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The actuality of perfection of patient’s management with cervix cancer explains by one of the most value of this disease in women with peak of morbidity nearly 25–44 years and with continuously high mortality. Radiotherapy is the base of treatment, which in this case has peculiarity practically no inherent in other cancers. Russian and foreign oncologists saved up great experience in the treatment of patients with cervix uteri which was summarized in scientific literature, official standards and practical guidelines. There were a lot of news and additions on a background of impetuous progress in the radiotherapy oneself and at one time with progress in surgery and chemotherapy. Reasoning from needs of practical medicine we have to analyze it from nowadays positions. It is interesting to know what is official standards and scientific news and their interaction.

We report on the chaotic dynamics in a passively Q-switched 2.3-μm thulium laser operating on the 3H4 → 3H5 transition. The experiment exploits a Tm:LiYF4 crystal and various laser cavity configurations, involving an optional cascade laser on the 3F4 → 3H6 transition at 1.9 μm. The saturable absorber employed is Cr2+:ZnSe, which is exclusively saturated by the 2.3 μm laser. An analysis of the Q-switched dynamics shows a pronounced inclination of the laser operation toward the unstable and chaotic behavior. To understand the origins of this chaos, we monitor the population of the metastable 3F4 level via cascade laser operation at 1.9 μm, underlying this variable as an interesting parameter to survey chaotic instabilities.

The use of unmalted grain is one of the methods for improving quality, reducing production costs, and creating new types of beer. However, the enzymatic activity of such raw materials is zero, so the use of enzyme preparations is relevant. The purpose of the study was to compare the quality indicators of 100% malt beer and beer with the replacement of malt with unmalted barley using enzymes. Methods of technical and chemical analysis were used to determine the organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters of beer. Recommendations have been developed for intensifying the preparation of wort using various types of grain raw materials – unmalted barley and rice grits with the addition of enzyme preparations from Novozymes (Denmark) at different stages of brewing were developed. When testing new enzyme preparations (β-glucanase complex, xylanase), the filtration time, wort viscosity, and the content of β-glucans and arabinoxylans decreased by about 20% compared to the control samples. The use of a new enzyme preparation resulted in better breakdown of substances, which affected the quality and duration of filtration. This leads to an improvement of wort quality, reducing the duration of the process and reducing the cost of raw materials. To ensure the required ratio of substances in the wort, it is necessary to introduce complex enzyme preparations – peptidhydrolase, α-amylase, endo-β-glucanase (Ceremis Plus). Preparations containing endo-β-glucanase (Ultraflo Max) should be used at the beginning of mashing to improve the rheological properties of the wort and reduce its viscosity, which improves the filtration process. To obtain beer with the required degree of fermentation during mashing, it is better to use new enzyme preparations (glucoamylase). The practical significance of the study lies in the use of large amounts of unmalted grain together with exoenzymes such as Ultraflo Max and Ceremis Plus, which will allow brewers to produce wort and beer of the same composition and quality as premium wort and beer, using only malt

The impact of wildfire on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in permafrost-affected regions is a major and still poorly understood consequence of climate warming in high latitudes. Towards better characterization of processes controlling post-fire nutrient migration and to establish the relationship between forest litter and aquatic systems during a fire event, we studied organic and inorganic solute leaching from ash that was produced via burning organic litter (topsoil) collected in permafrost-affected forest in western Siberia. Litter samples were burned at 300, 450 and 600 °C and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), major elements (Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, Na, N, P, K, Si), carboxylic organic acids, and ∼ 40 trace elements were analyzed in leachates (

Scintillators are X-ray to visible light converters applied in X-ray imaging detectors used at synchrotrons. Drastically improved performances of the 4th generation synchrotron sources enable us to perform X-ray imaging experiments at higher energies. For high spatial resolution X-ray imaging (micrometer to submicrometer), thin scintillating films are required. Consequently, especially for high X-ray energies (30keV to 100keV), the detection efficiency is limited due to the low X-ray absorption efficiency of the thin films. We have used Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) to grow thin films of one of the ultimate high-density materials, Lu2Hf2O7:Eu3+, which demonstrate scintillating properties and thus combine high spatial resolution and maximized absorption efficiency. X-ray imaging experiments demonstrate that the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) reaches 10% at 900 lp/mm, and radiographs visually confirm the promising imaging properties. We present structural, luminescent, and scintillation characterization of Lu2Hf2O7:Eu thin films grown on ZrO2:Y substrates, showing that the films crystallize in the disordered fluorite structure and the europium ions incorporate into the structure and enhance the luminescence intensity. This contribution is a first step toward developing promising ultra-dense, hafnate-based scintillating screens for high spatial resolution X-ray imaging.

