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Background: COVID-19 is a systemic infection with a significant impact on nutrition risk and the hematopoietic system. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may have prognostic value in determining severe cases of COVID-19 and the urea-creatinine ratio (UCR) is currently being studied as a potential biomarker of catabolism associated with critical illness. The aim was to assess the association between the NLR, UCR and C-reactive protein (CRP) with nutritional risk in hospitalized patients with COVID-19., Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study that assessed 589 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, 18 years of age or older, of both sexes. Nutritional risk was assessed by Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS, 2002) and NLR by neutrophils divided by lymphocyte count. The UCR was calculated by the ratio between urea and creatinine and quantified by the calorimetric biochemical method and CRP by the immunoturbidimetric method. Differences between groups were applied by the Mann-Whitney U test and the automated binary regression test., Results: Of the 589 patients, 87.4% were at nutritional risk. When evaluating patients admitted to the ICU, 91.9% were at nutritional risk. Patients with NRS ≥3 are older, with lower body mass and BMI, higher NLR and UCR and lower CRP values. However, 73% of patients admitted to the ward were at nutritional risk, and only age differed between groups, being higher in patients with NRS ≥3. Logistic regression showed a weak association between nutritional risk in NRS and UCR (Model 1) (OR = 0.96, 95%CI: 0.94-0.99, p = 0.003) and NRS with CRP (Model 1) (OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.02, p < 0.001) in patients in the ICU. On the other hand, the logistic regression in ward patients found association only for CRP in both models (Model 1, OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.01, p = 0.041) and (Model 2, OR = 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00-1.01, p = 0.031)., Conclusion: We found a weak association between nutritional risk and UCR and CRP levels in patients admitted to the ICU, while in the ward patients the nutritional risk also had weak association with CRP., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None declared., (Copyright © 2024 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: COVID-19 is an infectious disease characterized by a severe catabolic and inflammatory state, leading to loss of muscle mass. The assessment of muscle mass can be useful to identify nutritional risk and assist in early management, especially in older adults who have high nutritional risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of calf circumference (CC) with clinical and biochemical markers and mortality in older adults with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU)., Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a public hospital. CC was adjusted for body mass index (BMI), reducing 3, 7, or 12 cm for a BMI of 25-29.9, 30-39.9, and ≥40 kg/m 2 , respectively, and classified as reduced when <33 cm for women and <34 cm for men. Pearson's correlation between BMI and CC was performed to assess the association between variables. Regression analysis was adjusted for sex, age, and BMI variables. Cox regression was used to assess survival related to CC., Results: A total of 208 older adults diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to ICU were included, of which 84% ( n = 176) were classified as having reduced CC. These patients were older, with lower BMI, higher nutritional risk, malnourished, and higher concentration of urea and urea-creatinine ratio (UCR) compared with the group with normal CC. There was an association between edematous patients at nutritional risk and malnourished with reduced CC in the Cox regression, either adjusted or not for confounding., Conclusions: CC was not associated with severity, biochemical markers, or mortality in older adults with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, but it was associated with moderately malnourished patients assessed by subjective global assessment (SGA).

To evaluate the association of inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) levels) with muscle strength in older adults. We also aimed to evaluate whether these associations are sex-specific. A cross-sectional study was performed with data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000 and 2001-2002. A total of 2387 individuals over 50 years of both sexes were evaluated, according to the eligibility criteria for the strength test. Muscle strength was measured by Kinetic Communicator isokinetic dynamometer; while the NLR was obtained by the ratio of the total neutrophil for lymphocyte count and CRP was quantified by latex nephelometry. Linear regression analyses, crude and adjusted for confounders, were used to estimate the coefficients and 95 % confidence intervals for peak strength (muscle strength) by tertiles of NLR and CRP. There was no association between NLR and peak strength for both sexes. CRP levels were inversely associated with peak force in men [2nd tertile β = -3.33 (-15.92; 9.25); 3rd tertile β = -24.69 (-41.18; -8.20), p for trend = 0.005], but not in women [2nd tertile β = -3.22 (-15.00; 8.56); 3rd tertile β = -9.23 (-28.40; -9.94), p for trend = 0.332]. In conclusion, NLR levels were not associated with muscle strength in both sexes. CRP levels were inversely associated with muscle strength in older men, but not in women, suggesting that the association between inflammation and muscle strength in older adults can be sex-specific., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: The aim of this review was to analyze the evidence of whey protein supplementation on body weight, fat mass, lean mass and glycemic parameters in subjects with overweight or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing calorie restriction or with ad libitum