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6. Evolution and Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Given Ecosystems: Possible Strategies for Addressing the Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance.

Author

Selvarajan, Ramganesh, Obize, Chinedu, Sibanda, Timothy, Abia, Akebe Luther King, and Long, Haijun

Subjects
DRUG resistance in bacteria, ENVIRONMENTAL health, BACTERIAL evolution, BIOCIDES, PUBLIC health
Abstract

Antibiotics were once considered the magic bullet for all human infections. However, their success was short-lived, and today, microorganisms have become resistant to almost all known antimicrobials. The most recent decade of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century have witnessed the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance (ABR) in different pathogenic microorganisms worldwide. Therefore, this narrative review examined the history of antibiotics and the ecological roles of antibiotics, and their resistance. The evolution of bacterial antibiotic resistance in different environments, including aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and modern tools used for the identification were addressed. Finally, the review addressed the ecotoxicological impact of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and public health concerns and concluded with possible strategies for addressing the ABR challenge. The information provided in this review will enhance our understanding of ABR and its implications for human, animal, and environmental health. Understanding the environmental dimension will also strengthen the need to prevent pollution as the factors influencing ABR in this setting are more than just antibiotics but involve others like heavy metals and biocides, usually not considered when studying ABR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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9. Mathematical Modeling of Heat Transfer in Mold Copper Coupled with Cooling Water During the Slab Continuous Casting Process

Author

Long Haijun, Dengfu Chen, Xin Xie, Mujun Long, and Kui Lv

Subjects
Chemistry, Flow (psychology), Metals and Alloys, Thermodynamics, Heat transfer coefficient, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Continuous casting, Heat flux, Mechanics of Materials, Boiling, Heat transfer, Materials Chemistry, Slab, Water cooling
Abstract

The heat transfer in mold copper plays an important role in the solidification behavior of steel. In this study, a three-dimensional heat transfer model coupled with flow behavior of the cooling water was established to analyze the temperature field of the copper and water slots. And this model was verified by the measured temperature rise of cooling water at the inlet and outlet of slots. The advantages of this model were obtained by comparing it with Dittus–Boelter model and the Sleicher–Rouse model, which did not consider the flow of water. The results show that the Dittus–Boelter model has the highest temperature and that the coupled model has the lowest temperature. Moreover, the coupled model includes calculation of the temperature and velocity field of the cooling water inside the slots. This temperature information is very helpful for predicting the water boiling in the slots. In addition, the coupled model shows that the temperature, heat flux, and heat transfer coefficient around the water slot wall are different from the conventional models.

Published
2014

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