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The present trial explained the effect of alternative production systems on growth, morphometric and carcass traits of four different chicken genotypes. The second generation of two genotypes RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) and BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtained by two self-crosses (RNN × RNN = RR and BNN × BNN = BB) and two reciprocal crosses (RNN × BNN = RB and BNN × RNN = BR) were evaluated in three alternative production systems (conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary). At the 6th week of age after sexing, a total of 600 birds, comprising 150 from each crossbred with a total of 300 pullets and 300 cockerels were divided into conventional cages, enriched cages, and aviary systems having 200 birds in each.Birds were organized into 3×4 factorial arrangements under Completely Randomized Design (3 production systems × 4 genotypes × 2 sexes × 25 birds = 600 birds). Regarding genotypes, RB and BR males showed higher (p < 0.01) carcass yield, drumstick weight, breast weight, and thigh weight than BB and RR genotypes. Females of BR genotype showed higher (p < 0.01) breast weight, thigh weight and drumstick weight. As far as production systems are concerned, higher (p < 0.01) liver weight, heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight were observed in the males reared in enriched cages compared with conventional cages and aviary system. Females reared in enriched cages showed higher (p < 0.01) heart weight, breast weight, intestinal weight, drumstick weight, and thigh weight when compared with those reared in conventional cages and aviary. It is concluded that chickens (both sexes) of BR and RB genotypes had better morphological measurements and carcass traits than those of RR and BB genotype chickens. Among alternative production systems, chickens reared in enriched cages had better traits than those of reared in conventional cages and aviary during the growing phase. Resumo O presente estudo explicou o efeito de sistemas alternativos de produção sobre o crescimento, características morfométricas e carcaças de quatro genótipos de frango diferentes. A segunda geração de dois genótipos RNN (Rhode Island Red × Naked Neck) e BNN (Black Australorp × Naked Neck) obtida por duas autocruzes (RNN × RNN = RR e B ANN × BNN = BB) e duas cruzes recíprocas (RNN × BNN = RB e BNN × RNN = BR) foi avaliada em três sistemas de produção alternativos (gaiolas convencionais, gaiolas enriquecidas e aviário). Na 6ª semana de idade após o sexo, um total de 600 aves, compostas por 150 de cada raça cruzada com um total de 300 pullets e 300 galos, foi dividido em gaiolas convencionais, gaiolas enriquecidas e sistemas aviários com 200 aves em cada. As aves foram organizadas em 3×4 arranjos fatoriais sob projeto completamente randomizado (3 sistemas de produção × 4 genótipos × 2 sexos × 25 aves = 600 aves). Em relação aos genótipos, os machos RB e BR apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça (p < 0,01), peso da baqueta, peso mamário e peso da coxa do que os genótipos BB e RR. As fêmeas do genótipo BR apresentaram maior (p < 0,01) peso mamário, peso da coxa e peso da baqueta. No que diz respeito aos sistemas de produção, maior (p < 0,01) peso hepático, peso cardíaco, peso mamário, peso intestinal, peso da baqueta e peso da coxa foram observados nos machos criados em gaiolas enriquecidas em comparação com gaiolas convencionais e sistema aviário. As fêmeas criadas em gaiolas enriquecidas apresentaram maior (p < 0,01) peso cardíaco, peso mamário, peso intestinal, peso da baqueta e peso da coxa quando comparadas com as criadas em gaiolas convencionais e aviárias. Conclui-se que as galinhas (ambos os sexos) dos genótipos BR e RB apresentaram melhores medidas morfológicas e traços de carcaça do que os de frangos genótipos RR e BB. Entre os sistemas de produção alternativos, as galinhas criadas em gaiolas enriquecidas tinham características melhores do que as criadas em gaiolas convencionais e aviárias durante a fase de cultivo.

Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Conventional treatment methods include lifestyle changes and pharmaceutical interventions, but recently Health Canada approved a health claim for whole ground flaxseed as an alternative treatment for hypercholesterolemia. The literature suggests flaxseed lignans are responsible for the cholesterol-reducing effects of flaxseed. In this study, 96.1% secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and a 50% SDG enriched polymer (SDG polymer) were investigated as treatments for hypercholesterolemia in rats. Wistar female rats were fed a 1% high-cholesterol diet for a one-week acclimatization prior to a 23-day intervention with enriched SDG or SDG polymer. A reduction in body weight normalized liver weight was observed in rats treated with enriched SDG when compared to the controls. Both enriched SDG (96.1%) and SDG polymer reduced serum triacylglycerol (19% and 15%, respectively) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (15% and 24%, respectively). Histopathologic analyses revealed lipid-lowering effects of either enriched SDG or SDG polymer along with lower steatosis scores and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity. Furthermore, the lack of statistical significance between SDG and SDG polymer treatment groups suggests that SDG polymer may be a potential alternative to enriched SDG for hypercholesterolemia with similar efficacy but lower cost.