Climate change and the increasing frequency and severity of drought events pose significant challenges for sustainable agriculture worldwide. Soil microorganisms, both beneficial and pathogenic, play a crucial role in mediating plant–environment interactions and shaping the overall functioning of agroecosystems. This review summarizes current knowledge on the adaptive mechanisms used by different groups of plant-beneficial soil microorganisms—rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)—as well as phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi, in response to drought. The review focuses on identifying the commonalities and differences in the survival strategies of these groups of beneficial and pathogenic soil microorganisms under drought conditions. Additionally, it reviews and compares the plant defence mechanisms under drought conditions facilitated by rhizobacteria and AMF. Special attention is given to the genetic exchange between beneficial and pathogenic soil microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer (HGT), which allows them to exchange traits. It is observed that drought may favor enhanced genetic exchange and the spread of pathogenic traits in the soil microbiome. This review will be useful for a wide range of readers to better understand the dynamics of the soil microbiome under climate change and to apply this knowledge to sustainable agricultural practices.

Abstract INTRODUCTION The variability in apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4‐attributed susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD) across ancestries, sexes, and ages may stem from the modulating effects of other genetic variants. METHODS We examined associations of compound genotypes (CompGs) comprising the ε4‐encoding rs429358, TOMM40 rs2075650, and APOC1 rs12721046 polymorphisms with AD in White (7181/16,356 AD‐affected/unaffected), Hispanic/Latino (2305/2921), and Black American (547/1753) participants across sexes and ages. RESULTS The absence and presence of the rs2075650 and/or rs12721046 minor alleles in the ε4‐bearing CompGs define lower‐ and higher‐AD‐risk profiles, respectively, in White participants. They differentially impact AD risks in men and women of different ancestries, exhibiting an increasing, decreasing, flat, and nonlinear—with lower risks at ages younger than 65/70 years and older than 85 years compared to the ages in between—patterns across ages. DISCUSSION The ε4‐bearing CompGs have a potential to differentiate biological mechanisms of sex‐, age‐, and ancestry‐specific AD risks and serve as AD biomarkers. Highlights Younger White women carrying the lower‐risk (LR) CompG are at small risk of AD. Black carriers of the LR CompG are at negligible risk of AD at 85 years and older. The higher‐risk (HR) CompGs confer high AD risk in Whites and Blacks at 70 to 85 years. AD risk decreases with age for Hispanic/Lation women carrying the HR CompGs. Hispanic/Lation carriers of the LR CompG but not HR CompGs have higher AD risk than Blacks.

Актуальність. Незважаючи на автоматизацію й комп’ютеризацію бойової техніки, зміни тактики ведення війни, фізична готовність залишається важливим і невід’ємним компонентом індивідуальної бойової готовності військовослужбовців, базою для всіх інших видів готовності. Чинна система фізичної підготовки неспроможна забезпечити фізичної готовності військовослужбовців до бойової діяльності й тому потребує докорінного реформування. Мета роботи – проаналізувати структуру управління системою ФП ЗС України з позицій системного підходу та обґрунтувати можливі шляхи її реформування. Методи дослідження – аналіз і синтез наукових праць та керівних документів із проблематики, що досліджувалася. Результати. Розкрито структуру управління системою фізичної підготовки, проведено її аналіз із позицій системного підходу. Визначено, що основною проблемою управління є те, що воно здійснюються двома керівними органами різного підпорядкування, які не мають спільних цілей, між котрими відсутні взаємопов’язаність і взаємодія, оскільки вони є елементами різних, несумісних між собою систем, кожна зі своїм специфічним середовищем: для одного – бойова підготовка військ, для іншого – спорт вищих досягнень. Висновки. Чинна структура управління фізичною підготовкою Збройних сил України суперечить методології конструювання соціальних систем і неспроможна забезпечити її ефективне функціонування. Запропоновано шляхи модернізації системи управління фізичною підготовкою Збройних сил України.

