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Compassion fatigue can negatively affect not only healthcare professionals' physical and mental health but also the quality of care they provide and organizational outcomes. However, little is known about compassion fatigue among Chinese midwives working in the delivery room. This study aimed to examine compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction levels among Chinese midwives working in the delivery room and correlate their compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction.A multisite cross-sectional study with a convenience sampling approach was conducted at 62 hospitals in Henan Province, central China, from May to July 2020. The participants were recruited through an online survey. A self-designed sociodemographic and work-related data sheet, the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), and the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQoL) were used to measure the participants'basic information, level of social support, compassion fatigue(consists of burnout and secondary traumatic stress) and compassion satisfaction. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the characteristics of the participants' social support, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to identify associations with the participants' sociodemographic and professional characteristics, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction.A total of 213 questionnaires were completed, 206 of which were valid (96.71%). The majority of the participants reported moderate risks for compassion satisfaction (75.24%) and burnout (59.71%) and low risks for secondary traumatic stress (61.65%). Higher job satisfaction as a midwife, lower average working hours per week in the past year, higher social support, extroverted personality, and work recognition in the past month were positively associated with compassion satisfaction, explaining 48.7% of the total variance. Always considering giving up a midwifery career, lower social support, working a day-night shift, poor health condition, more exposure to traumatic birth events per month on average in recent years, and lower job satisfaction as a midwife were negative factors for burnout, explaining 35.3% of the total variance. Four factors, including more exposure to traumatic birth events per month on average in recent years, always considering giving up a midwifery career, working a day-night shift and poor sleep quality, were negatively related to secondary traumatic stress, explaining 14.2% of the variance.In this study, midwives showed moderate levels of compassion satisfaction and burnout and low levels of secondary traumatic stress which should attract the attention of health institutions. A healthy and supportive work environment is crucial to midwives' health, well-being and job satisfaction. Tailored strategies such as trauma management, emotional literacy, peer and social support networks should be implemented to support midwives' compassion satisfaction, while prevent and lower midwives' burnout and secondary traumatic stress.

This article uses longitudinal data to estimate the shortand medium-term economic effects of divorce in the USA, the UK, Switzerland, Korea, Germany and Australia during the first decade of the 21st century. Based on the data collected during the 2000s, in all of the countries studied, divorce had, on average, negative effects on the equivalised household incomes of women. However, the extent and duration of the negative effects of divorce differed markedly between countries. In all of the countries, the effects of divorce on the equivalised household income of men were smaller than for women. Although, using the available data, it is not possible to definitely explain the differences between countries, the analysis presented in this article has demonstrated that the average economic effects of divorce, particularly for women, are heavily influenced by the social security system, the labour market, family models and the family law system of each country. While the social security system and institutional arrangements such as child support and spousal maintenance do influence women's post-divorce economic outcomes, what is most important in explaining cross-country differences is women's labour market earnings and the extent to which re-partnering occurs.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of normobaric oxygen (NBO) on neurological function and the expression of caspase-3 and -9 in a rat model of acute cerebral ischaemia. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=120) were randomly divided into four groups (n=30 per group), including 3 groups given NBO at concentrations of 33%, 45% or 61% and one control group given air (21% oxygen). After 2 h of ischaemic occlusion, each group was further subdivided into six subgroups (n=5) during reperfusion according to the duration (3, 6, 12, 24, 48 or 72 h) and concentration of NBO (33%, 45% or 61%) or air treatment. The Fluorescence Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to detect caspase-3 and -9 mRNA and protein relative expression respectively. The Neurologic Impairment Score (NIS) was significantly lower in rats given 61% NBO ≥3 h after reperfusion when compared to the control group (P

Divorce has become a key life-course risk that can have significant economic impacts. This article uses a new Australian data source that follows families over a 10-year period to estimate the impact of divorce on income and assets. There have been few longitudinal studies of the impact of divorce on assets and relatively few such studies of its impact on income. The article finds that divorce has a substantial negative impact upon the household income of women in the short term, but by 6 years after divorce income had largely recovered to what it would have been had they remained married. In contrast, men who divorce experience a substantially faster rate of increase in income post-divorce than had they remain married. The analysis of asset data reveals that while the gap between the value of assets of the divorced and non-divorced grows post-divorce, it appears that the growing disparity in assets largely reflects pre-divorce differences in assets. The results in this article clearly demonstrate the critical importance of using longitudinal data to estimate the economic and labour market consequences of divorce. While the economic effects of divorce on Australian women appear to be, on average, relatively short-run, the Australian social security system plays a crucial role in protecting the incomes of women post-divorce, particularly those with children.

