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Türkçe Özet (sunuş, takdim, tanıtım yazısı): Gelişen teknoloji ve bilim, farklı endüstrilerde kullanılmak üzere çeşitli materyallerin geliştirilmesine imkan tanımıştır. Bu materyaller devasa büyüklüklere ulaşabildikleri gibi, nanometre boyunda dahi üretilebilmektedir. 1 ile 100 nanometre boyutundaki bu materyallere nanomateryal ya da nanoparçacık ismi verilmektedir. Nanoparçacıkların kullanım alanlarını kapsayan ve günümüz dünyasının en hızlı gelişen teknolojilerinden birisi olarak anılan nanoteknoloji; sağlık, enerji, metalurji, fizik, kimya, mühendislik vb. pek çok alanda kullanım bulmuştur. Çok farklı şekillerde üretilen nanomalzemeler kimyasal sentez protokollerinin yanı sıra çeşitli biyolojik yapılardan da sentezlenebilmektedir. Biyouyumlu nanomalzemeler olarak adlandırılan bu materyaller sağlıkta özellikle onkoloji, doku mühendisliği, ilaç taşınımı vb. alanlarda görev almaktadır. Bu alanların bazıları, nanobiyoteknolojik olarak oldukça ileri gitse de kimi alanlar nanoteknoloji ile yeni tanışmaktadır. Bu alanlardan bir tanesi olan reprodüktif biyoteknolojiler ise henüz bir bebeğin emeklemesi gibi yavaş yavaş ancak dikkatli bir biçimde nanomateryalleri kullanmakta ve yapılan çalışmalar ile her geçen gün şaşırtıcı gelişmeler yaşanmaktadır. Siz değerli okuyucularımız için hazırlanan bu kitapta, nanoteknolojinin reprodüksiyonda kullanım alanları derlenmiş, çeşitli biyomühendislik çalışmalarından, embriyo manipülasyonlarındaki işlevlerinden, spermanın saflaştırılmasından, infertilite tedavilerinden, çeşitli nanomalzemelerin hem memeli spermasına hem de sucul canlılara etkilerinden bahsedilmeye çalışılmıştır. Nanoteknolojinin reprodüktif biyoteknolojiler üzerine kullanım alanlarının anlatılmaya çalışıldığı bu kitabımıza katkıda bulunan tüm çalışma arkadaşlarıma emekleri için teşekkür ediyorum. Bilim dünyasına faydalı olması dileği ile... Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ali Erdem ÖZTÜRK, Advancements in technology and science have facilitated the development of various materials for use in different industries. These materials can range from large sizes to even nanometer dimensions. Nanomaterials or nanoparticles, which fall within the size range of 1 to 100 nanometers, have emerged as a prominent aspect of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology, known as one of the fastest-growing technologies today, has found applications in a wide array of fields such as health, energy, metallurgy, physics, chemistry, and engineering. Nanomaterials can be produced using diverse methods, including chemical synthesis and the utilization of biological structures. Biocompatible nanomaterials, as they are commonly referred to, have particularly found significance in the medical science, including applications in oncology, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. While certain areas have made remarkable progress in terms of nanobiotechnology, there are other areas that are comparatively new to the realm of nanotechnology. Reproductive biotechnologies are among the fields that are slowly and cautiously exploring the use of nanomaterials. Similar to a baby's crawling, progress in this field is being made gradually, and each day brings forth surprising developments through ongoing studies. In this book, which is prepared for our esteemed readers, the uses of nanotechnology in reproduction have been compiled. It covers various bioengineering studies and explores its functions in embryo manipulation, semen purification, infertility treatments, as well as the effects of different nanomaterials on mammalian semen and aquatic organisms. I would like to express my gratitude to all my colleagues who have contributed to this book, aimed at explaining the applications of nanotechnology in reproductive biotechnologies. With the expectation that it would be beneficial to the scientific community... Assist. Prof. Ali Erdem ÖZTÜRK

