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Excess ammonia can damage the growth and development of fish. Pseudobagrus ussuriensis is a scaleless fish with important economic value that is more sensitive to ammonia stress. In this study, P. ussuriensis was explored using different ammonia concentrations [control (0 mg/L), CL; low stress (10 mg/L), T1L; and high stress (50 mg/L), T2L] for 48 h. Compared to the control group, the liver cells in the T1L group showed slight damage, while the T2L group was severely damaged, with the cells being loosely arranged, with nuclei lysis and cell vacuolization. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione in the T1L and T2L groups were significantly lower than those in the CL group (p < 0.05), and the malondialdehyde reached the maximum at 48 h. Furthermore, 9301 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (4583 upregulated and 4718 downregulated) were detected by transcriptome sequencing. Most DEGs were highly enriched in cellular processes (GO:0009987) and cell parts (GO:0044464). Especially, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway had the maximum quantity of DEGs in all the three groups. In-depth analysis revealed the stress caused multiple substitutions of SNP sites in pik3ca and kras, blocking the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to prevent cancer cell proliferation and spread, accelerating the apoptosis of damaged cells. These results suggest that ammonia stress induces liver damage in P. ussuriensis, causing genetic mutations and cellular carcinogenesis, thereby accelerating cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Pesticides, which provide many benefits in terms of production and yield, can also be toxic substances that can harm human health. In this study, the effects of pendimethalin (PND), a type of pesticide, on the liver and kidney tissue of mice were examined by histopathological methods. Material and Method: A total of 30 mice were used in our study. They were divided into 5 groups, 6 mice in the control group and 6 mice in the other groups. One of the groups was reserved as the control group. No application was made to the control group. Group I received 0.1 mg/l PND, group II received 0.2 mg/l PND intraperitoneally on the 1st and 3rd days of the study. Group III received 0.1 mg/l PND intraperitoneally and 0.1 mg/l vitamin A and C orally, group IV received 0.2 mg/l PND intraperitoneally and 0.1 mg/l vitamin A and C orally on the 1st and 3rd days of our study. On the 4th day of our study, the experimental animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation method under general anaesthesia. Liver and kidney tissues of the mice were histopathologically examined under light microscope. Results: In our study, sinusoidal enlargement and vascular congestion were observed in the liver tissue of the I. experimental group, while tubular dilatation and intertubular vascular congestion were observed in the kidney tissue. In the second experimental group, in addition to the similar findings in the first experimental group, an increase in the number of pyknotic nuclei and Kuppfer cells in the liver tissue and loss of cells and disrupted areas in the tubules in the kidney tissue were observed. In addition, the findings in this group were more pronounced. In the third experimental group, histopathological findings were similar to those in the first group. Similarly, the findings in experimental group IV and experimental group II, which were given vitamin A and C, were similar. Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings showed that PND negatively affected the histology of liver and kidney of mice. Vitamins A and C did not contribute positively to these histopathological findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research introduced a strategy to fabricate sub-millimeter-diameter artificial liver tissue by extruding a combination of a liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), alginate, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Vascularization remains a critical challenge in liver tissue engineering, as replicating the liver's intricate vascular network is essential for sustaining cellular function and viability. Seven scaffold groups were evaluated, incorporating different cell compositions, scaffold materials, and structural configurations. The hepatocyte and endothelial cell scaffold treated with alginate lyase demonstrated the highest diffusion rate, along with enhanced albumin secretion (2.8 µg/mL) and urea synthesis (220 µg/mL) during the same period by day 10. A dense and interconnected endothelial cell network was observed as early as day 4 in the lyased coculture group. Furthermore, three-week implantation studies in rats showed a stable integration to the host with no adverse effects. This approach offers significant potential for advancing functional liver tissue replacements, combining accelerated diffusion, enhanced albumin secretion, improved urea synthesis, dense vascular network formation, and stable implantation outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of exhaustive interval training combined with thyme extract supplementation on the expression of apoptosis markers Bax and P53 in liver tissue and insulin resistance in male rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods and Materials: The study population consisted of 36 male Wistar rats. After 20 weeks of a high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg STZ, the rats developed diabetes. A fasting blood glucose level between 150 to 400 mg/dL indicated type 2 diabetes. The diabetic rats were then divided into four groups: control, interval training, thyme extract, and interval training-thyme extract groups. The exercise protocol consisted of eight weeks of interval training, five sessions per week, with 2-minute high-intensity intervals (2 to 8 intervals) at 80-90% VO2max and 1-minute rest intervals at 50-56% VO2max. Thyme extract was administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg dissolved in distilled water, given orally via gavage 5 days per week before exercise. Findings: Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that the gene expression of apoptosis markers Bax and P53 in liver tissue significantly increased in the interval training and thyme extract groups compared to the diabetic control group. Moreover, the expression of these markers was significantly higher in the thyme extract group compared to the control group. However, the expression of Bax and P53 in liver tissue in the interval training and combined interval training-thyme extract groups showed a non-significant increase compared to the control group. Additionally, findings indicated an improvement in insulin resistance and glucose levels in the interval training and combined interval training-thyme extract groups, with significant results observed in the interval training group. Conclusion: It appears that high-intensity interval training and thyme extract consumption may reduce the expression of apoptotic markers Bax and P53 in liver tissue and improve liver health in Wistar rats. Consequently, researchers may utilize these findings to assess improvements in the condition of individuals with type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Objective Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) is now increasingly being used across the globe as a method of liver tissue acquisition. This method is widely accepted by many professionals as it can overcome many shortcomings of percutaneous liver biopsy and transjugular liver biopsy. The aim of the study is to obtain the adequate and optimal biopsy rate associated with EUS-LB.

【Objective】The effects of different mass concentrations of MS-222 and eugenol stresses on gill and liver tissue damage in juvenile Eleutheronema tetradactylum were studied.【Method】Seven different mass concentrations of MS-222 (20, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 60 mg/L) and seven different mass concentrations of eugenol (5, 10, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L) were set to analyze the static anaesthesia effects of different treatments on juvenile E. tetradactylum with an average length of 4.5 (±0.5) cm and an average body weight of 1.5 (±0.5) g.【Result】When the concentration of MS-222 was not less than 35 mg/ L, the juvenile fish began to show stress reactions after 467 s of anesthesia. When the concentration was 50 mg/L, some juvenile fish could be induced into the anesthesia period. When the concentration was 60 mg/L, all juvenile fish could be induced into the anesthesia period after 293 s. When the concentration of eugenol was not less than 25 mg/L, the juvenile fish began to exhibit stress reactions after 291 s of anaesthesia; when the concentration was 30 mg/L, some juvenile fish could be induced into the anaesthesia period; when the concentrations were 40 and 50 mg/L, all juvenile fish could be induced into the anaesthesia period at 194 s and 102 s, respectively. With the increase of MS-222 and eugenol concentrations, the time for juvenile fish to enter the same anaesthesia period was significantly shortened (P < 0.05). At high concentrations, the time for juvenile fish to enter the anaesthesia period was too fast, which exceeded the tolerance value and may have a certain toxic effect on the fish body, leading to fish death. By observing the pathological sections of juvenile fish tissues, it was found that, with the increase of MS-222 and eugenol concentrations, the liver cells of juvenile fish showed vacuoles, disordered arrangement, nuclear dissolution visible in the nucleus and unclear liver plate structure. The gill lamellae were curved with enlarged ends, and they may burst or fall off in severe cases.【Conclusion】A moderate dosage of anaesthetic can reduce the stress response of fish to the external environment and reduce oxygen consumption. Different concentrations of MS-222 and eugenol (except for 5 mg/L) have a sedative effect on E. tetradactylum within 3 minutes. When the concentrations of the two anaesthetics are too high, the anaesthesia time is too long, and the juvenile fish are in a state of stress for a long time, the fish will die.

