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Aims: This study endeavours to provide initial data on quality of life for families with adult children who have intellectual disabilities (ID) in the Canton of Sarajevo. Methods: The principal measure used was the "Family Quality of life Survey 2006-main caregivers of people with intellectual or developmental disabilities." The sample consisted of the main caregivers of 35 families with adult school children with ID who attended classes in a specially adapted programme in the Center of Vladimir Nazor and in the Vocational Secondary School in Sarajevo. Of the 35 participants, 21 were male and 14 female. Students with disabilities ranged from 19 to 32 years old (mean 21.45). Results: Consistent with previous research, the nine domains measured by the scale were all rated high for Importance. Opportunities were considered to be particularly low for Financial Well-Being and Support from Others. These domains were also rated lowest for Attainment and Satisfaction. Initiative was relatively high across all domains, and Stability (the degree to which things were seen as likely to improve or decline) varied slightly across domains but the means indicated that things are expected to stay almost the same or improve slightly. Conclusions: This research provides initial data for family quality of life in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It also provides suggestions for improving quality of life for families that have one or more members with ID. The results should also contribute to rejecting stereotypes and promoting inclusion of children with ID as well as the rights of their families.

Introduction: Time management is an important aspect of successful leadership and involves mastering your own work and time instead of allowing them to master you. Time management is a daily process that is applied in order to rationally use time, work schedules, lists of tasks, delegation of responsibilities and everything else that helps to efficiently use time., Material and Methods: This research was prospective, descriptive, analytical and controlled. There was 100 medical worker involved, who have managing jobs of different levels and 100 medical workers who do not have managing jobs, who represented the control group. The questionnaire on "time stealers" according to Sewert. Demographic data was gathered according to the questionnaire on self construction., Results and Conclusions: Based on conducted research, it was established that there were differences in frequencies of certain "time stealers" in managers of different levels of University Clinical Center Tuzla; the "time stealers" are more frequent among these with shorter length of service; These differences are significantly more frequent (p<0.05) for some questions e.g. being distracted by phone calls, meetings that are held just for the sake of having a meetings, insufficient, one-way or bad communication with superiors, and have negative effects on management of business hours.

Background: Suicidal behavior is an important worldwide health problem. Psychiatric disorders, especially mood disorders, are the main risk factors for suicidal behavior. Suicide is an important cause of death in patients with epilepsy. The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of suicidal ideation in patients with epilepsy., Subjects and Methods: The study included 50 epilepsy inpatients and outpatients of both genders, aged 18 years and older, treated at the Department of Neurology, Clinical Center University of Sarajevo in the period from 1(st) of April - October 1(st) 2007. The sample was selected randomly. Applied research instruments were general questionnaire, HAM-D-17, BHS and BSS., Results: Suicidal ideation and thoughts of death were present in 38% epilepsy patients. Symptoms of depression as well as feelings of hopelessness were found in half of the participants (52% and 48%), and were significantly more common in epilepsy patients with suicidal ideation. There was a significant relation of suicidal ideation with the presence of chronic pain (3.86; p=0.49), sexual/physical abuse history (5.95, p=0.015), level of hopelessness (20.7; p=0.000) and severity of depression (14.48; p=0.000) in epilepsy patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that unemployment (Exp(B) 33.9; p=0.007) and the level of hopelessness (Exp(B) 14.9; p=0.001) were independently related to suicidal ideation in these patients., Conclusions: The study has shown that the level of hopelessness and unemployment have a predictive value for appearance of suicidal ideation in epilepsy patients. In the prediction of suicidal ideation in this population of patients, there is no single variable that should be considered as specific and separate.