Results of numerical simulations are presented for flow past a stationary circular cylinder at low Reynolds numbers (Re=50-200). The simulations were carried out using a finite-volume code employing a fractional step method with second-order accuracy in both space and time. A sensitivity study on numerical parameters concerning the domain size, grid independence and time step resolution was carried out in detail for Re=100. Global time-averaged results on force coefficients, non-dimensional velocities and pressures, including their corresponding r.m.s. values, as well as various quantities related to the separation and vortex shedding characteristics are presented. A non-monotonous streamwise velocity recovery in the intermediate wake is observed for Re > 50, a phenomenon that has been grossly overlooked in the past. There are two plateaus along the wake centerline, in particular for Re=200. The first, which is the most distinct, ranges from about x=9 to x=16 at a wake deficit velocity of 0.38, x being counted in diameters behind the cylinder axis; the second one appears from x=25 to x=28 at a wake deficit velocity of 0.54. This phenomenon seems to be related to an associated change-over in the orientation of the von Karman vortices and the merging trends, especially for Re=200 beyond x=25, as observed from instantaneous vorticity fields. Three-dimensional simulations using spanwise lengths of 10 and 12 (diameters) were carried out at Re=200. After a long initial phase with regular three-dimensional mode A flow features increasing very slowly in amplitude, the flow went into a state with distinct pulsating forces acting on the cylinder, the pulsations being seemingly randomly localized across the cylinder span. In this second, much more chaotic, flow state, the time-averaged results were in agreement with previous experiments and with parts of previous numerical studies.

Family Relationship Centres (FRCs) have been described as a centerpiece of Australia's 2006 family law reforms. This paper places these centres in the larger context of the reforms and their commitment to providing community-based family services in the family law area. The paper also examines the empirical evidence regarding FRCs' use and effectiveness. It notes that while the objectives and intentions of FRCs place considerable emphasis on strengthening family relationships and assisting families to stay together, the centres themselves have only a modest level of direct involvement with intact families. FRCs tend to have strong links with other community-based family services, many of whom are more engaged with intact families; but it is difficult to gauge their effectiveness in this area. Most FRCs' direct services are aimed at separating families and most of that work involves family dispute resolution (family mediation) and associated services such as screening and assessment and the provision of relevant information. A substantial majority of clients who attend FDR at an FRC reach agreement about their parenting arrangements either at FDR or subsequent to attending FDR. These agreements also tend to hold up in the medium term. A majority of parents believe that at FDR, the child(ren)'s needs were taken into account; the parenting agreement worked for the child(ren); and the parenting agreement worked for them. A substantial proportion of FRC clients come from families that have experienced family violence or other dysfunctional behaviours, and such behaviours reduce the chances of resolving parenting disputes. The paper concludes by suggesting that having been created mainly as a default alternative to legal interventions and court processes, it is likely that a major future strength of FRCs will lie in their emerging capacity to work constructively not only with other relationship services and networks, but with family lawyers and the courts.

The Australian government has recently introduced a Bill into Parliament that is intended to improve the way concerns about family violence and child abuse are dealt with in the context of post-separation parenting disputes. The move follows recent reports examining the impact of significant reforms to the family law system introduced in 2006. Motivated by a desire to ensure that children maintain involvement with both parents after separation and to place greater emphasis on non-court-based dispute resolution mechanisms, the reforms encompassed legislative change and new and expanded relationship services. The empirical evidence base on the 2006 reforms has highlighted shortcomings in the existing responses to family violence and child abuse, with one large-scale study by the Australian Institute of Family Studies (AIFS) demonstrating that a history of family violence was as prevalent among shared care arrangements as other arrangements, contrary to the intention of the reforms. This article uses the emp...