BACKGROUND Standard liver weight (SLW) is frequently used in deceased donor liver transplantation to avoid size mismatches with the recipient. However, some deceased donors (DDs) have fatty liver (FL). A few studies have reported that FL could impact liver size. To the best of our knowledge, there are no relevant SLW models for predicting liver size. AIM To demonstrate the relationship between FL and total liver weight (TLW) in detail and present a related SLW formula. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 212 adult DDs from West China Hospital of Sichuan University from June 2019 to February 2021, recorded their basic information, such as sex, age, body height (BH) and body weight (BW), and performed abdominal ultrasound (US) and pathological biopsy (PB). The chi-square test and kappa consistency score were used to assess the consistency in terms of FL diagnosed by US relative to PB. Simple linear regression analysis was used to explore the variables related to TLW. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to formulate SLW models, and the root mean standard error and interclass correlation coefficient were used to test the fitting efficiency and accuracy of the model, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal formula was compared with previous formulas. RESULTS Approximately 28.8% of DDs had FL. US had a high diagnostic ability (sensitivity and specificity were 86.2% and 92.9%, respectively; kappa value was 0.70, P < 0.001) for livers with more than a 5% fatty change. Simple linear regression analysis showed that sex (R2, 0.226; P < 0.001), BH (R2, 0.241; P < 0.001), BW (R2, 0.441; P < 0.001), BMI (R2, 0.224; P < 0.001), BSA (R2, 0.454; P < 0.001) and FL (R2, 0.130; P < 0.001) significantly impacted TLW. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis showed that there was no significant difference in liver weight between the DDs with no steatosis and those with steatosis within 5%. Furthermore, in the context of hepatic steatosis, TLW increased positively (non-linear); compared with the TLW of the non-FL group, the TLW of the groups with hepatic steatosis within 5%, between 5% and 20% and more than 20% increased by 0 g, 90 g, and 340 g, respectively. A novel formula, namely, -348.6 + (110.7 x Sex [0 = Female, 1 = Male]) + 958.0 x BSA + (179.8 x FLUS [0 = No, 1 = Yes]), where FL was diagnosed by US, was more convenient and accurate than any other formula for predicting SLW. CONCLUSION FL is positively correlated with TLW. The novel formula deduced using sex, BSA and FLUS is the optimal formula for predicting SLW in adult DDs.

Longterm data on the liver weight, hepatosomatic (HSI) and gonadosomatic (GSI) indices of walleye pollock, Pacific cod and saffron cod are analyzed on Eastern Kamchatka in seasonal aspect and in the course of gonad maturation. Individual values of the indices extensively vary and depend on the fish body length, season and stage of gonad maturity. The dynamics of the HSI is agree to the dynamics of the GSI during the year and depending on gonad maturity. The maximum values of the HSI are typical for walleye pollock and Pacific cod individuals with the gonads of the III stage of maturity. The maximum values of the index in saffron cod are found in mature individuals with immature gonads. The minimum values are demonstrated by the fish with the gonads at the stage of final spawning or of post-spawning recovery. During the annual reproduction cycle males and females of walleye pollock and cod realize different scenarios of spending and accumulating liver fat. Whereas the maximum HSI is observed in the fish with the gonads at the III maturity stage, the minimum values in males are typical for individuals with smelting gonads, and in females – on finishing the spawn. That can be connected to possible feeding for the individual. Liver weight and liver index can increase in males just shortly after finishing spawning, in females that is found only at the stage of post-spawning recovery.