We present sub-50 fs soliton pulse generation from a diode-pumped Kerr-lens mode-locked laser based on an Yb3+-doped BaF2 crystal. Utilizing a spatially single-mode, fiber-coupled InGaAs laser diode at 976 nm as a pump source, the Yb:BaF2 laser generates pulses as short as 46 fs at 1060.1 nm with an average output power of 45 mW at a pulse repetition rate of ~65.6 MHz via soft-aperture Kerr-lens mode locking. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first demonstration of Kerr-lens mode-locked operation of the Yb:BaF2 crystal, as well as the shortest pulse duration ever achieved from any diode-pumped mode-locked laser based on an Yb3+-doped alkaline-earth fluoride crystal.

Due to its insulating and draining role, assessing ground vegetation cover properties is important for high-resolution hydrological modeling of permafrost regions. In this study, morphological and effective hydraulic properties of Western Siberian Lowland ground vegetation samples (lichens, Sphagnum mosses, peat) are numerically studied based on tomography scans. Porosity is estimated through a void voxels counting algorithm, showing the existence of representative elementary volumes (REVs) of porosity for most samples. Then, two methods are used to estimate hydraulic conductivity depending on the sample's homogeneity. For homogeneous samples, direct numerical simulations of a single-phase flow are performed, leading to a definition of hydraulic conductivity related to a REV, which is larger than those obtained for porosity. For heterogeneous samples, no adequate REV may be defined. To bypass this issue, a pore network representation is created from computerized scans. Morphological and hydraulic properties are then estimated through this simplified representation. Both methods converged on similar results for porosity. Some discrepancies are observed for a specific surface area. Hydraulic conductivity fluctuates by 2 orders of magnitude, depending on the method used. Porosity values are in line with previous values found in the literature, showing that arctic cryptogamic cover can be considered an open and well-connected porous medium (over 99 % of overall porosity is open porosity). Meanwhile, digitally estimated hydraulic conductivity is higher compared to previously obtained results based on field and laboratory experiments. However, the uncertainty is less than in experimental studies available in the literature. Therefore, biological and sampling artifacts are predominant over numerical biases. This could be related to compressibility effects occurring during field or laboratory measurements. These numerical methods lay a solid foundation for interpreting the homogeneity of any type of sample and processing some quantitative properties' assessment, either with image processing or with a pore network model. The main observed limitation is the input data quality (e.g., the tomographic scans' resolution) and its pre-processing scheme. Thus, some supplementary studies are compulsory for assessing syn-sampling and syn-measurement perturbations in experimentally estimated, effective hydraulic properties of such a biological porous medium.

The formation of significant amounts of low molecular weight (LMW) water-soluble organic compounds, which are highly reactive compounds of a non-specific nature, is a feature of the biogeocenoses of the North. Soil acidity, which in turn depends on LMW organic acids content, regulates the migration ability of compounds in landscapes and the bioavailability of nutrients. With an increase in the active layer thickness of peat soils in Western Siberia in the course of climate warming, new portions of LMW water-soluble organic compounds will enter, which will be quickly processed by microorganisms into CH4 and CO2. Five key sites were considered, located within thawed oligotrophic, frozen mound and polygonal bogs. The analysis of zonal patterns of acidity changes in the waters of peat soils indicates an increase in the pH in the series: northern taiga