It is well documented that children who experience parental divorce are more likely than those in intact families to experience a range of emotional and behavioural adjustment problems, and to perform less well academically. However, few studies of the impact of divorce have exclusively considered young children. This paper takes advantage of a recent Australian child cohort study to examine links between young children's emotional wellbeing, the quality of the co-parental relationship, and post-separation paternal involvement. We found that while children aged 6-7 years living with both parents generally had better emotional wellbeing than similar aged children living with one parent, inter-parental hostility was an important factor in explaining young children's emotional wellbeing. But regardless of family type, children whose parents had a hostile inter-parental relationship tended to have poorer emotional wellbeing than children whose parents did not have a non-hostile relationship, as reported by children and their parents.

Statistics on one-person households in Australia are primarily based on cross-sectional data, in particular census data. While analyses based on points in time are important in detecting trends in living alone rate and factors and circumstances associated with living alone, this approach is likely to understate the extent to which people may experience living alone at some stage in their life. More importantly, analysis based on cross-sectional data is not able to capture the processes that lead a person to live alone or give up solo living. Despite the rise in one-person households in Australia, there has been little research on the dynamics of forming and ending solo living. Drawing on the data of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (Wave 1 to Wave 4), this article explores change of one-person households and the processes that may lead to form and end one-person households.

Community-based mandatory family dispute resolution (more generically known as family mediation) is a central plank of the 2006 changes to the Australian family law system. This paper provides an overview of the data on family dispute resolution from the Australian Institute of Family Studies' evaluation of the 2006 changes. It reports on usage rates of family dispute resolution as well as immediate and medium term outcomes, perceived pathways towards resolution and the impact of family violence on both outcomes and pathways. Though the story is a generally positive one, the data also suggest a need for family relationship sector practitioners and family lawyers to engage proactively in assisting those families who are experiencing significant violence and or significant levels of ongoing serious conflict.

In virtually all Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries the number of older people who have experienced divorce at some point in their lives will increase in coming decades. While there is an extensive literature that analyses the effects of divorce on wellbeing, there is relatively little research on the long-run effects of divorce in later life. This paper uses Australian data to estimate the long-run impacts of divorce on the wellbeing of older Australians. Dimensions of wellbeing examined are social interaction and connectedness, perceived social support, life satisfaction, and physical and mental health. The paper shows that divorce has a long-lasting, negative impact on wellbeing that persists into later life for both men and women. However, the negative effects of divorce on wellbeing are largely confined to those who do not re-partner. An important difference between men and women is that for women who are divorced and remain single, the negative effects of divorce are found for general health, vitality and mental health. Furthermore, these effects are reasonably large. For older men, there appear to be no long-term effects of divorce on physical or mental health. While there appears to be some effect of divorce on perceived social support for both older men and women, the effects of divorce on social support are less pervasive in later life than the effects of divorce on satisfaction with life and, for women, health.

A great deal of research attention has been directed to understanding why marriages last or end in separation. Far less attention has been extended to cohabiting relationships, where couples live together without being registered as married. As in other developed countries, couple formation patterns in Australia have changed dramatically over the last few decades, with most “living-together” unions now beginning with cohabitation rather than marriage, and with an increasing proportion of babies now being born to cohabiting couples. This paper uses longitudinal data to track what happens to cohabiting relationships: whether the partners subsequently marry each other, separate or continue to cohabit over a two-year period. It then investigates the role of each partner’s relationship satisfaction and fertility aspirations in influencing the pathway taken.

The transient analysis was carried out to investigate the dynamic stress and vibration of volute casing for a large double-suction centrifugal pump by using the transient fluid-structure interaction theory. The flow pulsations at flow rate ranging from 60% to 100% of the nominal flow rate ( ) were taken as the boundary conditions for FEM analysis of the pump volute casing structure. The results revealed that, for all operating conditions, the maximum stress located at the volute tongue region, whereas the maximum vibration displacement happened close to the shaft hole region. It was also found that the blade passing frequency and its harmonics were dominant in the variations of dynamic stress and vibration displacement. The amplitude of the dominant frequency for the maximum stress detected at 0.6 was 1.14 times that at , lower than the related difference observed for pressure fluctuations (3.23 times). This study provides an effective method to quantify the flow-induced structural dynamic characteristics for a large-scale double-suction pump. It can be used to direct the hydraulic and structural design and stable operation, as well as fatigue life prediction for large-scale pumps.

