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3. Model for photothermal ionization and molecular recombination during pulsed ablation of polyethylene.

Author

Moore, N. W., Sanchez, J. J., Hobbs, M. L., Lane, J. M. D., and Long, K. N.

Subjects
POLYETHYLENE, PHOTOIONIZATION, CHEMICAL equilibrium, THERMOCHEMISTRY, VAPOR density, RECOMBINATION (Chemistry)
Abstract

The surface erosion of polyethylene is studied under conditions characteristic of extremely high-rate heating expected in laser-driven and high energy density experiments. A coupled model for photoionization and volumetric photothermal degradation of polyethylene is developed that includes finite rate chemistry and molecular recombination of radicals. First, the model is used to explore the evolution of radicals and hydrocarbons during isochoric heating, for which it is found that polyethylene is not in chemical equilibrium for rates > --> 10 8 K / s. Then, the model is used to explore the cooperativity between photoionization and photothermal ionization during one-dimensional ablation from a pulsed heating source, accounting for coupled energy deposition, thermokinetics, thermochemistry, hydrodynamics, mechanics, and thermal conduction in the ALEGRA multi-physics code. The ablation depth per energy pulse is found to agree with an analytical model for instantaneous energy deposition and absent molecular recombination or photoionization. Otherwise, molecular recombination of radicals reduces the depth of ablation per pulse, owing to thermal stabilization on forming branched molecules. Radical formation through photoionization can be compensated for by recombination, but it accelerates ablation at high enough photoionization rates. Finally, the influence of molecular recombination on the ablation depth is found to decrease for long pulses, owing to decreased recombination reaction rates at lower vapor densities near the ablated surface. These and other findings highlight competition between the processes of scission, recombination, and photoionization during pulsed ablation of polyethylene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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4. Global impact of the first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wave on vascular services