This research introduced a strategy to fabricate sub-millimeter-diameter artificial liver tissue by extruding a combination of a liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), alginate, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Vascularization remains a critical challenge in liver tissue engineering, as replicating the liver’s intricate vascular network is essential for sustaining cellular function and viability. Seven scaffold groups were evaluated, incorporating different cell compositions, scaffold materials, and structural configurations. The hepatocyte and endothelial cell scaffold treated with alginate lyase demonstrated the highest diffusion rate, along with enhanced albumin secretion (2.8 µg/mL) and urea synthesis (220 µg/mL) during the same period by day 10. A dense and interconnected endothelial cell network was observed as early as day 4 in the lyased coculture group. Furthermore, three-week implantation studies in rats showed a stable integration to the host with no adverse effects. This approach offers significant potential for advancing functional liver tissue replacements, combining accelerated diffusion, enhanced albumin secretion, improved urea synthesis, dense vascular network formation, and stable implantation outcomes.

Background & aimsLiver disease carries significant healthcare burden and frequently requires a combination of blood tests, imaging, and invasive liver biopsy to diagnose. Distinguishing between inflammatory liver diseases, which may have similar clinical presentations, is particularly challenging. In this study, we implemented a machine learning pipeline for the identification of diagnostic gene expression biomarkers across several alcohol-associated and non-alcohol-associated liver diseases, using either liver tissue or blood-based samples.MethodsWe collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and liver tissue samples from participants with alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH), alcohol-associated cirrhosis (AC), non-alcohol-associated fatty liver disease, chronic HCV infection, and healthy controls. We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on 137 PBMC samples and 67 liver tissue samples. Using gene expression data, we implemented a machine learning feature selection and classification pipeline to identify diagnostic biomarkers which distinguish between the liver disease groups. The liver tissue results were validated using a public independent RNA-seq dataset. The biomarkers were computationally validated for biological relevance using pathway analysis tools.ResultsUtilizing liver tissue RNA-seq data, we distinguished between AH, AC, and healthy conditions with overall accuracies of 90% in our dataset, and 82% in the independent dataset, with 33 genes. Distinguishing 4 liver conditions and healthy controls yielded 91% overall accuracy in our liver tissue dataset with 39 genes, and 75% overall accuracy in our PBMC dataset with 75 genes.ConclusionsOur machine learning pipeline was effective at identifying a small set of diagnostic gene biomarkers and classifying several liver diseases using RNA-seq data from liver tissue and PBMCs. The methodologies implemented and genes identified in this study may facilitate future efforts toward a liquid biopsy diagnostic for liver diseases.Lay summaryDistinguishing between inflammatory liver diseases without multiple tests can be challenging due to their clinically similar characteristics. To lay the groundwork for the development of a non-invasive blood-based diagnostic across a range of liver diseases, we compared samples from participants with alcohol-associated hepatitis, alcohol-associated cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis C infection, and non-alcohol-associated fatty liver disease. We used a machine learning computational approach to demonstrate that gene expression data generated from either liver tissue or blood samples can be used to discover a small set of gene biomarkers for effective diagnosis of these liver diseases.

Aim and Objective Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) is now increasingly being used across the globe as a method of liver tissue acquisition. This method is widely accepted by many professionals as it can overcome many shortcomings of percutaneous liver biopsy and transjugular liver biopsy. The aim of the study is to obtain the adequate and optimal biopsy rate associated with EUS-LB. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective observational study. Consecutive patients undergoing EUS-LB during the study period who were willing to consent were taken up for the study. Results Total 91 patients were taken up for the study. Median age of study population was 44 years out of which 39 patients were males and 52 were females (42.9 and 57.1%). Adequate biopsy rate (according to European Association for the Study of Liver Disease criteria) and optimal biopsy rate (according to American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases criteria) were 89 (81/91) and 60.4% (55/91), respectively. Rate of conclusive diagnosis was 95.6% (86/91). The commonest diagnosis encountered was nonalcoholic steatohepatitis) (23, 25.3%), followed by autoimmune hepatitis (17, 18.7%). Additional diagnostic information was obtained by endosonography during EUS-LB in 21 patients (23.1%). Gallstone disease was found in four (4.8%) patients, chronic calcific pancreatitis in two (1.9%) patients, significant abdominal lymphadenopathy defined as lymph node more than 1.5 cm in five (5.8%) patients, and esophageal or gastric varices in ten (10.6%) patients. One case of self-limiting biopsy site ooze was seen in EUS-LB and the patient was having cirrhosis. Conclusion This study showed a high diagnostic outcome and safety profile with EUS-LB technique. EUS-LB can achieve excellent histological yield when performed with optimal technique. Moreover, it is possible to obtain additional information during the procedure from diagnostic endosonography that is done as a part of EUS-LB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We perform an analytical study on the propagation properties of Laguerre higher-order cosh-Gaussian beam (LhchGB) passing through liver tissue, utilizing the power spectrum refractive index and the extended Huygens-Fresnel integral. Our investigation includes numerical simulations based on the derived formula, illustrating how varying beam parameter configurations within liver tissue impact the properties of the beam. Additionally, we thoroughly discuss the influence of both optical parameters and biological tissue characteristics on the received intensity. Our observations indicate that the LhchGB undergoes changes in its shape as it traverses a considerable distance through this medium. The results presented in this paper hold significant importance for their potential applications in determining the deterioration or disruption of biological tissue, as well as in the fields of medical imaging and medical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Purpose: There is a close relationship between liver mitochondrial dysfunction and the development of obesity and insulin resistance. As observed in type 2 diabetes, in conditions of insulin resistance, a decrease in insulin sensitivity of liver cells, skeletal muscle and fat cells is observed. In recent decades, physical activity has become a key tool in controlling many diseases, including type 2 diabetes, and studies have shown that various training protocols are effective in reducing the epidemic and improvement of some metabolic functions of the liver. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on Parkin and Pink1 proteins in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In an experimental design, 30 three-month-old adult male Wistar rats with a weight range of 250-300 g were randomly divided into three groups of 10 including healthy control (C: intraperitoneal injection of saline), Diabetic control (D: diabetic with high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin) and trained diabetic (D+T: diabetic with exercise) were divided. The training protocol encompassed running at an intensity of 85%-90% of the maximum speed in 6 to 12 two-minute intervals; 5 days a week for eight weeks. Fourty eight hours after the last training session and after 12 to 14 hours of fasting, all rats were anesthetized and operated by a trained specialist without pain. A method based on Western blotting was used to determine changes in the expression profile of Parkin and Pink1 proteins in the heart muscle tissue (left ventricle) of rats. The two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s post-hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: Induction of diabetes (D) causes a 51% and 63% increase in Parkin and Pink1 proteins, respectively, although it is not statistically significant (P>0.05). In addition, exercise intervention caused a 45% and 38% decrease in Parkin and Pink1 in the trained diabetic group (D+T) compared to the diabetic group (D), but it was not significant (p≥0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, it can be stated that eight weeks of HIIT is insufficient to observe a significant reduction of mitophagy in the liver tissue of diabetic rats. At the same time, based on the partial changes of the indices, HIIT might be a preventive measure against the abnormal increase of mitophagy as a result of type 2 diabetes. However, to making a definite conclusion about these indices and how they are affected by different conditions more researches are needed.