Climate warming has significantly impacted the ecosystems of the Subarctic and Arctic. It has most strongly affected highly productive ecosystems, including those formed in river floodplains. Due to the initially high (background) values of NDVI, remote monitoring methods are not suitable for detecting changes in the biological productivity of floodplain vegetation. Research for both individual regions and landscapes is needed. However, for the floodplains of many rivers in Western Siberia, there are no primary descriptions of soils and vegetation. We have studied the soils and vegetation of the riverside floodplains in the lower reaches of the Taz River within the Pur–Taz interfluve. The studies were carried out within the hydrological continuum from the stream to the main Taz River. A regular change in soils and vegetation along the hydrological continuum was established, with fluvial processes intensifying. Ecosystems with the greatest diversity of plants, with thick layered soils such as Pantofluvic Fluvisol (Polyarenic, Polysiltic, Humic), are formed in the valleys of the tributaries of the Taz River on the natural riverside levee. The floodplain of the Taz River is distinguished by small differences in the heights of topographic elements, loamy soil texture, waterlogging and permafrost. The soils of the studied hydrological continuum were assigned to two Reference Soil Groups (Gleysol and Fluvisol). To describe the diversity of basic soil properties, six principal qualifiers and nine supplementary qualifiers were used. An assumption was made about the replacement of willow bushes by alder bushes during the warming period with the growth of some species of forbs (Parasenecio hastatus). The study made it possible to outline ways of further studying the floodplains of the Subarctic of Western Siberia.

The methylation of cytosines at CpG sites in DNA, carried out de novo by DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a, is a basic epigenetic modification involved in gene regulation and genome stability. Aberrant CpG methylation in gene promoters leads to oncogenesis. In oncogene promoters, CpG sites often colocalize with guanine-rich sequences capable of folding into G-quadruplexes (G4s). Our in vitro study aimed to investigate how parallel G4s formed by a sequence derived from the c-MYC oncogene promoter region affect the activity of the Dnmt3a catalytic domain (Dnmt3a-CD). For this purpose, we designed synthetic oligonucleotide constructs: a c-MYC G4-forming oligonucleotide and linear double-stranded DNA containing an embedded stable extrahelical c-MYC G4. The topology and thermal stability of G4 structures in these DNA models were analyzed using physicochemical techniques. We showed that Dnmt3a-CD specifically binds to an oligonucleotide containing c-MYC G4, resulting in inhibition of its methylation activity. c-MYC G4 formation in a double-stranded context significantly reduces Dnmt3a-CD-induced methylation of a CpG site located in close proximity to the quadruplex structure; this effect depends on the distance between the non-canonical structure and the specific CpG site. One would expect DNA hypomethylation near the G4 structure, while regions distant from this non-canonical form would maintain a regular pattern of high methylation levels. We hypothesize that the G4 structure sequesters the Dnmt3a-CD and impedes its proper binding to B-DNA, resulting in hypomethylation and activation of c-MYC transcription.

Intensive human activity in the Arctic region leads to hydrocarbon pollution of reservoirs and soils. Isolation of bacteria capable of growing at low temperatures and degrading oil and petroleum products is of scientific and practical value. The aim of this work was to study the physiology and growth in oil at temperatures below 0 °C of four strains of bacteria of the genera Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Arthrobacter, and Sphingomonas—previously isolated from diesel-contaminated soils of the Franz Josef Land archipelago—as well as genomic analysis of the Sphingomonas sp. AR_OL41 strain. The studied strains grew on hydrocarbons at temperatures from −1.5 °C to 35 °C in the presence of 0–8% NaCl (w/v). Growth at a negative temperature was accompanied by visual changes in the size of cells as well as a narrowing of the spectrum of utilized n-alkanes. The studied strains were psychrotolerant, degraded natural biopolymers (xylan, chitin) and n-alkanes of petroleum, and converted phosphates into a soluble form. The ability to degrade n-alkanes is rare in members of the genus Sphingomonas. To understand how the Sphingomonas sp. AR_OL41 strain has adapted to a cold, diesel-contaminated environment, its genome was sequenced and analyzed. The Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform was used for AR_OL41 genome strain sequencing. The genome analysis of the AR_OL41 strain showed the presence of genes encoding enzymes of n-alkane oxidation, pyruvate metabolism, desaturation of membrane lipids, and the formation of exopolysaccharides, confirming the adaptation of the strain to hydrocarbon pollution and low habitat temperature. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values for genomes of the AR_OL41 strain with that of the phylogenetically relative Sphingomonas alpine DSM 22537T strain were 81.9% and 20.9%, respectively, which allows the AR_OL41 strain to be assigned to a new species of the genus Sphingomonas. Phenomenological observations and genomic analysis indicate the possible participation of the studied strains in the self-purification of Arctic soils from hydrocarbons and their potential for biotechnological application in bioremediation of low-temperature environments.

