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Control of billygoat (Ageratum conyzoides L) currently uses herbicides, on the other hand, control using pathogenic fungi is environmentally friendly, but for mass propagation and storage, alternative media are needed. The aim of the study was to determine the best type of alternative media for fungal growth and shelf life, as well as its effectiveness against billygoat. The treatment tested involves a combination of two factors: the type of pathogenic fungi (Curvularia lunata or Fusarium oxysporum) and the type of medium (rice washing water or tofu liquid waste). A completely randomized design was used for the in vitro test, while in planta test used a randomized block design with each experimental unit repeated five times. The observed variables were conidia density, number of colonies, incubation period, disease symptoms, disease intensity, and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), as well as weed height, number of leaves, fresh and dry shoot, and root weights. The results showed that the conidia density of F. oxysporum was 57% better in rice washing water than in tofu wastewater. The best shelf life for the fungus was four weeks. The use of rice washing water for F. oxysporum and C. lunata effectively delayed the incubation period by 77 and 71% respectively, suppressed disease intensity by 90 and 88%, and AUDPC by 94 and 93% compared to the control. The F. oxysporum grown on rice washing water media was able to reduce the number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of billygoat by 25, 30, and 20% compared to the control, respectively.

The occurrence of papaya anthracnose is a significant post-harvest ailment, necessitating the effective disease management. The aim was to determine the ability of secondary metabolites combination of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma harzianum isolates against the disease. A completely randomized design was used for in vitro experiments and a randomized block design for in vivo experiments. The treatments consisted of P. fluorescens P60 and T. harzianum T10, P. fluorescens P60 and T. harzianum T213, P. fluorescens P32 and T. harzianum T10, P. fluorescens P32 and T. harzianum T213 secondary metabolites and fungicides (a.i. maneb). The observed variables included the pathosystem component and papaya character and organoleptic test. The in vitro test results showed that P. fluorescens P60 and T. harzianum T10 and P. fluorescens P60 and T. harzianum T213 secondary metabolites inhibited the pathogen growth by 48.1075 and 43.4625%, respectively. The secondary metabolites of P. fluorescens P60 and T. harzianum T10 in vivo test results could delay the germination time by 12.63% and reduce the invasion area by 44.29%. All secondary metabolites had no effect on sugar content, hardness and sensory test. The combined secondary metabolites of P. fluorescens and T. harzianum are safe and does not affect papaya fruit quality.

Cocoa pod anthracnose is an important disease of cocoa and can reduce yields. Many attempts have been made to control anthracnose rot disease on cocoa pods but have not been successful yet. This study aimed to examine the potency of secondary metabolite crude extracts produced by Trichoderma asperellum and Pseudomonas fluorescens solely or in combination in controlling anthracnose rot disease of cocoa pods in the field at Silo Bonto Village, Asahan Regency, North Sumatera Province. The secondary metabolite crude extracts was prepared by the form of conidia or T. asperellum and P. fluorescens cells. A randomized block design was used to assessed four treatments i.e. T. asperellum + P. fluorescens, T. asperellum, P. fluorescens secondary metabolite crude extracts and control, which was repeated six times. The observation parameters were the percentage of healthy and diseased pods (anthracnose fruit rot). The results showed that the secondary metabolite crude extracts of T. asperellum, P. fluorescens, and T. asperellum + P. fluorescens reduced the number of diseased fruits by 94.71, 89.09, and 92.09% compared to the control respectively. The increasing of healthy fruits number in the application of secondary metabolite crude extracts of T. asperellum, P. fluorescens, and T. asperellum + P. fluorescens was 52.68, 54.20, and 54.18%, respectively.

Endophytic fungi are a unique class of microorganisms that lives in plant tissues. These fungi could spread from roots to shoots and interact with nearly all plants in a symbiotic, mutualistic, or commensal manner. Endophytic fungi are believed to exert several roles related to plant growth, including the ability to tolerate stress, especially in Hiyung chilli plants. This plant is widely cultivated in Indonesia and is a well-known host for endophytic fungi. The Hiyung chilli is a popular variety grown in the South Kalimantan Province, which receives national recognition and is geographically certified by the Indonesian government. This wetland-cultivated chilli plant has a uniquely high capsaicin content and long fruit shelf life compared to other varieties. Although endophytic fungal isolates are prevalently found on chilli plants, their potential to influence the growth of their host remains to be proven beyond a doubt. This review emphasizes the sparse reports on the potential of these antagonistic fungi in protecting chilli plants against other pathogens by producing auxin/Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) and capsaicin. The study hypothesised that the antagonistic abilities of these endophytic fungi against other fungal pathogens are related to their IAA- and capsaicin production that synergistically increase the chili plants' threshold against biotic and abiotic stress.

Upaya meningkatkan produksi jagung di Indonesia seringkali mengalami beberapa kendala, di antaranya adanya infeksi Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, penyebab penyakit hawar pelepah daun. Pengendalian hayati menggunakan bakteri antagonis indigenous jagung diharapkan dapat mengendalikan penyakit hawar pelepah jagung. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan bakteri antagonis Pseudomonas spp. pendar fluor dan Bacillus spp. dalam mengendalikan penyakit hawar pelepah dan memacu pertumbuhan tanaman pada tanaman jagung. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok Lengkap dengan 8 perlakuan meliputi Pseudomonas spp. pendar fluor BB.R1, Pseudomonas spp. pendar fluor PPD.B5, Bacillus spp. BB.R3, Bacillus spp. BK.R5, Bacillus spp. BB.B4, Bacillus spp. BK.A1, serta fungisida (fluopikolid 6% + propineb 67%) dan kontrol. Variabel yang diamati meliputi masa inkubasi, intensitas penyakit, AUDPC, jumlah daun, tinggi tanaman, bobot tanaman segar dan kering, bobot akar segar dan kering, serta panjang akar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bakteri antagonis asal rizosfer dan endofit mampu menekan penyakit hawar pelepah jagung, dengan menurunkan intensitas penyakit sebesar 42,87-85,69% dan AUDPC 53,19-87,23%. Pseudomonas spp. pendar fluor BB.R1, Bacillus spp. BB.R3 serta Bacillus spp. BB.B4 mampu meningkatkan beberapa komponen pertumbuhan tanaman jagung antara 9,5-40,49%. Bakteri Pseudomonas spp. pendar fluor BB.R1, Bacillus spp. BB.R3 serta Bacillus spp. BB.B4 memiliki potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai pengendali penyakit hawar pelepah jagung serta mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman jagung. ABSTRACT The efforts to increase maize production in Indonesia experienced several constraints, including the infection of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, the cause of sheath blight disease. Biological control, with antagonistic bacteria from indigenous maize, can be used to control maize sheath blight disease. This study was aimed to determine the ability of fluorescent Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. to control sheath blight and promote plant growth in maize. The study used a randomized complete block design with eight treatments, including the fluorescent Pseudomonas BB.R1, fluorescent Pseudomonas PPD.B5, Bacillus spp. BB.R3, Bacillus spp. BK. R5, Bacillus spp. BB.B4, Bacillus spp. BK.A1, fungicides (fluopicolide 6% + propineb 67%) and controls. Variables observed including incubation period, disease intensity, AUDPC, number of leaves, plant height, fresh and dry plant weight, fresh and dry root weight, and root length. The results showed that antagonist bacteria could suppress maize sheath blight by reducing disease intensity from 42.87 to 85.69% and AUDPC from 53.19 to 87.23%. Fluorescent Pseudomonas BB.R1, Bacillus spp. BB.R3, and Bacillus spp. BB.B4 increased several components of maize growth from 9.50 to 40.49 %. The fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. BB.R1, Bacillus spp. BB.R3 and Bacillus spp. BB.B4 potentially utilized to control sheath blight disease and promote plant growth in maize.

