated. The way to improve fatigue performance mainly includes two steps: intensifying Goss texture component and then refining these Goss grains. Hot rolling at elevated temperature and pre-solution treatment are capable of Goss texture formation. Then large cold rolling reduction can refine grains and obtain more these Goss grains, which increases the twist angle boundary components with their adjacent grains to enhance fatigue crack deflection and FCP resistance. By contrast, refining Brass etc. rolling-oriented grains can increase the tilt angle boundary components and promote fatigue crack growth. And the reason why grain refinement cannot always improve fatigue properties in alloys with micrometer grains can depend mainly on grain orientations and the relative boundary components in this Al-Cu-Mg alloy. Besides, coarse Fe-, Si- and Mn-rich inclusions are detrimental to fatigue properties, but the fine, globular and homogeneous distribution of these particles can improve fatigue properties to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of Ag additions on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the peak-aged Al-Cu-Mg alloys during prolonged thermal exposure at 150 °C, was investigated by tensile testing, conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The results showed that after exposure for 500 h, > 85% of the peak strength remained. Microstructure observations indicated that increasing the Ag content from 0.14 to 0.57% promoted the precipitation of a fine and uniform Ω phase and suppressed the formation of the θ′ phase, leading to a notable improvement of the strength properties and thermal stability of the studied alloys. Quantitative TEM analysis showed that the coarsening of Ω phase was predominated by plate lengthening rather than thickening, while its lengthening rate was independent of various Ag additions during exposure at 150 °C. In addition, an increase of Ag also facilitated the formation of a cubic σ phase, which was further supported by STEM results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of the plastic deformation zone at crack tip in fatigue stage II of AA2524-T4 and AA2297-T87 alloys reveals the complex microstructural effects, such as second-phase particles, grain boundaries, Schmid factor and grain orientations, on the formation of slip bands. In AA2524-T4 alloy, slip band formation in plastic deformation zone relies mainly on grain orientation and boundary component. Goss, P and Q grains with low Schmid factor are hard to deform plastically, leading to few slip bands. Cube, S, R, Copper and Brass grains with high Schmid factor tend to form evident slip bands. However, if these grains have pure or high tilt angle component boundaries with adjacent grains, no clear slip bands can be observed because the high FCP rate across these grains fails to allow enough reversible dislocation slipping. Besides, in AA2297-T87 alloy, slip band formation depends heavily on the second-phase particles. From theoretical calculation and quantitative measurement prospective, the large size and density of unshearable T 1 phases can retard dislocation shearing and motion, thereby suppressing the formation of slip bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of grain orientation on fracture toughness of an annealed Al-Cu-Mg alloy has been investigated by using XRD, SEM, OM and EBSD in the present work. A new method has been presented to accurately evaluate the twist and tilt angle of grain boundaries. EBSD detection results indicate Goss-grains in the annealed Al-Cu-Mg alloy, having a great twist angle or tilt angle component boundary with the neighboring grains, are still able to facilitate crack deflection under the condition of uniaxial tensile stress creating no crack closure, as compared with cyclic loading condition with crack closure in fatigue testing. Goss-grains, thereby effectively retard fracture crack propagation. In contrast, the fast-propagating crack is easy to penetrate through Brass-, S- and Copper-grains. Apparently, the high Goss/Brass volume fraction ratio is responsible for the enhanced fracture toughness in the Al-Cu-Mg alloy plate annealed at 385 °C for 4 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new retrogression and re-aging (RRA) treatment was designed to enhance the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistance of a superhigh strength Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy in this work. As compared to traditional RRA treatments, a lower retrogression temperature and a longer retrogression and re-aging time were employed. This modified RRA processing obtained a coarse precipitates in matrix, and a slightly increased precipitate free zone (PFZ) width at grain boundary. This led to an almost complete transgranular crack propagation, rather than a partial intergranular crack propagation as traditional RRA tempered samples. This kind of fatigue crack propagation manner gave rise to an ultralow FCP rate, comparable to fatigue resistant 2000 series