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Composting is the most common method for managing livestock waste. However, it often fails to effectively eliminate antimicrobial resistance, resulting in potential antimicrobial resistance in livestock waste. Hence, a more effective livestock waste management strategy is warranted. The hyperthermophilic composting method uses recycled compost containing hyperthermophilic microbes to raise the compost temperature up to approximately 100 °C (compost temperature in normal composting: 50–70 °C). This study clarifies the effectiveness of hyperthermophilic composting method in attenuating antimicrobial resistance during livestock waste composting in both a composting simulator and on a field dairy farm. We analyzed bacterial abundance and community composition, performed PCR analysis, and evaluated the concentration of residual antimicrobials in the compost. Hyperthermophilic composting significantly reduced the abundance of culturable bacteria and Escherichia coli including that of antimicrobial-resistant culturable bacteria and E. coli in both the simulated and field dairy farms. The copy numbers of the tested antimicrobial resistance genes (tetA, tetB, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M) decreased substantially. Residual antimicrobials (tetracyclines and β-lactams) were not detected in the field dairy farms, and network analysis showed that potential hosts of antimicrobial-resistance genes were eliminated. These results indicate that hyperthermophilic composting significantly reduces the abundance of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, antimicrobial-resistance genes, and residual antimicrobials at low cost and easy operation while generating valuable agricultural resource as the final output.

Worldwide, 1.3 to 2.1 billion tons of agricultural waste are generated yearly, including livestock wastes (i.e., sheep wool), which create several critical environmental issues if not properly treated. In order to reduce the environmental issues related to the management and disposal, their use as natural fibers for green building components has notably developed over the last years. Indeed, sheep wool, which is a natural animal fiber that comes from shearing sheep fleece, is considered to be a problem of increasing concern due to its complex and difficult disposal management. Recently, several researchers have demonstrated that "low-quality wool" (i.e., not appropriate for textile uses) is suitable for the thermal and acoustic insulation of buildings. Indeed, thanks to its thermo-hygrometric and acoustic characteristics, it can be used as a reinforcing fiber for composite materials. In this study, a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based model to locate and quantify both the yearly amount of livestock waste, i.e., sheep wool, and the territorial distribution of sheep farms through their Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates, was developed and applied within the selected study area (i.e., the Sicily region). The aim was to identify the territorial areas highly characterized by this kind of waste and therefore most suitable for localizing new shared sheep wool collection centers to sustainably manage the reuse of this waste as a potential green building component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock waste results from livestock activities in the form of solid, and liquid waste. Generally, waste is not utilized, causing environmental pollution. The Slaughterhouse is a place where cattle slaughtering activities are carried out usually leaving behind various wastes in the form of cow offal, cow blood, cow urine and feces, also skin, if it is not handled properly it will cause an unhealthy environment and can cause the meat to be contaminated by microbes that exist around the slaughterhouse environment. This research aims to analyze wastewater from the Pontianak City Slaughterhouse. The research parameters consist of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), pH, ammonia, fat, and oil tests. Data analysis uses quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the wastewater produced from the livestock slaughtering process at slaughterhouse X Pontianak City was highly above the standard threshold of wastewater quality standards for BOD, COD, TSS, ammonia, and fatty oil, but the pH was within the standard. It can be concluded that the practice of processing wastewater produced by slaughterhouse X in Pontianak City was not optimal, the quality of wastewater was above the standard value of wastewater quality for slaughterhouse activities.

The livestock areas are characterized by vast quantities of animal wastes that can be used as organic manure through composting and biochar production for soil fertility enhancement. This work aims to estimate the potential of increasing soil fertility and red chili production by employing biochar and poschar from different animal wastes. The design used for this study is a factorial pattern and randomized block. The first factor is the type of biochar used, including no biochar, biochar derived from cow manure, biochar derived from goat manure, and biochar derived from chicken manure. The second factor is the type of poschar; this includes poschar derived from cow manure, poschar derived from goat, poschar derived from chicken manure. It can be concluded from the investigation outcomes that applying biochar and poschar substantially affects soil factors such as water content, pH, EC, humic acid, fulvic acid, C, N, P, K, and CEC values. Red chilies increase and yield higher per hectare when various forms of biochar and poschar are applied. The combustion of cow manure and application of biochar products and biochar made from chicken manure produce the highest agronomic performance.

It is nowadays recognized that the building sector causes the greatest environmental impact in terms of both waste production and carbon emissions. Within the context of ecologically sustainable development (ESD), the construction sector is looking for more eco-friendly materials, such as natural fibres. Natural fibers are worldwide recognized as ideal replacement for traditional construction materials, providing excellent thermal and acoustic insulation for building but also for adoption as reinforcement fibers in cement mortars, composite materials, solid boards/panels, raw biomasses, multi-layers, filled loosen/foaming types, particles, slurry types, coils, bricks, etc. The aim of this work is to provide a clear overview on the natural fibers currently employed in the green production of building components, with the main focus on wool fibers deriving from the livestock sector, where wool waste disposal is a crucial problem. This article is a review conducted using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, a globally recognized method that is not inherently innovative. The innovation of this article lies in the addressed topic, which is relatively new and has only recently gained significant attention, resulting in a limited number of highly relevant articles in the literature.A systematic literature review of the use of wool fibers for green building components is conducted herein to highlight the characteristics that make such material a usable resource in the construction sector and the limits of its use. Given the findings from the reviewed papers, the authors could document that most of the reviewed articles aimed at analyzing the mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties of building components containing wool fibres. The review highlights that the strength of the wool fiber relies on its thermal properties which can be exploited for building thermal insulation. The wool fiber is also featured to provide good resistance to flexural loads; conversely, all the studies highlighted a negative effect of wool fibers on the compressive behavior of the investigated building components. The analysis of the acoustic properties showed that given the strong capacity of the wool fiber to absorb sound, wool is a great alternative to the conventional materials derived from non-renewable resources.Nevertheless, despite the eligibility of such fiber to be employed soon in the building sector, the analysis about the economic viability of the manufacturing process suggests that the high costs for the raw material, labor, electricity, and above all the high volume of water have to be drastically reduced by prompting the development of sheep wool fiber waterless processing. The achieved results could represent a first step in planning the sustainable re-use of wool waste as natural, renewable, and biodegradable fiber in the construction sector, providing the possibility of creating a new supply chain and solving the problem of its disposal.