We investigate in-band pumping of a Tm,Ho,Lu:CaGdAlO4 laser using a Raman-shifted Er-fiber laser (1678 nm), in the continuous-wave (CW) and mode-locked (ML) regimes. A maximum output power of 524 mW is obtained in the CW regime with a 5% output coupler at an absorbed pump power of 2.04 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 27.9%. A maximum CW wavelength tuning range of 160 nm at the zero level, from 1984 to 2144 nm, is obtained with a 0.2% output coupler. In the ML regime, pumping with 5.5 W (unpolarized), the average output power (0.2% output coupler) reaches 148 mW at a repetition rate of ~96 MHz. The output spectrum is centered at 2071.5 nm with a FWHM of 21.5 nm (σ-polarization). The pulse duration amounts to 218 fs (time-bandwidth product equal to 0.327).

A single crystal of ytterbium-doped “mixed” yttrium–lutetium aluminum garnet with a stoichiometric composition of (Y0.601Lu0.233Yb0.166)3Al5O12 was grown by the Czochralski method and its structure, vibronic, spectroscopic, and laser properties were studied. The stimulated-emission cross-section for Yb3+ ions was maximized to 2.53 × 10−20 cm2 at 1031 nm. The emission bandwidth was ~8 nm, and the reabsorption-free luminescence lifetime of the 2F5/2 state was 1.063 ms. Pumped at 941 nm, the Yb laser generated a maximum output power of 1.04 W at 1.03 and 1.05 μm with a high slope efficiency of 76.4% and a laser threshold of 76 mW. A continuous wavelength tuning over a range of 51.6 nm (1026.4–1078.0 nm) was also achieved. Power scaling was achieved using a 969 nm diode-pumped microchip cavity. A maximum output power of ~9 W was obtained at 1.05 μm with a slope efficiency of 76% and an almost circular laser beam profile.

Introduction. Modern precision radio systems impose stringent requirements on the quality of the reference signal sources used. Various approaches are used to create sources of reference signals in the microwave range – micro-wave self-oscillators (SO). A promising direction in the development of such SO is SO with frequency-setting elements based on surface acoustic waves (SAW).Aim. A review of international achievements in the development of frequency-setting elements based on SAW and respective SO.Materials and methods. The selection of materials for a comparative analysis and generalization was carried out using available sources published over the past 30 years in well-known engineering journals, advertising brochures and websites of the manufacturers of devices based on SAW. The selection criteria included low values of the power spectral density of the frequency fluctuations of the generated signal, the presence of vibration protection, the presence of a thermostat, as well as the miniaturization and originality of the design.Results. Specific features of various methods used for constructing microwave oscillators were analyzed. It is shown that the achievement of the best values of the power spectral density of frequency fluctuations in SO with frequency-setting elements on SAW is possible only with the use of two-port resonators. An analysis of the main technical characteristics of temperature-controlled vibration-resistant SO was carried out.Conclusion. Despite the large number of different manufacturers on the world market (more than 20 companies) and the variety of different models of oscillators with frequency-setting elements on SAW (more than a 100 different models), only two companies produce oscillators resistant to external vibrations and acoustic noise.