Pineapple can be affected by fruit collapse, a disease caused by the bacterium Dickeya zeae. However, adequate fertilization can increase the fruit’s resistance to this illness. Therefore, the impact of preharvest foliar calcium and silicon fertilization on pineapple quality and fruit collapse incidence was assessed in this study. The experiment implemented a split-plot design with two factors. The first factor has two terms of inoculation (flower induction and before harvest). The second factor uses a control with three foliar fertilization treatments, A (control: No foliar fertilizers applied), B (Ca from 13 to 11 weeks before harvest/from 6 weeks to harvest), C (Si from 13 to 11 weeks before harvest/from 6 weeks to harvest), and D (Ca + Si from 13 to 11 weeks before harvest/from 6 weeks to harvest). Treatment D gave the best response. It had the lowest fruit collapse incidence (21.70%), highest ascorbic acid (71.64 mg/kg), elevated β-carotene (4.87 mg/kg) and mineral content (Ca: 1851.10 mg/kg, Si: 1164.87 mg/kg), essentially under the before harvest term of inoculation, which was more harmful for the fruit. In conclusion, mixed foliar calcium and silicon fertilization manage to improve the tolerance to fruit collapse incidence, impacting the pineapple quality positively

The goals of this study were to explore and identify entomopathogenic fungi, as well as determine the most effective application techniques to control S. frugiperda from exploration of infected Spodoptera frugiperda larvae in Purbalingga Regency. The research was carried out at the Plant Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, from January to May 2022. Samples were collected by purposive random method. The study used a Complete Randomized Design, consisting of two factors, namely the type of entomopathogenic fungus and the application technique, with 9 combinations and 3 replications. Observed variables include mortality, feeding activity, growth, and reproduction of larvae. The results showed that (1) the results of exploration of entomopathogenic fungi were from the genus Metarhizium sp. and Penicillium sp. (2) single treatment of Metarhizium sp. is more effective than Penicillium sp. in killing S. frugiperda larvae. Fungi Metarhizium sp. and Penicillium sp. decreased feeding activity, length of three-instar larval period, and number of eggs, respectively 24.99 and 15.99%, 4.71 and 2.46%, 9.18 and 8.04% against controls. (3) single treatment of feed soaking method decreased mortality by 55.18% than other methods. Spraying the larval body decreased mortality by 44.84% compared to other methods. The method of application did not affect the feeding, growth and fecundity activity of larvae. (4) The combined treatment of Metarhizium sp., spraying the larval body, and soaking feed had a mortality percentage of 60%. Interaction treatment of the fungus Metarhizium sp. and the method of application lowered the feed power by 16%. The decrease in the period of three instar larvae to pupae and the largest number of eggs in the combination treatment of Metarhizium sp. and spraying of larval bodies was 6.34% and 11.20% respectively compared to controls. Keywords: bioassay, entomopathogenic fungi, Spodoptera frugiperda, Purbalingga

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp capsici, which causes chili-fusarium wilt disease, may be regulated by a secondary metabolite of Trichoderma harzainum. Effervescent tablets are used because liquid formulations have some drawbacks. The purpose of this study is to qualitatively determine T. harzianum’s best crude secondary metabolites, growth and yield, and phenolic compound content in chili crops in foamed tablet formulations against F. oxysporum in vitro. The in vitro study used 6 replicates, a completely randomized design, and 4 treatments consisted of controls and 4, 6, and 8 tablets. Under in vivo conditions, the experiment used a randomized block designs with 4 replicates, eight treatments consisting of controls, fungicides (benomyl), and four, six, or eight tablets per day before or after inoculation. The variables observed were antagonist testing, incubation time, disease intensity, disease incidence, AUDPC, germination rate, plant height, root fresh weight, and qualitative phenolic composition. The results of the study showed that the best dose of T. harzianum’s crude secondary metabolite in vitro was 4 tablets. Medications in in-plant studies delayed the incubation period by 64.11%, suppressed disease outbreaks by 58.34%, reduced disease intensity by 80.45%, increased plant height by 50.4%, and harvested phenols (saponins, tannins, hydroquinone). The content of the compound has been qualitatively increased.

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporoides is an important disease in cocoa. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of secondary metabolites derived from three isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens to control cocoa leaves anthracnose, and their influence on the growth of cocoa plants. The research was conducted at a smallholder cocoa plantation in Putat Village, Patuk District, Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta for four months. A randomized block design was used with four replicates and seven treatments consisted of control, application of secondary metabolites from P. fluorescens P60, P . fluorescens P20, P . fluorescens P8, combination P . fluorescens P60 + P20, P . fluorescens P60 + P8, and P. fluorescens P20 + P8. Variables observed were disease intensity, infection rate, number of healthy shoots and qualitative phenolic compound. Results of the research showed that the secondary metabolites of P. fluorescens P60, P20 and P8 alone or in combination suppressed the disease intensity by 42.01-54.50%. The infection rate caused by metabolite secondary of P. fluorescens P60, P20, P8, P . fluorescens P60+P20, P . fluorescens P60+P8, and P . fluorescens P20+P8 was 0.23; 0.25; 0.26; 0.26; 0.31; and 0.24 units/day, respectively. The secondary metabolites of P . fluorescens P60 increased the number of healthy shoots by 67.44 %. The secondary metabolites of P. fluorescens P60 increased phenolic compounds (tannin, saponin, and glycosides) in cocoa leaves.

Aeroponic potato seed production in the highlands during foggy weather is an obstacle in increasing the number of tubers. Research that has been done previously is the addition of artificial light to support the growth and yield of potato seeds in the highlands. Nevertheless, from these results, there were still some plants that did not have optimal growth. It was suspected that the lamp height affects the growth and yield of aeroponic potato plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lamp distance on artificial lighting on the growth and yield of aeroponic potatoes. The factors that were tried were the height of the lamp from the aeroponic box 110 cm, 120 cm, and 130 cm. The lamps used: 18 Watt red blue LED (RB) and 10 Watt white fluorescent lamp. The design used was a completely randomized design. Growth observation data and results were analyzed by F test followed by Duncan's Multiple Distance Test (DMRT) 5%. The results showed that the combination of RB LED lamps with a height of 110 cm produced the highest number of bulbs of 31,7 per plant. The weight of aeroponic potato tubers in the highlands with the highest yield was obtained from a combination of 110 cm (29,3 g) RB LED lights.

Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam produksi tanaman pepaya tersebut ialah penyakit noda hitam kelabu yang menyebabkan penampilan buah kurang menarik dan akhirnya menurunkan harga jual. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi, dan menguji tingkat patogenisitas penyebab penyakit noda hitam pada pepaya varietas California. Identifikasi dilakukan berdasarkan karakter morfologi, sedangkan pengujian in vivo menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan ulangan sebanyak lima kali. Perlakuan yang dicoba ialah letak buah vertikal (pertama, kedua, ketiga, keempat, dan kelima), semua buah diinokulasi cendawan patogen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gejala bercak kecil berwarna kekuningan hingga cokelat tua adalah penyakit noda hitam, yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Corynespora cassiicola. Cendawan C. cassiicola mempunyai koloni berwarna cokelat kehitaman, permukaan koloni halus dengan tepian yang rata, dan melengkung seperti beludru. Cendawan C. cassiicola memiliki konidiofor tegak, sedikit bengkok, bersepta, tunggal dan ada yang bercabang, berwarna cokelat, sedangkan konidium tunggal, sedikit bengkok, dan bersepta 2–12. Patogenisitas cendawan ini tergolong sedang. Masa inkubasi tercepat terjadi pada buah dengan letak vertikal keempat, luas serangan tertinggi pada buah dengan letak vertikal pertama, dan keparahan penyakit tertinggi ialah pada buah dengan letak vertikal pertama.

This research aims to determine the best pH media for the production of Pseudomonas fluorescens P20 raw secondary metabolites, its effect on controlling damping-off, and on cucumber seedling growth. In vitro test uses completely randomized design with four replicates and seven treatments consisted of pH 5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5; 7.0; 7.5; and 8.0. In planta test uses a randomized block design with three replicates and ten treatments consisting of control, mancozeb 80%, and raw secondary metabolites with pH 7.0 and 7.5, and 4 concentration levels, i.e., 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Variables observe population density, inhibition ability, protease and chitinase qualitatively, germination ability, incubation period, disease incidence, the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), crop height, number of leaves, root length, and crop fresh weight. The result shows that the best pH for the production of raw secondary metabolites is 7.0, indicated by population density as 5.68 × 1024 cfu/ml, inhibition ability as 50.8%, and the best protease and chitinase qualitatively. Application of the secondary metabolites on pH 7.0 could suppress disease intensity, incubation period, and AUDPC as 66.67, 77%, and 0%-day, respectively, and increase crop height, the number of leaves, root length, and crop fresh weight as 57.65, 37.19, 63, and 74%, respectively.

Abstract Background In Indonesia, the postharvest fruit loss is 25%, so the economic loss from the export of various fruits is estimated at US$ 58,966,861. One of the causes for the loss is postharvest pathogens. Postharvest fruit rot is caused mainly by fungi, some of which produce mycotoxins harmful to human health. Therefore, in meeting the global food safety requirements, Indonesia should develop a biological control strategy for postharvest fruit diseases. This paper is a review based on observations, a literature review of postharvest biological control of citrus and other subtropical fruits, and an overview of strategies and prospects for their application in Indonesia. Main body The pathogens that cause diseases on citrus fruits, apples, grapes, and strawberries in Indonesia produce mycotoxins, namely Fusarium sp., Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Alternaria sp. The potential biological agents are from the yeast group, such as the Candida genera, the bacterial group, such as the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera, and the fungal group, such as the Muscodor and Trichoderma genera. Conclusion Through mutually additive and synergistic multiple reduction methods in cooperation with the vanguards, postharvest disease control emphasizes disease prevention using several methods. Each method reduces the percentage of damage by a certain amount to produce highly effective controls.

Pembuatan formula metabolit sekunder cendawan antagonis dalam tablet larut-air (TLA) merupakan hal baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan meramu metabolit sekunder Trichoderma harzianum T10 sebagai TLA untuk menekan pertumbuhan Pythium sp. secara in vitro dan pengendalian penyakit rebah semai mentimun di lapangan terbatas. Penelitian menggunakan kontrol dan 1–3 tablet per 15 mL, serta metabolit sekunder Trichoderma harzianum T10 per 15 mL dengan frekuensi penyiraman dari satu sampai empat kali. Variabel yang diamati ialah penghambatan pertumbuhan, masa inkubasi, insidensi penyakit, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, bobot segar dan kering tanaman, serta senyawa fenol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metabolit sekunder T. harzianum T10 dalam formula TLA dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Pythium sp. secara in vitro. Aplikasi metabolit sekunder T. harzianum T10 dalam formula TLA satu kali mampu mengendalikan penyakit rebah semai dengan menunda masa inkubasi sebesar 76.9%, mengurangi insidensi penyakit sebesar 85%, dan menurunkan AUDPC sebesar 85.35%-hari; meningkatkan pertumbuhan dari tinggi tanaman hingga 54.53%, jumlah daun sebesar 51.04%, bobot kering tanaman sebesar 49.46%, serta meningkatkan senyawa metabolit sekunder tanaman (saponin, tanin, dan hidrokuinon).

In this study the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma harzianum based biopesticides on fruit collapse disease incidence and pineapple quality was investigated. The experiment was implemented in a split-plot design with two factors, one involving two inoculation methods (spray and inject), and a second factor involving four treatments, A (control: no biopesticides used), B (Bio P32 from 13 weeks before harvest), C (Bio T10 from 13 weeks before harvest) and D (Bio P32 + Bio T10 from 13 weeks before harvest). The inoculated pathogen was Dickeya zeae. The incidence of fruit collapse, total soluble solids, total acidity, sucrose, ascorbic acid, mineral content, and electrolyte leakage were determined. The inject method caused more fruit collapse incidence than the spray method. Treatments C and D provided the best results having a low incidence of fruit collapse (spray: 5 and 1.7 %, inject: 20 % in both cases), high antioxidant capacity (regarding ascorbic acid), high mineral nutrient content (in terms of Ca and Mg), and low electrolyte leakage content (< 70 % in average), with a healthier cell wall characteristic. Meanwhile, treatments A and B were less efficient in these aspects and promoted the incidence of fruit collapse, especially when the inject method was used, as this was more harmful regarding the fruit physiology. In conclusion, the biopesticides employed can reduce the incidence of fruit collapse and positively affect the fruit quality.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi is a soil-borne plant pathogen causing rhizome rot on ginger. This pathogen can survive in the soil for several years without a host plant. This study aimed to examine the viability and virulence of 21 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi after being preserved for 17 years in sterile soil. Fungal viability was determined by descriptive method, while the experiment using randomized block design was conducted to examine the virulence of fungal isolates. The treatments consisted of control, 21 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi from Boyolali and Temanggung, each treatment was replicated three times. The variables consisted of colony colors and diameters, macroconidia and microconidia shapes, growth time, dry weight of mycelia, conidia density, incubation period, affected area, rhizome wet weight difference, and waste index. The results showed that all fungal isolates which were stored in sterile soil for 17 years still had the ability to grow well on PDA medium and fill up petri dishes in 11–36 days. Moreover, all the isolates caused infection and disease symptoms development in ginger rhizome var. Gajah. Less virulence isolate was characterized by a long incubation period (6–12 days after inoculation) and smaller affected area of the rhizome.

Abstract Background Brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) a very damaging pest to rice crops. One of the efforts to control it is the use of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). Three fungal local isolates found in Indonesia were effective in controlling the brown plant hopper pest. This study aimed to molecularly identify the 3 fungal isolates. Molecular identification is very important to get the exact identity of these fungi. The accuracy of EPF identification will greatly determine the success of control. Molecular identification is based on a partial genetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) locus of ribosomal fungal DNA. Result Morphology of the local isolates named J22 and J60 were identified as Paecilomyces sp., while the isolate J34 was identified as Beauveria sp. The results of molecular identification of the isolates J22 and J60 were identified as the fungi Lecanicillium saksenae and Simplicillium sp., while isolate J34 was identified as Myrothecium sp. The results of literature search showed that the 3 fungi have never been previously reported to infect the brown plant hopper. Conclusion In Indonesia, 3 types of EPF, namely L. saksenae, Simplicillium sp., and Myrothecium sp., were found having the potential to control the brown plant hopper pest.