Sida cordata (Burn. f.) Borss. Waalk is highly distributed in entire part of India. The various parts of the plant are used in folklore medicine for the management of multiple diseases. So,the present study was performed to examine the hepatoprotective activity study of ethanolic extract of S. cordata leaves (SCLE) on alcohol mediated hepatotoxicity in a rat model. Ethanol intoxicated rats showed noteworthy elevation of liver weight and volume. Further, ethanol insulted rats also showed significant elevation in the level of biochemical markers such as AST, ALT, TG, TB, and DB) and marked variation in the histological structure of liver. Oral administration of SCLE at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 30 days) significantly reduced the liver weight, hepatic markers level and restored the histological changes annoyed by ethanol thus indicating its hepatoprotective potential. Furthermore, HPTLC analysis was performed for the identification and quality estimation of S. cordata leaves.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hemp seed oil replaced soybean oil as an energy supply on growth performance parameters, carcass yield, liver weight, breast meat pH, and meat color values in quails. A total of 100 one-day old quail chicks were reared in two treatment groups for 5 weeks. The experimental diets were formulated as to contain 4.4% crude soybean(control) and hemp seed oils. According to the results of the present study, crude hemp seed oil replaced soybean oil in the diet was effective on finishing body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, weight gain and carcass yield. All of these parameters were lower than the soybean oil (control) group. Liver weight, and breast meat color values (L*, a*, and b*) have shown similarities between experimental groups. The breast meat pH value decreased significantly in the hemp seed oil treatment group compared to soybean oil group. Using hemp seed oil instead of soybean oil used in quail diets negatively affects performance parameters (except for feed conversion ratio).

To evaluate the effect of a production system and feeding regimen on meat quality attributes of Naked Neck chickens, a total of 150 cockerels at 18 weeks old (1625 ± 70 g) were collected from 10 treatment groups with five replicates of three birds. The factorial arrangement of treatments consisted of two production systems (intensive and free-range) and five nutritional regimens, namely 100% commercial feed; 75% commercial feed plus 25% kitchen waste; 50% commercial feed plus 50% kitchen waste; 25% commercial feed plus 75% kitchen waste; and 100% kitchen waste. Carcass traits, meat quality, and meat organoleptic were found to differ significantly among production systems, feeding regimens, and their interaction. Higher liver weight was observed in birds reared under an intensive system. Higher gizzard weight was noted in birds fed with 100% kitchen waste, whereas lower gizzard weight was observed in birds fed the commercial diet. The meat from cockerels fed with 75% kitchen waste was most yellow, whereas the meat from the birds fed with 100% kitchen waste was least yellow. At two hours after slaughter, pH of the meat was highest in birds fed 50% kitchen waste and lowest in birds fed 100% kitchen waste. The interaction of production system and feeding regimen was significant for overall acceptability score. In conclusion, Naked Neck chickens performed equally well under intensive and free-range systems, irrespective of the level of kitchen waste that they were fed.

Tithonia diversifolia can be used as an antidiabetic, so it is necessary to study the safety of its use, especially the side effects on the liver and kidneys. This study aimed to determine the effect of using T. diversifolia leaf extract through histomorphometry observations of the liver and kidneys of hyperglycemic albino rats. The study design used a completely randomized design (CRD). This study used 20 male albino rats which were divided into five treatment groups, there were T0 (rat normal/control), T1 (hyperglycemic rat without T. diversifolia leaf extract), T2 (hyperglycemic rat administered with Glibenclamide 10 mg/kg BW), T3 (hyperglycemic rat administered with T. diversifolia leaf extract 150 mg/kg BW), T4 (hyperglycemic rat administered with T. diversifolia leaf extract 300 mg/kg BW). Every treatment was repeated four times. The damage of hepatocyte and the glomerular cell was observed through histological structure observation by histomorphometry method using a photomicrography microscope (Olympus BX51). The results indicate that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the variable of hepatocytes diameter and there was no significant different (P > 0.05) result on glomerular diameter, as well as kidney and liver weight. It was concluded that T. diversifolia leaf extract of 150 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW are safe to be used as antidiabetic. It does not cause any side effects on the liver and kidneys of hyperglycemic albino rats. Thereby T. diversifolia leaf extract can be further tested as preparation of biopharmaca which can be used as herbal medicines for diabetics.

A total of one hundred and twelve day-old broiler chicks (Amo strains) were used to evaluate carcass traits fed with diets containing graded levels of treated sesame waste and its appropriate level of inclusion in the diet. The experimental birds were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments of 28 birds per treatment and each treatment was replicated four times with seven birds per pen. Results obtained showed that there were significant (P

Liver and skin tumours in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) have been associated with contamination of the aquatic environment. In this study, we present a Bayesian hierarchical logistic-Bernoulli framework that considers the role of fish covariates (e.g., age, total weight, gonad weight, liver weight, fork length) on tumour prevalence to identify the presence of “hot-spots” around the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes, where high fish tumour frequencies are registered. We developed methods to discern the degree of impairment that are either based on the comparison of tumour frequencies in contaminated (or impacted) sites against those predicted in their corresponding reference areas, or the assessment of the prevailing conditions in impaired sites independently, without the need to establish baseline conditions for comparison purposes. Our modelling study predicts low frequencies of neoplastic tumours in all the impacted locations. In contrast, the same comparisons with the preneoplastic lesions provided evidence of distinct differences between impacted and reference sites in Jackfish Bay, St. Mary’s River, Niagara River, Hamilton Harbour, and Bay of Quinte. We also found weak to moderately strong relationships between tumour occurrence and fish physical characteristics that varied considerably in terms of their strength and nature (sign) among the different locations. Our study concludes that the prevalence of neoplastic tumours appears to have reached acceptable levels around the Great Lakes, but the distinctly higher levels of preneoplasms in several impacted locations underscore the need to improve our understanding of the lesions that may lead to carcinogenesis.