Environments seen as the physical, chemical, and biological conditions to which organisms are subjected, define the ways we obtain various resources, their quantity and their quality. In interplay with our organisms, environments determine how 'fit' we are. An aspect of that fitness is the quality of mental functioning. Although there is a traditional view that there is something like an 'objective environment' and an 'effective environment', a part of the objective environment that actually affects the organism, the dividing line between the two is rather obscure. Environment in general cannot be defined without taking into account the behaviour of the organism, and it is especially challenging to define what environment means to humans, given the enormous variation and scope of human behaviours; what it is that we require and tolerate. Simultaneously, that physical environment is the broader context of what we usually term 'social environment'. This paper outlines the conceptual problems in determining and evaluating the relationship between environmental conditions and more proximal determinants of mental health, at the same time reviewing the assumptions of some of the well-known examples of that relationship.

Background: Polypharmacy in psychiatry is becoming the rule rather than the exception. Using more drugs at same time usually occurs where single drugs are considered insufficiently effective., Subjects and Methods: The sample consisted of 216 patients: 85 from Sarajevo, and 44 and 87 respectively from Mostar and Tuzla. All schizophrenic patients who were hospitalised in three University Centers of F/BiH (Sarajevo, Tuzla, Mostar) on a particular day are included in the study. This included patients of both sexes (131 (60.65%) males and 85 females (39.35%)), 20-60 ages, who were on antipsychotic treatment with an established diagnosis of schizophrenia by the treating psychiatrist. The research was performed in the year 2004. The census of patients was conducted simultaneously in all three Centers, using a questionnaire in which all routine prescribed antipsychotics were registered, as the common method of the administration, and the doses as well saving as data for other medications that were simultaneously prescribed to the patients that day., Results: Within the total sample the most frequently applied classical antipsychotics were haloperidol, promazine and from the group of new antipsychotics clozapine. The most frequently used other medications were biperidine and diazepam. The administration of all medication was followed through recording of individual doses, daily doses and frequency of administration. There are statistically significant differences regarding the frequency of biperidine use between the centers (p=0.008)., Conclusion: In three University Clinical Centers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo, Tuzla and Mostar), the applied rule is that more drugs in the treatment of schizophrenic psychosis and doing polypharmacy is the inevitable approach to treatment. The concept behind the polypharmacy is based on the fact that antipsychotic drugs do not cover all the symptoms of schizophrenic psychosis, and that additional medications may correct iatrogenic side effects caused by antipsychotic drugs. It is expected that the new atypical antipsychotics will treat much broader symptoms of psychosis and will not cause extrapyramidal side effects, as do the typical antipsychotics.

Patients' attitudes and values, their concept of illness and health as well as their previous experiences with medication may significantly affect the subjective response to antipsychotics. Quality of Life (QOL) has holistic concept that includes consideration of economic development, social vitality and environmental health. For most of the researches, QOL has an umbrella concept, which covers all aspects of life and includes physical and mental health, family relations, friendship, employment, leisure activities, medical treatment and quality of care, psychological and social benefit. In the domain of mental health, increasing the quality of treatment can be demonstrated through improvements of QOL of those using the mental health services. When measuring QOL in patients taking antipsychotics, it is important to acknowledge that a variety of factors may influence the QOL outcomes: these include side effects and daily dosage of the antipsychotic, depressive and negative symptoms, duration of treatment, and subjective tolerability.

Algorithms and guidelines in treatment of schizophrenia behind which is the consensus of experts, institutions and associations are more and more in use among psychiatrists. However, the final conclusion about them will be possible only after their use in everyday practice with full freedom of psychiatrists to make changes according their personal judgment about risk and benefit of treatment.

There are connection between use of cannabis and many psychiatric disturbances in adolescents, especially "cannabis psychosis", depression, panic attacks and suicide. Negative effects could occur either as a result of a specific pharmacological effect of cannabis, or as the result of stressful experiences during the intoxication of cannabis in young people. Potentially is very dangerous high frequency suicidal ideation among cannabis users.