Background and purpose: The investigation of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF, 50Hz) reveals their destructive effect on metabolic activity of cells. Due to the sensitivity of the fetal period, which is associated with the differentiation, the probability of organ damage is high. So the purpose of this research was to investigate histopathological damages to liver of rat offspring. Materials and methods: Fifteen female rats after mating and pregnancy diagnosis were used. Pregnant mice were divided into three groups: 1. EMF group of rats were exposed to waves for 0.5 hour daily during pregnancy; 2. the Sham group was placed inside the device under the same conditions of EMF group without radiation; and 3. control group. At the end of the pregnancy period (21 days), infants were divided into three groups according to their mother's grouping and at the end of the infancy period (28 days), tissue sampling of infant livers was done. Then the histopathological data of liver tissue were statistically analyzed. Results: In the EMF group, newborn babies exhibited stable histopathological changes in their liver tissue, with necrotic and degenerative areas increasing by 42% and 2.5 times, respectively, compared to the control and Sham groups. These differences were statistically significant (P≤0.05). Also, a numerical increase in hyperemia lesions and liver tissue inflammation was observed in this group compared to the control and Sham groups. Conclusion: Our results showed that the low-frequency EMF in the pregnancy period of mothers has a significant effect on tissue lesions of the liver of newborn rats.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of substituting a portion of the fish oil in the diet of rainbow trout with calf fat and canola oil on their growth performance and chemical composition. To accomplish the desired goal, a total of 300 fish, with an average weight of 22.2 ± 0.6 g, were distributed evenly among 20 fibreglass ponds, each with a capacity of 500 liters. The fish were nourished over a period of 90 days. According to the obtained results, both the control group and the four experimental treatments showed the highest levels of weight growth, biomass increase, survival rate, and food conversion ratio. Treatment 3 demonstrated the most minimal increments in weight, specific growth rate, and daily growth index, along with the least efficient use of food, protein, and fat. Treatment 3 demonstrated the highest parametric values for protein synthesis and fat production, and these values were substantially distinct from those seen in the other experimental treatments. The chemical composition analysis demonstrated a statistically significant disparity in the moisture content between the fish in treatment 3 and the fish in the other treatments. Additionally, it was noted that the fish in treatments 3 and 4 had a much higher amount of fat in comparison to both the control treatment and treatment 2. Treatment 2 had the most minimal protein content among the fish. The results for the omega-6 group of fatty acids were consistent with the findings seen for the other important groups of fatty acids found in the oils used in this investigation. According to nutritionists' recommendations, all of the treatments examined in this study followed the recommended ratio of greater than 1:4. The fatty acid composition of all the treatments in this investigation may be deemed adequate in terms of both content and ratios. The present research showcases that rainbow salmon muscles have a high fat quality, which has promising advantages for human health. All therapies had positive effects in terms of the cholesterol index. The fish that were only given a diet of fish oil showed a considerable rise in the concentration of the LDH enzyme compared to the other groups that received different treatments. The present study found that the liver had steatosis in all treatment groups. To summarize, the use of a combination of animal fats, vegetable oils, and fish oil resulted in much better results compared to using each component alone. Therefore, considering the analyzed data, it is advisable to undertake treatment 4.

The study was aimed to validate and optimize high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the determination of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (C3A) in the heart and liver issue of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats after intragastric administration of extractive of leaves of Ficus virens var sublanceolata. And simple ADME and target prediction analyses were performed for C3A. Ethyl acetate was employed to precipitate protein with appropriate sensitivity and acceptable matrix effects. The satisfactory separation was developed on an ODS2 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) by gradient elution with a methanol-acetic acid solution (pH = 3.0) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min−1, the column temperature was maintained at 30 ± 2 °C, the injection volume was 20 μL, and the detection wavelength was set as 309 nm. The method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, extraction recovery and stability. The results of the ADME analysis found that C3A has excellent characteristics of drug-likeness, consistent with good bio-absorption. And the predicted 12 target protein belongs to the amine oxidoreductase and carbonic anhydrase target class. This method is simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate for the determination of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid in the heart and liver tissue of SD rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To discuss the regulating effect of stored red blood cells (RBCs) transfusion on BMDMs in inflammatory conditions, and the relationship between stored RBCs transfusion and inflammatory response induced by bacterial infection. Methods Forty C57BL/6 male mice of 6-8 weeks (18-22 g/mouse) were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Each mouse was infected with 200 µL Pseudomonas aeruginosa injecting into the tail vein, and 400 µL fresh (storage >14 d) and stored RBCs (storage 0.05). F4/80 of experimental group and control group 2, 4 and 8 hours after RBCs infused were 1.83±0.11 vs 0.75±0.06, 0.46±0.06 vs 0.33±0.06 (P0.05), respectively. iNOS, TNF-α, MCP1 of M1 in liver of experimental group and control group 2, 4 and 8 hours after RBCs infused were respectively: iNOS 3.44±0.20 vs 2.46±0.08, 9.25±0.55 vs 2.67±0.12, 2.80±0.08 vs 2.39 ±0.01; TNF-α 1.69±0.22 vs 1.13±0.03, 1.44±0.24 vs 0.96±0.09, 1.31±0.05 vs 0.96±0.06; MCP1 4.96±0.08 vs 4.28±0.27, 4.63±0.04 vs 2.07±0.09, 2.28±0.19 vs 1.33±0.03 (P0.05). Conclusion Stored RBCs infusion can greatly promote the M1 polarization of BMDMs in liver.