Aim Little evidence about whether to apply graft‐to‐recipient body weight ratio (GRWR) or graft weight to standard liver weight (GW/SLW) for graft selection has been published. The aim of the present study was to clarify the importance of the correct use of GRWR and GW/SLW for selecting graft according to the recipients’ physique in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Methods Data were collected for 694 recipients who underwent LDLT between 1997 and 2020. Results One of the marginal grafts meeting GW/SLW ≥ 35% but GRWR 30 kg/m2, the recipients with GRWR, This is the first report to demonstrate the importance of proper use of GRWR and GW/SLW for graft selection according to recipient physique in the setting of LDLT. Taken together, the way to calculate the GW cutoff values should be changed, according to the recipient BMI value to prevent postoperative SFSS after LDLT.

To evaluate the physiological state of the wild fish inhabiting the Biobío River in South-Central Chile, susceptible to the chemical contamination from different sources, biochemical and physiological biomarkers were applied to wild fish Percilia irwini and Trichomycterus areolatus in situ. Fish caught in the Biobío river in low, medium, and high anthropic impacts areas, with different pollution degrees along the river. Ethoxyresorufin O-O deethylase (EROD) activity was evaluated in fish liver. Length, weight, Gonad weight and Liver weight, Physiological Index, and gill and liver histopathology were conducted. Physicochemical parameters (pH, Temperature, Conductivity, and TDS) were measured at each sampling site. The results indicated a deteriorating condition in the biological parameters of both species in a high anthropic zone. Fishes show an increase in physiological indices and EROD liver activity, agreeing with previous studies supporting evidence of reproductive change development as we move downstream the river. Also, an increase in histopathological lesions towards the lower third stretch of the Biobío River. The Integrated Index of Physiological Biomarkers (IPBR) indicated that sites located in the high impact area (P. irwini: BC: 4.09; RC: 3.38; PC: 3.50; SJ: 2.34 and T. areolatus BC: 6.06, PC: 5.37; SJ: 5.42) have the most detrimental environmental quality, compared to reference area. The integrated biomarker analysis demonstrates that the alterations observed are related to the high anthropic activity levels downstream from the sites with the least intervention, demonstrating that the IPBR used is a complementary tool for studies of the Environmental Effects Monitoring approach.

A five-week study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding varying levels of S. cerevisiae on carcass and organ characteristics of finishing broilers. One hundred and twenty 4-weeks old broilers of cobb strain were randomly assigned to four treatments (T1 = 0.6 g Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) kg–1 diet; T2 = 0.8 g SC kg–1 diet; T3 = 1.0 g SC kg–1 diet and T4 = 0.0 g SC kg–1 diet) with 30 birds per treatment and replicated twice with 15 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Feed and water were provided ad libitum to the birds in a deep litter system. In the end, data on growth, carcass and organ indices generated from the study were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) among the treatments in the birds’ growth performance indices. However, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the birds’ values for liver weight, heart weight, shank length and thigh length with birds in T3 recording highest values of 61.30 g, 16.93 g and 12.00 cm for liver weight, heart weight and thigh length, respectively. It was thus concluded that finishing broilers fed 1.0 g of S. cerevisiae had superior carcass and organ characteristics than birds on the control and lower levels of inclusion.

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Japanese quails fed diets containing sorghum. A total of ninety of one-week old Japanese quail chicks were used for the experiment. Five diets were formulated in which sorghum was included at graded levels 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% dietary levels designated as treatment 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The experimental period was five weeks when the birds reach six weeks of age. The results of the growth performance showed significant differences (P