Africa RISING, Ethiopia has made efforts to tackle the challenges of low crop and livestock productivity and degradation of land resources through various rural development strategies. However, increasing demands for food, animal feed, fuel, and income-generating activities are putting pressure on the land. In this paper, we describe the production pressure and competition between crop and livestock production, quantify rates of land-use/cover (LULC) changes, and examine driving forces and consequences of land conversion. The study was conducted in Gudo Beret watershed, North Shewa Zone of Amhara region, Ethiopia. It used a combination of methods including remote sensing, household interviews, field observations, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Supervised and unsupervised image classification methods were employed to map LULC classes for 31 years (1984–2016). The results of satellite remote sensing revealed that 51% of the land in the study area was subject to accelerated land conversions. The household survey results indicated that feed resources and grain production pressures were 1.43 and 1.34 t ha−1 respectively. The observed annual changes in plantation and settlement areas were 2.6% and 2.9%. This was mainly at the expense of bushland and grazing land systems. Cropland increased (0.4% year−1) while grazing land reduced (3.5% year−1) under contrasting dynamics and competitive changes. An increase in human and livestock populations and farm expansion were major drivers of land conversion that adversely affected household livelihoods and the natural ecosystem. The consequences of these pressures resulted in a lack of animal feed, low crop-livestock productivity, and a reduction in natural vegetation coverage. We suggest that sustainable land resource management, more integrated crop-livestock production, and the use of productivity-enhancing technologies could play a role in managing competition for land resources.