The livestock areas are characterized by vast quantities of animal wastes that can be used as organic manure through composting and biochar production for soil fertility enhancement. This work aims to estimate the potential of increasing soil fertility and red chili production by employing biochar and poschar from different animal wastes. The design used for this study is a factorial pattern and randomized block. The first factor is the type of biochar used, including no biochar, biochar derived from cow manure, biochar derived from goat manure, and biochar derived from chicken manure. The second factor is the type of poschar; this includes poschar derived from cow manure, poschar derived from goat, poschar derived from chicken manure. It can be concluded from the investigation outcomes that applying biochar and poschar substantially affects soil factors such as water content, pH, EC, humic acid, fulvic acid, C, N, P, K, and CEC values. Red chilies increase and yield higher per hectare when various forms of biochar and poschar are applied. The combustion of cow manure and application of biochar products and biochar made from chicken manure produce the highest agronomic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh is in the midst of a severe and worsening energy crisis. The continuous depletion of fossil fuels is sticking the concern into the search for new energy sources which are renewable as well as sustainable. Among the renewable energy sources, biogas from the poultry and dairy industries is an increasingly growing and promising sector. A survey was conducted to understand the present status of biogas technology in Bangladesh. Data were collected by interviewing farm owners and major stakeholders. The problems and barriers to the implementation and dissemination of biogas plants in Bangladesh were also identified through SWOT analysis. A total of sixteen farms were selected to collect data regarding current operational conditions. The economic viability was also evaluated. Most of the selected farms were found to be under-fed in spite of having huge potential. Though the H2S concentration of biogas produced from different plants was high, most of them had no purification unit. The results of the economic analysis showed that the biogas plants operating in Bangladesh are at a loss as currently no subsidies are provided. The outcome of the SWOT analysis identified high initial investment, lack of technical knowledge, lack of local technology, poor management, and proper bio-slurry handling technology as the main barriers to disseminating biogas technology in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock wastes can serve as the feedstock for biogas production (mainly methane) that could be used as an alternative energy source. The green energy derived from animal wastes is considered to be carbon neutral and offsetting the emissions generated from fossil fuels. In this study, an evaluation of methane production from anaerobic digesters utilizing different livestock residues (e.g., poultry rendering wastewater and dairy manure) was carried out. An anaerobic continuous flow system (15 million gallons, polyethylene-covered) subjected to natural conditions (i.e., high flow rate, seasonal temperatures, etc.) containing poultry rendering wastewater was set up to evaluate methane potential and energy production. A parallel pilot-scale plug-flow anaerobic digestion system (9 m3) was also set up to test different feedstocks and operating parameters. Biogas production was sampled and monitored by gas chromatography over several months of operation. The results showed that methane production increased as the temperature increased as well as depending on the type of feedstock utilized. The covered rendering wastewater lagoon achieved an upward of 80% (v/v) methane production. The rates of methane production were 0.0478 g per g of COD for the poultry rendering wastewater and 0.0141 g per g of COD for dairy manure as feedstock. Hence, a poultry processing plant with a rendering wastewater flow rate of about 4.5 million liters per day has the potential to capture about two million kilograms of methane for energy production per year from a waste retention pond, potentially reducing global warming potential by about 50,000 tons of CO2 equivalent annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Farmer characteristics are recognized in this study. The characteristics, perceptions, willingness to adopt climate change mitigation, and awareness of livestock farmers toward livestock waste management are the main points for determining appropriate climate mitigation rules.METHODS: This study was conducted in Enrekang and Barru Regencies of South Sulawesi. International Business Machines - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 27 was used for this study. In descriptive statistics, data were compiled, and the age, long husbandry experiences (year), number of family member, number of farming assistant, gender, education, farmer group participation status, side job, type of business, cattle ownership status, number of cattle (head), and weight total of cattle’s manure (kilogram per day) were examined qualitatively. A chi-square test was used to compare the experimental results (perception and knowledge of livestock manure management) with practical livestock manure management.FINDING: This study found that the average age of farmers in the study area is 45 and 11.2 percent received have high formal education level from a university. Most of the cattle are male at 86.7 percent. Poor manure management system at 76.30 percent manure un-managed and un-appropriate farmer groups with more than 60 percent of the farmers un-joined farmer’s group. Almost 50 percent of the cattle farmers are willing to learn manure management. Nevertheless, this study found that the respondents’ knowledge and practical manure management, as well as the respondents’ knowledge (0.837) and perception (0.343) of practical manure management, do not have any significant connection.CONCLUSION: This study determines the full condition of cattle farmers in Barru and Enrekang Regencies. Barriers include low level of education, age of farmers, lack of manure management, and lack of willingness to join farmers group. Nevertheless, drivers, such as willingness to adopt manure management and high levels of experience in cattle farming, were also found. Enriching the knowledge and perception of farmers is essential in managing livestock wastes to mitigateof climate change.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Farmer characteristics are recognized in this study. The characteristics, perceptions, willingness to adopt climate change mitigation, and awareness of livestock farmers toward livestock waste management are the main points for determining appropriate climate mitigation rules. METHODS: This study was conducted in Enrekang and Barru Regencies of South Sulawesi. International Business Machines - Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 27 was used for this study. In descriptive statistics, data were compiled, and the age, long husbandry experiences (year), number of family member, number of farming assistant, gender, education, farmer group participation status, side job, type of business, cattle ownership status, number of cattle (head), and weight total of cattle's manure (kilogram per day) were examined qualitatively. A chi-square test was used to compare the experimental results (perception and knowledge of livestock manure management) with practical livestock manure management. FINDINGS: This study found that the average age of farmers in the study area is 45 and 11.2 percent received have high formal education level from a university. Most of the cattle are male at 86.7 percent. Poor manure management system at 76.30 percent manure unmanaged and un-appropriate farmer groups with more than 60 percent of the farmers unjoined farmer's group. Almost 50 percent of the cattle farmers are willing to learn manure management. Nevertheless, this study found that the respondents' knowledge and practical manure management, as well as the respondents' knowledge (0.837) and perception (0.343) of practical manure management, do not have any significant connection. CONCLUSION: This study determines the full condition of cattle farmers in Barru and Enrekang Regencies. Barriers include low level of education, age of farmers, lack of manure management, and lack of willingness to join farmers group. Nevertheless, drivers, such as willingness to adopt manure management and high levels of experience in cattle farming, were also found. Enriching the knowledge and perception of farmers is essential in managing livestock wastes to mitigateof climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions and nitrogen (N) losses in the process of dung and urine storage are crucial for waste resources utilization and air pollutants reduction in stockbreeding industry. We selected the fresh mixture of cow dung and urine from the intensive livestock farm in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau as the research object. Urease inhibitor (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide, NBPT), nitrification inhibitor (3.4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate, DMPP) and alum were added to the fresh cattle feces, and the nutrient contents and NH 3 fluxes under different inhibitor treatments during 22 days of feces storage were tested. The structural equation model was employed to analyze the effects of various factors on NH 3 emissions and N transformations during the storage of feces. The results showed that (1) Nitrification inhibitor and low-dose alum addition had no effects on N losses and ammonia emissions during the storage of feces. But the cumulative emissions of NH 3 in NBPT treatment was reduced by 25.07% than the control group. (2) During the short-term storage of feces and urine, total organic nitrogen content in NBPT treatment increased by 43.86 % compared with the control group, while the ammonium nitrogen content decreased by 39.15%, and the average C:N ratio increased by 20.99 %. (3) The higher water content was beneficial to reducing the NH 3 emissions during the storage of feces. Meanwhile, urease inhibitor could reduce ammonium nitrogen production and NH 3 flush by reducing total organic nitrogen decomposition and C:N rate. Shortly, urease inhibitor could effectively slow down N losses and NH 3 release by controlling the ammonium production in short-term storage in the processing of cow dung and urine mixture, while the optimal application conditions of nitrification inhibitor and alum need to be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, 1.3 to 2.1 billion tons of agricultural waste are generated yearly, including livestock wastes (i.e., sheep wool), which create several critical environmental issues if not properly treated. In order to reduce the environmental issues related to the management and disposal, their use as natural fibers for green building components has notably developed over the last years. Indeed, sheep wool, which is a natural animal fiber that comes from shearing sheep fleece, is considered to be a problem of increasing concern due to its complex and difficult disposal management. Recently, several researchers have demonstrated that “low-quality wool” (i.e., not appropriate for textile uses) is suitable for the thermal and acoustic insulation of buildings. Indeed, thanks to its thermo-hygrometric and acoustic characteristics, it can be used as a reinforcing fiber for composite materials. In this study, a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based model to locate and quantify both the yearly amount of livestock waste, i.e., sheep wool, and the territorial distribution of sheep farms through their Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates, was developed and applied within the selected study area (i.e., the Sicily region). The aim was to identify the territorial areas highly characterized by this kind of waste and therefore most suitable for localizing new shared sheep wool collection centers to sustainably manage the reuse of this waste as a potential green building component.