The existence of two or more diagnoses (psychiatric, or a combination with somatic) in one person leads to a dilemma when choosing psychopharmacs for the treatment of the patient. There are no acceptable and comprehensive guidelines or algorithms for the treatment of innumerable possible combinations of psychiatric and somatic disorders. A strategy for treatment of such conditions is needed.

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) is located on the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. It has an area of 51 210 km 2 and a population of 3 972 000. According to the Dayton Agreement of November 1995, which ended the 1992-95 war, BH comprises two 'entities' - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBH) and the Republic of Srpska (RS) - and the District of Brcko. The administrative arrangements for the management and financing of mental health services reflect this. The FBH, with 2 325 018 residents, is a federation of 10 cantons, which have equal rights and responsibilities. The RS has 1 487 785 residents and, in contrast, a centralised administration. Brcko District has just under 80 000 residents.

Psychiatry is a medical discipline addressing the study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental disorders. Psychiatric disorders, which may be seen in people of all ages, involve the emotions, the will, and intellectual processes, verbal and non-verbal behaviour. According to current knowledge we cannot speak about only one cause but of the interaction of several etiological factors, mutually pervading and causing the mental illness. Because of this the treatment of mental disorders involves the complex implementation of biological, psycho-therapeutic, and socio-therapeutic methods of treatment. The contemporary principle of integrative psychiatry immanently requires simultaneous treatment of three human components: body, mind, and spirit. The holistic approach emphasizes the importance of the wholeness of the human person, and the inter-dependence of his components.

Clinical guidelines briefly identify, summarize and evaluate the best evidence and most current data about prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, risk/benefit and cost-effectiveness. However, the final conclusion about them will be possible only after their use in everyday practice with full freedom of psychiatrists to make changes according their personal judgment about risk and benefit of treatment.

Unlabelled: Cerebral palsy is a pathological state characterized primarily with the damage of the motor functioning which can be accompanied by the other disorders such as: problems with sight and hearing, intellectual deficit, emotional problems, conduct disorders, speech disorders, epileptic seizures etc. According to the period of influence, causes of the cerebral palsy can be divided to prenatal, perinatal and postnatal. Prenatal period is defined as the period from the conception until beginning of the delivery, neonatal period as a period from the beginning of the delivery until age of 28 days, and postnatal period from 29th day of age until two years of age., The Aim of This Study: to determine characteristics of psycho trauma as possible prenatal etiological factor of cerebral palsy. Sample was consisted of 80 respondents, children and adolescents with cerebral palsy of Canton Sarajevo, age from 6 up to 20 years; mean age was 13,94 years years, 47 male (58,75 %) and 33 (41,25 %) female. Study of the influence of prenatal etiological factors on learning difficulties of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy in Canton Sarajevo is cohort, epidemiologically based and retrospectively prospective. In this study a Structural interview for the parents of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy was used., Results: with prenatal etiological factors there are 35 (43,75 %) respondents, with perinatal 37 (46,25 %), postnatal 5 (6,25 %) and unknown factors 3 (3,75 %). From 11 mothers with diseases during pregnancies, who delivered in war years, 4 (36,36 %) recognized and underlined psycho trauma as major problem factor during pregnancy., Conclusion: War psycho trauma of pregnant women is present as possible prenatal etiological factor of cerebral palsy.

