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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may affect anybody, and prisoners are a susceptible group in terms of the risk of contracting infectious illnesses owing to a variety of situations such as overcrowding, confinement, and poor cleanliness. Therefore, this study aimed to assess prisoners’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) of COVID-19 and its determinants in southern Ethiopia. Method: The Institutional cross-section study was conducted among 404 prisoners selected using simple random sampling obtained from the prisoner’s registration book. To collect data from prisoners, an interviewer-based face-to-face data-collecting technique was used. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to identify determinants of KAP toward COVID-19. Results and Conclusions: The majority of the prisoners had limited understanding and poor preventive strategies application toward COVID-19. Being male, living in a rural area, having a low educational standing, and being a farmer were related to limited knowledge, negative attitude, and poor practice toward COVID-19. Furthermore, having little understanding was linked with poor practice toward COVID-19. As a result, the focus should be on convicts, creating awareness, and addressing specific socioeconomic features of prisoners, as well as boosting COVID-19 preventive activities that should get attention in the prison.

Introduction of complementary foods to infants is a common practice. However, according to recommended infant and young child feeding protocol the timing of introduction, frequency of feeding and the quality of diet are not appropriate. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the magnitude and identify the predictors of appropriate complementary feeding practice among mothers of children 6-23 months of age in Kedida Gamela district, southern Ethiopia. A community based cross sectional study was conducted among mothers of children aged 6-23 months on March 2017. A total of 777 randomly selected mothers/caregivers paired with their children aged 6-23 months were interviewed by trained nurses. Data were entered, cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Descriptive analyses were done for main variables. Exposures with p-value less than 0.25 on bivariate analysis were taken for multivariate analysis. Statistical significance was declared at p

Mohammed Suleiman Obsa,1 Kassahun Tekle Takiso,2 Tamiru Tilahun Ayele,1 Hailu Chare Koyra,3 Kassahun Tafesse Hidoto,4 Getahun Getahun Molla Shanka,2 Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore,5 Mihiretu Alemayehu Arba,4 Antehun Alemayehu Anjulo,6 Melkamu Worku Kercho,7 Zewde Zema3 1Department of Anesthesia, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 2School of Medicine, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pharmacy, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 4School of Public Health, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 5Department of Nursing, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 6Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia; 7Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mohammed Suleiman ObsaDepartment of Anesthesia, Wolaita Soddo University, P.O. Box: 138, Wolaita Soddo, EthiopiaTel +251 924333199Email msuleiman43@gmail.comBackground: Long-acting family planning method (LAFP) is a low-cost yet effective method of reducing maternal mortality, limiting and spacing childbirth. In Ethiopia, the family planning prevalence rate rises from 15% in 2005 to 36% in 2016. However, the discontinuation rate of LAFP is still high in the region. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of women who underwent early removal of long-acting family planning methods in Bedesa town, Southern Ethiopia.Methods: An interpretative phenomenological study design was employed. Women aged 15– 49 years who removed LAFP therapy in the past 12 months were our sampled population. Data were collected through in-depth interviews (IDIs) by using open-ended structured interview guide. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 participants from the family planning logbook registration of Bedesa health center. The interview continued until information saturation was reached. Open code version 4.03 was used to code and facilitate analysis. Transcripts were read and re-read separately to identify emerging themes. A thematic analysis technique was used.Results: This study revealed that the side effects, seeking more children and the husband’s opposition were the main reason for early removal of LAFP. Amongst side effects, heavy and irregular menses were occurred most frequently. Besides, there were various myths and misconceptions about family planning methods. It also noted that the counseling services provided by health professionals were not adequate.Conclusion: Side effects, desired to have more children, and the husband’s opposition are the most important reason of early removal of LAFP methods. Furthermore, there were misunderstanding, fear and rumors raised by women about each method. Hence, greater public awareness on family planning should be delivered to change community perception on LAFP methods.Keywords: long-acting family planning method, early removal, phenomenology, Bedesa

Background: Long-acting contraceptive methods can play a pivotal role in reducing maternal mortality. In Etiopia, the total fertility rate per woman is 4.6. However, this rapid population growth is not in line with the weak economic growth of the country. Therefore, this study was performed to explore the lived experiences of women who underwent early removal of long-acting contraceptive methods in Bedesa town, Southern Ethiopia.Methods: A phenomenological study design was employed to include a total of 10 in-depth interviews of sampled women. Participants were recruited through the criterion sampling method. Open code version 4.03 was used to code and facilitate analysis. Transcripts were read and re-read separately to identify emerging themes. A thematic analysis technique was used.Results: This study revealed that the side effects of long-acting family planning methods were the main reason for early removal. Furthermore, heavy and irregular menses were mentioned as the most frequently occurring side effects. Delayed fertility after removal of long-acting contraceptives was one of the most frequently stated fears by clients. It was also stated that counseling provided by health professionals was not adequate.Conclusion: The majority of study participants taught that the side effects of long-acting family planning methods outweigh the benefits. In addition, the counseling services provided by health care providers were not adequate. Therefore, proper counseling services should be given to mothers who are taking long-acting family planning methods.