BACKGROUND Even using predictive formulas based on anthropometrics in about 30% of subjects, liver weight (LW) cannot be predicted with a ≤20% margin of error. We aimed to identify factors associated with discrepancies between predicted and observed LW. METHODS In 500 consecutive liver grafts, we tested LW predictive performance using 17 formulas based on anthropometric characteristics. Hashimoto's formula (961.3 × BSA_D-404.8) was associated with the lowest mean absolute error and used to predict LW for the entire cohort. Clinical factors associated with a ≥20% margin of error were identified in a multivariable analysis after propensity score matching (PSM) of donors with similar anthropometric characteristics. RESULTS The total LW was underestimated with a ≥20% margin of error in 53/500 (10.6%) donors and overestimated in 62/500 (12%) donors. After PSM analysis, ages ≥ 65, (OR = 3.21; CI95% = 1.63-6.31; P = .0007), age ≤ 30 years, (OR = 2.92; CI95% = 1.15-7.40; P = .02), and elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels (OR = 0.98; CI95% = 0.97-0.99; P = .006), influenced the risk of LW overestimation. Age ≥ 65 years, (OR = 5.98; CI95% = 2.28-15.6; P = .0002), intensive care unit (ICU) stay with ventilation > 7 days, (OR = 0.32; CI95% = 0.12-0.85; P = .02) and waist circumference increase (OR = 1.02; CI95% = 1.00-1.04; P = .04) were factors associated with LW underestimation. CONCLUSIONS Increased waist circumference, age, prolonged ICU stay with ventilation, elevated GGT were associated with an increase in the margin of error in LW prediction. These factors and anthropometric characteristics could help transplant surgeons during the donor-recipient matching process.

We investigated the susceptibility of type I and type II skeletal myofibres to atrophy in hens with hepatic fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Seven hens, approximately 2 years old, were randomly assigned to BDL (n = 4) and sham surgery (SHAM) (n = 3) groups. Mean body weight and mean liver weight as a percentage of mean body weight were significantly lower in the BDL group than in the SHAM group at 4 weeks post surgery (P = 0.002, P = 0.005, respectively). Mean plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity was slightly higher, while total cholesterol (P 0.001), total bilirubin (P = 0.022) and NH

OBJECTIVES Computed tomography liver volumetry has been widely used to detect total and segmental liver volume in living-donor liver transplantation. However, use of this technique to evaluate the cirrhotic liver remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy of freehand computed tomography volumetry to assess total liver volume by comparing weights of total hepatectomy specimens in patients with cirrhosis. For our analyses, we considered the density of a cirrhotic liver to be 1.1 kg/L. MATERIALS AND METHODS Liver volume was measured using a freehand computed tomography technique in 52 patients with cirrhosis from different causes and who had no solid lesions before transplant. Measurements were made with a 16-slice multidetector computed tomography scanner (Siemens Somatom Sensation 16, Erlangen, Germany). For volumetric measurements, 10-mm-thick slices with 10-mm reconstruction intervals were preferred. Total hepatectomy weights of explant livers and computed tomography volumetry data were compared. RESULTS We excluded 3 cirrhotic patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome due to wide variations in scatterplot results. In the 49 patients included in the final analyses, average estimated liver volume by computed tomography was 721 ± 398 mL and actual cirrhotic liver weight was 727.8 ± 415 g. No significant differences were shown between these measurements. A simple regression analysis used to analyze correlations between estimated liver volume by computed tomography and real cirrhotic liver weight showed correlation of 0.957 (P < .001). When computed tomography liver volumetry as the independent variable and cirrhotic liver weight as dependent variable were considered, regression analyses showed R2 = 0.915. CONCLUSIONS Freehand computed tomography liver volumetry can be confidently used to evaluate liver volume in cirrhotic liver patients similar to use of this technique to estimate actual weights in normal livers. This technique can also be valuable during pretransplant and liver resection evaluations to ensure a more successful outcome.

A feeding trial was conducted using 104 one week-old anak broilier chicks to evaluate the replacement value of shrimp waste meal (SWM) for fish meal (FM) in broiler diets. Fish meal contribution to the dietary crude protein of the brioiler dietsat was replaced with SWM 0, 33, 66 and 100% of graded levels. Weight gain and feedconverstion ratio were significantly (P > 0.05) reduced with SWM replacing FM at 100% at both the starter and finisher phases. No significant differences (P >0.05) were observed for feed consumption. mortality increased with an increased levle of SWM in the diet at the starter phase. Liver weight increased (P

Diets containing O, 45, 90 and 135g chaya leaf meal/kg feed were fed ad libitum to 384 day-old cockerels (Dekalb G-Link strain) which had been randomly alloted to the various dietary treatments and the experiment was terminated when birds were four weeks old. Birds had free access to water. The concentration of chaya leaf meal in the diet had no effect on food intak. Overall significant correlations were found between the concentrations of chaya leaf meal in the diet and weight gain (r = -0.97), food con· version ratio (r = 0.96), water consumption (r = -0.92), liver weight (r = 0.79), heart weight (r = 0.82) and gizzard weight (r = 0.93). The Inclusion of cbaya leaf meal in the diet led to a redution in feed cost. Key words : Chaya leaf meal, chicks, organ weights.