The aim of this study were to determine which antipsychotic are currently in use, to establish which doses are administrated to patients, to find out is there a practice of proscribing simultaneously more then one antipsychotic drug, to determine whether antipsychotic are proscribed in divided doses, to establish whether there is, besides antipsychotics, treatment with other medicaments (co-administration), especially with antiparkinsonics. The research (study) is epidemiological-clinical prospective, descriptive and analytical and it was conducted at University hospitals in Sarajevo, Tuzla and Mostar. Criteria for inclusion, non-inclusion and exclusion from the study were precisely defined as a mean for formation of sample. Based on this hypothesis were established, zero and alterative. According to zero hypothesis in the treatment of schizophrenia at University hospitals in FBiH new antipsychotic drugs are in use, small doses are proscribed (up to 20 mg), not more then one antipsychotic drug is used simultaneously, antipsychotics are administrated once a day and alongside with antipsychotics other medicaments are not co-administrated, especially antiparkinsons. The results of our study are showing that majority of patients are treated with classical antipsychotics. Minority of patients is treated with atypical neuroleptics like olanzapine, which is proscribed only in Sarajevo. Use of risperidone and ziprasidone is registered also only in Sarajevo, but only small number of patients is treated with these drugs. Most frequent antipsychotics were promazine and haloperidol. The range between minimal and maximal daily dose of promazine was from 50 to 450 mg/daily, and for haloperidol from 1 to 75 mg/daily. Above-mentioned drugs were administrated in an average from two to three times a day. Alongside with antipsychotics, other drugs were used. Most frequent was the use of biperidine in oral and parenteral formulation, as well as nitrazepam and diazepam. The importance of this study is following: data are useful for the current mental health care reform in FBiH, results will point out place and position of FBiH in contemporary world trends in the treatment of schizophrenia, they will contribute to rational use of antipsychotic therapy, they will point out possible ways in reduction of side effects, often dangerous adverse effects of antipsychotics, and they will give contribution to faster rehabilitation of schizophrenics with the reduction of financial means for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia.

In this study is represented the relationship between suicidal thoughts and psychoactive abuse. In study were involved 202 students of Banjaluka's secondary schools. By questioned for risky behaviour of adolescents was found 28.7% of them have suicidal thoughts, and 144 haven't suicidal thoughts. Students from both groups use alcohol but there are not statistically significant differences among groups. The representative sample was 202 students from Banjaluka's secondary schools. The results showed that 28.7% of them have suicidal ideas. From examined students 20.2% used cannabis, and 4% other psychoactive substances, 56.9% alcohol and 35.6% smoke cigarettes. In the group with suicidal ideas, use of psychoactive substances is 8.6%, alcohol use in 63.7% cases and cannabis 36.2%, and smoking cigarettes in 48.2% cases. We may conclude that misuse of psychoactive substances is more present in group with suicidal ideas, except in case of alcohol, which was also high in group with suicidal ideas, but without statistical significances. It is also possible to conclude that there is important connection between use of psychoactive substances and presence of suicidal ideas as first step toward a suicide in adolescents.

Cerebral palsy is a pathological state characterized primarily with the damage to the motoric functioning which can be accompanied by the other disorders such as: problems with sight and hearing, intellectual deficit, emotional problems, conduct disorders, speech disorders, epileptic seizures etc. Martin Bax defines this entity as a disorder of movements and postural balance due to defect or damage of the young brain (Gavrankapetanović I. at all., 2001). Study of the influence of prenatal ethiological factors on learning difficulties of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy in Canton Sarajevo is cohort, epidemiologicaly based and retrospectively prospective. In this study a Structural interview for the parents of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy was used. Sample was consisted of 80 respondents, children and adolescents with cerebral palsy of Canton Sarajevo, age from 6 up to 20 years, mean age was 13.94 years, 47 male 858.75%) and 33 (41.25%) female. In the group of respondents with illnesses during pregnancy 16 (53.3%) have epilepsy, and 14 (46.7%) does not. In the group withaut illnesses during pregnancy 17 (34%) have epilepsy, and 33 (66%) does not. Risk ration is 1.59 which means that these respondents whose mothers had illnesses during pregnancy have 1.6 times larger probability of developing epilepsy.