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Agricultural wastes as an additive within raw earth materials could improve the mechanical and physical properties of new sustainable construction materials and enhance waste management from a circular economy perspective. This study intends to fill the lack of knowledge considering the mechanical effects of animal fibres on rammed-earth materials. The effects of livestock waste, i.e., sheep wool fibre (SWF), as a reinforcing element in building components produced using raw earth and lime-free mortars have been evaluated. The samples were made by varying the wool content (0.25% or 0.50% weight) and the length of the fibres (from 10 mm to 40 mm). Linear shrinkage, flexural strength, compressive strength, and fracture energy were evaluated on samples incorporating SWF, to assess the effects of this waste addition on the mechanical performances of new bio-composite material. The best result of the flexural strength was 1.06 MPa, exhibited by samples made with the longest and highest percentage of fibres, 40 mm, and 0.50%, respectively. The average compression strength was about 3.00 MPa. The average energy fracture of the composite was 806.38 (N/mm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the potential of biomass sources and their types, quality, and regional distribution is crucial for modern energy production. This study evaluates the biomethane energy potential of livestock waste from six different categories of livestock across all Ethiopian regions using livestock statistics (2020–21), standard procedures, publicly accessible data, and literature. To evaluate the bioenergy potentials, the amount of dry matter per head, collection efficiency, biogas yields of respective livestock waste, and the calorific value of biogas and biomethane were used. The total biomethane and corresponding bioenergy potential of livestock residues in Ethiopia are estimated to be 3,321 hm3 y-1 and 118,906 TJ y-1, respectively. The biomethane combustion in a combined heat and power system is expected to produce roughly 11.4 TWh y-1 of electricity and 13.9 TWh y-1 of thermal energy. The estimated electrical energy could supply 11%, 31%, and 81% of Ethiopia’s total primary energy consumption, production, and total electricity generated in Ethiopia in 2019, respectively. The finding demonstrates that biomethane-based energy production via anaerobic digestion based on livestock waste has the potential to meet a significant portion of Ethiopia’s current energy needs.