aluminum alloy, in an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy while keeping superhigh tension strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microstructure and texture development of Al–Cu–Mg alloy with a high Cu/Mg ratio were investigated during homogenisation and hot rolling by using OM, SEM, DSC, XRD and TEM. The results showed that the Brass texture intensity increased by 2.4 times after hot rolling (90% rolling reduction), when the proportion of the second-phase particles in an area fraction and average particle size decreased from 1.32% to 0.24% and from 7.49 to 5.71 µm before hot rolling, respectively. Large particles inhibited the activation of the {111}< 110 > slip system, which led to a decrease in texture intensity. When the reduction increased, the following activated slip systems and located area of slip traces were obtained: {111}< 110 > (at grain boundaries, 35% rolling reduction), {111} + {100}< 110 > (at local area of grains, 65% rolling reduction), and {111} + {110}< 110 > (in most grains, 90% rolling reduction). In addition, the amount of the slip system corresponding slip planes increased as the spacing of the slip traces per 200 nm gradually decreased, which helped enhance the intensities of Brass- and Copper-type textures. • The microstructure and texture evolution during homogenisation and hot rolling was investigated. • The effect of second-phase particles on hot rolling texture was investigated. • The relation between dislocation slip behaviour and texture was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The texture evolution of AA2524 cold-rolled sheet during annealing process and texture effect on fatigue crack propagation (FCP) behavior were investigated. Results showed the sample annealed at 400 °C for 45 min and solid solution-treated at 490 °C for 20 min had the strongest Goss and P textures, and possessed the lowest FCP rates. EBSD examination indicated Goss, P, Q, Cube, R and S grains induced great crack deflection to retard crack growth, when having large twist and tilt angle component boundary or pure twist boundary with neighboring grains. In the case of small angle boundary or relatively large angle tilt boundary with adjacent grains, Cube, Copper and R grains induced little crack deflection. Additionally, SEM results showed, in the presence of large twist angle component boundary or pure twist boundary, more severely plastic deformation presenting numerous slip bands occurred in Cube, R and S grains than that in Goss, P and Q grains during crack propagation. In contrast, no evident slip bands formed in Cube, Copper and R grains when having small angle boundaries or relatively large tilt angle boundary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modulus hardening capability of various co-clusters in a low Cu/Mg ratio Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy aged at 165 °C is investigated by quantitative atom probe tomography analysis. Prolonged aging from 5 min to 2 h leads to the simultaneous increase in the critical shear stress of both Mg-Ag and Cu-Mg co-clusters. Regardless of the higher shear modulus of Cu-Mg co-clusters, calculation results show that Mg-Ag co-clusters possess a greater modulus hardening capability than Cu-Mg co-clusters, suggesting its primary contribution to the rapid hardening at the early aging stage. As aging extends from 30 min to 2 h, the increment in the critical shear stress of Mg-Ag co-clusters is lower than that of Cu-Mg co-clusters due to the precipitation of high density Ω phase. In addition, the shear modulus of Mg-Ag co-clusters is generally independent on its size at each investigated condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increases in the usage of nitrogen fertilizer result in deleterious impacts on the environment; thus, there is an urgent need to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crops including rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Attentions have focused on quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping of NUE-related traits using single experimental population, but to date, very few studies have taken advantage of association mapping to examine hundreds of lines for identifying potentially novel QTLs in rice. Here, we conducted association analysis on NUE-related traits using a population containing 184 varieties, which were genotyped with 157 genome-wide simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. We detected eight statistically significant marker loci associating with NUE-related traits, of which two QTLs at RM5639 and RM3628 harbored known NUE-related genes GS1;2 and AspAt3, respectively. At a novel NUE-related locus RM5748, we developed Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and searched for putative NUE-related genes which are close to the associated SNP marker. Based on a transcriptional map of N stress responses constructed by our lab, we evaluated expressions of the NUE-related genes in this region and validated their effect on