intake., Data Synthesis: Overweight and obesity are considered risk factors for the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases such as T2DM. Calorie restriction is a dietary therapy that reduces weight and fat mass, promotes the improvement of glycemic parameters, and decreases muscle mass. The maintenance of muscle mass during weight loss is necessary in view of its implication in preventing chronic diseases and improving functional capacity and quality of life. The effects of increased protein consumption on attenuating muscle loss and reducing body fat during calorie restriction or ad libitum intake in overweight individuals are discussed. Some studies have demonstrated the positive effects of whey protein supplementation on improving satiety and postprandial glycemic control in short term; however, it remains unclear whether long-term whey protein supplementation can positively affect glycemic parameters., Conclusions: Although whey protein is considered to have a high nutritional quality, its effects in the treatment of overweight, obese individuals and those with T2DM undergoing calorie restriction or ad libitum intake are still inconclusive., (Copyright © 2022 The Italian Diabetes Society, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: To assess the existence of association between neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the risk of sarcopenia in COVID-19 patients., Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a university hospital with patients with an active COVID-19 infection admitted to the nursing ward or intensive care unit (ICU) between September to December 2020. Sarcopenia risk was assessed using the Strength, Assistance for walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs and Falls (SARC-F). Biochemical analyses were assessed by circulating of C-reactive protein, D-dimer, neutrophils, lymphocytes count and NLR. Sixty-eight patients were evaluated and divided into tertiles of NLR values and the association between NLR and sarcopenia risk were tested using the linear regression analyses and p<0.05 were considered as significant., Results: Sixty-eight patients were evaluated and divided in NLR tertiles being the 1st (men=52.2%; 71.1±9.0 y; NLR: 1.1-3.85), 2nd (women=78.3%; 73.2±9.1 y; NLR: 3.9-6.0) and 3rd (men=72.7%; 71.7±10.4 y; NLR: 6.5-20.0). There was a difference between the tertiles in relation to the first to the biochemical parameters of total neutrophils count (p=0.001), C-reactive protein (p=0.012), and D-dimer (p=0.012). However, no difference was found in linear regression analysis between tertiles of NLR and SARC-F, if in total sample (p=0.054) or divided by sex, if men (p=0.369) or women (p=0.064)., Conclusion: In elderly patients hospitalized with COVID-19, we do not find an association between the risk of sarcopenia and NLR., (Copyright © 2022 SEGG. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

An excess of body fat is one of the biggest public health concerns in the world, due to its relationship with the emergence of other health problems. Evidence suggests that supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3) promotes increased lipolysis and the reduction of body mass. Likewise, this clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with krill oil on waist circumference and sagittal abdominal diameter in overweight women. This pilot, balanced, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study was carried out with 26 women between 20 and 59 years old, with a body mass index >25 kg/m 2 . The participants were divided into the control (CG) ( n = 15, 3 g/daily of mineral oil) and krill oil (GK) ( n = 16, 3 g/daily of krill oil) groups, and received the supplementation for eight weeks. Food intake variables were obtained using a 24 h food recall. Anthropometric measurements (body mass, body mass index, waist circumference, and sagittal abdominal diameter) and handgrip strength were obtained. After the intervention, no changes were found for the anthropometric and handgrip strength variables ( p > 0.05). Regarding food intake, differences were found for carbohydrate ( p = 0.040) and polyunsaturated ( p = 0.006) fatty acids, with a reduction in the control group and an increase in krill oil. In conclusion, supplementation with krill oil did not reduce the waist circumference and sagittal abdominal diameter. Therefore, more long-term studies with a larger sample size are necessary to evaluate the possible benefits of krill oil supplementation in overweight women.

Protein quality has an important role in increasing satiety. Evidence suggests that whey protein (WP) provides satiety via gastrointestinal hormone secretion. Hydrolysed collagen supplementation can also stimulate the production of incretins and influence satiety and food intake. Thus, we sought to compare the effect of acute supplementation of WP or hydrolysed collagen on post-intervention appetite and energy consumption. This was a randomised, double-blind, crossover pilot study with ten healthy adult women (22·4 years/old) who were submitted to acute intake (single dose) of a beverage containing WP (40 g of concentrated WP) or hydrolysed collagen (40 g). Subjective appetite ratings (feelings of hunger, desire to eat and full stomach) were measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), energy intake was quantified by ad libitum cheese bread consumption 2 hours after supplementation and blood was collected for leptin and glucose determination. There was no difference between treatment groups in the perception of hunger ( P = 0·983), desire to eat ( P = 0·326), full stomach feeling ( P = 0·567) or food consumption ( P = 0·168). Leptin concentrations at 60 min post supplementation were higher when subjects received hydrolysed collagen ( P = 0·006). Acute supplementation with hydrolysed collagen increased leptin levels in comparison with WP, but had no effect on appetite measured by feelings of hunger, desire to eat, full stomach feeling (VAS) or energy consumption.