The toxic effects of cadmium (Cd) on hepatic parameters are widely described in the literature. Experimental models often make use of the intraperitoneal route (i.p.) because it is easier to apply, while in the oral route, Cd poisoning in humans is best represented by allowing the metal to pass through the digestive system and be absorbed into the bloodstream. Thus, this study investigated the Cd exposure impact on the liver, by comparing both i.p. and oral routes, both in single dose, in addition to the oral route in fractional doses. Swiss adult male mice received CdCl2 1.5 mg/kg i.p., 30 mg/kg oral single dose, and 4.28 mg/kg oral route in fractional doses for 7 consecutive days. Cd bioaccumulation was observed in all animals exposed to Cd. Hepatic concentrations of Ca and Fe increased only in the fractionated oral route. Liver activities of SOD and CAT increased only by oral single dose. GST decreased in all forms of oral administration, while MDA decreased only in i.p. route. Liver weight and HSI increased in the i.p. route, while organ volume increased in all forms of oral administration, and liver density increased in all animals exposed to Cd. In hepatic histomorphometry, the changes were more evident in oral administration, mainly in exposure to metal in a single dose. Thus, the subacute administration of Cd in different routes of administration leads to different changes in liver poisoning.

Background: Obesity is a global health problem. The chances of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes, systemic hypertension, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis are increased due to obesity. Objective: (1) To determine effects of high doses of atorvastatin on body weight, liver weight and liver/body weight ratio in albino rabbits. (2) To compare the effect of three increasing doses of ethanolic extract of Raphanus sativus leaf with high doses of atorvastatin on body weight, liver weight and liver/body weight ratio in albino rabbits. Study Design: Experimental study. Settings: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Pakistan. Duration: 1 year. Methodology: The ethanolic extract of Raphanus sativus was screened for additional beneficial effects on body weight and liver weight by atorvastatin. Results: The results were compared with normal and experimental control by measuring body weight and liver weight after 28 days. There was a very highly significant reduction in weight in all groups when compared with the negative control group A. when compared to the positive control group B no significant change was observed in group C, D and E. The liver weight decreased when Raphanus sativus was added to atorvastatin and a significant effect was seen in in group E. Conclusion: Atorvastatin in high doses decreased the body weight but the combined use of Raphanus sativus and atorvastatin had no significant effect regarding liver weight addition of Raphanus sativus showed a decrease in weight of liver while an increase was seen with atorvastatin alone.

Heat stress is one of the main environmental factors that hamper the efficiency of poultry production. Heat stress is known to be less harmful to yellow-feathered chickens (YFC) than to commercial broilers, especially in its effect on the relative weight of organs. The transcriptome was used to examine the gene expression profile of the livers of YFC that were exposed to heat stress. Mean liver weight (HW) and the hepatic weight index (HWI) of birds in the heat stress group did not differ significantly from those of the control group. A total of 596 genes were differentially expressed in the liver in response to heat stress. The enrichment results of differentially expressed genes (DEG) showed that many of these genes were related to the Fanconi anaemia pathway and that the cell cycle pathway was modulated. Thus, it can be concluded that these genes might be involved in improving the stability of the YFC liver genome and controlling the physiological response to heat stress. Keywords:, heat stress, liver, transcriptome, yellow-feathered chickens