Background: Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a severe alcoholic‐related liver disease that is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, for which effective treatments are lacking. Brain‐expressed X‐linked gene 2 (BEX2) has been implicated in various diseases, but its association with AH has received limited attention. Thus, this study investigated BEX2's impact on the progression of AH by affecting the c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (JNK/MAPK) pathway. Methods: Microarray dataset GSE28619 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to identify differentially expressed genes in AH. Immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL), Western blot analysis, and flow cytometry were used to measure various factors in the liver tissue of AH mice. Results: BEX2 expression was significantly upregulated in the model. BEX2 gene silencing increased the levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase while decreasing malondialdehyde content; phosphorylation of JNK, c‐JUN, and p38MAPK; apoptosis rate; and the extent of JNK/MAPK pathway activation. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying AH development and highlight the potential role of BEX2 gene expression as a promising therapeutic target for AH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrazones are an important class of bioactive drugs that have attracted much attention. One of the domains in this category of compounds is the synthesis of new hydrazone derivatives from NSAIDs, which are supposed to be more effective than the previous synthesized derivatives in terms of effect strength and severity of the complications. Many compounds of different chemical derivatives are designed and synthesized to treat various diseases, among which hydrazones are included, and their anti-cancer effects have been reported so far. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatotoxicity profile of 4-chlorobenzolidin-hydrazine-naproxen derivatives and compare it with the main drug, naproxen. 120 fish specimens of Trichogaster trichopterus with average weight of 2.4±1 gr in 8 treatments were divided into control groups, control1 (intact) and control2 (solvent DMSO) and treatment groups receiving 10, 20, 30 mg/kg of naproxen and 10, 20, 30 mg/kg of 4-chlorobenzolidin-hydrazinenaproxen derivatives. These concentrations were selected according to previous works and related articles. After anesthetizing the fishes, liver tissue and liver enzymes were studied in treatment groups and the groups receiving the drug compared with control groups. The statistical results of the level of liver enzymes between control groups and treatments showed a significant difference (P<0.05). Histopathological examination of the liver tissue of the treatments indicated that the liver tissue had undergone a major change in the high doses of both drugs. The results showed that naproxen and 4-chlorobenzolidin-hydrazine-naproxen derivatives affect liver tissue and liver enzymes by increasing doses and increased sinusoidal spacing, and adipose vacuoles in liver tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The investigation of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF, 50Hz) reveals their destructive effect on metabolic activity of cells. Due to the sensitivity of the fetal period, which is associated with the differentiation, the probability of organ damage is high. So the purpose of this research was to investigate histopathological damages to liver of rat offspring. Materials and methods: Fifteen female rats after mating and pregnancy diagnosis were used. Pregnant mice were divided into three groups: 1. EMF group of rats were exposed to waves for 0.5 hour daily during pregnancy; 2. the Sham group was placed inside the device under the same conditions of EMF group without radiation; and 3. control group. At the end of the pregnancy period (21 days), infants were divided into three groups according to their mother's grouping and at the end of the infancy period (28 days), tissue sampling of infant livers was done. Then the histopathological data of liver tissue were statistically analyzed. Results: In the EMF group, newborn babies exhibited stable histopathological changes in their liver tissue, with necrotic and degenerative areas increasing by 42% and 2.5 times, respectively, compared to the control and Sham groups. These differences were statistically significant (P≤0.05). Also, a numerical increase in hyperemia lesions and liver tissue inflammation was observed in this group compared to the control and Sham groups. Conclusion: Our results showed that the low-frequency EMF in the pregnancy period of mothers has a significant effect on tissue lesions of the liver of newborn rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: There is a close relationship between liver mitochondrial dysfunction and the development of obesity and insulin resistance. As observed in type 2 diabetes, in conditions of insulin resistance, a decrease in insulin sensitivity of liver cells, skeletal muscle and fat cells is observed. In recent decades, physical activity has become a key tool in controlling many diseases, including type 2 diabetes, and studies have shown that various training protocols are effective in reducing the epidemic and improvement of some metabolic functions of the liver. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on Parkin and Pink1 proteins in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In an experimental design, 30 three-month-old adult male Wistar rats with a weight range of 250-300 g were randomly divided into three groups of 10 including healthy control (C: intraperitoneal injection of saline), Diabetic control (D: diabetic with high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin) and trained diabetic (D+T: diabetic with exercise) were divided. The training protocol encompassed running at an intensity of 85%-90% of the maximum speed in 6 to 12 two-minute intervals; 5 days a week for eight weeks. Fourty eight hours after the last training session and after 12 to 14 hours of fasting, all rats were anesthetized and operated by a trained specialist without pain. A method based on Western blotting was used to determine changes in the expression profile of Parkin and Pink1 proteins in the heart muscle tissue (left ventricle) of rats. The two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post-hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results: Induction of diabetes (D) causes a 51% and 63% increase in Parkin and Pink1 proteins, respectively, although it is not statistically significant (P>0.05). In addition, exercise intervention caused a 45% and 38% decrease in Parkin and Pink1 in the trained diabetic group (D+T) compared to the diabetic group (D), but it was not significant (p≥0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, it can be stated that eight weeks of HIIT is insufficient to observe a significant reduction of mitophagy in the liver tissue of diabetic rats. At the same time, based on the partial changes of the indices, HIIT might be a preventive measure against the abnormal increase of mitophagy as a result of type 2 diabetes. However, to making a definite conclusion about these indices and how they are affected by different conditions more researches are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aَ Numerical study of hyperthermia was performed using a microwave slot antenna in the treatment of liver cancer. The modeling of the problem in Comsol software is done symmetrically and two-dimensionally and the electromagnetic equation is coupled with the biothermal transfer equation. Temperature distribution, cancer tissue destruction, microwave absorption in liver tissue and specific absorption rate (SAR) are presented as results. The results showed that the two-hole antenna has a wider distribution of the amount of microwave absorbed than the single-slot antenna. The SAR distribution along the longitudinal axis of the antennas gradually increases and reaches its maximum point where the slot is located, and then the SAR distribution decreases rapidly and reaches its minimum at the end of the antenna. According to the results, changes in temperature in liver tissue also depend on the type of antenna and penetration depth, and temperature distribution and SAR distribution have a similar trend. Also, single-slot antenna is suitable for elliptical tumors and double-slot antenna is suitable for spherical tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) is an economically important fish with high farming value. This species is intolerant to hypoxia, which makes it susceptible to mass mortality and hinders the progress of amberjack cultivation. Based on a comparative analysis of the liver transcriptome between acute hypoxia-tolerant (HT) and intolerant (HS) groups, this study first explored the molecular mechanisms of acute hypoxia in greater amberjack. The results showed that the glycolipid metabolism, antioxidant activity, and apoptotic pathways of greater amberjack significantly responded when exposed to acute hypoxia. In addition, the relative downregulation of apoptosis and autophagy-related genes, such as endog, hm13, and casp6, was also detected in the HT group. The NF-kB pathway was partly promoted in the HT group relative to the HS group to resist apoptosis. This investigation will offer significant technical assistance in the prevention of death caused by acute hypoxia and the subsequent reduction in financial losses. Acute hypoxia is a common abiotic stress in commercial aquaculture and has significant effects on fish physiology and metabolism. Due to its large size and rapid growth, the greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) is an economically important fish with high farming value. This species is intolerant to hypoxia, which makes it susceptible to mass mortality and hinders the progress of amberjack cultivation. Based on a comparative analysis of the liver transcriptome between acute hypoxia-tolerant (HT) and -intolerant (HS) groups, this study first explored the molecular mechanisms of acute hypoxia in greater amberjack. By simulating the acute hypoxic environment and using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), the differences in liver transcriptional changes between the acute hypoxia-tolerant (HT) and hypoxia-intolerant (HS) groups of greater amberjack were probed. Based on differential expression analysis, 829 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in both