Polyphenol supplementation may be useful during exercise. However, there is no evidence indicating yerba mate (YM) increases muscle strength. Thus, this study sought to evaluate the effect of acute YM supplementation on muscle strength following the strength test. In a crossover and pilot clinical trial, ten men were divided into two groups, receiving either supplementation with YM or a placebo. One hour after consumption of beverages, the participants were submitted to tests of one-repetition maximum (1 RM) on the bench press and leg press. The average age of the participants was 25.5 ± 4.1 years, and the average body mass index was 24.4 ± 2.9 kg/m². YM was not able to increase muscle strength when compared to the placebo in either the 1RM leg press exercise (YM: 225 ± 56.2 kg, vs. placebo: 223 ± 64.3 kg, p = 0.743, Cohen's d = 0.03) or in the 1 RM bench press exercise (YM: 59.5 ± 20.7 kg vs. placebo: 59.5 ± 21.5 kg, p = 1.000, Cohen's d = 0.) In conclusion, acute intake of YM did not change muscle strength in physically active men.

Background: The losses of strength, agility, balance, and functionality caused by aging are harmful to the elderly population. Resistance training (RT) may be an efficient tool to mitigate such neuromuscular decline and different RT methods can be used. Therefore, it is important to investigate the different responses to different training methods., Hypothesis: Eight weeks of traditional resistance training (TRT) are expected to promote similar results to high-speed training (HST) in physical functional performance (PFP) and quality of life in the elderly., Study Design: A clinical trial., Level of Evidence: Level 3., Methods: Participants (n = 24) with a mean age of 67.8 ± 6.3 years completed 8 weeks of RT. They were allocated into HST (n = 12) and TRT (n = 12). TRT involved training with 10 to 12 repetitions at controlled velocity until momentary muscle failure, while HST involved performing 6 to 8 repetitions at 40% to 60% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) at maximum velocity. Pre- and posttraining, the participants were tested for (1) maximum strength in the 45° leg press and chest press; (2) PFP in the 30-second chair stand, timed-up-and-go (TUG), and medicine ball throw test; and (3) quality of life., Results: Both groups improved muscle strength in the 45° leg press, with greater increases for TRT (HST: +21% vs TRT: +49%, P = 0.019). There was no change in chest press strength for HST (-0.6%) ( P = 0.61), but there was a significant increase for the TRT group (+21%, P = 0.001). There was a similar improvement ( P < 0.05) for both groups in TUG (HST: 7%; TRT: 10%), chair stand (HST: 18%; TRT: 21%), and medicine ball throwing performance (HST: 9%; TRT: 9%), with no difference between groups ( P = 0.08-0.94). Emotional aspect significantly increased by 20% ( P = 0.04) in HST and 50% ( P = 0.04) in TRT., Conclusion: Both TRT and HST are able to promote improvements in functional performance in the elderly with greater in strength gains for TRT. Therefore, exercise professionals could choose based on individual characteristics and preferences., Clinical Relevance: The findings provide important insights into how health care professionals can prescribe HST and TRT, considering efficiency, safety, and individual aspects.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between fatigue and phase angle (PA) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis (HD)., Methods: A cross-sectional study with older patients than 18 years diagnosed with CKD undergoing HD. From 160 (58.36±15.05 years) patients, (n=96; 60%) are men. Body mass and height were assessed using a portable scale and stadiometer, followed by body mass index (BMI) calculus. The bioimpedance electrical analysis was performed using the Bodystat QuadScan 4000. The sample size was dichotomized in two groups, using the median of our sample, either normal when PA ≥5.4º, or low when the PA <5.4º. The Chalder fatigue questionnaire was used the assess the fatigue. The multiple regression was applied to assess the association between fatigue questionnaire and PA., Results: Were considered normal PA≥5.4º (n=78, 48.8%) and low PA<5.4º (n=82, 51.2%). The patients of the PA<5.4º group are older compared to the PA≥5.4º group (63.1±15.1 vs. 53.3±13.4 years, p<0.001). There was no association between PA and fatigue score in the crude model (OR: 1.02, 95%CI: 0.96-1.08, p=0.47) and after confounding variables (OR: 1.03, CI: 0.95-1.12, p=0.43)., Conclusions: In HD patients, we found that patients with lower PA values are older. In addition, we did not find association between fatigue and PA., Competing Interests: None declared.

Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural compound that shows anti-inflammatory actions. However, no human studies have investigated the cytokine profile during the RT and UA consumption. The purpose of this study was to verify if UA is able to potentiate the anti-inflammatory activity after RT, reflecting in the reduction of blood inflammatory markers in healthy men. Twenty-seven participants were allocated to two groups: control (CON) (n = 13) and UA (n = 14). For 8weeks, each group performed RT and consumed capsules containing a placebo (400 mg/day) or UA (400 mg/day). Serum cytokine concentrations were evaluated before and after the training period. There was no difference in the serum cytokine concentrations of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-6 (p > 0.05). In conclusion, UA supplementation for 8weeks was not able to change the blood TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6 concentrations in healthy men undergoing RT. However, further studies are warranted to investigate other inflammatory markers., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) elicits muscle contraction and has been shown to improvement of quality of life. However, if NMES improvement the quality of life and attenuate the inflammation is not fully understood. Therefore, our aim sought to assess the effects of short-term of intradialytic NMES on inflammation and quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. A randomized clinical trial conducted with parallel design enrolled adult hemodialysis patients three times a week during 1 month. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups (control group, n = 11; 4F/7 M) or (NMES group, n = 10; 4F/6 M). Pre-and post-intervention, was measured the high-sensitivity C reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and TNFα by the ELISA, and quality of life was applied using the SF-36. During each hemodialysis session, NMES was applied bilaterally at thigh and calves for 40 min. There was not change in cytokines (hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα) concentrations time × group interaction. In addition, no difference was found in eight domains of quality of life. In addition, the groups did not differ for muscle strength and muscle mass. In conclusion, we found that intradialytic NMES did not change inflammation neither quality of life., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: Ursolic acid (UA) is thought to have an anabolic effect on muscle mass in humans. This study sought to compare the effects of UA and a placebo on muscle strength and mass in young men undergoing resistance training (RT) and consuming a high-protein diet., Methods: A clinical, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted for 8 weeks. The Control + RT group (CON n = 12) received 400 mg/d of placebo, and the UA + RT group (UA n = 10) received 400 mg/d of UA. Both groups ingested ~1.6 g/kg of protein and performed the same RT program. Pre- and post-intervention, both groups were evaluated for anthropometric measures, body composition, food intake and muscle strength., Results: Food intake remained unchanged throughout the study. Both groups showed significant increases in body weight (CON Δ: 2.12 ± 0.47 kg, p = 0.001 vs. UA Δ: 2.24 ± 0.67 kg, p = 0.009), body mass index (BMI) (CON Δ: 0.69 ± 0.15 kg/m 2 , p = 0.001 vs. UA Δ: 0.75 ± 0.23, p = 0.011) and thigh circumference (CON Δ: 1.50 ± 0.36, p = 0.002 vs. UA Δ: 2.46 ± 0.50 cm, p = 0.003 vs. UA 1.84 ± 0.82 cm, p = 0.001), with differences between them. There was no difference in the arm, waist and hip circumferences. Both groups showed increases in muscle mass (CON Δ: 1.12 ± 0.26, p = 0.001 vs. UA Δ: 1.08 ± 0.28 kg, p = 0.004), but there was no significant difference between them. Additionally, there were significant increases in the one repetition maximum test in the bench press and in the 10-repetition maximum test in the knee extension (CON Δ: 5.00 ± 2.09, p = 0.036 vs. UA Δ: 7.8 ± 1.87, p = 0.340 and CON Δ: 3.58 ± 1.15, p = 0.010 vs. UA Δ: 1.20 ± 0.72, p = 0.133), respectively, with no difference between them., Conclusions: Ursolic acid had no synergic effect on muscle strength and mass in response to RT in physically active men consuming a high-protein diet., Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (rebec): RBR-76tbqs., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: In patients with chronic kidney disease, sarcopenia is associated with dialysis treatment, accelerated protein catabolism, and high energy demand. Thus, this study aimed to assess the association between 25-OH vitamin D concentrations and muscle function in patients undergoing hemodialysis., Design: A cross-sectional study., Setting: Performed in a hemodialysis clinic., Participants: 79 adult and elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis., Measurements: The sample was divided according to the SARC-F definition, being 55 patients allocated in the SARC-F <4 group and 24 in the SARC-F ≥4 group. Normal 25-OH vitamin D concentrations was considered when ≥30 ng/dL., Results: Vitamin D concentrations and number of patients with low or normal muscle function did not differ between the groups. There was no correlation between SARC-F and 25-OH vitamin D levels (r: -0.09, p=0.42)., Conclusions: 25-OH vitamin D has no association with muscle function loss in adults and elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis., Competing Interests: None.