The 9.8 billion heads of cattle and poultry raised in the US each year generate up to 1.4 billion tons of manure. Untreated Animal inanure from factory furms is produced at a rate about 13 times higher than that of the US population, degrading the environinent, emitting offensive scents, and posing health risks to the woi·kers and the surrounding community. Farmers are collecting and storing that manure iii retention ponds or composting it and using it as fertilizer. These practices are not good for the environinent 01· not enough for this volume of waste. Meanwhile. hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a chemical technology in which heat is applied to wet biomass feedstocks, and they convert to biochar. This process can be used to process wet manure derived from livestock farming and solve the environmental pollution from livestock fanning. Hence, this study aims to apply HTC on different inanures at different temperatures and determine the effect of temperature on Solid and liquid product characteristics from HTC. Manure was collected froin Poultry, Swine, and Dairy farms, Deionized water was added to Poultry Manure, and Swine manure and Dairy inanure were strained to make the solid-to-liquid ratio 1: 10. Hydrochar and Process Liquid were derived from liydrothermal Carbonization on animal manure at 180,220, and 260 00 to analyze the effect of temperature on solid and liquid product characteristics. Elemental analysis and surface morphology were done on hydrochar through CHNS analysis, Therinogravimetric analysis, FTIR, and SEM EDX. Ion analysis on processed liquid and digested hydrochar was done with ion chi·omatography. The thermal stability of hydrochar of animal manure was more than that of dried raw manure, and it increased with temperature. The distribution of essential elements with different temperatures was different for each manure. Hydrochar from Poultry and Swine manure produced chemically enriched solid products; for Dairy manure, process liquid was more enriched than hydrochar. pH. DO. and Conductivity measurements of different process liquids supported that distribution. In conclusion, 1-ITC can be used as an effective manure management technology for various manures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tet(X4) gene is a clinically important tigecycline resistance gene and has shown high persistence in livestock-related environments. However, the bacterial hosts of tet(X4) remain unknown due to the lack of appropriate approaches. Herein, a culture-independent and high-throughput epicPCR (emulsion, paired isolation, and concatenation polymerase chain reaction) method was developed, optimized, and demonstrated for the identification of bacterial hosts carrying tet(X4) from environmental samples. Considering the high sequence similarity between tet(X4) and other tet(X)-variant genes, specific primers and amplification conditions were screened and optimized to identify tet(X4) accurately and link tet(X4) with the 16S rRNA gene, which were further validated using artificially constructed bacterial communities. The epicPCR targeting tet(X4) was applied for the identification of bacterial hosts carrying this resistance gene in anaerobic digestion systems treating swine manure. A total of 19 genera were identified as tet(X4) hosts, which were distributed in the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Caldatribacteriota. Sixteen genera and two phyla that were identified have not been previously reported as tet(X4) bacterial hosts. The results indicated that a far more diverse range of bacteria was involved in harboring tet(X4) than previously realized. Compared with the tet(X4) hosts determined by correlation-based network analysis and metagenomic binning, epicPCR revealed a high diversity of tet(X4) hosts even at the phylum level. The epicPCR method developed in this study could be effectively employed to reveal the presence of tet(X4) bacterial hosts from a holistic viewpoint.

The demand for energy has been growing over the years to match development and population growth. The current sustainable development model advocates for the use of renewable (green) energy sources with an aim of lowering carbon emissions thereby mitigating the effects of climate change. A circular economy aspires to keep materials in use for as long as possible thus the reuse of agricultural waste especially in energy generation is a step in this direction. This study reports on the optimization of anaerobic digestion parameters for biogas production when wastes from pineapple are co-digested with those from livestock. The volume of biogas yield was optimized with regards to temperature, pH value, and mixing ratio of the substrates using Box Behnken Design (BBD), a class of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). This was achieved through a software package, Design Expert 13.The experiments were performed using Rehau home gas systems of 6 m3 in Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. Pineapple wastes were co-digested with livestock waste in the ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. The numerical optimization results revealed that the maximum biogas yield was 1.98 m3 when the pH was set at 6.0, temperature at 30 °C and pineapple mixing ratio at 62.5%. The results from this study can form a basis for policy makers in formulating strategies to guide adoption of biogas generated from agricultural waste as a key green energy for the economy.

Being among the developing countries, Türkiye's electrical needs are increasing day by day with its increase in population. To address this need, consideration should be given to bovine manure-based biogas potential (BMBP), which is a renewable energy source, particularly as one of Türkiye's national livelihoods – which is dependent on foreign countries for energy – is livestock farming. Although there are significant numbers of bovine stock distributed across the various geographical regions of Türkiye, there are no studies to date that have attempted to determine the BMBPs of these regions, either for past or future years. The aim of the current study was to calculate for the first time the BMBP for seven different regions of Türkiye between 2004 and 2021 and to estimate these for 2022 to 2035 using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), autoregressive integrated moving averages (ARIMA) from time series, and linear regression models. Türkiye's BMBP for 2021 has been calculated to be 14,262 GWh/year, which corresponds to approximately 3.2 % of the total renewable energy used by Türkiye in 2021. For 2035, Türkiye's BMBP has been forecast to be 19,905 GWh/year according to ANN's Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, 16,862 GWh/year according to the Bayesian Regularization algorithm, 19,329 GWh/year according to ARIMA, and 19,897 GWh/year according to the Linear Regression method. All the models proposed for predicting the BMBPs for different geographical regions in Türkiye for the coming years of interest were found to perform extremely well (MSE = 205–7917 and MAPE = 0.919–4.430). When evaluated on a regional basis, the highest BMBP for 2021 was forecasted to be 3163 GWh/year for the Central Anatolia region, which corresponded to approximately 7 % of its total electricity consumption. Considering these values, it is clear that BMBP can provide significant savings with regard to the volume of electrical energy Türkiye will require in the coming years. [Display omitted] • Türkiye's biogas potential was estimated for 2035. • Türkiye's bovine manure based biogas potential is currently 14,262 GWh. • Artificial neural networks were used to predict biogas in the coming years. • Biogas potential was modeled with time series and regression models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock wastes can serve as the feedstock for biogas production (mainly methane) that could be used as an alternative energy source. The green energy derived from animal wastes is considered to be carbon neutral and offsetting the emissions generated from fossil fuels. In this study, an evaluation of methane production from anaerobic digesters utilizing different livestock residues (e.g., poultry rendering wastewater and dairy manure) was carried out. An anaerobic continuous flow system (15 million gallons, polyethylene-covered) subjected to natural conditions (i.e., high flow rate, seasonal temperatures, etc.) containing poultry rendering wastewater was set up to evaluate methane potential and energy production. A parallel pilot-scale plug-flow anaerobic digestion system (9 m3) was also set up to test different feedstocks and operating parameters. Biogas production was sampled and monitored by gas chromatography over several months of operation. The results showed that methane production increased as the temperature increased as well as depending on the type of feedstock utilized. The covered rendering wastewater lagoon achieved an upward of 80% (v/v) methane production. The rates of methane production were 0.0478 g per g of COD for the poultry rendering wastewater and 0.0141 g per g of COD for dairy manure as feedstock. Hence, a poultry processing plant with a rendering wastewater flow rate of about 4.5 million liters per day has the potential to capture about two million kilograms of methane for energy production per year from a waste retention pond, potentially reducing global warming potential by about 50,000 tons of CO2 equivalent annually.