Abstract Background Endophytic bacteria are an association between bacteria and plant tissue that could play a role as a biocontrol agent. Main body Endophytic bacteria were isolated from several high root plants in Aceh, Indonesia. This study aimed to detect the chemical compounds of the potential endophytic bacteria as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). There were 198 endophytic bacterial isolates detected in roots of 9 higher plant. The hypersensitive reaction showed that 193 isolated endophytic bacteria were non-pathogenic. There were 13 isolated endophytic bacteria that worked to inhibit FOL between 50.0 and 89.2%; such endophytic bacteria were isolated from Solanum lycopersicum L., Psidium guajava L., Dendrocalamus asper (Schult with f.) Backer ex Heyne, Pinus merkusii L., Theobroma cacao L., and Albizia chinensis L. Molecular identification using 16S rRNA gene sequence confirmed that the endophytic bacteria were derived from species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. mosselii, Arthrobacter sp., Bacillus cereus, B. thuringiensis, and Serratia marcescens. P. aeruginosa that showed the highest inhibition was analyzed using GC-MS analysis. The analysis identified that antibiotics as Pyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)- was produced by P. aeruginosa succeeded in suppressing FOL. Conclusion The study recommends the species P. aeruginosa, as effective endophytic bacteria for the control of FOL pathogen.

SOCIALIZATION AND TRAINING ON THE UTILIZATION OF MIXED ANTAGONISTIC MICROBIAL BIOPESTICIDES TO CONTROL SHALLOTS IN THE RAINY SEASON. The constraints on shallot cultivation in the rainy season are the more severe attacks of Fusarium oxysporum (Fusarium wilt) and Alternaria porii (purple disease). Solid formula of Trichoderma sp., Bacillus sp. B8, and Bacillus sp. B11 have been proven to increase their effectiveness and also cultivation technique and environmental modification. However, the benefit of the technology did not informed members of Farmers Group in Tambaksogra Village, Sumbang Regency, Banyumas District yet. The objectives of the activity are to increase farmers’ knowledge and skills on shallot cultivation technique out of the season, to multiply and to apply the antagonistic microbes solid mixed formula, to increase the crop production quantity and quality, and to increase farmers’ income. The method used was transfer of the technology through education, training, and demplot. The activities carried out were socialization of the potency and application of shallot cultivation technique out the season, multiplication and application of the antagonistic microbial solid mixed formula with the use of available media at the location, demonstration plot of the shallot cultivation technology with the application of the solid mixed formulation compared to single antagonistic, and farmers’ accompaniment in implementing the technology package. Result showed that there was an increase in farmers’ knowledge on the potency and application of solid formula biopesticides by 69.61%, as well as an increase skill in making solid formula biopesticide and its application by 64.33%.

Rebah semai merupakan penyakit penting bibit mentimun, dan formula cair Pseudomonas fluorescens P20 dengan tepung ikan perlu dicoba untuk mengatasi hal tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan mencari konsentrasi tepat tepung ikan untuk P. fluorescens P20, pengaruhnya dalam menekan rebah semai, dan terhadap pertumbuhan mentimun. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Screen House Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto selama empat bulan. Rancangan Acak Lengkap digunakan pada in vitro dengan 5 ulangan dan 5 perlakuan terdiri atas kontrol (King’s B cair), serta tepung ikan 10, 20, 30, dan 40 g L-1. Uji in planta menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 5 ulangan dan 6 perlakuan terdiri atas kontrol, King’s B cair, serta tepung ikan 10, 20, 30, dan 40 g L-1. Variabel yang diamati adalah populasi bakteri, masa inkubasi, kejadian penyakit, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), tinggi tanaman, panjang akar, bobot tanaman segar, dan bobot akar segar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa P. fluorescens P20 dalam tepung ikan 10 g L-1 memiliki populasi tertinggi yaitu 3,99 x 1021 upk mL-1 atau meningkat sebesar 47,23%. Saat diaplikasikan, formula bakteri ini paling efektif menunda masa inkubasi dan menekan kejadian penyakit hingga 100% dan nilai AUDPC terendah yaitu 0%-hari. Perlakuan mampu meningkatkan panjang akar 5,30-31,19% dan bobot akar segar 10,81-65,85%. Damping-off is an important cucumber seedlings disease, and liquid formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens P20 is developed to overcome this problem. This research aimed to gain the right concentration of fish flour for P. fluorescens P20, its effect on suppressing damping-off and on cucumber growth. The research was conducted at the Screen House, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto for four months. Randomized completely design was used for in vitro test with 5 treatments consisted of control, fish flour of 10, 20, 30, and 40 g L-1repeated 5 times. Randomized block design was used for in planta test with 6 treatments consisted of control, King’s B Broth, flour liquid of 10, 20, 30, and 40 g L-1repeated 5 times. Variables observed were bacterial population, incubation period, disease incidence, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), plants height, roots length plants fresh weight, and roots fresh weight. Result showed that P. fluorescensP20 in fish flour of 10 g L-1 had the highest population as 3.99 x 1021 cfu ml-1 or increase as 47.23%. Application of this formula could delay incubation period and suppress disease incidence as 100% and decrease AUDPC as 0%-days. The formula could increase roots length and roots fresh weight as 5,30-31,19 and 10,81-65,85%.

Weeds are a major problem in crop cultivation, either in food crops, horticulture, plantations or forests and cause a decrease in the quality and quantity of production. Weed biocontrol, especially by using plant pathogenic fungi, has received attention but is still lacking in application. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of Fusarium sp. and Chaetomium sp. as biological control agents against five broad-leaf weeds (Asystasia gangetica L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Synendrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn., Wedelia trilobata (L.) U.S. Hitchc. and Amaranthus spinosus L.). The variables observed were the incubation period, disease incidence, disease intensity, as well as weed fresh and dry weight. The results of this study showed that the two pathogenic fungi, Fusarium sp. and Chaetomium sp., can cause a more intensive disease in A. conizoides than A. spinosus. A. gangetica, S. nodiflora and W. trilobata; however, the fungi have not been able to inhibit the growth and kill the weeds. Therefore, improvement need to be done by modifying the media to increase the ability of fungi to control weeds.

Application of raw secondary metabolites from four entomopathogenic fungi against chilli disease caused by viruses. The purpose of this research was to investigate several kinds of raw secondary metabolits to decrease viral disease in chilli and inspect their side effect to plant growth. This research was conducted at experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University from November 2018 to March 2019. The chilli seeds used for indicator plant were obtained from virus-symptomatic chilli. The raw secondary metabolites was collected from four microbial isolates used in this study, i.e. Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana (Papua isolate), Lecanicillium lecanii and B. bassiana Bio B10 (Jember isolate). The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design with five replications. Observation was performed on incubation period, disease intensity, AUDPC, germination percentage, plant height, number of leaves, and number of shoots. The result showed that raw secondary metabolites obtained from M. anisopliae gave the best capability to suppress disease development. Application of M. anisopliae raw secondary metabolites reduced incubation period, viral disease intensity as well as AUDPC in 34.22; 77.98 and 79.49%, respectively. The raw secondary metabolites of L. lecanii could increase percentage of germination, plant height, number of leaves, and number of shoots as 100; 38.96; 38.96 and 52.38%, respectively, compared to control.