groups. Relative to the HS group, 374 DEGs were upregulated and 455 were downregulated in the HT group. Compared with the HS group, genes such as slc2a5 and prkaa2 related to promoting sugar transport and inhibiting lipid syntheses were upregulated, while genes that inhibit gluconeogenesis and promote lipid syntheses, such as pgp and aacs, were downregulated. The expression of odc1 was significantly and relatively downregulated in the HT group, which would lead to the inhibition of intracellular antioxidant activity and decreased scavenging of ROS. The NF-kB pathway was also promoted to some extent in individuals in the HT group relative to the HS group to resist apoptosis. In addition, the relative downregulation of apoptosis and autophagy-related genes, such as endog, hm13, and casp6, was also detected in the HT group. The present findings first reported the regulation mechanism by which liver tissue coped with the acute hypoxia stress in greater amberjack, which will provide important technical support for preventing acute hypoxia-induced death in advance and reducing economic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research shows an image processing method to determine the liver tissue's mechanical behavior under physiological damage caused by fibrosis pathology. The proposed method consists of using a liver tissue CAD/CAE model obtained from a tomography of the human abdomen, where the diaphragmatic surface of this tissue is compressed by a moving flat surface. For this work, two tools were created—the first to analyze the deformations and the second to analyze the displacements of the liver tissue. Gibbon and MATLAB® were used for numerical analysis with the FEBio computer program. Although deformation in the scenario can be treated as an orthogonal coordinate system, the relationship between the total change in height (measured) and the deformation was obtained. The outcomes show liver tissue behavior as a hyperelastic model; the Mooney–Rivlin mathematical characterization model was proposed in this case. Another method to determine the level of physiological damage caused by fibrosis is fractal analysis. This work used the Hausdorff fractal dimension (HFD) method to calculate and analyze the 2D topological surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and the etiology is unknown. Metabolic dysfunction is present in patients with ASD. In the current study, untargeted metabolomics was employed to screen the differential metabolites in the liver of BTBR mouse model of autism, and MetaboAnalyst 4.0 was used for metabolic pathway analysis. Mice were killed, and liver samples were collected for untargeted metabolomics analysis and examination of histopathology. Finally, 12 differential metabolites were identified. The intensities of phenylethylamine, 4‐Guanidinobutanoic acid, leukotrieneD4, and SM(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) were significantly upregulated (p <.01), and the intensities of estradiol, CMP‐N‐glycoloylneuraminate, retinoyl β‐glucuronide,4‐phosphopantothenoylcysteine, aldophosphamide, taurochenodesoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, and dephospho‐CoA were significantly downregulated (p <.01) in the BTBR group compared with C57 control group, indicating that differences between BTBR and C57 groups were observed in metabolic patterns. Disturbed pathways of the BTBR mice involved lipid metabolism, retinol metabolism, and amino acid and energy metabolism, revealing that bile acid‐mediated activation of LXRα might contribute to metabolic dysfunction of lipid and leukotriene D4 produced by the activation of 5‐LOX led to hepatic inflammation. Pathological changes in the liver tissue, such as hepatocyte vacuolization, and small amounts of inflammatory and cell necrosis, further supported metabolomic results. Moreover, Spearman's rank correlation revealed that there is a strong relationship between metabolites across liver and cortex, suggesting liver may exert action by connecting peripheral and neural systems. These findings were likely to be of pathological importance or a cause/consequence of autism, and may provide insight into key metabolic dysfunction to target potential therapeutic strategies relating to ASD. Significance statement: The first systematic analysis of liver is conducted using untargeted metabolomics with multivariate statistical analysis in BTBR mice, revealing that bile acid‐mediated activation of LXRα might contribute to metabolic dysfunction of lipid and leukotriene D4 produced by the activation of 5‐LOX led to hepatic inflammation. Moreover, Spearman's rank correlation revealed that there is a strong relationship between metabolites across liver and cortex, suggesting liver may exert action by connecting peripheral and neural systems. This finding will provide targeted insights to explore pathological mechanisms and new therapeutic intervention strategies focused on correcting metabolic dysregulation of autism spectrum disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of research to study the effect of some additives on roosters' diet. The current study aim came intending to know the effect of adding different levels of powder white tea and nettle leaves to roosters' broth in some blood and liver tissue biochemical traits. The experiment was conducted in the Department of animal production from the College of Agriculture at Al-Qasim Green University for 42 days (from 10 April to 22 May 2022) in order to study the dosage of adding different levels of white tea powder Camellia sinensis and Urticadioica leaves to broiler breeder male. In some biochemical traits of blood and liver tissue, twenty-one roosters - 45 weeks old were used randomly distributed into seven treatments; each treatment contained three replicates (in each replicate one rooster), and the treatments were as follows: Treatment 1 (T1): a standard diet without addition; Treatment 2 (T2): a standard diet added to it 100 mg of white tea powder/kg of feed; Treatment 3 (T3): a standard diet to which 150 mg of white tea powder was added/kg of feed; Treatment 4 (T4): a standard diet to which was added 200 mg of white tea powder/kg of feed; Treatment 5 (T5): a standard diet to which 100 mg of nettle leaf powder was added/kg of feed; Treatment 6 (T6): a standard diet to which was added 150 mg of nettle leaf powder/kg of feed; Teatment 7 (T7): a standard diet to which was added 200 mg of powdered nettle leaves/kg of feed. White tea and nettle leaves were added in a dosage form. After the end of the study period, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of the roosters in tubes that did not contain anticoagulants. The blood plasma was separated by centrifugation at a speed of 3,000 cycles for 15 minutes. The serum was kept in clean tubes at a temperature of -20 0C. Jordanian origin diagnostic kits measured total protein and albumin (g/100 ml) by UV-spectrophotometers from German origin. As for the globulin concentration, it was calculated according to the equation: (total protein concentration - albumin concentration). Tissue cutting was performed in Al-Sadr Hospital in Najaf Governorate, and liver tissue sections were read in the tissue laboratory of Al-Hussein Hospital in Holy Karbala. The significant differences between the means were compared using Duncan's polynomial test and the ready-made statistical program SPSS was used to analyze the experimental data. The results showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in some treatments of white tea and nettle leaves in the concentration of total protein, albumin, and globulin compared to the control treatment (the first). The study showed the results of histological cutting to the integrity of the liver from the presence of cirrhosis or congestion in most of the experimental treatments, but the presence of effects in some treatments such as T4, T5, T6, T7 where it was observed that there are minor effects between the presence of simple inflammation or a little congestion, but there is no cirrhosis or wax in the liver. It is concluded from the current experience that adding white tea leaves and crushed nettle leaves to the diet can improve some biochemical parameters of the blood. Also, w concluded that there is no significant effect on liver tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective treatment for obesity. Adipose tissue, liver tissue and skeletal muscle are important metabolic tissues. This study investigated hub genes and their association with immune infiltration in these metabolic tissues of obese patients after BS by bioinformatic analysis with Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and a protein–protein interaction network was constructed to identify hub genes. As a result, 121 common DEGs were identified and mainly enriched in cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, chemokine signaling pathway, neutrophil activation and immune responses. Immune cell infiltration analysis showed that the abundance of M1 macrophages was significantly lower in adipose and liver tissue after BS (p