Family home and institutions for children without parental care represent the rearing-environments where, from the early years, whole human development goes on. It's known today that despite the recognized importance of inborn traits, the influence of child-rearing environments dominates current models of development. The aim of the study was to investigate the satisfaction with the rearing-environment of school-aged institutionalized children, their dominating feeling and if institutionalization affects life optimism for now and for the future. The study was conducted in two institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina who share the same care model imitating the traditional Bosnian families where the older children care for the younger siblings. We took as a sample 30 institutionalized children aged 8-12, and for the control group 60 children matched by age and sex. Parents, children and teachers who gave their informed consent answered the questionnaires. It was confirmed that children without parental care are vulnerable group and in a great risk who need urgent help of professional multidisciplinary team of their close and broad environment. Lack of social support cause the withdrawing and suffering and can lead soon or later to problematic behaviour.

In this paper we have presented historical overview of development of psychiatric services in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Special attention was given to the recent war destruction (l992-l995), as well as to the reconstruction and reform of mental health services within a frame of newly introduced mental health strategy.

People have abused drugs from the moment they found out about them. Abuse of substances increased during crises (war, displacement, catastrophes, different stress-induced circumstances, fear for existence, absence of prospects and hope). Benzodiazepines are most frequently abused psychopharmaceuticals due to their easy accessibility. The war and aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina have made unforeseeable consequences, they have caused great migration of population, deaths, wounding, separation of families, unemployment and social poverty. All these factors have had influence on mental health of people. The most frequent psychological consequence of war and displacement is PTSP. The survey has shown that there is a difference in drugs abuse between the interviewees in collective centres and local population. A great percentage of interviewees who are accommodated in collective centres are traumatised (63%) and they mostly misused benzodiazepines to alleviate fear, nervousness, mood disorder and pain. Due to a long-term and uncontrolled use of benzodiazepamines, 50% of interviewees who abused benzodiazepamines have become addicted to them.

Antipsychotic drugs produce a wide spectrum of physiological actions. Some of these effects differ among the various classes of antipsychotics. This medications have indications in the treatment of acute psychotic disorders. The main goal of this investigation was to determine the incidence and prevalence of the neuroleptic therapy acute side effects. The reason for this epidemiological investigation performing was the lack of knowledge of the exact neuroleptic therapy side effects incidence. Qualitative study on this problem has not been performed yet. Antipsychotic therapy side effects prevalence rate according to the literature data is ranging from 24% to 74%. Different prevalence rate is a consequence of different antipsychotic drug usage, different drug administration method and different side effects identification. On account of all these facts, we put the hypothesis on the correlation between the antipsychotic therapy and occurred side effects. Our experiment included all patients hospitalised from December 31st 1999 to January 31st 2000 in Intensive Care Unit of Biological Psychiatry Department of Psychiatric Clinic in Sarajevo. All patients were divided in three groups according to the applied therapy. All of them met ICD-10 criteria for schizophrenia (F20-29). During our study the following examinations were performed: psychiatric interview, BRPS, scale of side effects, psychophysiological tests, general clinical impression, scale of appetite, carbon hydrate needs scale. Psychiatric and statistical evaluations were done as well. The evaluation of our examination is showing successful results in all groups of patients. The improvement of psychopathological symptoms was insignificant. Reported side effects were minimal with low incidence rate and relatively high prevalence rate. Statistical tests were calculated from the obtained data after what the null hypothesis was rejected. Consequently, an alternative hypothesis was confirmed and it indicated that the acute side effects incidence and prevalence were within the range of expectation. Intensity of the recorded side effects was moderate to mild. On the basis of the obtained data, it has been concluded that applied antipsychotic agents did not induce more psychophysiological function impairments in the treated patients. Psychophysiological functions remained in physiological range limits and their changes were not significant. Neuroleptic therapy side effects were minimal, meaning no toxic signs or therapy discontinuations were recorded.