Anthracnose on red chili pepper is one of the highly damaging diseases that difficult to control by pesticides. This study aimed to determine the effect of raw secondary metabolites isolated from two isolates of Trichoderma harzianum towards anthracnose as well as the growth and yield of red chili pepper plants in the field. The research used a randomized block design with five treatments and seven replicates. The treatments tested were control, raw secondary metabolites of T. harzianum T10 and T213, and their combination. The observed variables were incubation period, disease intensity, the late population density of T. harzianum, plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of the plant and root, flowering time, number of fruits per plant, fresh weight of fruit, and phenolic compound content analysis. The result showed that the raw secondary metabolites from the combination of the two T. harzianum isolates were the best treatments that could lengthen the incubation period and decrease the disease intensity as 30.2 and 87.05%, respectively. However, these applications could not increase the growth components; while for the yield components, the application could improve the number of fruits per plant and fresh weight of fruit as 15.33 and 34.53%, respectively.

Fusarium oxysporum merupakan penyebab penyakit layu fusarium yang dapat menurunkan produksi tomat. Pengendalian hayati dengan menggunakan bakteri antagonis seperti Bacillus sp. merupakan alternatif pengendalian yang potensial dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan Bacillus sp. dalam mengendalikan penyakit layu fusarium pada tanaman tomat di lapangan. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan, meliputi: kontrol, Bacillus sp. B42, Bacillus sp. B64, gabungan Bacillus sp. B42 dan B64, serta fungisida. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa Bacillus sp. B.64 merupakan bakteri antagonis terbaik dalam menekan intensitas penyakit layu fusarium, karena dapat menunda masa inkubasi 15,76%, menekan intensitas penyakit 38,77%, meningkatkan kandungan fenol tanaman (tanin, saponin dan glikosida), serta meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman dengan meningkatkan bobot kering tajuk 32,05%, bobot kering akar 15,23%, dan bobot buah per tanaman 46,48%. ABSTRACT Fusarium oxysporum is the causal agent of fusarium wilt disease which decreases the production of tomatoes. Biological control managenement using bacterial antagonists is a potential alternative to prevent the infection of the disease. The aim of this research was to determine the ability of Bacillus sp. to control tomato fusarium wilt in the field. Randomized block design (RBD) experiment was used consisting of 5 treatments and 5 replications i.e. control, Bacillus sp. B42, Bacillus sp. B64, combination of Bacillus sp B42 + B64, and fungicide. The results showed that Bacillus sp. B64 was the best bacterial antagonist agent to control tomato wilt disease by delaying incubation period (15.76%), decreasing disease intensity (38.77%), increasing phenol compounds (tannin, saponin, glycosides) and improving plant growth and yield. Furthermore, the results showed the increasement of shoot dry weight to 32.05%, root dry weight to 15.23%, and yield to 46.48% as well.

Ralstonia solanacearum is the most devastating bacteria. Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 is a bacterial antagonist. This research aimed to study shelf life, antagonism and the effect of granular application of P. fluorescens P60 to control bacterial wilt and growth of tomato in planta. The research was conducted at the Plant Protection Laboratory and the screen house, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University, from October 2018 to March 2019. A randomized block design was used with six treatments and five replicates. The treatments were control, R. solanacearum + 1, 5, 10, and 15 g the granule, and bactericide (Agrimycine sulfate 20%). Variables observed were population density, clear zone, incubation period, disease incidence, disease intensity, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), crop height, root length, crops fresh weights, and phenolic compound content qualitatively. Result showed that the formulation up to 10 weeks still performed a high P. fluorescens P60 population and good activity. All the granular and the bactericide effectively suppressed the disease indicated by the lenghtening incubation period of 22.77-26.25%, reducing the disease incidence as 60-85%, decreasing disease intensity as 65-85%, and decreasing AUDPC as 75.69-86.11%-days, increasing phenolic compound content qualitatively, and increasing crop height between 24.85-36.17%, and fresh weight between 46.04-57.13%.

Nilaparvata lugens Stål. is an essential pest in rice plants. This pest attack can reduce crop yields and even crop failure. This research was conducted to obtain secondary metabolites that are effective in controlling brown planthopper (BPH). A randomized block design was used to test the effectiveness of secondary metabolites against BPH. The treatments tested were secondary metabolites produced by eight isolates of fungi consist of three concentrations: 5, 10, and 15%. Water and imidacloprid insecticide were used as control. The eight isolates were: J11 (Aspergillus sp.), J22 (Lecanicillium saksenae), J34 (Myrothecium sp.), J35 (Beauveria sp.), J41 (Fusarium sp.), J56 (Fusarium sp), J60 (Simplicillium sp.), and J65 (Curvularia sp.). Each treatment was repeated three times. The variables observed were mortality and time of death of BPH. Data were analyzed using the F test and followed by a DMRT if significant differences existed. The results showed that the secondary metabolites of the Lecanicillium saksenae, Myrothecium sp., and Simplicillium sp. fungi effectively controlled BPH pests by 80‒100% within 3.22‒5.47 days. The fungus L. saksenae, Myrothecium sp., and Simplicillium sp. contain insecticidal compounds, clogging the insect spiraculum, antifeedant, repellant, and antimicrobial.

Cacao pod rot caused by Phytophthora palmivora, is an important disease and contributes significant disease losses to global cocoa production. This research objective was to determine the effect of Trichoderma harzianum and T. virens suspensions to cacao pod rot disease on the field. This research was carried out in Pulo Hagu village, Pidie Regency, Aceh, Indonesia from March to July 2017. The single pattern randomized block design was adopted to evaluate three treatments, i.e. without suspension (control), suspensions of T. Harzianum, and T. virens for eight replications. Each replication consisted of three of experimental units. The result showed that both of Trichoderma species contained only Alkaloid metabolite based on Phytochemical test. On the field, the application of T. harzianum suspension reduced the percentage of fruit infection and disease intensity for 48.57 %, 46.04 % at 12 weeks after application (WAA) respectively. Based on the percentage reduction in the area of the spot between the metabolites T. harzianum suspension and control and T. virens and control are 47.24 % and 27.46 % at 87 WAA respectively. In addition, T. virens suppressed the percentage of infected fruit and the intensity of infected fruit for 40.61 % and 38.02 % at 12 WAA.

Planting potatoes in the tropical lowlands as an effort to reduce the adverse effects of planting in the highlands such as erosion, pests and plant diseases has been carried out and the tubers have been successfully obtained. Planting of potato seeds was carried out with an aeroponic system and climate modification in the root zone cooling environment. Climate modification is carried out at an altitude of 250 m asl and

This research aimed to study the compatibility of some Trichoderma spp. isolates on some synthetic chemical pesticides carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University from April up to July 2014. Trichoderma isolates were derived from rhizosphere exploration on ginger, banana, pineapple and shallot. The synthetic pesticides used were mancozeb and propineb (fungicides), oxytetracycline and streptomycin sulfate (agrimycin, bactericides), carbofuran (nematicide), and deltamethrin and prefenophos (insecticides: synthetic pyrethroids and chiral organophosphates, respectively). The compatibility test used food poisoning method in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Variables observed were discolouration, sporulation, colony diameter, conidia density, and fungal growth at pesticides treatment. The data were analyzed by F test at 5 % significant level and continued by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) when there was a significant difference. The result of the research showed that the most significant decreasing of Trichoderma spp. was found on mancozeb for shallot, ginger, and banana isolates, and propineb for pineapple isolate, respectively, 89.4, 97.7, 93.3, and 95.2 %. This result was in line with colour, sporulation, and inhibition level observation.