The recent study targeted to estimate the plain appliance of liver damage induced by either alone or combined treatments of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and mureer or Senecio glaucus L. plant (SP) via studying biochemical, histological, and genetic tests for 30 days, and to evaluate the prophylactic action of gallic acid (GA) in rats. Forty rats were orally treated and equally estranged into 8 groups with five rats in each group: Control, GA (100 mg/kg), ZnO NPs (150 mg/kg), SP (400 mg/kg), GA+ZnO NPs (100,150 mg/kg), GA+SP (100,400 mg/kg), ZnO NPs+SP (150,400 mg/kg), and GA+ZnO NPs+SP (100,150,400 mg/kg). This study tested DNA content via comet assay, mRNA expression of an anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) and a pro-apoptotic gene (Bax) via real-time qPCR, (P < 0.001), and caspase-3 expression via immunohistochemical study. Outcomes revealed that alone and combined treated groups of ZnO NPs and SP significantly altered enzyme activity and incited oxidative damage. They made DNA breakup, raised Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio levels, dwindled Bcl-2 level, overexpressed caspase-3, and then initiated histopathological variants. The deadly effect of combined treatment was more than the effect of alone treatment. In contrast, it displayed that GA moderated this injury. Lastly, it clinched that ZnO NPs and SP act as pro-apoptotic agents; yet, GA acts as an anti-apoptotic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (nGSL), redfish (Sebastes mentella and Sebastes fasciatus combined) are at record levels of abundance following the strong recruitment of three consecutive cohorts in 2011–2013 and have become by far the most abundant demersal fish in the region. Understanding redfish trophic relationships is essential for the effective management and conservation of species in the nGSL ecosystem. To date, description and quantification of redfish diet in the region have been restricted to conventional stomach content analysis (SCA). Using analysis of fatty acid (FA) profiles as complementary dietary tracers, the authors conducted multivariate analyses on 350 livers of redfish which were collected in combination with stomach contents during a bottom‐trawl scientific survey in August 2017. The predator FA profiles were compared to those of eight different redfish prey types identified as dietary important with SCA. Results suggested similitude between SCA and FA results, with zooplankton prey being more related to small (<20 cm) and medium (20–30 cm) redfish (16:1n7, 20:1n?, 22:1n9 and 20:5n3) than large (≥30 cm) ones, whereas shrimp prey seemed more related to large redfish size classes (18:2n6 and 22:6n3) relative to the small and medium ones. Although the SCA offers a glimpse in the diet only based on the most recently consumed prey, analysis of FA profiles provides a mid‐term view indicating pelagic zooplankton consumption on calanoid copepod and confirming high predation pressure on shrimp. This study constitutes the first attempt of combining FA with SCA to assess the diet of redfish, highlights the benefits of FA as a qualitative tool and suggests improvements for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In the present study, the effect of 2600 MHz radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure, and melatonin treatment on skin and liver tissue hydroxyproline (Hyp) levels were evaluated. Methods: In the study, 2600 MHz RFR application was performed by Rohde & Schwartz Radiofrequency signal generator via ETS-Lindgren horn antenna. 36 Wistar albino male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 6); Control, sham, RFR, control + Melatonin, Sham + Melatonin, RFR + Melatonin. RFR was applied to the related groups for 30 days (5 days/week) for 30 minutes a day. Average electric field value is 21.74 V / m. Melatonin groups were subcutaneously injected with melatonin (10 mg/kg) for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, Hyp levels were measured in the skin and liver tissues. Results: Hyp levels in skin tissue decreased significantly in RFR treated groups compared to the control and sham groups (p <0.05). Also, Hyp levels in skin tissue decreased significantly in RFR + melatonin treated group compared to the control, sham and sham+melatonin groups. No changes in Hyp levels in liver tissue were determined. Conclusion: In this study, RFR exposure leads to significant changes in skin Hyp levels but not liver tissue. This effect is thought to be due to the closer the skin tissue to the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Taxifolin can effectively reverse the damage caused by CCl4. • Taxifolin was able to restore lipidomic changes in rat liver and serum caused by CCl4. • CerG1, phSM, PE, and PMe in serum, and Cer, dMePE, PG, PS, So, TG, and MGDG in liver were positively correlated with liver injury; and TG, DG in serum, and Co, LPS, PC in liver were negatively correlated with liver injury. • Lipid molecules were altered by taxifolin treatment, mainly including glycerophosphoglycerols, glycerophosphocholines, glycerophosphoethanolamines, and linoleic acids and derivatives. Currently, the hepatoprotective activity of taxifolin, a flavonoid isolated from Pseudotsuga taxifolia , has been reported in many animal models. However, whether the protective effect of taxifolin on the liver is related to its effect on lipidomics is unclear. Based on the significant therapeutic effect of taxifolin on CCl 4 induced subacute hepatic injury, we observed the intervention of taxifolin by lipidomics. The results demonstrate that taxifolin can effectively reverse the damage caused by CCl 4 , which including hepatocyte vacuolization and necrosis. Lipomic profiling based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that taxifolin was able to restore lipidomic changes caused by CCl 4 , including the levels of lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), coenzyme (Co), phosphatidylglyceride (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS), dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine (dMePE), ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (So), triglycerides (TG), and monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) in the rat liver, and phosphatidylcarbinol (PMe) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), plant sphingosine (phSM), glucose ceramide (CerG1), TG, and diglycerides (DG) in serum. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that CerG1, phSM, PE, and PMe in serum, and Cer, dMePE, PG, PS, So, TG, and MGDG in liver were positively correlated with serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and liver index; while TG, DG in serum, and Co, LPS, PC in liver were negatively correlated with the parameters. In total, 43 and 34 lipid molecules were altered by taxifolin treatment in the liver and serum, respectively, mainly including glycerophosphoglycerols, glycerophosphocholines, glycerophosphoethanolamines, and linoleic acids and derivatives. Our findings help to provide novel insights into the mechanism of the hepatoprotective effect of taxifolin from a lipidomics approach. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that parenteral viral hepatitis is one of the main causes of chronic diffuse liver diseases. The number of patients not only with chronic hepatitis C and B, but also patients with hepatitis of mixed etiology is increasing annually. At the same time, there is a potentiating effect of the association of HBV and HCV with a high risk of developing progressive forms of chronic viral hepatitis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Correlation of the clinical course, biochemical indices in patients with viral mixed infection of the liver have not been studied enough. In the studies of a number of authors, it has been shown that with mixed infection, erased and latent forms of the disease are rarely observed. The aim of the study is to study the immune status and biochemical parameters in patients with chronic hepatitis B+C for a more accurate assessment of the severity of the pathological process. Materials and methods. 62 patients with chronic hepatitis B+C were examined. All the patients under examination were monitored in the hepatological center of the Odessa Municipal Infectious Hospital (Ukraine). The assessment of the severity of the patients' condition was carried out using biochemical indicators. Confirmation of the diagnosis based on determination (qualitatively and quantitatively) HCV RNA and HBV DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Subpopulations of B- and T-lymphocytes (CD19+, CD16+, CD8+, CD4+, CD3+) were determined by the immunofluorescence method using a set of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to establish differential antigens of human lymphocytes using the Eurostar immunofluorescence microscope. Results and discussions. When analyzing the main clinical syndromes in dynamics, it was found that in patients with chronic hepatitis B+C with initial of fibrosis (F0-F1), less pronounced changes in the general condition were observed than in patients with moderate (F2) and advanced fibrosis (F3). The presence of a correlation between the degree of fibrosis and immunological indices in patients with chronic hepatitis B+C allows us to use the information obtained as one of the additional criteria for the severity of the pathological process. The expressiveness of changes of immune status indicators can serve as an additional criterion for the degree of morphological abnormalities in liver tissue.

IntroductionThe number of children with acute and chronic liver disease is rising. Moreover, liver involvement may be limited to subtle changes in organ texture especially in early childhood and some syndromic conditions, such as ciliopathies. Attenuation imaging coefficient (ATI), shear wave elastography (SWE), and dispersion (SWD) are emerging ultrasound technologies providing data about attenuation, elasticity, and viscosity of liver tissue. This additional and qualitative information has been correlated with certain liver pathologies. However, limited data are available for healthy controls and have mainly been raised in adults.MethodsThis prospective monocentric study was conducted at a university hospital with a specialization in pediatric liver disease and transplantation. Between February and July 2021, 129 children aged 0-17.92 years were recruited. Study participants attended outpatient clinics due to minor illnesses excluding liver or cardiac diseases, acute (febrile) infections or other conditions affecting liver tissue and function. ATI, SWE, and SWD measurements were performed on an Aplio i800 (Canon Medical Systems) with an i8CX1 curved transducer by two different investigators with long-standing experience in pediatric ultrasound according to a standardized protocol.ResultsConsidering multiple potential covariates, we derived percentile charts for all 3 devices relying on the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) approach. 112 children were considered for further analysis, excluding those with abnormal liver function and under-/overweight (BMI SDS 1.96, respectively). Age range was 0-17.92 years (mean 6.89±0.50SD), 58% were male. The mean duration of the ultrasound examination (basic ultrasound plus SWE, SWD, and ATI) was 6.67±0.22 minutes and it was well tolerated in 83% (n=92) of cases. While ATI was related to age, SWD was found to depend on BMI SDS, and SWE on abdominal wall thickness and sex. ATI correlated with neither SWE nor SWD, but SWE was correlated with SWD.ConclusionsOur study provides norm values and reference charts for ATI, SWE, and SWD considering important covariates including age, sex and, BMI. This may help to implement these promising tools into imaging diagnostics of liver disease and to improve the diagnostic relevance of liver ultrasound. In addition, these noninvasive techniques proved to be time-effective and highly reliable, which make them ideal for application in children.