Africa RISING, The dataset is meant for developing fertilizer management decision support tool for an effective crop-nutrient management. The dataset is developed on the basis of landscape targeting on-farm trials on crop-nutrient response and crop yield gap assessment across the Africa Rising target districts and other scaling up locations in the Ethiopian highlands.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, This dataset is generated from the study conducted to evaluate the effect of information and communications technology (ICT) based extension services on knowledge, attitudes, and practices among smallholder farmers in Tanzania. A baseline survey of randomly selected 100 dairy farmers was conducted to collect information on the basic characteristics of the sample. After the baseline survey, short and clear messages about dairy and poultry production were disseminated over 14 weeks using the MWANGA platform, a short message service. An endline survey along with focus group discussion was conducted at five sites in the Babati District of Tanzania. Data collected included uptake of improved forages, knowledge in the use of forages and animal husbandry, and practices in animal production among others.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, This dataset is generated from the study conducted to evaluate the impact of improved Napier grass and maize stover based diets on milk yield under smallholder conditions. Farms were used as experimental units and lactating cows were used as replicates. 23 farmers from six villages participated in the trial. 24 lactating cows with two genotypes (local and improved cattle) were selected and were fed with Napier grass or maize stover based diets supplemented with bean haulms at different levels (100, 80, 70, and 60%). Data were collected for 45 days with a 7-day adjustment. Data included information on breed type, fodder, supplementation type, pre-study fodder type, milk production, lactation length, source of feed, and feed and water intake among others.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, Wheat is the most widely grown cereal in Ethiopia next to tef and maize. The residue from wheat is mainly used as livestock feed. In addition to the grain yield, the quantity and quality of wheat straw produced is very important for smallholders and affect variety selection and adoption by farmers. Variations in food-feed traits of different bread wheat cultivars released for the highlands of Ethiopia were evaluated across different districts. This dataset provides grain yield, straw yield, and fodder traits of the straw for different wheat varieties in different districts over two growing seasons.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, Dual purpose crops that meet the demands of smallholders for food and feed have a higher likelihood of being adopted by farmers. Africa RISING project in the Ethiopian highlands in collaboration with Amhara Agricultural Research Institute has evaluated sweet lupine as an alternative dual-purpose crop which can serve as a source of food for humans and feed for livestock. As a legume crop, the grain contains high level of protein (above 35%), with minimum level of alkaloid content, as opposed to the local lupine variety grown in the North western part of the country. When harvested green, the forage contains up to 20% crude protein. This dataset includes the performance of two sweet lupine varieties (Vitabor and Sanabor) evaluated at different planting space (seed rate) in the Africa RISING sites.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, This dataset is a result of a household survey of farmers who engaged with the Africa RISING Ethiopia program, for a period of about 4 years. The purpose was to assess the degree of uptake of Africa RISING promoted interventions (farm-integration, sustainable intensification); and to evaluate possible impacts of uptake on various indicators of ?sustainability?. The outcome indicators related to agricultural production, human welfare, gender roles, innovation, food security, and poverty.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, The data included in this study were collected as a part of 'situation analysis' based on landscape characteristics and condition. The data were collected in four Africa RISING sites?Basona, Michew, Jawe, and Sinana?across four regions simultaneously with the soil sampling exercise.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, Feed shortage and poor quality of available feeds are major constraints for livestock production in the highlands of Ethiopia. A trial was conducted to assess if producing irrigated oat-vetch fodder during the dry period could adequately supplement the diet of fattening sheep and generate additional income for smallholders. For this purpose, a group of interested farmers from two districts (Lemo and Angacha) in southern Ethiopia were sensitized and trained to produce oat-vetch fodder with irrigation using water from shallow wells as well as manual pumps. A total of 14 farmers participated in the trail with each farmer fattening 5 sheep for about 70 days by supplementing approximately 200 g dry matter oat-vetch fodder per day. This dataset contains the body weight development of the sheep and the nutritional composition of local feed resources and the supplemental irrigated fodder used for the experiment.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, Quantitative data collected to understand the level of women farmers? participation in four agricultural research processes ? design, testing, dissemination, and M&E. Data were collected in four woredas (districts), within the Ethiopian highlands (i.e. Basona Worena, Sinana, Lemo and Endamehoni), located in the regions of Amhara, Oromia, Southern Nations Nationalities People (SNNP) and Tigray respectively. Data were collected from women farmers who participate in the Africa RISING project and those who did not participate in the project.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, Local chickens in rural areas are mostly kept under minimal input of resources though they contribute significantly to food security, poverty alleviation and ecologically sound management of natural resources. The free-range system is predominant, whilst a few households have adopted a semi-intensive system or intensive system. Under scavenging and semi-intensive systems, chickens are rarely fed more than kitchen leftovers, although occasionally they are supplemented with grains or their by-products. Given the low number of chickens, farmers do not find it economical to construct a separate house for their chickens and in most cases, chickens spend the night time in the human dwelling. Periodic disease outbreaks resulting from inadequate biosecurity measures and poor feeding which consequently leads to low growth rate and low egg production with high mortality rates. Losses are mostly observed in young chicks and growers. The Africa RISING projects introduced technologies to assess simple and low cost-effective technologies of improved supplementation and housing for increased performance of local chickens in rural areas of Babati district. The technologies were: - Improved feed rations (compounded) using vegetable wastes and other locally available grains and by-products as feed components; - Improved poultry housing for full or partial confinement of chicken; The current data reflects the effect of the introduced technologies on growth, egg production and mortality rate of local chickens.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, Small land holdings are among the main constraints for smallholders to produce enough food and feed to meet household demands. During the main cropping season, when all the land is covered by stable crops, feed is critically in short supply. Africa RISING?s diagnostic surveys showed that during such times weeds growing with faba bean crop are used as important feed resource by farmers in Ethiopia. Farmers leave the weed to grow with the faba bean until a certain stage, which is against the recommended agronomic practice through the extension system. A series of experiments were conducted to explore the rationale behind farmers preference, involving three faba bean production practices: 1) the traditional management practice (where weeds are used as forage), 2) improved practice (where weeds are frequently removed from faba bean plots) and 3) intercropping faba bean with fodder oat. The dataset contains the grain yield, straw yield, forage yield and gross income from the different practices and faba bean varieties in the Lemo district of Africa RISING site.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, Tree Lucerne (Chamaecytisus palmensis) is a multipurpose fodder tree that grows very well in cooler highlands of Ethiopia and can serve as a source of high-quality protein supplement for farm animals. Despite its potential, the level of adoption and utilization is very limited. Africa RISING project in the Ethiopia highlands has conducted action research on tree Lucerne to fill knowledge gaps and promote its adoption. To recommend optimal level of use of the foliage, a feeding experiment was conducted using yearling Menz sheep. The experiment involved graded levels of tree Lucerne hay supplementation (100 g, 200 g, 300 g, and 400 g/day) to sheep fed barely straw basal diet ad libitum. The feeding trial lasted for 90 days followed by 7 days of digestibility trial and carcass evaluation. Data were generated on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, body weight gain, and carcass quality for the different treatments.

Open Access; IFPRI1, EPTD, The project aims to evaluate the implications of sustainable intensification of crop and livestock production systems (SIPS) on human nutrition in northern Ethiopia. The existing infrastructure and ongoing research and development of the Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation (ILSSI) in the Lake Tana basin of Northern Ethiopia is used as a platform to efficiently conduct research to evaluate SIPS for crop and livestock production and their environmental, economic and nutritional consequences.