Agricultural wastes as additive within raw earth materials could both improve mechanical and physical properties of new sustainable construction materials and enhance waste management in a circular economy perspective. This study intends to fill the lack of knowledge considering the mechanical effects of animal fibers on rammed earth materials. The effects of a livestock waste, i.e., sheep wool fiber (SWF), as reinforcing element in building components produced by using raw earth and lime-free mortars, have been evaluated. Linear shrinkage, flexural strength, and compressive strength were evaluated on samples incorporating SWF, with the aim of assessing the effects of this waste addition on the mechanical performances of a new bio-composite material. The samples were made by varying the content of wool (0.25 % or 0.50%weight) and the length of the fibers (from 10 mm to 40 mm). The best result of the flexural strength was 1.06 MPa, exhibited by samples made with the longest and highest percentage of fibers, 40 mm and 0.50%, respectively. The addition of SWF to adobe bricks changed their failure mode, from fragile to ductile, reduced dry density and shrinkage rate.

This Special Issue (SI) offered the opportunity to present the latest scientific developments and findings in the field of processing of end-of-life materials and solid industrial wastes. Due to the large quantity of wastes generated and to their complex elemental and mineralogical composition, the approaches, methods and processes proposed for their decontamination, energy beneficiation and high-added-value metal recovery are complex and diverse. Some transversal research investigations using wastes as remediation agents and for synthesis of new materials were also included in the SI. After a brief introduction, the main scientific contributions and findings of each article published in the SI are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research developed an agent-based model (ABM) for simulating pollutant loads from pig farming. The behavior of farmer agents was captured using concepts from the theory of planned behavior. The ABM has three basic components: the household or farmer agent, the land patches, and global parameters that capture the environmental context. The model was evaluated using a sensitivity analysis and then validated using data from a household survey, which showed that the predictive ability of the model was good. The ABM was then used in three scenarios: a baseline scenario, a positive scenario in which the number of pigs was assumed to remain stable but supporting policies for environmental management were increased, and a negative scenario, which assumed the number of pigs increases but management measures did not improve relative to the baseline. The positive scenario showed reductions in the discharged loads for many sub-basins of the study area while the negative scenario indicated that increased loads will be discharged to the environment. The scenario results suggest that to maintain the development of pig production while ensuring environmental protection for the district, financial, and technical support must be provided to the pig producers. The experience and education level of the farmers were significant factors influencing behaviors related to manure reuse and treatment, so awareness raising through environmental communication is needed in addition to technical measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Wild carnivores are threatened by human activities, particularly by lethal responses to livestock predation. As natural prey populations decline, predation of livestock and consumption of discarded livestock 'waste' (carcasses and body parts) should increase. We investigated whether parameters linked to the production of livestock waste affected the likelihood of livestock predation. We interviewed 160 households near Ruaha National Park in Tanzania to obtain information on households, livestock ownership, predation and parameters linked to livestock waste production. Our analysis identified parameters that affected the likelihood of predation on cattle, sheep and goats. When these parameters were controlled for, we found an increased likelihood of cattle predation as waste from diseased and slaughtered cattle increased. Sheep predation was more likely and cattle predation was less likely as sheep deaths from starvation increased. Goat predation was more likely in medium-sized than smaller or larger villages, suggesting a trade-off to predators between the increasing benefit of more livestock waste and the costs of higher human disturbance and diminishing natural prey abundance as village size category increased. Our findings suggest that improved disposal of livestock waste from slaughtered cattle and measures to decrease cattle deaths from disease should reduce predation of highly prized cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many economies, including Vietnam, have substantial potential for producing energy from agricultural waste. However, the analysis of using agricultural waste as a renewable energy source and its associated economic and environmental benefits remain unclear. This study aims to a) estimate trends in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock and crop residue burning; b) evaluate the environmental benefits of using biogas in substitution for coal, wood, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) under various scenarios; c) assess the economic viability of a household-scale biodigester, and d) propose recommendations for the effective exploitation and utilization of biogas. GHG emissions were calculated for livestock and crop residue burning (CRB) using activity data and emission factors. The environmental analysis was conducted to understand the role of biogas in reducing GHG by assuming 100 % exportation of biogas in substitution for fuels for electricity and heat generation. The economic benefits were assessed through internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV), payback period, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), and levelized cost of heat (LCOH). Results indicate that, between 2000 and 2050, CO 2-eq emissions will rise from 38.5 to 95.2 Mt. Environmental analysis shows that replacing coal or wood with biogas can bring more benefits than LPG, in reducing GHG emissions by 68.2 and 67.9 Mt CO 2-eq in 2020 and by 148.4 and 147.9 Mt CO 2-eq by 2050. Economic analysis shows that investment in biodigesters is most viable when replacing LPG with biogas, with NPV = $4878, IRR = 57.2 %, PBP (simple) = 1.7 years, and LCOH = $0.029/kWh. • The study uncovers the spatial distribution of biogas potential across Vietnam. • Biogas could reduce GHG emissions by 50.4–148.4 Mt CO 2-eq between 2020 and 2050. • Replacing LPG with biogas yields the highest economic benefit. • Long-term strategies are needed to effectively exploit and use biogas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, around 998 million tons of agricultural waste are generated yearly, including livestock wastes, which create several critical environmental issues if not properly treated. In this study, a Geographical Information System (GIS)-based model to locate and quantify both the yearly amount of livestock waste, i.e., sheep wool, and the territorial distribution of sheep farms, was carried out and applied within the selected study area. The aim was to identify those territorial areas most suitable for localizing new shared wool collection centers to sustainably manage the reuse of this waste as potential green building material. Data related to both sheep farms and sheep number and the related sheep shared wool (SSW) yearly production were acquired and applied in GIS. By GIS-based model results, two collection centers have been identified within the provinces of Agrigento and Enna. Then, to develop a sustainable reuse in terms of reducing environmental impact due to the SSW logistics and supply phase, a possible third collection center was localized within the territorial area belonging to the province of Ragusa (south area of the Sicily). In this research, for the first time the issue above reported was addressed, by achieving results that contribute at developing an efficient collection chain for recovering and properly reusing SSW to respond adequately to a further industrial scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term use of veterinary antibiotics has led to increasing contamination of antibiotic resistance genes（ARGs）in livestock and poultry farming environments, and the risks and negative effects of ARGs in the environment have garnered research attention. In this study, we review the pollution and diffusion of ARGs in livestock and poultry farming environments. We analyzed the differences in the concentration of ARGs in manure between different livestock species and different countries and regions. We elaborate the changes in ARGs during manure composting and the growth pattern of ARGs during wastewater treatments. In addition, we discuss the effects of ARG input to the surrounding soil and atmosphere via manure application and airflow on the natural resistance levels in the surrounding environment media. Finally, based on the pollution status of ARGs in livestock and poultry manure, we summarize and propose measures to reduce the discharge and diffusion of ARGs from livestock farms in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cattle manure contains high organic matter, so that this material is commonly used as plant nutrients in a form of organic fertilizer. In order to get a better understanding on the use of cow manure, the objectives of this research are (1) to determine the influence of liquid waste and solid livestock as fertilizer on soil quality and (2) to study the effect of both liquid and solid fertilizer on coffee plant growth. In this research, Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed as a research design, while data analysis was conducted using ANOVA. The F statistical test was applied to measure whether all independent variables could influence the dependent variable by using 5% and 1% (Alpha) degrees. The results showed that one time application of livestock wastewater improved C-organic chemical properties, N, P, CEC, Ca and Mg while soil chemical properties of pH, K, Na decreased. Two times application of livestock liquid fertilizer treatment improved soil chemical properties pH, N total, Ca, Mg and saturation bases. As for solid waste, one time treatment increased chemical properties of pH, C organic, N total, Ca and saturation of the base. The two times treatment could improve soil chemical properties of pH, N. total, P, Ca, Mg, base number and base saturation. Liquid waste fertilizer also found to provide significant effect on plant height and coffee plants quality. Additionally, (3) solid waste (compost) was found to have a significant effect on plant height, plant height rate and number of buds.