Kasai portoenterostomy (KP) plays a crucial role in the treatment of biliary atresia (BA). The aim is to correlate MRI quantitative findings of native liver survivor BA patients after KP with a medical outcome. Thirty patients were classified as having ideal medical outcomes (Group 1; n = 11) if laboratory parameter values were in the normal range and there was no evidence of chronic liver disease complications; otherwise, they were classified as having nonideal medical outcomes (Group 2; n = 19). Liver and spleen volumes, portal vein diameter, liver mean, and maximum and minimum ADC values were measured; similarly, ADC and T2-weighted textural parameters were obtained using ROI analysis. The liver volume was significantly (p = 0.007) lower in Group 2 than in Group 1 (954.88 ± 218.31 cm3 vs. 1140.94 ± 134.62 cm3); conversely, the spleen volume was significantly (p < 0.001) higher (555.49 ± 263.92 cm3 vs. 231.83 ± 70.97 cm3). No differences were found in the portal vein diameter, liver ADC values, or ADC and T2-weighted textural parameters. In conclusion, significant quantitative morpho-volumetric liver and spleen abnormalities occurred in BA patients with nonideal medical outcomes after KP, but no significant microstructural liver abnormalities detectable by ADC values and ADC and T2-weighted textural parameters were found between the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The selection of genetically superior animals for residual feed intake (RFI) does not affect animal growth, reproduction or the meat quality but it does lead to animals with lower consumption and lower maintenance requirements. This trait is difficult and costly to measure and is influenced by different biological processes and multiple genes. We used the RNA seq methodology of the liver in Nellore cattle with divergent RFI in two genetic groups. Eighty-eight common, differentially-expressed genes were identified in the two genetic groups. We highlight the B2M gene participating in most cellular processes that differentiate groups with a greater or lesser food efficiency. The biological pathways associated with RFI in the two genetic groups were for energy metabolism, protein turnover, redox homeostasis and the immune response. Additionally, we found non-coding RNAs, highlighting microRNA 25, which can act by blocking cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, and RNase_MRP, as a blocker of mitochondrial damage. This work could help future approaches in quantitative methods of animal husbandry and management and allow the use of possible markers for selecting more efficient animals, thus helping meat production costs and environmental impacts. The identification and selection of genetically superior animals for residual feed intake (RFI) could enhance productivity and minimize environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to use RNA-seq data to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), known non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), specific biomarkers and enriched biological processes associated with RFI of the liver in Nellore cattle in two genetic groups. In genetic group 1 (G1), 24 extreme RFI animals (12 low RFI (LRFI) versus 12 high RFI (HRFI)) were selected from a population of 60 Nellore bulls. The RNA-seq of the samples from their liver tissues was performed using an Illumina HiSeq 2000. In genetic group 2 (G2), 20 samples of liver tissue of Nellore bulls divergent for RFI (LRFI, n = 10 versus HRFI, n = 10) were selected from 83 animals. The raw data of the G2 were chosen from the ENA repository. A total of 1811 DEGs were found for the G1 and 2054 for the G2 (p-value ≤ 0.05). We detected 88 common genes in both genetic groups, of which 33 were involved in the immune response and in blocking oxidative stress. In addition, seven (B2M, ADSS, SNX2, TUBA4A, ARHGAP18, MECR, and ABCF3) possible gene biomarkers were identified through a receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) considering an AUC > 0.70. The B2M gene was overexpressed in the LRFI group. This gene regulates the lipid metabolism protein turnover and inhibits cell death. We also found non-coding RNAs in both groups. MIR25 was up-regulated and SNORD16 was down-regulated in the LRFI for G1. For G2, up-regulated RNase_MRP and SCARNA10 were found. We highlight MIR25 as being able to act by blocking cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and RMRP as a blocker of mitochondrial damage. The biological pathways associated with RFI of the liver in Nellore cattle in the two genetic groups were for energy metabolism, protein turnover, redox homeostasis and the immune response. The common transcripts, biomarkers and metabolic pathways found in the two genetic groups make this unprecedented work even more relevant, since the results are valid for different herds raised in different ways. The results reinforce the biological importance of these known processes but also reveal new insights into the complexity of the liver tissue transcriptome of Nellore cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The finding of an undifferentiated osteoclastic giant cell carcinoma in liver tissue is rare. The coexistence of this neoplasm in the absence of other primary liver tumors is exceptional. CLINICAL CASE: 72-year-old male patient with weight loss, asthenia, adynamia and hyporexia. The physical examination revealed: abnormal vascular patterns in the abdomen and abundant ascitic fluid. Laboratory studies reported: alpha-fetoprotein 571 ng/mL and Ca 19-9 antigen 156 ng/mL. The computed tomography reported multiple lesions in the right hepatic lobe, with peripheral lymphadenopathy. The histopathological study showed: pleomorphic cells, with abundant cytoplasm and osteoclastic phenotype; Immunohistochemistry reported negative expression of markers Hepar-1, Arginase-1, Glypican-3, CK7 and CK20, and positive expression of markers IDH1, CD163, CD68 and PD-L1. CONCLUSION: The expression of IDH1 and CD163 coincides with the diagnosis of poorly differentiated carcinoma with osteoclastic phenotype in the absence of other primary liver neoplasms. However, since the immunohistochemistry results were complex, it is important to perform the most exhaustive marker analysis in order to verify the accurate diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective treatment for obesity. Adipose tissue, liver tissue and skeletal muscle are important metabolic tissues. This study investigated hub genes and their association with immune infiltration in these metabolic tissues of obese patients after BS by bioinformatic analysis with Gene Expression Omnibus datasets. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and a protein–protein interaction network was constructed to identify hub genes. As a result, 121 common DEGs were identified and mainly enriched in cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, chemokine signaling pathway, neutrophil activation and immune responses. Immune cell infiltration analysis showed that the abundance of M1 macrophages was significantly lower in adipose and liver tissue after BS (p<0.05). Ten hub genes (TYROBP, TLR8, FGR, NCF2, HCK, CCL2, LAPTM5, MNDA and S100A9) that were all downregulated after BS were also associated with immune cells. Consistently, results in the validated dataset showed that the expression levels of these hub genes were increased in obese patients and mice, and decreased after BS. In conclusion, this study analysed the potential immune and inflammatory mechanisms of BS in three key metabolic tissues of obese patients, and revealed hub genes associated with immune cell infiltration, thus providing potential targets for obesity treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical study of microwave cancer therapy for cylindrical‐shaped liver tissue with an elliptical‐shaped liver tumor has been carried out by this study. The time‐dependent electromagnetic wave and the bio‐heat transfer equations have been used as the governing equations and solved with appropriate boundary conditions using Galerkin's weighted residual scheme built‐in finite element method‐based COMSOL Multiphysics software. The coaxial applicator as well as the effects of different microwave input power levels (from 5 to 25 W), frequencies (from 0.7 to 5 GHz), and treatment time (from 0 to 1000 s) on hepatocellular carcinoma have been examined by this simulation and displayed graphically in terms of the microwave power dissipation, isothermal lines inside liver tissue, time‐dependent profiles of temperature at different locations inside the tumor, specific absorption rate (SAR), and surface average transient temperature distribution of tumor tissue. The results demonstrate that microwave input antenna power and frequency have significant impacts on the temperature distribution and SAR values of liver tissue. When the microwave input power, as well as frequency, is increased, SAR and tissue temperature values also increase but the high temperature is harmful to healthy tissue. It is observed from the performed analysis that the mean temperature of the tumor cell is about 56.86°C at a time of 180 s using 10 W microwave input power and 2.45 GHz frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in children and is associated with overweight and insulin resistance (IR). Almost nothing is known about in vivo alterations of liver metabolism in NAFLD, especially in the early stages of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we used a complex mathematical model of liver metabolism to quantify the central hepatic metabolic functions of 71 children with biopsy-proven NAFLD. For each patient, a personalized