This research aimed to study the potential role of Ipomoea reptans and Trichoderma sp. on the absorption of cadmium from cadmium-contaminated soil and its effect on and growth rate and yield of spinach. The research was arranged in a completely randomized blok design with two factors. The first factor was the density of Ipomoea reptans consisting of 0, 2, and 4 plants/polybag. The second factor was the dosage of Trichoderma sp. consisting of 0, 50 and 100% dose of Trichoderma sp. Results of the research showed that Ipomoea reptans with 2 plants/polybag effectively reduced Cd to 66.31% and increased the growth of spinach by 20% on plant height, shoot dry weight of spinach by 35%. Application of 100% dose of Trichoderma sp. effectively reduced Cd by 63.81% and increased spinach plant growth by 18% on plant height and increased shoot dry weight of spinach by 23%). There were interactions of phytoremediator of 2 Ipomoea reptans plants/polybag with bioremediator of 50% Trichoderma sp. that effectively reduced Cd to 71.19% and improved 43% of plant height and leaf number, 31% of leaf area, and 63% of shoot dry weight of spinach plant compared with plants without application of Ipomoea reptans and Trichoderma sp.

Vascular streak dieback is an important disease on cocoa that recently is still difficult to control. This research aimed to study the raw secondary metabo- lites application effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum T10 and T213, or their combination to vascular streak dieback and its effect on growth and on phenolic compound of cocoa seedlings. Randomized block design was used with nine replicates. The treatments were control, secondary metabolites of T. harzianumT10 and T213, their combination and fungicide with active ingredient of phosphic acid. Variables observed were incubation period, disease intensity, plant height, number of leaves, wieght of fresh and dry plants, weight of fresh and dry roots, roots length, and phenolic compound. Result of the research showed that the raw secondary metabolites of T. harzianum T10 could suppress the disease inten- sity and delay the incubation period as 62.17 and 24.97%, respectively. The raw secondary metabolites of T. harzianum T213 and T10 combination could increase plant height 36.21%, number of leaves 19.07%, fresh weight of plant 20.6%, dry weight of plant 17.5%, fresh weight roots 27%, dry weight of root 34.36%, and roots length 21.30%. All raw secondary metabolites of T. harzianum were able to increase phenolic compounds (saponins, tannins, and glycosides) qualitatively of cocoa seedlings.

Increment of upland rice production in Indonesia faces many problems mainly from kresek caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and blast caused by Pyricularia grisea. The use of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) and liquid smoke provides an alternative method to control the pathogen. This research aimed at knowing the potency of the leaf fertilizer applied to the soil and the liquid smoke to control the disease in G136 line’s rice and on the crop growth. Randomized Block Design was used with six treatments and replicated four times. The treatments were control without liquid smoke, control with 2% liquid smoke, using 2 ml l-1 LOF Biosena without or with 2% liquid smoke, and using 4 ml l-1 LOF Biosena without or with 2% liquid smoke. The variables observed were incubation period, disease intensity, infection rate, crop height, number of shoots, weight of 1,000 grains and rice production per hectare. The result of the research showed that treatment using the leaf LOF applied to the soil of 4 ml l-1 or 2 ml l-1, and combining with 2% liquid smoke was not able to suppress the kresek and blast development in G136 line. All treatment influenced the number of shoots and the crop height plants, but didn’t influence the weight of 1,000 grains and the rice production per hectare. INTISARI Peningkatan produksi padi gogo di Indonesia menemui banyak kendala di antaranya adalah penyakit kresek yang disebabkan oleh Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae dan penyakit blas yang disebabkan Pyricularia grisea. Penggunaan pupuk organik cair (POC) dan asap cair merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam pengendalian patogen ini. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi POC daun yang diaplikasikan pada tanah dan asap cair dalam menekan serangan penyebab penyakit pada padi gogo galur G136 serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok terdiri atas enam perlakuan dan empat ulangan, yaitu kontrol tanpa asap cair, kontrol menggunakan asap cair 2%, 2 ml/l POC Biosena tanpa asap cair dan menggunakan asap cair 2%, 4 ml/l POC Biosena tanpa asap cair dan menggunakan asap cair 2%. Variabel yang diamati adalah masa inkubasi, intensitas penyakit, laju infeksi, tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan, bobot 1.000 bulir, dan produksi padi per hektar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan POC daun yang diaplikasikan pada tanah dengan dosis 4ml/l dan 2 ml/l, serta asap cair 2% belum mampu menekan perkembangan penyakit kresek dan blas pada tanaman padi gogo galur G136. Perlakuan berpengaruh terhadap jumlah anakan dan tinggi tanaman tetapi tidak berpengaruh terhadap bobot 1.000 bulir dan produksi padi per hektar.

Ability of Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma sp. to Control Tomato Bacterial Wilt DiseaseRalstonia solanacearum is known as the causal agent of bacterial wilt on tomato. The bacteria may infect all stadia of plant growth and decrease tomato production. Biological control using antagonistic microbes is considered as a potential control alternative for the disease. This research was aimed to assay the ability of combination treatment of Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Trichoderma sp. in controlling R. solanacearum and its effect on growth and yield of tomato in the field. The treatments consisted of control (without antagonistic microbes), mixed combination of Bacillus sp. B8 + Bacillus sp. B11 + Trichoderma sp.; Bacillus sp. B8 + Pseudomonas flourescens P8 + Trichoderma sp.; and Streptomisin sulfat 20%. Antagonistic microbes was applied at planting time, as much as 100 mL per plant. The result showed that mixed combination of Bacillus sp. B8 + Bacillus sp. B11 + Trichoderma sp. was the best treatment in controlling the disease as indicated by delaying incubation period up to 6.2 days, decreasing disease incidence up to 12.3%, increasing plant growth up to 42.80%, and increasing yield up to 14.99%.

Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 on pathological and physiological quality and growth of rice IR 64 seedlings. The research objectives were (1) detection and identification of seed-borne pathogens of IR 64 rice, (2) testing Pseudomonas fluorescents P60 in inhibiting the in vitro growth of seed-borne pathogens colonies, (3) testing P. fluorescents P60 for pathological and physiological seed quality, and (4) testing P. fluorescents P60 on the growth of seedlings in the greenhouse. The results showed that some seed-borne pathogens can be found both on farmers’ IR 64 rice and factory’s; they were Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria padwickii, Pseudomonas glumae, and P. syringae. Application of P. flourescens P60 was able to inhibit the in vitrogrowth of colonies of all seed-borne pathogens, except P. syringae. Related to pathological quality, the effect of P. flourescens P60 on percentage of seed-borne pathogens attack did not significantly different from that of benomil but smaller than distilled water. On the physiological quality of seeds, treatment of P. flourescens P60 has the same effect with benomil and distilled water, with germination rate was more than 80%. In the greenhouse study,treatment of seed immersion time in P. flourescens P60 suspension showed that the effect of immersion time as long as15 minutes and 25 minutes on seedling height, root length, and seedling dry weightdid not significantly different. were. However, 25 minutes immersion time resulted in fresh seedling weight and root dry weight higher than that of 15 minutes immersion time.