This study aims to establish the scientific link between the livestock wastes and energy recovery processes to implement the most appropriate technology at the highest economic benefit. The evaluation was based on the recovery of the potential energy of the mixture of four livestock wastes (cattle, sheep, goat, egg chicken) by four different energy recovery processes. Incineration, gasification, pyrolysis at 550°C and 750°C were applied as thermal processes together with the anaerobic digestion as biochemical process. The recovery performance of each process was evaluated within a defined design algorithm considering all significant parameters in seven geographical regions and in Turkey as a whole. Incineration seems to be the most efficient energy recovery process with 0.43 MWe/t for Turkey. Gasification took the second place in the energy recovery ranking with 0.34 MWe/t, 21% less than incineration. Pyrolysis expressed an energy recovery rate of 0.15 MWe/t at 550°C and a twice higher rate at 750°C, at a level close to gasification. Anaerobic digestion exerted a recovery potential of 0.21 MWe/t for the livestock waste considered. Energy recovery from livestock waste not only contributes to energy production, but also provides compliance with the concept of reducing emissions and sustainable environment.

There is limited published research exploring the frequency and causes of livestock waste-related fatalities and injuries among farm operators and workers. While there has been ongoing surveillance of mortality and morbidity involving agricultural confined space-related incidents, such as grain storage facilities, few resources have been invested in estimating the frequency of livestock waste-related incidents, which are often reported as primarily involving confined spaces. Existing surveillance efforts have historically underreported fatal cases, injuries, and near misses and misclassified these incidents as non-farm related. For nearly 40 years, the Purdue Agricultural Confined Spaces Incident Database (PACSID) has been used to document agricultural confined space-related incidents, of which manure storage and handling activities have accounted for 22% of the cases documented. The specific goal of this study was to address the gap in the current understanding of the frequency and severity of injuries associated with livestock waste storage, handling, and transport by: (1) developing a consistent way to identify, document, and code these cases; (2) summarizing all known U.S. cases, both fatal and non-fatal, currently documented in the PACSID; (3) identifying the most significant risks contributing to livestock waste storage, handling, and transport-related incidents; and (4) providing evidence- based recommendations and mitigation strategies to enhance the effectiveness of current injury prevention measures. The PACSID and other sources were mined for relevant data, and an aggressive effort was made to document additional cases through a variety of surveillance methods. A total of 459 individual U.S. cases from the study period (1975 to 2019) were identified, coded using a uniform coding system, and summarized. Overall, cases were documented in 43 states, with 66% (302 cases) documented in heavily agricultural and, more specifically, historically strong dairy production states. Of the cases reviewed, 59% were fatal, males ages 21 to 30 and dairy farm workers were identified as high-risk populations, 20% were identified as under the age of 21, and 49 incidents involved multiple victims. Farm injury data limitations and underreporting were problematic, especially during the early years of the study period. However, the findings provide a foundation for recommending safer workplace safety and health practices, evaluating existing engineering and regulatory standards, assessing the impacts of current injury prevention efforts, and redesigning farm safety programs, especially those targeting livestock workers, to reduce the frequency and severity of these incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:: Ecological compensation is widely considered a policy that encourages farmers to recycle livestock and poultry waste for economic and ecological benefits. Therefore, based on field data from 30 counties (districts) in six cities of Shandong Province, China, this study systematically analyzes farmers' willingness to accept compensation for livestock and poultry waste resource utilization as well as its determinants. It does so using the UTAUT theoretical analysis framework, as well as the contingent valuation method and Heckman two-stage selection model. The results show that, first, 72.4% of the farmers in the sample are willing to accept a certain amount of compensation—the expected value of which is RMB 98.02 per month per household—as an incentive to utilize livestock waste. Second, the key determinants of farmers' willingness to accept compensation are marital status, family annual income, concurrent business, farming scale, economic performance expectation, social performance expectation, knowledge reserve, public relations, and technical convenience. Finally, the factors that affect farmers’ willingness in terms of the compensation amount are gender, age, family annual income, social performance expectation, subjective norms, and public relations. Therefore, to promote the recycling of livestock and poultry waste, this study proposes policies that promote education and technology popularization in relation to livestock and poultry waste resource utilization, provide subsidies for waste recycling, and strengthen government control and social supervision over the non-standard disposal of such waste.