Open Access; IFPRI1, EPTD, The project aims to evaluate the implications of sustainable intensification of crop and livestock production systems (SIPS) on human nutrition in northern Ethiopia. The existing infrastructure and ongoing research and development of the Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation (ILSSI) in the Lake Tana basin of Northern Ethiopia is used as a platform to efficiently conduct research to evaluate SIPS for crop and livestock production and their environmental, economic and nutritional consequences.

Open Access; IFPRI1, EPTD, The project aims to evaluate the implications of sustainable intensification of crop and livestock production systems (SIPS) on human nutrition in northern Ethiopia. The existing infrastructure and ongoing research and development of the Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation (ILSSI) in the Lake Tana basin of Northern Ethiopia is used as a platform to efficiently conduct research to evaluate SIPS for crop and livestock production and their environmental, economic and nutritional consequences.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, In 2015, livestock scientists implementing Africa RISING research-in-development activities (R-in-D) introduced forage chopper machines in seven villages in Babati District, northern Tanzania. The dataset included in this study was generated from the research conducted an year later to understand the gender implications of the new processing practices. The survey was conducted among households who used forage chopper machines and included questions about intra-household decision-making, previous knowledge of the technology, training, and willingness to pay among many others. Altogether 53 male and female respondents were selected for the survey.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, Feed assessment tool was applied in characterizing the production systems mainly related to feed innovation in Babati district. The villages involved were Long, Sabilo and Seloto. The exercise was categorized into two sessions, namely, focused group discussions and individual interviews. A number of 117 (93 males and 24 females) participants (farmers) were involved in the focus group discussion and 36 farmers involved in individual interviews. Feeding practice dominate in both villages is open grazing system. The key issue is low productivity potential of the animals which is an implication of lack of knowledge/skills on general animal husbandry and/or feed shortage mainly due to seasonality. This may possibly be a potential entry point for interventions in each village. To learn more about this dataset, please visit the ILRI Datasets Portal http://data.ilri.org/portal/dataset/africa-rising-tanzania-feed-assessment-feast-babati-tanzania

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, Site-specific watershed analysis requires site-specific meteorological data. Due to high spatial and temporal variability nature, collecting in-situ weather data is essential for modeling biophysical processes and understanding the biophysical condition of watersheds. In addition, site-specific weather information by itself is useful for improving agricultural practices in selected Africa RISING sites. This data study contains weather-related data which was generated to support various analysis in Africa RISING sites. The data included all the weather elements i.e. precipitation, soil moisture (volumetric water content, soil temperature, cation exchange capacity (CEC)), wind (direction, speed, and gusts), air temperature, solar radiation, and relative humidity. These data were collected at two sites (kebeles) for each Africa RISING sites. They were collected at 15 minutes interval since September 2014. The data collection is still ongoing.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, This dataset is part of the focus on forages and feed as a key opportunity for driving sustainable intensification of crop livestock systems in Tanzania. It falls under integrated livestock feeds component (ILF) to enhance integration of improved management and feeding strategies with emphasis on utilization of local feed resources for indigenous poultry. The objective of the study was characterization and quantification of different indigenous chicken production, feeding and management systems in Babati District. To learn more about this dataset, please visit the ILRI Datasets Portal http://data.ilri.org/portal/dataset/baseline-dataset

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, This data was generated as a part of the research project undertaken to evaluate the influence of feeding and housing systems on the growth rate, survival rate, and diseases and loss incidences of local chicken flocks in three villages of Babati, Tanzania. A total of 912 chicks of six weeks of age were used for this study. The chicks were randomly allocated to four feeding and housing systems namely housed with home-made balanced feed, housed with non-balanced feeds (locally available ingredients mainly maize bran and grains), non-housed (scavenging) with supplementation of home-made balanced feeds, and non-housed (scavenging) relying entirely on scavengeable feed resources with rare supplementation of non-balanced feeds (locally available ingredients mainly maize bran/ grains/ kitchen left over) The chickens were monitored to the twentieth week of age when they attained their maturity.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, This study contains data from individual household survey on different transhumance practices; local perceptions on benefits and constraints of these practices; and the effects of these practices on natural resource management.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, This data study contains farm trial data conducted on wheat.

IFPRI1; Africa Rising, Crops residues commonly fed to ruminants by smallholder farmers were sampled at crop maturity from October to November 2014 and analyzed for their chemical composition to determined the quality of these fodder as the second common feed resources in Northern Ghana to help in sustainable feeding practices. To learn more about this dataset, please visit the ILRI Datasets Portal http://data.ilri.org/portal/dataset/my-dataset