Depression is among the most common of chronic health problems. WHO report predicts that depression will be the leading cause of disability in the industrial world by the year 2020. To be successful, treatment for the patients suffering from depression must be continued until complete recovery, but most patients do not stay on their antidepressant medication long enough. One of the most frequent reasons for break down is appearance of unpleasant side effects. In this study we followed up dynamics of the characteristic side effects of antidepressant therapy, with the major goal to assess their frequency and characteristics. The sample was all female patients taking antidepressant drugs in the Department of Psychiatry of Clinical Centre of University in Sarajevo. The treatment with antidepressants was efficient in most of the patients. A major advantage of SSRI over TCA was less pronounced side effects. The most intensive side effects of TCA (amitriptyline) were dry mouth, tremor and tachycardia while the most frequent side effects included blurred vision, tachycardia, dry mouth, tremor and sedation. Side effects of SSRI (fluoxetine/fluvoxamine) were mild, and the most frequent were nausea, tachycardia, swelling, dry mouth.

It is well known that drug abuse is common in early adolescence with almost the same epidemiological characteristics in economical developed and undeveloped countries. Aim of this study is to compare drug abuse among adolescents in the urban and rural areas. Research covers 600 adolescents equal gender and age distribution. Distribution of participants regarding to the rural and urban type of areas, was equal, as well. It was used Q 2000 questionnaires, which was comprehensive tool for all aspects of adolescents life. Results shows that drug abuse is much more common in urban areas (alcohol 62.4%; and cannabis 70.0%; in rural areas alcohol 37.6%; and cannabis 30.0%). Regarding to age, drug abuse is the most common among adolescents aged 15-17. Alcohol is much more related to boys, but regarding to cannabis there is almost no differences.

Psychiatric services in Bosnia-Herzegovina before the war disaster was fairly developed and one of the best organized services amongst the republics of the former Yugoslavia. The psychiatric care system was based on psychiatric hospitals and small neuropsychiatric wards within general hospitals, accompanied by psychiatric services in health centers. The onset of war in B&H brought devastation and destruction in all domains of life, including the demolition and closing of numerous traditional psychiatric institutions, together with massive psychological suffering of the whole civilian population. Already during the war, and even more so after the war, the reconstruction and reorganization of the mental health services was undertaken. The basis of mental health care for the future is designed as a system where majority of services is located in the community, as close as possible to the habitat of the patients. The key aspect of the system of the comprehensive health care is primary health care and the main role is assigned to family practitioners and mental health professionals working in the community. Large psychiatric institutions were either closed or devastated, or have their capacities extensively reduced. There will be no reconstructions or reopening of the old psychiatric facilities, nor the new ones will be built. The most integrated part of the psychiatric system are the Community based mental health centers. Each of these centers will serve a particular geographic area. The centers will be responsible for prevention and treatment of psychiatric disorders, as well as for the mental health well being. Chronic mental health patients without families and are not able to independently live in the community will be accommodated in designated homes and other forms of protected accommodation within their communities. The principal change in mental health policy in B&H was a decision to transfer psychiatric services from traditional facilities into community, much closer to the patients. Basic elements of the mental health policy in B&H are: Decentralization and sectorization of mental health services; Intersectorial activity; Comprehensiveness of services; Equality in access and utilization of psychiatric service resources; Nationwide accessibility of mental health services; Continuity of services and care, together with the active participation of the community. This overview discusses the primary health care as the basic component of the comprehensive mental health care in greater detail, including tasks for family medicine teams and each individual member. 1. Comprehensive psychiatric care is implemented by primary health care physicians, specialized Centers for community-based mental health care, psychiatric wards of general hospitals and clinical centers in charge of brief, "acute" inpatient care; 2. Primary mental health care is implemented by family practitioners (primary care physicians) and their teams; 3. Specialized psychiatric care in community is performed professional teams specialized mental health issues' within Mental health centers in corresponding sectors; 4. A great deal of relevance is given to development of confidence and utilization of links between primary health care teams and specialized teams in Mental health centers and psychiatric in patient institutions; 5. Psychiatric wards within general cantonal hospitals, departments of psychiatric clinics in Sarajevo, Tuzla, and Mostar, and Cantonal Psychiatric hospital in Sarajevo (Jagomir) shall admit acute patients as well as chronic (with each new relapse). Treatment in these facilities is brief an patients are discharged to return to their homes, with further treatment referral to their family practitioner or designated Mental health center; 6. Chronic mental patients with severe residual impairment in social, psychological, and somatic functioning, shall live in the community with their families or independently. Those chronic patients without families and economic and other resources to live independently shall be placed in supervised Homes in the communities where they live. The above delineated strategy of mental health care program in B&H has several fundamental and specific objectives, among which the most important are: Reduction of incidence and prevalence of some mental disorders, particularly war stress-related disorders and suicide; Reduction of level of functional disability caused by mental disorders through improvement of treatment and care of individuals with mental health problems; Improvement of psychosocial well being of people with mental health problems, through implementation of comprehensive and accessible service for community mental health care; and Respect of basic human rights of individuals with mental health disabilities. The program has been updated since 1996, after the two-year pilot program. The main goals for current two- and five-year period are: Implement the mental health care reform program by launching all 38 Mental health centers in the Federation of BiH by 2002; Complete the 10-day education and re-education of at least 50% of all professionals employed in mental health services in FB&H by 2002; and Achieve that 80 percent of all mental health problems are treated by family medicine teams (primary care practitioners) and specialized mental health services (Community mental health care centers) by 2005.