Based on field research data on farmers in 30 counties (districts) of six cities in Shandong Province, this study systematically examines the methods of disposal of livestock and poultry waste and the factors that influence them, that is, the determinants of farmers’ waste disposal behaviors, using the UTAUT theoretical framework and a disordered multi-class logit model. The results show that, first, economic performance expectancy, subjective norms, farming population, and poultry and livestock breeding numbers have significant effects on the four waste recycling methods considered: direct return, compost fermentation, biogas fermentation, and fresh-packed sale. Second, annual family income has a positive effect on the direct return method. Third, compost fermentation is positively affected by farmers' knowledge, distance from sources of water, and farming scale, and negatively affected by gender and marital status. Fourth, biogas fermentation is negatively affected by the age of farmers and positively affected by the farming income ratio and environmental convenience. Finally, the most important factors affecting the four methods are subjective norms, farming scale, economic performance expectancy, and farming population. Therefore, this study proposes that policies to promote resource utilization of livestock and poultry waste must prioritize raising awareness among the farmers of the advantages of resource disposal of waste; provide reasonable subsidies for waste recycling and enhance policy applicability, pertinence, and motivation; strengthen the promotion of waste recycling technology and improve the practicality of lectures or training content; and improve relevant laws and regulations and enhance authority and usability.

UTILIZATION OF CHICKEN MANURE WASTE AS RAW MATERIAL FOR NATURAL LIQUID FERTILIZER IN SIMALUNGUN REGENCY. In the economic activities of the chicken farmers and farmers community groups fail to get adequate profits to survive because of the many problems that occur in the Group Production process because the waste processing is not right, causing problems in the business and disrupt the surrounding environment. The high costs of agricultural production and fertilizer make agricultural production also has a downward effect. In addition, other problems include: 1) The low income of the Group due to the decline in livestock and agriculture production due to waste; 2) Livestock waste is not utilized so it becomes a pollutant in the community; 3) Lack of community and group members' understanding of the use of livestock manure and agricultural waste as raw material for liquid organic fertilizer; 4) Limited public knowledge about processing liquid organic fertilizer; 5) Unavailability of TTG maker of liquid organic fertilizer. The sequence of implementation of activities as a Solution is 1) To increase the income of community groups is done through the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer from chicken manure and agricultural waste and Appropriate Technology (TTG); 2) Provide training in making liquid organic fertilizer to community groups 3). Solutions to provide understanding to the Group for the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer from chicken manure and agricultural waste; 4) Provide workshops and business management assistance in making liquid fertilizer; 5) Provide assistance in making liquid organic fertilizer from chicken manure and agricultural waste. Target outputs of the program include guide to the method of making Liquid Organic Fertilizers, production of liquid orgamic fertilizer with quality and quantity that meets the standard, and providing and Socializing Appropriate Technology Tools for making liquid organic fertilizer from chicken manure and agricultural waste.

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Ukraine's agriculture is a leading sector of the national economy. Ukraine has a significant area (603628 km²), 70.9% of which are agricultmallands. Quality soil and good climatic conditions create favorable conditions for the development of crop and livestock production. The generation of a large amount of organic waste from agriculture opens wide opportunities for the development of the biogas technologies. The aim of the paper is to identify the main waste management trends in Ukraine based on data on waste generation and waste management and to calculate the strategic potential of agricultural waste as a feedstock for biofuels production. The resource potential of crop, livestock and processing waste has been considered and the necessity of its use for energy purposes has been substantiated. It has been detennined that the greatest potential of agricultmal waste that can be used for biogas production in Ukraine is concentrated in crop production. The livestock industry and processing enterprises also have a powerful feedstock base for biogas production. It has been determined that the agroindustrial sector of Ukraine produces significant amount of waste. As a result of the study, it has been found that the potential volume ofbiogas production from agricultural waste can replace 3 6.1% of natural gas consumption in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic digesters have been widely used to treat wastewaters in livestock farms. With the increasing risk of antibiotic resistance originated from livestock husbandry, removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via anaerobic digesters deserved more attention. Here we investigated the removal of antibiotics and ARGs in swine wastewater by three on-farm full-scale anaerobic digesters, including buried biogas digester (BBD), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and high density polyethylene covered biogas digester (HDPE-BD). Variations of antibiotic resistome in swine wastewater were further revealed by metagenomic sequencing. Results showed the removal efficiencies for antibiotics, ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) varied in the three digesters, ranging from 65.1% to 98.1%, 3.5%-71.0% and 26.9%-77.2%, respectively. In general, UASB and HDPE-BD showed better removal efficiencies than BBD. However, enrichment of metal resistance genes (MRGs) was noted in UASB. Pathogens could not be effectively removed by all of the three digesters. What’s more, accumulation of pathogens was found in UASB (removal efficiencies: −8.5%-13.6%). Bacterial community succession, horizontal genetic transfer and biocide and metal resistance genes (BMRGs) profiles jointly structured the variation of antibiotic resistome during anaerobic digestion. A total of 334 high-quality bins were identified from swine wastewater, 96 of which belonged to phylum of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria carried ARGs. Proteobacteria was the dominant multi-drug resistant flora. Meanwhile, ARG-carrying pathogens (Bacteroides and Mycolicibacter) were found in the swine wastewater, suggesting a potential threat to human and animal health. The findings from this study showed that HDPE-BD is the most eco-friendly and effective anaerobic digester in controlling risks from antibiotic resistance determinants in swine wastewater.