Despite the available information on the interaction between the thyroid gland activity and that of the adrenal glands, and the liver involvement in their hormones metabolism, the study of the connection existing between these organs in hyperthyroidism is still incomplete. Changes in the weight indices values of the thyroid and adrenal glands and the liver of 90 non-linear white male rats were studied. Animals received histologically verified minimally active (21μg iodine per kg body weight), moderate (50μg iodine per kg body weight), and significant (100 μg iodine per kg body weight) doses of organic and inorganic iodine during 30 days under the model hyperthyroidism conditions. It was found that consumption of organic and inorganic iodine at a minimal dose approximates the digital values of adrenal gland and those of the liver of the intact animals. Consumption of a moderate organic iodine dose is accompanied by a decrease in the previously achieved values of the thyroid weight index by 17.28%, and the increase in the liver weight index by 19.66%. When consuming a moderate amount of inorganic iodine, the largest change in the values achieved was the liver weight index which increased by 13.76%. Consumption of organic and inorganic iodine compounds in a significant dose is accompanied by further changing in the studied parameters. When consuming organic iodine the thyroid weight index grows by 10.44%, that of the adrenal glands – by 13.33%, the liver – by 34.52%. Сonsuming of inorganic iodine is accompanied by a rapid increase in the thyroid glands weight index by 21.25%, that of the liver – by 34.31%. The established indicates the existence of functional communication between the studied organs; the effect depends on the chemical nature and dose of iodine consumed. The existing functional dependence gives grounds to apply changes in the weight index of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and the liver as screening-markers to determine the body’s condition in hyperthyroidism.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada çörek otu tohumu ve bunun farmasötik olarak etkin maddesi timokinonun, broylerlerde aflatoksikozisde şekillenen relatif karaciğer ağırlık artışını önleyici etkinliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada 120 adet 1 günlük broyler civciv kullanıldı. Bu civcivler 6 eşit gruba bölünerek 28 gün beslendi. Hayvanlara, gruplarına göre (Kontrol, AF, NS, TQ, AF+NS ve AF+TQ) 2 mg/ kg total aflatoksin (AF; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 ve AFG2), % 5 çörek otu tohumu (NS) ve 300 mg/kg timokinon (TQ) içeren yemler verildi. Deneme süresi sonunda gruplardaki 10’ar pilicin canlı ağırlıkları belirlendikten sonra dekapitasyon ile ötenazi uygulanarak sistemik nekropsileri yapıldı. Aflatoksin için hedef organ kabul edilen karaciğer uzaklaştırılarak relatif organ ağırlığının belirlenmesi için tartıldı. Karaciğerin relatif organ ağırlığı % olarak (karaciğer ağırlığı x 100 / canlı vücut ağırlığı) hesaplandı. Bulgular: Aflatoksin uygulamasının relatif karaciğer ağırlığını önemli oranda artırdığı belirlendi (P, Aim: It is aimed to determine the preventive effect of black seed (Nigella sativa L; NS) and its pharmaceutically active substance volatile fatty acid thymoquinone on relative liver weight increase in broiler in aflatoxicosis.. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty 1-d-old broiler chicks were used and divided into 6 equal groups and fed for 28 days. Animals were received feed with 2 mg/kg total aflatoxin (AF; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), 5% black seed (NS) and 300 mg/kg thymoquinone (TQ), according to the groups; Control, AF, NS, TQ, AF+NS and AF+TQ. At the end of the experiment, euthanasia was performed by decapitation after determination of the live weight of ten broiler chickens in all groups, and systemic necropsies were performed. The liver, the main target organ for AF, was removed and weighed to determine relative organ weight. The relative liver weights were calculated as % (liver weight x 100 / live body weight). Results: Aflatotoxin application significantly increased the relative weight of the liver (P

Malgré l’importance de la caviaculture en milieu rural, la maîtrise de l’alimentation des cochons d’inde reste encore un handicap à cet élevage. C’est ainsi qu’entre octobre 2018 et mars 2019, un essai a été mené à la Ferme d’Application et de Recherche (FAR) de l’Université de Dschang en vue d’évaluer l’effet de quelques légumineuses fourragères comme source de protéine dans la ration sur les performances de production du cochon d’Inde. Pour cet essai, 56 cochons d’Inde de 5 mois d’âge de race locale pesant en moyenne 450 ± 50 g nés à la FAR ont été utilisés. En effet, 48 femelles repartis en quatre lots ont été mises en croisement avec 2 mâles par lot pendant une période de 31 jours selon un dispositif factoriel. Les animaux de chaque lot recevaient la graminée ad libitum associé à 20 g/j/animal de l’aliment composé contenant ou non une légumineuse. Les résultats montrent que les tailles de la portée sont restées comparables entre les traitements. Les taux de mortalité pré et post-sevrage (15,38% et 9,10%) ainsi que le poids des cochonnets à 8 semaines les plus élevés ont été enregistrés avec la ration contenant Arachis glabrata. A la naissance et au sevrage, le poids moyen le plus élevé des cochonnets a été obtenu avec la ration contenant Desmodium intortum. Les gains de poids des cochonnets sont restés comparables entre les traitements. Les rations contenant les légumineuses ont donné des rendements carcasses, le poids du foie et celui du cæcum significativement plus élevé. Compte tenu du coût de production, les légumineuses de cette étude peuvent être utilisées comme des sources de protéine de choix pour l'amélioration des performances de production des cobayes en milieu paysan.Mots clés : Arachis glabrata, Calliandra calothyrsus, Desmodium intortum, Panicum maximum, Performances de production. Enlgish Title: Effect of some legumes forages on reproduction, growth and carcass of Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus L.)Despite the importance of caviaculture in rural landscape, cavie’s feeding remains a handicap for this breeding. Thus, between October 2018 and March 2019, experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Experimental Farm of University of Dschang on the evaluation of some leguminaceous plants as protein source in the diet on production performances of Guinea pig. A total of 56 adults Guinea pigs of about 5 months and 450 ± 50 g were used for the experiments. Females were first put in breeding with 8 males for a period of 31 days and then organized in a completely randomized design of four groups of 12 females each. Each group received Panicum maximum ad libitum and 20 g DM/day/animal of a diet corresponding to the group. Mains results of this study showed that no significant difference (P > 0.05) has been noticed for mean litter size. Total mortality rate was 8.33 for diet containing Calliandra calothyrsus. No mortality was registered for others groups. High pre-weaning and post-weaning mortality (15.38 and 9.10%) was obtained with treatment based on Arachis glabrata. From birth to 8th week of age, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between average live weights. Total and daily weight gains remain comparable (P > 0.05) in weaning and in post-weaning whatever the diet. Results for carcass evaluation showed that diet containing these plants as sources of protein has permitted to obtain the highest values. The same result was observed with the liver weight and cæcum. Considering the low production cost, legumes plants appear to be good protein sources for the improvement of production performances of the guinea pigs in small farmer environment. Keywords : Arachis glabrata, Calliandra calothyrsus, Desmodium intortum, Panicum maximum, production performances.