The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina has caused severe suffering of the population, and left behind destruction and misery. Hundreds of thousands were killed, ten thousands were severely injured, and almost the whole population has endured severe psychological traumas. The consequences today are numerous stress related psychical disorders, and especially PTSD. The war has almost destroyed the system of psychiatric services, and lead to lack of professional staff. Because of this, after the war, Federal Ministry of Health of Bosnia and Herzegovina has decided to carry out a complete reconstruction of psychiatric services based on new principles. Comprehensive care for improvement of mental health; prevention of mental illness, treatment and rehabilitation of mentally ill, should be transferred from institutions into the community. Consequently Ministry of Health have designed 38 Community Mental Health Centers in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in connection with already existing Primary Health Care centers (Dom zdravljas). Each of these centers is responsible for mental health in general within a catchment area of 50,000-80,000 inhabitants. A network of Community Mental Health Centers has started to operate. An efficient and useful training of the staff going to work in these centers have been carried out. Nevertheless, there is still significant resistance towards this new approach to mental health services and treatment of people with mental illness in the community. However, many problems related to this new program of community psychiatry have been identified and are under consideration.

War in Bosnia and Herzegovina has caused many psychic and social breakdowns. The consequences on mental health of the war which caused stress are of importance, as well as influences on psychic functioning of individuals are caused by changes in social structure of population and economic potential of the society. Project "Psycho-social aspects of war in BiH" carried out within the frame of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Department of Psychiatry of Clinical Center of Sarajevo University. In this article are given the results of the Project, but only partially. The investigations showed that the number of patients visiting hospitals during the war was greatly increased in the field of stress reactions and reactive psychoses. But incidence and prevalence of alcohol psychoses decreased. Findings are the same for out patient clinics. The field investigation on the free territories of Sarajevo s communities shows enormous increase of mental disorders among the citizens: neurotic over 40%, psychotic about 20% and that is, together, more than 60% of the population of the town Sarajevo were disturbed at that time. Among the children and adolescents there was an increase of neurotic and psychotic disorders in the very beginning of the first year of the war, and decrease of the same diagnoses during the second year. This might be explained by particular adaptation of the youngsters to war conditions. When we are talking about invalidity of neurological and psychiatric disorders, the investigations showed that illness is the mostly caused by invalidity (85.1%) among the global invalidity during the war in Sarajevo. Injuries before the war were at 3%, during the war are 11% of cases. But, all those shows temporary, because war caused invalidity more and we are expecting to registration later. Our investigation among the refugee camps and population in Sarajevo shows that "life equipment" among the displaced persons was lower than domestic people. That shows that after the phase of surviving this part of the population was at risk of many psycho-social problems. Also, our investigation shows that very low socio-economical level of inhabitants of Sarajevo leads to the potential of absolutely poverty. The indicators of this trend are: low level of education, very low life standard, unemployment, bad health conditions etc. Among refugees all those indicators are worse. Criminality in Sarajevo during the war has been increased, particularly among adolescents. One fifth of contents of daily newspaper "Oslobodenje" has been during the war oriented to the health system problems.