Of particular interest in the north of Western Siberia are frozen flat-mound bogs. Being formed in a transitional climatic zone, on the southern front of the permafrost zone, these frozen peatlands may turn out to be highly reactive upon thawing and deliver high amounts of solutes to the hydrological network. A detailed study of a flat-mound bog was carried out in a key area of about 3 hectares (Purovsky district, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). The soil-ecological conditions of the site are described, as well as the effect of spatial heterogeneity on the composition and properties of soils. Using topographic mapping and photogrammetry, it was identified that the bog surface is characterized by distinct microtopography (mounds-hollows-thermokarst subsidence with a percentage areas ratio of 49:30:21, respectively). Small-scale variations in ecohydrological settings, microtopography, and vegetation affect the distribution of nutrients, organic carbon in soils, and DOC (dissolved organic carbon) in bog waters. The main soil types are Dystric Hemic Cryic Histosols and Dystric Hemic Histosols (Gelic) found on mounds and in subsidence, respectively. If the peat thickness decreases to 40– 60 cm, then Spodic Histic Turbic Cryosols (Albic, Arenic) and Histic Turbic Cryosols (Albic, Arenic) form. In hollows and fens, Dystric Epifibric Histosols, Spodic Histic Turbic Cryosols (Arenic), and Gleyic Histic Entic Podzols (Turbic) are the most common. The proportion of soils with frozen peat is no more than 20% of the area of the key site and permafrost lies deeper, in the underlying rocks. It was found that carbon stocks within the key area vary from 31.1 to 91.3 kg/m2. The maximum values are observed in transit subsidences/hollows between mounds, where water is discharged. Concentrations of macro-microelements in bog waters vary depending on microform types. For some elements (e.g., DOC, Fe, Al, B, Si, Ti, V, Rb, Sb, Cs, REEs (rare earth elements), Pb, Th, U), they are approximately equal or 1.5–2 higher on the mounds. The export of DOC and other elements in permafrost areas is primarily controlled by the residence time of water and movement ways along the profile. In addition to this, the physicochemical properties of peat and biomass, which are also higher on mounds, influence the distribution and accumulation of nutrients.

Towards a better understanding of factors controlling carbon (C) exchange between inland waters and atmosphere, we addressed the inorganic carbon cycle in semiarid lakes of Central Eurasia, subjected to the strong impact of on-going climate change. As such, we assessed the hydrochemical variability and quantified its control on the formation of authigenic carbonate minerals, occurring within the upper layer of sediments in 43 semiarid lakes located in the southwest of Western Siberia (Central Eurasia). Based on measurements of pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), cationic and anionic composition, dissolved organic and inorganic C, as well as textural and mineralogical characterization of bottom sediments using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, we demonstrate that lake water pH and TDS are primarily controlled by both the lithological and climatic context of the lake watershed. We have not revealed any direct relationships between lake morphology and water chemistry. The most common authigenic carbonates scavenging atmospheric CO2 in the form of insoluble minerals in lake sediments were calcite, aragonite, Mg-calcite, dolomite and hydromagnesite. The calcite was the most common component, aragonite mainly appears in lakes with sediments enriched in gastropod shells or artemia cysts, while hydromagnesite was most common in lakes with high Mg/Ca molar ratios, as well as at high DIC concentrations. The relationships between mineral formation and water chemistry established in this study can be generalized to a wide suite of arid and semiarid lakes in order to characterize the current status of the inorganic C cycle and predict its possible modification under on-going climate warming such as a rise water temperature and a change in hydrological connectivity, primary productivity and nutrient regime.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cardiovascular traits might share underlying causes. We sought to identify clusters of cardiovascular traits that share genetic factors with AD. We conducted a univariate exome-wide association study and pair-wise pleiotropic analysis focused on AD and 16 cardiovascular traits—6 diseases and 10 cardio-metabolic risk factors—for 188,260 UK biobank participants. Our analysis pinpointed nine genetic markers in the APOE gene region and four loci mapped to the CDK11, OBP2B, TPM1, and SMARCA4 genes, which demonstrated associations with AD at p ≤ 5 × 10−4 and pleiotropic associations at p ≤ 5 × 10−8. Using hierarchical cluster analysis, we grouped the phenotypes from these pleiotropic associations into seven clusters. Lipids were divided into three clusters: low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. This split might differentiate the lipid-related mechanisms of AD. The clustering of body mass index (BMI) with weight but not height indicates that weight defines BMI-AD pleiotropy. The remaining two clusters included (i) coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction; and (ii) hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), systolic and diastolic blood pressure. We found that all AD protective alleles were associated with larger weight and higher DM risk. Three of the four (75%) clusters of traits, which were significantly correlated with AD, demonstrated antagonistic genetic heterogeneity, characterized by different directions of the genetic associations and trait correlations. Our findings suggest that shared genetic factors between AD and cardiovascular traits mostly affect them in an antagonistic manner.