The effect of a low-ME diet with a multienzyme (Kemzyme Plus, Kemin, Des Moines, IA) blend on performance, meat quality, and carcass traits was evaluated in Hubbard broiler chicks. A total of 120 Hubbard broiler chicks were allocated to the following 4 experimental groups and every group was separated into 6 replicates, with 5 birds per replicate: control (3,180 kcal/kg of ME), control + 0.50 g/kg diet of enzyme (Cont-Enz), low-ME diet (3,080 kcal/kg), and low-ME + 0.50 g/kg diet of enzyme (low-ME-Enz). The trail lasted for 16 D (32 to 48 D of age). No significant differences in growth parameters or carcass traits were observed among treatments. However, liver weight increased with the low-ME-Enz diet (P = 0.038). The low-ME diet recorded the highest weight for the bursa (P = 0.043) and thymus (P = 0.019). Dietary treatments had significant impacts on the length of duodenum, ileum, and cecum, as well as the weight of duodenum. The length of duodenum, ileum, and cecum increased with enzyme supplementation. The myofibril fragmentation index was lower with the Cont-Enz, low-ME, and low-ME-Enz diets than with the control diet (P = 0.043). The shear force increased with the low-ME-Enz diet (P = 0.022) than the control diet. Dietary treatments influenced breast meat yellowness (P = 0.019), whereas the low-ME diet had the lowest yellowness at the slaughtering age. The dietary treatments affected the breast meat pH (P = 0.001), with the control diet having the highest pH value after 24 hours. Thus, there was no effect of low-ME or enzyme supplementation to the control or low-ME diet on growth performance or carcass yield. However, feeding a low-ME diet or Cont-Enz preparation influenced organ and small intestine weights and meat characteristics.

BACKGROUND: To estimate the optimal density coefficient for conversion of liver volume into liver weight in patients with chronic liver disease based on semiautomated CT-liver volumetry data and the histologic Ishak score of explanted liver. METHODS: A total of 114 patients (39 female; age, 46±20 years) with chronic liver diseases who underwent liver transplantation between January 2010 and September 2020 were identified over a patient chart search at our institution and subsequently analyzed in retrospect. All patients had contrast-enhanced CT-examinations (mean, 24 days) to liver transplantation. Liver volume was calculated by a semiautomated software and results compared with the liver weight registered by the pathologist. Each explanted liver was histologically scored into six classes according to the Ishak classification where the categories were subgrouped based on recommendation of the pathologists into the following categories 0–3, 4–5 and 6. RESULTS: Mean liver volume was 1,870±1,195, 1,162±679 and 1,278±510 mL for the categories 0–3, 4–5 and 6, respectively. Mean liver weight was 1,624±999, 1,082±669 and 1,346±559 g for the categories 0–3, 4–5 and 6, respectively. A coefficient of 0.92±0.22, 0.98±0.28 and 1.06±0.20 g/mL was found at best for conversion of liver volume into liver weight in these subgroups. Differences between Ishak-subgroups proved significant (0.002). In 4 patients with cystic liver disease, density coefficients varied significantly and were found generally lower compared to the other liver disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Our results yielded significant differences between the density coefficients calculated along with the Ishak score and also for the subgroup with cystic liver disease.