Mood disorders are severe and common psychiatric diseases with two main clinical forms: Bipolar disorder, type 1 (BP1), and Unipolar disorder (UP). This paper provides an overview of the Literature on genetics of BP1 and UP disorders. We described the problems of diagnostic definitions, and statistical methods for studying the genetic etiology of these disorders. Epidemiological and quantitative genetic studies are reviewed. Interactions of susceptibility genes and environmental factors in this disorders are also fundamental and has to be properly investigated. The understanding of genetic aspects of BP1 and UP disorders has benefited from recent findings with DNA markers. Therefore we also provide an overview of linkage and association studies that reveal several chromosomal regions, candidate genes and dynamic mutations which may play role in BP1 and UP disorders.

The present article reviews the recent molecular findings in mood disorders. Results of linkage and association studies are discussed in regard to the main limitations of these approaches in psychiatric disorders. On the whole linkage and association studies contributed to the localisation od some potential vulnerability genes for Bipolar disorder (BP) on chromosomes 11, 4, 21 and X. The hypothesis of anticipation in mood disorders is also considered in light of interesting results with trinucleotide repeat expansions.

A study was designed to test the outcome of the deposition of particles of plastic composite dental restorative material in rabbit lungs. Grinding and polishing these restorations in situ produces some particles in the 0.5- to 10-microns size range that easily enter and remain in human lungs and are associated with industrial lung disease. Dental restorative plastic material was ground in the laboratory, suspended in saline solution, and injected transtracheally into four New Zealand white rabbits. Two control rabbits were similarly injected with saline solution transtracheally. Twenty-four hours later, the rabbits were injected with 1 mCi of 67Ga citrate intravenously and subsequently reanesthetized for scanning. Baseline scans were obtained in the six animals prior to the injection of the test particles. Positive gallium scans were obtained 72 h after the administration of particulate material in the four test rabbits. The gallium scans of the control rabbits remained no different from baseline. The study was repeated one month later. The animals were killed seven days after the last gallium scan. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of the lungs of the test animals showed foci of chronic inflammation around particles of the restorative material. Particles were in vacuoles within alveolar macrophages and also free in interstitium. Control animals had normal histologic conditions. Silver amalgam and gold dental restorations have years of clinical use but the new plastic composite restorative materials are rapidly being introduced into human clinical dental practice. Normal use involves polymerization, grinding, and polishing of the material within the mouth. The chronic inflammation in the lungs of rabbits indicates a need to test dental restorative material for lung biocompatibility before further, extensive clinical use.

By assuming that the opening of hydrogen bonds due to thermal fluctuations is a very fast step and that the reaction of formaldehyde with the imino or amino group is a slow step, we have constructed a model for the unwinding process of poly(A-U) induced by formaldehyde. The denaturation equation derived from the model is essentially the same as that of the zipper model for moderately long chain lengths. The model predicts the following phenomena which are in agreement with our experimental findings. The rate of unwinding is approximately first order for unfractionated polynucleotides and zero order for fractionated samples. This means that formaldehyde ruptures helical residues sequentially starting from the ends and working toward the center. Our model further predicts that the denaturation rate is linearly dependent on -log[Na+] and pH at low ionic strength and is almost independent of [Na+] and pH at high ionic strength. Spectrophotometric measurements on poly(A-U) were done to confirm our theoretical findings.