Author

Benson, R. A., Sudarsanam, A., Tam, A., Beck, A. W., Barkat, A., Bajwa, A., Elbasty, A., Awopetu, A. I., Kodama, A., Rivera, A. G., Munoz, A., Saltiel, A., Russo, A., Rolls, A., Kafetzakis, A., Kimyaghalam, A., Kordzadeh, A., Shepherd, A., Singh, A., Mingoli, A., Lazaris, A. M., Isaak, A., Marin, A., Valdivia, A. R., Batchelder, A., Duncan, A., Argyriou, A., Jaipersad, A. S., Freyrie, A., Pereira-Neves, A., Mahomed, A., Isik, A., Jawien, A., Choudhry, A. J., Sivaharan, A., Giannoukas, A., Papaioannou, A., Saratzis, A., Abbas, A., Christos, B., Akkaya, B. B., Huasen, B., Patrice, B., Mwipatayi, Azhar, B., Keldiyorov, B., Ullery, B. W., Pratesi, C., Hinojosa, C. A., Bechara, C. F., Parra, C. S., Alexandros, C., Bezard, C., Lee, C. J., Davies, C., Behrendt, C. -A., Lowe, C., Karkos, C. D., Yih, C. L. P., Mcdonnell, C., Ordonez, C., Nesbitt, C., Alexander, C., Guglielmone, D., Doherty, D. T., Riding, D. M., Esposito, D., Harkin, D., Lui, D. H., Kamal, D. M., Telve, D., Theodosiou, D., Angiletta, D., Jacobs, D., Choke, E., Gifford, E. D., Beropoulis, E., Lostoridis, E., Atkins, E., Giacomelli, E., Tsolaki, E., Davies, E., Scott, E., Katsogridakis, E., Serrano, E., Unal, E. U., Lopez, E., Mpaili, E., Minelli, Fabrizio, Malekpour, F., Mousa, F., Meyer, F., Tobar, F., Filipa, J., Johansson, F. G., Weaver, F., Proano, G. A. B., Sidel, G., Kuhan, G., Lemmon, G., Antoniou, G. A., Papadopoulos, G., Pitoulias, G., Sotirios, G., Victoria, G., Frahm-Jensen, G., Tinelli, Giovanni, Asciutto, G., Zenunaj, G., Eduardo, G. V. C., Pullas, G., Oszkinis, G., Popov, G., Iscan, H. Z., Travers, H. C., Barakat, H., Mavioglu, H. L., Chetter, I., Loftus, I., Dodos, I., Asghar, I., Van Herzeele, I., Giordano, J., Cragg, J., Chuen, J., Orrego, J. D. C., Perkins, J., Rocha-Neves, J., Ulloa, J. H., Chavez, J. A., Vidoedo, J., Faraj, J., Mills, J., Varela, J., Ng, J. J., Schmidli, J., Kiriaki, K., Powezka, K., Bowser, K., Darvall, K., Mccune, K., Pasenidou, K., Corless, K., Mckevitt, K., Long, K. N., Moulakakis, K. G., Roditis, K., Stavroulakis, K., Tigkiropoulos, K., Mannoia, K., Abayasekara, K., Jayakumar, L., Wijesinghe, L., Drudi, L., Shelmerdine, L., O'Banion, L. A., Meecham, L., Bennett, L. F., Grillo, L., Green, L., Wales, L., Loureiro, L., Palena, L. M., Tolba, M. M. H., Khashram, M., Chana, M., Pabon, M., Gonzalez, M., Usai, M. V., Tarazona, M., Ruffino, M. A., Castelli, M., Benezit, M., Dias-Neto, M., Malina, M., Maresch, M., Mazzurco, M., Storck, M., Troncoso, M. V., Popplewell, M., Tozzi, M., Metcalfe, M., Laine, M., Rawhi, M., Ricardo, M., Goh, M. A., Ahmed, M. A., Ibrahim, M., Alomari, M., Almudhafer, M., Elhadi, M., Gunawansa, N., Hadjievangelou, N., Hasemaki, N., Shafique, N., Aranson, N., Bradley, N., Mouawad, N. J., Rich, N. C., Floros, N., Patelis, N., Saratzis, N., Tsilimparis, N., Salinas, N., Altaf, N., Friedrich, O., Lyons, O., Mcbride, O. M. B., Ioannidis, O., Falah, O., Theodoridis, P., Sapienza, P., Tsiantoula, P., Chong, P., Coughlin, P., Bevis, P., Carrera, P., Dunlop, P., Wong, P. F., Albino, P., Rossi, P., Nana, P., Stather, P. W., Lapolla, P., Silveira, P. G., Saha, P., Somaiya, P., Pian, P. M., Morley, R. L., Bell, R., Ennab, R. M., Malgor, R., Pulli, R., Makar, R., Sekhar, R., Afifi, R., Coscas, R., Soler, R., Cuff, R. F., Diaz, R., Biagioni, R., Ramely, R. B., Carvajal, R. R., Jhajj, S., Edeiken, S., Benites, S., Zaca, S., Paravastu, S., Chan, S., Sheth, S., Shalhub, S., Dindyal, S., Banegas, S., Hardy, S., Sica, Simona, Tam, S. C., Premnath, S., Renton, S., Rajagopalan, S., Kyriakos, S., Kakkos, S., Ancetti, S., Elkouri, S., Lin, S., Cheng, S. W. K., Koutsias, S. G., Grainger, T., Fekry, T., Tantawy, T. G., Siddiqui, T., Oshodi, T., Akhtar, T., Hardy, T. J., Kotsis, T., Gooneratne, T., Rowlands, T., Cohnert, T. U., Wallace, T., Lane, T. R. A., Bracale, U. M., Cheema, U., Sadia, U., Rubio, V., Canata, V., Jongkind, V., Khetarpaul, V., Summerour, V., Dorigo, W., Al-Jundi, W., Luo, X., Tshomba, Yamume, Serra, Y. G., Minelli F., Tinelli G. (ORCID:0000-0002-2212-3226), Sica S., Tshomba