Objective: This study aimed to screen for a one year Brazilian elderly women who were physically active before of COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdown and to assess the consequences of physical inactivity on body weight and muscle function loss., Measurements: A cohort study of one-year was conducted with twenty-nine physically active elderly (65.5±5.6y) women. Pre-assessment was took in December 2019 and post (a year later) was performed in January 2021, during the lockdown induced by COVID-19 pandemic. Body mass (kg) was obtained using the digital scale. Handgrip strength (HGS) of the non-dominant hand was determined using an electronic dynamometer. Muscle function loss was assessed using the SARC-F questionnaire., Results: After one year, body weight (p=0.002) and BMI (p=0.001) increased significantly, with an average percentage of change in body mass of +3.0±5.2%. Consequently, there was a change in classification of BMI pre- and post-one year (malnutrition: 17.2% to 17.2%, normal weight: 41.4% to 37.9%, and overweight: 41.4% to 44.9%). Additionally, was found increased muscle function loss (SARC-F≥4) of 13.8% to 27.6% of elderly women., Conclusion: In Brazilian physically active elderly women, we found that the physical inactivity imposed by during the lockdown increased the body mass and muscle function loss., Competing Interests: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Purpose: To compare the effects of 8 weeks of two types of interval training, Sprint Interval Training (SIT) and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), on anthropometric measures and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy young women. Methods: A randomized clinical trial in which 49 young active women [age, 30.4 ± 6.1 years; body mass index, 24.8 ± 3.1 kg.m -2 ; peak oxygen consumption (VO 2 peak), 34.9±7.5 mL.kg -1 .min -1 ] were randomly allocated into a SIT or HIIT group. The SIT group performed four bouts of 30 s all-out cycling efforts interspersed with 4 min of recovery (passive or light cycling with no load). The HIIT group performed four bouts of 4-min efforts at 90-95% of peak heart rate (HRpeak) interspersed with 3 min of active recovery at 50-60% of HRpeak. At baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention, waist circumference, skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, and thigh), body mass and BMI were measured by standard procedures and cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by cardiorespiratory graded exertion test on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer. Results: The HIIT and SIT groups improved, respectively, 14.5 ± 22.9% ( P < 0.001) and 16.9 ± 23.4% ( P < 0.001) in VO 2 peak after intervention, with no significant difference between groups. Sum of skinfolds reduced 15.8 ± 7.9 and 22.2 ± 6.4 from baseline ( P < 0.001) for HIIT and SIT groups, respectively, with greater reduction for SIT compared to HIIT ( P < 0.05). There were statistically significant decreases in waist circumference ( P < 0.001) for the HIIT (-3.1 ± 1.1%) and SIT (-3.3 ± 1.8%) groups, with no significant difference between groups. Only SIT showed significant reductions in body weight and BMI ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: Eight weeks of HIIT and SIT resulted in improvements in anthropometric measures and cardiorespiratory fitness, even in the absence of changes in dietary intake. In addition, the SIT protocol induced greater reductions than the HIIT protocol in the sum of skinfolds. Both protocols appear to be time-efficient interventions, since the HIIT and SIT protocols took 33 and 23 min (16 and 2 min of effective training) per session, respectively.

Introduction: Studies evaluating caffeinated coffee (CAF) can reveal ergogenic effects; however, studies on the effects of caffeinated coffee on running are scarce and controversial., Aim: To investigate the effects of CAF consumption compared to decaffeinated coffee (DEC) consumption on time trial performances in an 800-m run in overnight-fasting runners., Methods: A randomly counterbalanced, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 12 healthy adult males with experience in amateur endurance running. Participants conducted two trials on two different occasions, one day with either CAF or DEC, with a one-week washout. After arriving at the data collection site, participants consumed the soluble CAF (5.5 mg/kg of caffeine) or DEC and after 60 min the run was started. Before and after the 800-m race, blood pressure and lactate and glucose concentrations were measured. At the end of the run, the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale was applied., Results: The runners were light consumers of habitual caffeine, with an average ingestion of 91.3 mg (range 6⁻420 mg/day). Time trial performances did not change between trials (DEF: 2.38 + 0.10 vs. CAF: 2.39 + 0.09 min, p = 0.336), nor did the RPE (DEC: 16.5 + 2.68 vs. CAF: 17.0 + 2.66, p = 0.326). No difference between the trials was observed for glucose and lactate concentrations, or for systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels., Conclusion: CAF consumption failed to enhance the time trial performance of an 800-m run in overnight-fasting runners, when compared with DEC ingestion. In addition, no change was found in RPE, blood pressure levels, or blood glucose and lactate concentrations between the two trials.