Background. Use of laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to the endotracheal tube has attracted the attention of several workers with regard to intraocular pressure changes. However, the previous studies have reported different results while comparing intraocular pressure, following insertion of laryngeal mask airway or the endotracheal tube. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was aimed to generate the best possible evidence on the intraocular pressure response to endotracheal tube intubation and laryngeal mask airway insertion. Methods. Electronic databases like PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Cochrane library databases, and Mednar were used. All original peer-reviewed papers which reported the mean and standard deviation of IOP before and after airway instrumentation in both groups were included. Two reviewers independently extracted the data using a standardized data extraction format for eligibility and appraised their quality. Data were analyzed using the STATA version 14 software. The pooled standard mean difference was estimated with the random-effect model. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed by the I2 statistics test. A subgroup analysis was done to assess the source of variation between the studies. Result. A total of 47 research papers were reviewed, of which, six studies were finally included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall pooled standard mean difference of intraocular pressure was 1.30 (95% CI, 0.70, 1.90), showing that LMA insertion is better than ETT intubation to maintain stable intraocular pressure. A random-effect model was employed to estimate the pooled standard mean differences due to severe heterogeneity (I2 79.45, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusion. The available information suggests that the LMA provides lesser intraocular pressure response in comparison with the conventional tracheal tube.

Background Long-acting contraceptive methods can play a pivotal role in ining reducing maternal mortality. In The total fertility rate of Ethiopia is as high as 4.6 children per woman, which is manifested by short birth-interval. However, this rapid population growth is not in line with the weak economic growth of the country. Therefore, this study was done to explore the lived experiences of women who underwent early removal of long-acting contraceptive methods in Bedesa town, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A phenomenological study design was employed from April 16–22, 2020 to conduct this qualitative study among Bedessa town community. Individual In-depth interviews were used to collect data from a sampled study participants recruited through criterion sampling method. Based on the theoretical saturation of data, this study included a total of 10 in-depth interviews of sampled women.. Open code version 4.03 was used to code and facilitate analysis. The study used thematic analysis technique after the transcripts were read and re-read separately by the investigators to identify emerging themes. Results This study revealed that the majority of participants were able to mention at least three types of contraceptive methods. Participants frequently said that the side effect of the long-acting family planning methods as the main reason for early removal. Furthermore, heavy and irregular menses were mentioned as the most frequently occurring side effects. Delayed fertility after removal of long-acting contraceptive was one of frequently stated fear by the clients. Some of the participants indicated that counseling provided by health professionals was not adequate. Conclusion The majority of our study participants taught that the side effects of long-acting family planning methods outweigh than benefits. Besides, the counseling service provided by health care providers was not adequate. Therefore, proper counseling services should be given to mothers who are taking long-acting family planning methods.

this systemic review and meta-analysis was aimed at determining the level of diabetic retinopathy among diabetes mellitus patients in Ethiopia.PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) were searched. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and analyzed by using STATA version 11. Publication bias was checked by funnel plot and more objectively through Egger's regression test, with P 0.05 considered to indicate potential publication bias. Heterogeneity of studies was checked using the IThe overall prevalence of retinopathy was 19.48% (95% CI: 15.95, 23.01) Based on the subgroup analysis the prevalence of retinopathy was 12.48% in SNNPR, 24.8% in Oromia, 19.99% in Amhara, and 16.29% in Addis Ababa.The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among Diabetes mellitus patients is high. Therefore, close monitoring of the patient prognosis and appropriate prevention techniques is essential.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980-2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories.METHODS: We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package-a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce age-sex-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections.FINDINGS: Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87-2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91-1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79-3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63-2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8-39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets.INTERPRETATION: Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact.FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH.

Context: The most common opportunistic infection among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) reactive patients is tuberculosis (TB). TB has an impact on the prognosis of the disease. However, developing countries have not paid much attention to the problem. Aims: The study was conducted with the aim of determining the level of TB/HIV co-infection and associated factors. Setting and Design: A cross sectional study design was used in Wolaita Sodo Teaching and Referral Hospital from March 15 to May 15, 2017. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and seventy three patients were selected using simple random sampling. Statistical Analysis Used: Frequencies and proportions were computed. Logistic regressions were carried out and associations were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. Results: The study revealed that 17.4% of the patients were co-infected with HIV and TB. Educational status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =0.472 and 95% confidence interval [CI] =0.253, 0.883), drug dependency (AOR = 2.366 and 95% CI = 1.129, 4.957), World Health Organization stage (AOR = 3.031 and 95% CI = 1.326, 6.930), and baseline CD4 (AOR = 0.351 and 95% CI = 0.153, 0.803) were predictors of the TB/HIV co-infection. Conclusion: Educational status, drug dependency, WHO clinical stage, and baseline CD4 count were found as significant predictors of co-infection. Therefore, health education about the lifestyle modification, counseling, and close monitoring of pharmacological therapy adherence is recommended.