model variant was generated based on enzyme abundances determined by mass spectroscopy. Our analysis revealed statistically significant alterations in the hepatic carbohydrate, lipid, and ammonia metabolism, which increased with the degree of obesity and severity of NAFLD. Histologic features of NASH and IR displayed opposing associations with changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism but synergistically decreased urea synthesis in favor of the increased release of glutamine, a driver of liver fibrosis. Taken together, our study reveals already significant alterations in the NASH liver of pediatric patients, which, however, are differently modulated by the simultaneous presence of IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This manuscript is based on the description of the genome of Pteronotus mexicanus , highlighting its major genomic components. • Our results show a conserved consistency in the different elements of the genomic DNA, consistent with previously reported for other bats. We describe here the first characterization of the genome of the bat Pteronotus mexicanus , an endemic species of Mexico, as part of the Mexican Bat Genome Project which focuses on the characterization and assembly of the genomes of endemic bats in Mexico. The genome was assembled from a liver tissue sample of an adult male from Jalisco, Mexico provided by the Texas Tech University Museum tissue collection. The assembled genome size was 1.9 Gb. The assembly of the genome was fitted in a framework of 110,533 scaffolds and 1,659,535 contigs. The ecological importance of bats such as P. mexicanus , and their diverse ecological roles, underscores the value of having complete genomes in addressing information gaps and facing challenges regarding their function in ecosystems and their conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala , BSB) is one of important freshwater fish of value in China, but it has poor tolerance to hypoxia environment. To improve this disadvantage, we cultivate an improved blunt snout bream (BTBB) from a hybrid lineage of Megalobrama amblycephala (♀) × Culter alburnus (♂). In this study, we found that the BTBB had higher tolerance hypoxia than BSB. Moreover, in order to take a deep insight into the molecular mechanisms of higher hypoxia tolerance in BTBB, we analyzed the liver transcriptomes of BTBB and BSB under normoxic and hypoxia conditions comparatively and found out several differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among the GO functional categories, negative regulation of response to stimulus (GO: 0048585), oxidation-reduction process (GO: 0055114), and response to oxidative stress (GO: 0006979) in biological processes were observed. In addition, according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, the results indicated that many DEGs participated in FoxO signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway and p53 signaling pathway, and other processes. This study provides important clues about the potential molecular mechanisms explaining the higher hypoxia tolerance in BTBB. It also presents further evidence for the enhanced ability to resist hypoxia in BTBB, which is significant for fish genetic breeding. • The BTBB had higher tolerance hypoxia than BSB. • KEGG pathway analysis showed that many DEGs were enriched in the hypoxia response pathway. • The molecular mechanism of hypoxia tolerance of BTBB was analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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At present, many experiments provide support for the cardiovascular protective effect of hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) flower, leaf and fruit extracts. The aim of this study was to investigate the intervention mechanism of hawthorn fruit extract on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and its effect on their lipid metabolic pattern. After SHR was intervened by hawthorn extract (1.08 g/kg/d) for 6 weeks, the blood pressure and liver histopathology of rats were evaluated. An UHPLC-Q Extractive metabolomics approach was used to collect information on rat liver lipid metabolites, combined with multivariate data analysis to identify significantly different substances and potential biomarkers through mass spectrometry and database searches. Histomorphology of the liver was partially restored in the hawthorn-treated group. Hawthorn extract interferes with sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and glycerolipids metabolism, improving partially disturbed metabolic pathways. This study showed that hawthorn could partially restore liver histomorphology and has anti-hypertensive effect by regulating lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have been evaluating the presence of patterns associated with the occurrence of cancer in different types of tissue present in the individual affected by the disease. In this article, we describe preliminary results for the automatic detection of cancer (Walker 256 tumor) in laboratory animals using preclinical microphotograph images of the subject's liver tissue. In the proposed approach, two different types of descriptors were explored to capture texture properties from the images, and we also evaluated the complementarity between them. The first texture descriptor experimented is the widely known Local Phase Quantization (LPQ), which is a descriptor based on spectral information. The second one is built by the application of a granulometry given by a family of morphological filters. For classification, we have evaluated the algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Logistic Regression. Experiments carried out on a carefully curated dataset developed by the Enteric Neural Plasticity Laboratory of the State University of Maringá showed that both texture descriptors provide good results in this scenario. The accuracy rates obtained using the SVM classifier were 96.67% for the texture operator based on granulometry and 91.16% for the LPQ operator. The dataset was made available also as a contribution of this work. In addition, it is important to remark that the best overall result was obtained by combining classifiers created using both descriptors in a late fusion strategy, achieving an accuracy of 99.16%. The results obtained show that it is possible to automatically perform the identification of cancer in laboratory animals by exploring texture properties found on the tissue taken from the liver. Moreover, we observed a high level of complementarity between the classifiers created using LPQ and granulometry properties in the application addressed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise training and medicinal herb supplementation may improve microRNAs (miRNAs) expression associated with obesity. This study aimed to assess the effects of 10 weeks of aerobic training (AT) and dill extract (DE) on miR‐33 and miR‐223 expression of liver in high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obese rats. Forty male Wistar rats were fed a defined high‐fat (n = 32) and standard (n = 8, nonobese control [NC]) diet. After obesity induction, obese rats were randomly allocated to four groups: AT, DE, AT + DE, and obese control (OC). Rats were euthanized and plasma and liver tissue samples were collected after the intervention. The liver expression of miR‐33 was lower in the AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups compared with the OC group. Also, the liver miR‐223 expression was higher in the AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups compared with the OC group. Moreover, the liver expression of miR‐223 in the AT + DE group was higher compared with the AT and DE groups. The AT, DE, AT + DE, and NC groups had lower liver TC compared with the OC group. Also, the plasma level of apolipoprotein B (Apo B) was significantly lower, and liver HDL‐C was significantly higher in the AT + DE and NC groups compared with the OC group. These findings show that long‐term AT combined with the intake of DE may improve the plasma levels of Apo B, and TC and HDL‐C levels in the liver, which is probably due to AT and DE positive effects on miR‐33 and miR‐223 in the liver of obese rats. Practical applications: Aerobic training reduces overweight and obesity health problems, however, the duration and intensity of the exercise training distinguish between individuals. We used an integrated approach combining pharmacological and non‐pharmacological as a medical strategy to prevent HFD‐induced metabolic injury in obese rats. The present results discovered that a combination of AT + DE intervention improves the miR‐33 and miR‐223 in the liver of obese rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we applied two polarized light based approaches to visualize histological patterns of liver pathologies. The first one involves acquisition of two images through a polarizing microscope, one image (Ppar) acquired with the analyzer oriented parallel to the polarization of illumination and the other (Pper) acquired with the analyzer oriented perpendicular to the illumination. The final image is based on the polarization ratio, Preconstructed = (Ppar - Pper)/(Ppar + Pper). Using the second technique, the histological specimens were illuminated with a polarized laser beam with wavelength of 635 nm. Polarimetric parameters as azimuth, angle of ellipticity, degree of polarization and reflected power have been measured to quantify the change in the polarization state of the incident light after interaction with the sample of the healthy tissue and of the tissue with abnormal morphological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]