NUE. Meanwhile, we analyzed NUE-related alleles of the eight loci that could be utilized in marker-assisted selection. Moreover, we estimated breeding values of all the varieties through genomic prediction approach that could be beneficial for rice NUE enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Cu–Mg cluster size and number density on the fatigue fracture behavior of Al–Cu–Mg alloy with various aging conditions was investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atom probe tomography (APT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fatigue testing. Results showed that the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) resistances of 170 °C/1 h and 170 °C/8 h samples were higher than that of 170 °C/0.5 h sample due to increased number density of great size Cu–Mg co-clusters (>50 atoms). These large clusters were harder to dissolve during cycle deformation, thus reduced the cyclic softening effect and enhanced the FCP resistance. Moreover, as aging prolonged, the critical shear stress ( τ m ) of co-clusters by modulus hardening increased from 10.2 (MPa) in 170 °C/0.5 h sample to 12.4 in 170 °C/1 h sample and 12.1 in 170 °C/8 h sample. Thus the force required for the movement of dislocations impeded by co-clusters, as well as the resistance of FCP caused by co-clusters, in 170 °C/1 h and 170 °C/8 h sample was higher than that in 170 °C/0.5 h sample. The 170 °C/8 h sample possessed the lower FCP resistance than 170 °C/1 h sample because of the existence of S′ phase. S′ phase was a kind of semi-coherent unshearable precipitate and hence reduced the planar-reversible slip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• When the grain size is refined to less than 40 µm, the strength-ductility trade-off can be improved. • The FCP rate can be reduced by refining Goss-oriented grain. • The grain size can be refined by increasing annealing temperature. [Display omitted] The microstructure evolution and its effect on the strength properties and fatigue performance of the Al-Cu-Mg alloy are investigated by using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results show that the strength-ductility trade-off can be improved and the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate of the Al-Cu-Mg alloy can be reduced by refining Goss-oriented grains. Post-fatigue electron back-scatter diffraction revealed that the strain homogenization can make the interior of fine Goss-oriented grain to occur the tiny deformation, which is not easy to transmit damage to adjacent grains. Therefore, refining Goss-oriented grains not only increases the strength but also improves the ductility and promotes crack deflection, reducing the FCP rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fatigue behavior of three different AA2524 alloy sheets respectively with dominant Goss+Cube-grains, Cube-grains and Cube+Brass-grains was characterized in present work. Results showed Goss+Cube-grain sheet possessed a much lower fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate than Cube-grain sheet and Cube+Brass sheet. The Cube+Brass sheet had the greatest fatigue crack propagation rate among the three kinds of commercial sheet in spite of the grain size smaller than Cube-grain sheet. EBSD detection results indicated Goss-grains had a twist component boundary or great tilt angle component boundary with the neighboring grains, thereby retarding fatigue crack propagation in fatigue Stage II more effectively. Apparently, the high intense Goss-grains were responsible for the enhanced fatigue crack propagation resistance of AA2524 alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, non-deterministic CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations have been performed to investigate the uncertain effects of stochastic boundary conditions on the aerodynamic performance of wind turbines. A NIPRC (non-intrusive probabilistic collocation) method is employed, which is coupled with a commercial flow solver. A 2D (two-dimensional) airfoil case is used to validate the non-deterministic simulation, where the angle of attack is considered as an uncertain parameter in a Gaussian distribution. The simulation results are compared with Monte Carlo simulation results. Based on the validation, non-deterministic CFD simulations were performed on a 3D (three-dimensional) wind turbine blades case, where the wind speed is considered as an uncertain parameter. The discussions mainly focus on the total performance variations and the uncertainty propagation in the fluid field. The simulation results show that the input uncertainty of the inlet velocity results in a high variation zone in the pressure distribution near the blade root, and which decreases from the root to the tip. With the wind speed increases, flow separation is observed. The separation vortex regions correspond to the maximum variation area, and the maximum variation extends to the trailing edge even to the whole suction side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]