The beef world production chain generates a significant amount of waste with low value-added, among them are fatty waste that can be converted into biodiesel, given the break of some barriers that hinder the spread of biofuel from these sources. The primary goal of this work was to use bioprocess to modify the chemical structure of bovine fatty wastes via the use of Staphylococcus xylosus strains, providing a low melting point feedstock for biodiesel production. Have been investigated the effects of fermentation time and concentration of fat in the medium, evaluating the melting point and fatty acids profile. The melting temperature shown a decrease of 25 °C under the most favorable experimental conditions, due to alterations of the fats that involve decreases in the high content of saturated acids, and increases in the content of low melting point unsaturated acids.

The varying molar ratios of nickel-cobalt/sulphide nanoparticles coated on bio-carbon (Ni1.5Co0.5S/C, Ni1Co1S/C and Ni0.5Co1.5S/C), nickel-chalcogenide/bio-carbon (NiS/C) and cobalt-chalcogenide/bio-carbon (CoS/C) have been prepared though a facile single-step in situ solvothermal route using livestock poultry waste chicken feathers as sources for bio-carbon and bio-sulphur. The catalysts developed were characterized using different analytical techniques, viz., X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and cyclic voltammetry. The results obtained from the electrochemical characterization studies, it was inferred that the Ni1Co1S/C nanocatalyst possesses the higher methanol (0.5 M) oxidation current density in 0.5 M KOH with minimum onset potential when compared to that of other green composite catalysts, Ni1.5Co0.5S/C, Ni0.5Co1.5S/C and NiS/C developed in the present work. Further, the green nanocomposite Ni1Co1S/C synthesized was subjected to different studies in order to assess and ascertain its super capacitor characteristics. The results confirmed that the green nanocatalyst Ni1Co1S/C possesses the maximum value of specific capacitance of 785 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 in 3.0 M KOH solution. The enhanced performance of Ni1Co1S/C catalyst developed in the present work makes it suitable for the power generation and storage application, in addition to have an advantage of value added product of bio-carbon and sulphur derived from sustainable and renewable resource of livestock poultry waste. The present work is also considered as the first attempt to develop green nanocomposite Ni-Co sulphide/C electrocatalysts through a facile and cost-effective method and can be used for the development of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) and super capacitor device design applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution due to resistance genes from livestock manure has become a serious issue that needs to be resolved. However, little studies focused on the removal of resistance genes in simultaneous processing of livestock feces and urine. This study investigated the fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), metal resistance genes (MRGs), and class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1) during thermophilic fermentation of swine manure in an ectopic fermentation system (EFS), which has been regarded as a novel system for efficiently treating both feces and urine. The abundances of MRGs and tetracycline resistance genes were 34.44–97.71% lower in the EFS. The supplementation of heavy metals significantly increased the abundance of intI1, with the enhancement effect of copper being more prominent than that of zinc. The highest abundances of resistance genes and intI1 were observed at high Cu levels (A2), indicating that Cu can increase the spreading of resistance genes through integrons. Network analysis revealed the co-occurrence of ARGs, MRGs, and intI1, and these genes potentially shared the same host bacteria. Redundancy analysis showed that the bacterial community explained most of the variations in ARGs, and environmental factors had influences on ARGs abundances by modulating the bacterial community composition. The decreased Sphingomonas, Comamonas, Acinetobacter, Lactobacillus, Bartonella, Rhizobium, and Bacteroides were mainly responsible for the reduced resistance genes. These results demonstrate that EFS can reduce resistance genes in simultaneous processing of livestock feces and urine.

Bio-waste embeds an extraordinary renewable potential, and it becomes a source of energy savings when transformed into a valuable resource, like biogas. Cogeneration (CHP) from biogas employing high-temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) scores a high sustainability level, thanks to improved environmental and energy performances. The synergy between the niche market of small/micro biogas producers and SOFCs might act as a springboard to open market opportunities for both SOFC commercialization and business upgrade of small farms. However, local regulations, waste management, renewable energy subsidies and, above all, availability of eligible sites, determine real chances for on-the-ground implementation. Through a detailed analysis of the application scenario, this research aims at investigating opportunities for the experimentation of SOFC–CHP in small biogas plants and identifying the possible bottlenecks for future deployment. When it becomes relevant, energy conversion of livestock (especially cattle and swine) and agriculture waste requires SOFC modules from 10 kW e to 35 kW e. This is in line with the current status of SOFC suppliers. Moreover, considering the fuel cell market roll-out, the average levelized cost of electricity is expected to decrease from 0.387 €/kWh to 0.115 €/kWh, when electricity is produced from livestock waste available on-site. • The livestock sector embeds a high and unexploited biogas energy potential. • The majority of livestock farms requires small and micro-scale cogeneration systems. • Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) improve the energy performances of micro biogas plants. • The economic assessment for SOFC in small livestock farms is presented. • SOFCs can contribute to raising the share of bio-waste used for electricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]