Compatibility test of four Trichoderma spp. Isolates and in vitro inhibition ability on several plant pathogens. In vitro descriptive compatibility research was carried out to know the compatibility among Trichoderma spp. isolates and their inhibition ability toward several plant pathogens. Four Trichoderma spp. isolates used were ginger, shallot, banana, and pineapple isolates; while the pathogens used were pathogenic fungi (Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Phytophthora, and Sclerotium), bacteria (Ralstonia), and nematode (Meloidogyne dan Globodera). Observation was done toward inhibition zone between Trichoderma spp. isolates, colony radial growth, mycelial dry weight, and nematode mortality. Result of the research indicated that the four Trichoderma spp. isolates were compatible and no growth inhibition was observed. The inhibition ability of all Trichoderma spp. isolates varied and the ginger isolate had the highest inhibition ability and mortality on all fungal species and the nematodes, while on the pathogenic bacteria there was no inhibition.

The research objective was to know ability of antagonistic microbes to control bacterial wilt on potato in the field. This research was carried out at Serang Village, Karangreja Subdistrict, Purbalingga Regency from June up to August 2012. The antagonist, originally isolated from potato field, was Bacillus sp. B2 and B4, and Pseudomonas sp. P19 and P20. Based on the research result, Pseudomonas P19 could control the disease on potato with delaying incubation period of 78.95%, suppressing disease intensity of 51.57%, decreasing final pathogenic population of 99.74%, and inducing plant resistance with increasing saponin, tannin, and glycoside content. However, the antagonist could not increase growth and yield of potato.

The research which aimed to identify main pathogenic fungi of 100 banana seedling cultivars and their disease intensity was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University with samples and field data taking at Indonesian Insitute of Science Bogor. This descriptive research was started by taking samples and field data followed by identification of pathogenic fungi at the laboratory. Variables observed were disease symptoms, colony and pathogenic morphology, kinds of the pathogen, disease intensity, and physical data. Result of the research showed that there were five main pathogenic fungi of the banana seedlings, i.e., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f.sp. cubense, causing Fusarium wilt; Mychosphaerella musicola Mulder, causing Mycosphaerella leaf spot or Sigatoka; Cordana musae (Zimm.) Hohn., causing Cordana leaf spot; Curvularia lunata, causing leaf spot; and Cladosporium musae Mason, causing speckle. From 100 banana seedling cultivars observed, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense was the most frequently found with the intensity of 1.4-72%, followed by Curvularia lunata, Mychosphaerella musicola, Cladosporium Musae, and Cordana musae with the intensity of 1-32, 2-18, 2-24, and 3-23%, respectively.

Potency of biological and botanical agents in controlling ginger rhizome rot. Research aimed at knowing integrity of various control agents in controlling causal agent of ginger rhizome rot. The research was carried out at Gowak Village, Pringsurat District, Temanggung Regency, Central Java Province, from November up to May 2004. Randomized Block Design was used with treatments of biological (Bacillus sp. with density of x  1010 cfu ml-1 suspension and Trichoderma harzianum 20 g crop-1), of botanical (clove leaves powder of 20 g crop-1 and neem seeds extract of 25 ml crop-1), and synthetical agents (benomil with concentration of 2 g l-1) either alone or in combination, with three replicates. Variables observed were incubation period, disease intensity, infection rate, number of leaves per crop, crop height, and ginger production per hectare. Result of the research showed that the location was endemic of the disease. The treatments could generally retard the incubation period and the infection rate, decrease the disease intensity, and increase the ginger production. The highest ginger yield was obtained from the plot given Trichoderma harzianum (Trikonis), either alone or in combination with the dry clove leaves of 10 g crop-1 as many as four times with interval of seven days started from seedling planted.

A research aimed at knowing 1) the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 in liquid formula on Fusarium wilt of tomato, 2) the effect of P. fluorescens P60 in the formula on tomato growth and yield, and 3) P. fluorescens P60 mechanisms on tomata was carried out at tomato field of Selomoyo Village, Kaliangkrik Subdistrict, Magelang Regency at altitude of 826 m above sea level. Randomized block design was used with seven treatments and four replicates. The treatments were control, with P. fluorescens P60 soaked for 15 min and without fungicide, pathogen without P. fluorescens P60 with fungicide (PBG1), pathogen with P. fluorescens P60 without fungicide, pathogen with pouring P. fluorescens P60 1, 3, and 5 times. Result indicated that application of formulated P. fluorescens P60 for 5 times decreased the disease intensity as high as 26.77%, and late population of the pathogen but increased P. fluorescens P60 as high as 4.54×1010 cfu ml-1. P. fluorescens P60 affected growth and yield of tomato. P. Fluorescens P60 induced tomato resistance by increasing qualitatively its phenolic compound content (saponin, tannin, glycoside). Penelitian dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) pengaruh Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 dalam formula cair terhadap penyakit layu fusarium pada tanaman tomat, 2) pengaruh P. fluorescens P60 dalam formula cair terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat, dan 3) mekanisme P. fluorescens P60 pada tanaman tomat dilakukan di lahan Desa Selomoyo, Kecamatan Kaliangkrik, Kabupaten Magelang dengan ketinggian 826 m di atas permukaan laut. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), dengan 7 perlakuan dan jumlah ulangan 4 kali, dan setiap unit terdiri atas 8 tanaman. Perlakuan tersebut meliputi kontrol; dengan P. fluorescens P60 rendam 15 menit dan tanpa fungisida; dengan patogen; tanpa P. fluorescens P60; dengan fungisida (PBG1); patogen, tanpa P. fluorescens P60, tanpa fungisida; patogen, dengan penyiraman P. fluorescens P60 1 kali; patogen, dengan penyiraman P. fluorescens P60 3 kali; dan patogen, dengan penyiraman P. fluorescens P60 5 kali. Pemberian P. fluorescens P60 selama 5 kali memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata dalam menekan penyakit layu fusarium yang disebabkan Fusarium oxysporum. Hal ini ditunjukkan pada penurunan intensitas penyakit sebesar 26,77%, rendahnya kepadatan akhir F. oxysporum serta tingginya nilai kepadatan P. fluorescens P60 sebesar 4,54×1010 unit pembentuk spora/ml. Pengaruh pemberian P. fluorescens P60 belum menunjukkan pengaruh nyata pada komponen pertumbuhan dan hasil. P. fluorescens P60 mampu mengimbas ketahanan tanaman tomat dengan meningkatkan kandungan senyawa fenol (saponin, tanin, glikosida).

Antagonistic mechanisms study of Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici of tomato in vivo. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of P. fluorescens P60 in controlling Fusarium wilt on tomato and its inhibition mechanisms. Randomized Block Design was used with four replicates and each consisted of 12 crops. The treatments tested were combination between supernatant or suspension of P. fluorescens P60 and application time, i.e., 5 days before planting, in the same time with planting, and 5 days after planting. Variables observed were phenolic compound (tannin, saponin, and glycoside), disease intensity, infection rate, late pathogen and antagonist population density, crop height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of roots, and fresh weight of fruit. The result showed that the application of P. fluorescens P60 either in supernatant or suspension form, could increase phenolic compound in the crop tissue, decrease the Fusarium wilt intensity on tomato as 66.00-77.88%, suppress infection rate as 73.18-79.09%, decrease late F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici density as 35.71%, increase the antagonist as 10 fold, increase crop height as 26.50%, improve root dry weight as 55.69%, and increase fruit weight crop-1 as 59.79%. Mechanisms of the antagonist P. fluorescens P60 in order to control the disease in the field were induced resistance, antibiosis, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.