Pressure fluctuation is the primary reason for unstable operations of double-suction centrifugal pumps. By using flush mounted pressure transducers in the semispiral suction chamber and the volute casing of a double-suction pump, the pressure fluctuation signals were obtained and recorded at various operating conditions. Spectral analyses were performed on the pressure fluctuation signals in both frequency domain and time-frequency domain based on fast Fourier transform (FFT) and an adaptive optimal-kernel time-frequency representation (AOK TFR). The results show that pressure fluctuations at the impeller rotating frequency and some lower frequencies dominated in the semispiral suction chamber. Pressure fluctuations at the blade passing frequency, the impeller rotating frequency, and their harmonic frequencies were identified in the volute casing. The amplitude of pressure fluctuation at the blade passing frequency significantly increased when the flow rate deviated from the design flow rate. At 107% of the design flow rate, the amplitude increased more than 254% than that at the design flow rate. The time-frequency characteristics of these pressure fluctuations were affected greatly by both operating conditions and measurement locations. At partial flow rates the pulsation had a great irregularity and the amplitudes at the investigated frequencies were much larger than ones at the design flow rate. An asymmetrical pressure fluctuation structure in the volute casing was observed at all flow rates. The pulsation behavior at the blade passing frequency was the most prominent near the volute tongue zone, and the pressure waves propagated in both the radial and circumferential directions.

As Benjamin Disraeli observed, “Change is inevitable. Change is a constant”. This is well demonstrated in families, the basic unit of society. It is reflected, for example, in the pathways to family formation, childbearing trends, patterns of family functioning, parental (or partnership) separation, and the prevalence of different family forms (see Hayes, Qu, Weston & Baxter, 2011; Hayes, Weston, Qu & Gray, 2010). The family forms of key interest in this report are those comprising couples with children (in which the child who forms the focus of the present analysis — the “study child” — was born to the couple), and the parents are legally married to each other or are living together outside legal marriage (here called “cohabitation”). This study explores the following questions: To what extent is the distinction between married and cohabiting couples relevant in terms of settings for raising children? That is, how similar or different are the parental/family characteristics and parenting practices of cohabiting and married families in which the children of interest were born? How do children in these two forms of families fare? To help put similarities and differences between these two groups in perspective, the analyses also extend to sole-mother families. Data from Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) are used in this study (see section 2 for details about LSAC).

Modern industry in northeast China started from light industry. From the end of 19th century to 1931 was the phase of initial development of light industry in northeast China. During this period, the development of light industry gave priority to grain processing industry. After occupying northeast China, Japanese vigorously developed heavy industry to meet the needs of munitions and paid more attention to raw materials and semi-finished articles industry for the purpose of the war. Light industry was impeded and developed slowly. After the founding of New China, large-scale economic construction took place in northeast and heavy industry received prior investment and equipment. Northeast region became the first heavy industry base through several five-year plans, the development of light industry made giant strides. The present features of light industry distribution are: difference of light industry distribution, similarity of light industry structure, and imbalance of light industry development. The changing trend of light industry distribution is pointed out.

The average hours worked by full-time employees in Australia have increased since the late 1970s. This, combined with increases in female labour force participation, has led to concerns about the impact of long work hours on family life. This paper explores the relationship between fathers' work hours, their own wellbeing and that of their families using data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey. The analysis is restricted to full-time employed fathers with a partner and dependent children. Overall, satisfaction with work hours decreases as the number of hours worked increases. However, long work hours are not necessarily, or even on average associated with pervasively lower wellbeing. Work hours are negatively related to only two of the thirteen measures of wellbeing examined. For fathers working very long hours, their satisfaction with their work hours is found to be very important to the relationship between work hours and wellbeing.

While the lower rates of employment of lone mothers as compared with couple mothers has been well documented, the reasons for the employment gap are less well understood. This paper uses data from the 1996 Australian Census to analyse the factors which explain the employment gap.