Y. (ORCID:0000-0001-7304-7553), Benson, R. A., Sudarsanam, A., Tam, A., Beck, A. W., Barkat, A., Bajwa, A., Elbasty, A., Awopetu, A. I., Kodama, A., Rivera, A. G., Munoz, A., Saltiel, A., Russo, A., Rolls, A., Kafetzakis, A., Kimyaghalam, A., Kordzadeh, A., Shepherd, A., Singh, A., Mingoli, A., Lazaris, A. M., Isaak, A., Marin, A., Valdivia, A. R., Batchelder, A., Duncan, A., Argyriou, A., Jaipersad, A. S., Freyrie, A., Pereira-Neves, A., Mahomed, A., Isik, A., Jawien, A., Choudhry, A. J., Sivaharan, A., Giannoukas, A., Papaioannou, A., Saratzis, A., Abbas, A., Christos, B., Akkaya, B. B., Huasen, B., Patrice, B., Mwipatayi, Azhar, B., Keldiyorov, B., Ullery, B. W., Pratesi, C., Hinojosa, C. A., Bechara, C. F., Parra, C. S., Alexandros, C., Bezard, C., Lee, C. J., Davies, C., Behrendt, C. -A., Lowe, C., Karkos, C. D., Yih, C. L. P., Mcdonnell, C., Ordonez, C., Nesbitt, C., Alexander, C., Guglielmone, D., Doherty, D. T., Riding, D. M., Esposito, D., Harkin, D., Lui, D. H., Kamal, D. M., Telve, D., Theodosiou, D., Angiletta, D., Jacobs, D., Choke, E., Gifford, E. D., Beropoulis, E., Lostoridis, E., Atkins, E., Giacomelli, E., Tsolaki, E., Davies, E., Scott, E., Katsogridakis, E., Serrano, E., Unal, E. U., Lopez, E., Mpaili, E., Minelli, Fabrizio, Malekpour, F., Mousa, F., Meyer, F., Tobar, F., Filipa, J., Johansson, F. G., Weaver, F., Proano, G. A. B., Sidel, G., Kuhan, G., Lemmon, G., Antoniou, G. A., Papadopoulos, G., Pitoulias, G., Sotirios, G., Victoria, G., Frahm-Jensen, G., Tinelli, Giovanni, Asciutto, G., Zenunaj, G., Eduardo, G. V. C., Pullas, G., Oszkinis, G., Popov, G., Iscan, H. Z., Travers, H. C., Barakat, H., Mavioglu, H. L., Chetter, I., Loftus, I., Dodos, I., Asghar, I., Van Herzeele, I., Giordano, J., Cragg, J., Chuen, J., Orrego, J. D. C., Perkins, J., Rocha-Neves, J., Ulloa, J. H., Chavez, J. A., Vidoedo, J., Faraj, J., Mills, J., Varela, J., Ng, J. J., Schmidli, J., Kiriaki, K., Powezka, K., Bowser, K., Darvall, K., Mccune, K., Pasenidou, K., Corless, K., Mckevitt, K., Long, K. N., Moulakakis, K. G., Roditis, K., Stavroulakis, K., Tigkiropoulos, K., Mannoia, K., Abayasekara, K., Jayakumar, L., Wijesinghe, L., Drudi, L., Shelmerdine, L., O'Banion, L. A., Meecham, L., Bennett, L. F., Grillo, L., Green, L., Wales, L., Loureiro, L., Palena, L. M., Tolba, M. M. H., Khashram, M., Chana, M., Pabon, M., Gonzalez, M., Usai, M. V., Tarazona, M., Ruffino, M. A., Castelli, M., Benezit, M., Dias-Neto, M., Malina, M., Maresch, M., Mazzurco, M., Storck, M., Troncoso, M. V., Popplewell, M., Tozzi, M., Metcalfe, M., Laine, M., Rawhi, M., Ricardo, M., Goh, M. A., Ahmed, M. A., Ibrahim, M., Alomari, M., Almudhafer, M., Elhadi, M., Gunawansa, N., Hadjievangelou, N., Hasemaki, N., Shafique, N., Aranson, N., Bradley, N., Mouawad, N. J., Rich, N. C., Floros, N., Patelis, N., Saratzis, N., Tsilimparis, N., Salinas, N., Altaf, N., Friedrich, O., Lyons, O., Mcbride, O. M. B., Ioannidis, O., Falah, O., Theodoridis, P., Sapienza, P., Tsiantoula, P., Chong, P., Coughlin, P., Bevis, P., Carrera, P., Dunlop, P., Wong, P. F., Albino, P., Rossi, P., Nana, P., Stather, P. W., Lapolla, P., Silveira, P. G., Saha, P., Somaiya, P., Pian, P. M., Morley, R. L., Bell, R., Ennab, R. M., Malgor, R., Pulli, R., Makar, R., Sekhar, R., Afifi, R., Coscas, R., Soler, R., Cuff, R. F., Diaz, R., Biagioni, R., Ramely, R. B., Carvajal, R. R., Jhajj, S., Edeiken, S., Benites, S., Zaca, S., Paravastu, S., Chan, S., Sheth, S., Shalhub, S., Dindyal, S., Banegas, S., Hardy, S., Sica, Simona, Tam, S. C., Premnath, S., Renton, S., Rajagopalan, S., Kyriakos, S., Kakkos, S., Ancetti, S., Elkouri, S., Lin, S., Cheng, S. W. K., Koutsias, S. G., Grainger, T., Fekry, T., Tantawy, T. G., Siddiqui, T., Oshodi, T., Akhtar, T., Hardy, T. J., Kotsis, T., Gooneratne, T., Rowlands, T., Cohnert, T. U., Wallace, T., Lane, T. R. A., Bracale, U. M., Cheema, U., Sadia, U., Rubio, V., Canata, V., Jongkind, V., Khetarpaul, V., Summerour, V., Dorigo, W., Al-Jundi, W., Luo, X., Tshomba, Yamume, Serra, Y. G., Minelli F., Tinelli G. (ORCID:0000-0002-2212-3226), Sica S., and Tshomba Y. (ORCID:0000-0001-7304-7553)

Abstract

This online structured survey has demonstrated the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vascular services. The majority of centres have documented marked reductions in operating and services provided to vascular patients. In the months during recovery from the resource restrictions imposed during the pandemic peaks, there will be a significant vascular disease burden awaiting surgeons. One of the most affected specialties

Published
2020

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