Induced resistance of Ambon Kuning cultivar banana seedling to fusarium wilt with antagonistic fungi. A research aiming at knowing the effect of antagonistic fungi supernatant on banana induced resistance, Fusarium wilt development, and banana growth was carried out from July up to December 2008. Randomized Block Design was used with four replicates. Treatments tested were control, with supernatant of Gliocladium virens, Trichoderma harzianum isolated from banana, ginger, and ginseng, Trichoderma koningii, and Fusarium equiseti, applied by injection to banana seedling corm and soaked for five minutes. Variables observed were incubation period, disease severity, Foc population density, germination inhibition, growth component, phenolic compound content, and supporting component. Result of the research indicated that the supernatant of G. virens, T. harzianum, and T. koningii could significantly induce resistance of the seedling showed by increasing the phenolic content such as glycoside, saponin, and tannin. The supernatant of all antagonistic fungi could effectively control the disease showed by lengthening incubation period as 48.71%, decreasing the disease severity as 53.57%, decreasing infection rate as 61.48%, increasing the antagonistic effectivity as 51.26%, decreasing the late population density as 45.35%, and decreasing the inoculum inside the plant as 60-100%. The extract could improve the seedling growth.

This research aimed to study growth ability and virulence of several Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi isolates originated from Boyolali and Temanggung after being preserved for six years in sterile soils media. Completely Randomized Design was used with 12 treatments and 3 replications. F. oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi originated from Temanggung consisted of 7 isolates, i.e., TKO1, TKO3, TKO4, TKO6, TKO7, TPO1, TPO5; and from Boyolali consisted of 4 isolates, i.e., BAO2, BAO7, BAC, and BAP. Variables observed were growth on PDA, colony color, colony diameter, macroconidia and microconidia, mycelial dry weight, incubation period, attack area, and difference of fresh weight of rhizome. The result showed that all isolates of F. oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi both from Temanggung and Boyolali were able to grow well on PDA and fully covered the Petridish at 4.75–7.5 days. The most virulent isolate was TKO6 from Temanggung showing the fastest incubation period of 5 days after inoculation and the highest attack area of 420 mm2 or increase for 107.6%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui viabilitas dan virulensi beberapa isolat Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi setelah disimpan selama enam tahun pada tanah steril. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan tiga ulangan dan 12 perlakuan. Isolat F. oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi yang digunakan asal Temanggung terdiri atas tujuh isolat, yaitu TKO1, TKO3, TKO4, TKO6, TKO7, TPO1, dan TPO5; asal Boyolali terdiri atas empat isolat, yaitu BAO2, BAO7, BAC, dan BAP. Parameter yang diamati adalah pertumbuhan isolat pada medium PDA, warna koloni, diameter koloni, makrokonidium dan mikrokonidium, berat kering miselium, masa inkubasi, luas serangan, dan selisih berat basah rimpang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua isolat F. oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi asal Temanggung dan Boyolali, yang telah disimpan dalam medium tanah steril selama enam tahun, masih tumbuh de-ngan baik pada medium PDA dan memenuhi cawan Petri pada umur 4,75–7,5 hari. Isolat yang paling virulen adalah TKO6 asal Temanggung dengan masa inkubasi tercepat yaitu 5 hari setelah inokulasi dan luas serangan pada rimpang sebesar 420 mm2 atau ada peningkatan sampai 107,6%

The influence of various conditions on the survival of microsclerotia of Verticilium dahliae Kleb. was studied using three sources of field-collected potato stems densely covered with naturally-formed microsclerotia. Microsclerotia were found to survive for up 2 years in potato stems not incorporated in soil. The effects of temperature, pF, including weekly variations in temperature and or pF, and various modes of incorporating potato stem tissue on the survival of microsclerotia for up to 1 year in a sandy unsterilised soil was also studied for different microsclerotia sources. Inoculum source had no signicant effect. Remarkably few microslcerotia were recovered one day after the start of experiments varying between 5.5 and 31%. Recovery remained at this level or even decreased for another month and for several treatments, also after 3 and 6 months. Only after 3 to 12 months, recovery increased to values up to 5 times higher than that of one day after start of the experiment, but recoveries did not exceed the number of microsclerotia initially incorporated into the soil. Changes in recovery may be due to variation in the level of soil mycostasis which is affected by rate of nutrient exudation from microsclerotia. Key words: survival, microsclerotia, Verticillium dahliae

Viral diseases of chilli pepper are difficult to control, therefore the use of Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 should be evaluated. The aims of this research were to determine the influence of liquid formula of P. fluorescens P60 on virod disease and on growth and yield of chili pepper. Randomized block design (RBD) experiment was composed of 7 treatments and 4 replicates, i.e., control, insecticide applicaton, P. fluorescens P60 application by seedling drenching and spraying for 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 times. The result showed that 5 times application of P. fluorescens P60 by drenching and spraying was able to suppress viral disease and reduce disease intensity by to 73.37%, increasing density level of P. fluorescens P60 to 9.50 x 1011 and increase phenolic compounds (saponin, tannin and glycoside). The same treatment could increase plant height 23.7%, root lenght 6.44%, plant dry weight 66.68%, root dry weight 23.59%, and yield weight 53.16%.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi is the causal agent of dry rot on ginger and could highly effect ginger production. Resistant variety is one of disease control strategy that is recommended. Various ginger varieties are available but their response to F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi has not been reported. In this study three ginger varieties were evaluated for their resistence to F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi based on in vitro and in planta inoculalation method. Gadjah and Emprit varieties were considered moderately susceptible whereas Merah varieties was moderately resistance to F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi. pathogen will be indicated. Key words: dry rot disease, ginger var. Merah, resistant variety, resistance

Preservation of fungi isolates is needed for further research but usually the preservation treatment is only concerned on life span and growth of the fungi. This research aimed at knowing life span and aggressivity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi isolates from ginger cv. Gajah after preserving for three years in sterile soil. Completely Randomized Design and Randomized Block Design were used for in vitro and in planta test, respectively, with 10 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi from Temanggung, 8 isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi from Boyolali, and 1 control, each repeated three times. Variables observed were incubation period, infected area, disease intensity, rhizome wet weight, number of leaves, and crop height. Result of the research showed that all isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi could still grew well. Based on origin of the isolates, the highest aggressivity on ginger rhizome was TKO3 from Temanggung and BAO6 from Boyolali with infected area of 67.67 mm2 and 56.67 mm2, respectively. On ginger crop, the highest aggressivity was BAO1 from Boyolali and TPO2 from Temanggung with disease intensity of 68.09% and 38.13%, respectively. All isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi did not cause significantly different effect on incubation period, disease intensity, crop height, leaves total, and rhizome wet weight but they caused significantly different effect on infected area. Key word: aggressivity, Fusarium oxysporum, ginger, preservation, steril soil