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Abstract Urban rail transit, as an efficient and eco-friendly mode of transportation, plays a pivotal role in mitigating traffic congestion and lowering urban carbon emissions. Despite the significant contributions by scholars in this area, debates surrounding the quantification of carbon emissions during the operational phase of urban rail transit persist, particularly in assessing its impact on reducing ground traffic congestion. This study examines the passenger flow during Beijing’s morning and evening peak hours, assuming that all passengers initially using urban rail transit switch to buses and taxis during these periods. A traffic congestion prediction model is developed based on the analysis of actual traffic operation data under this assumption. Through this model, the study calculates the potential congestion times across various scenarios, employing a bottom-up approach to carbon emission estimation to analyze the impact on carbon emissions. Results spanning 2015 to 2021 suggest that substituting urban rail transit with buses could increase congestion by 37–92 min and 46–59 min during morning and evening peaks, respectively, leading to a 24-82% and 27-56% surge in carbon emissions. The conversion of all these vehicles to taxis would result in a direct paralysis of Beijing’s road transport network, with a corresponding increase in carbon emissions of between 289% and 556% and 333% and 614%, respectively.These outcomes emphasize the substantial efficacy of urban rail transit in curbing traffic congestion and carbon emissions.

Vanadium (V) plays a crucial role in the formation of precipitates. In this study, different amounts of submicron-sized precipitates were introduced in high-carbon pearlitic CrMo wear-resistant cast steel by the addition of V. The result shows that the microstructure of high-carbon CrMo wear-resistant cast steel consists of lamellar pearlite and submicron-sized precipitates. With higher V content, the density of submicron-sized precipitates increases. The wear resistance of the steel also enhances with the addition of V, which is primarily attributed to the formation of submicron-sized precipitates resulting in the enhancement of initial mechanical properties and the creation of a harder work-hardening layer in worn surface. The wear mechanisms involve microploughing, microcutting, microfatigue, and microcracking in high-carbon pearlitic CrMo wear-resistant cast steel, but the introduction of submicron-sized precipitates leads to a substantial reduction in the depth of microploughing and microcutting.

Spatio-temporally continuous daily evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for characterizing water and energy exchange and scheduling efficient water management. ET has conventionally been generated using thermal infrared-based models, cloud contamination of satellite data could prohibit accurate estimates of spatial continuous daily ET. Although approaches have been applied to fill these spatial gaps introduced by thermal infrared data, they contain extensive uncertainties and still have gaps. Here, we proposed a two-step reconstruction framework to generate seamless daily ET dataset based on outputs from a soil moisture coupled two-source energy balance (TSEB-SM) model. In these two steps, a deep neural network trained with the outputs of TSEB-SM was used to reconstruct the gaps in daily ET images, which mainly introduced by the missing inputs. Then the remained gaps were filled with reference ET (ETo) directly. The estimated daily ET agrees well with ground measurements across different landcover types with a RMSE of 1.0 mm day−1 and a bias of only 0.2 mm day−1. In terms of spatial distributions and temporal dynamics, the generated daily ET has better consistency with its impacting factors, including the landcover map, land surface temperature, downward solar radiation, etc. Our results suggest that this reconstruction framework can generate reliable seamless daily ET dataset, which has high potential for application in crop water consumption monitoring, crop yield prediction and efficient water management.

Abstract To improve students’ understanding of physical education teaching concepts and help teachers analyze students’ cognitive patterns, the study proposes an association learning-based method for understanding physical education teaching concepts using deep learning algorithms, which extracts image features related to teaching concepts using convolutional neural networks. Moreover, a neurocognitive diagnostic model based on hypergraph convolution is constructed to mine the data of students’ long-term learning sequences and identify students’ cognitive outcomes. The findings revealed that the highest accuracy of the association graph convolutional neural network was 0.84 when the number of training samples was 90,000. In each of the three datasets, the cognitive diagnostic model’s accuracy was 0.76, 0.77, and 0.75, respectively. The use of the association graph convolutional neural network model resulted in an increase of 29% in the mastery of students in the concepts and knowledge of sports. The predictive accuracy of the cognitive schema diagnostic model ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 with a mean value of 0.81. The study reveals that the model proposed in the study has high accuracy and stability in predicting cognitive patterns, which can better identify students’ cognitive states and provide strong support for instructional guidance and personalized learning.

Abstract Tea bud detection technology is of great significance in realizing automated and intelligent plucking of tea buds. This study proposes a lightweight tea bud identification model based on modified Yolov5 to increase the picking accuracy and labor efficiency of intelligent tea bud picking while lowering the deployment pressure of mobile terminals. The following methods are used to make improvements: the backbone network CSPDarknet-53 of YOLOv5 is replaced with the EfficientNetV2 feature extraction network to reduce the number of parameters and floating-point operations of the model; the neck network of YOLOv5, the Ghost module is introduced to construct the ghost convolution and C3ghost module to further reduce the number of parameters and floating-point operations of the model; replacing the upsampling module of the neck network with the CARAFE upsampling module can aggregate the contextual tea bud feature information within a larger sensory field and improve the mean average precision of the model in detecting tea buds. The results show that the improved tea bud detection model has a mean average precision of 85.79%, only 4.14 M parameters, and only 5.02G of floating-point operations. The number of parameters and floating-point operations is reduced by 40.94% and 68.15%, respectively, when compared to the original Yolov5 model, but the mean average precision is raised by 1.67% points. The advantages of this paper’s algorithm in tea shot detection can be noticed by comparing it to other YOLO series detection algorithms. The improved YOLOv5 algorithm in this paper can effectively detect tea buds based on lightweight, and provide corresponding theoretical research for intelligent tea-picking robots.

Abstract Background Liuweizhiji Gegen-Sangshen oral liquid (LGS), as a Chinese medicinal preparation, is developed from a Traditional Chinese medicinal formula consisting of six Chinese medicinal herbs, including Puerariae lobatae radix, Hoveniae semen, Imperatae rhizoma, Crataegi fructus, Mori fructus and Canarli fructus, and has been extensively utilized in the prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) clinically. Previous study has demonstrated that LGS dose-dependently mitigated ALD in rat models. However, whether and how the main characteristic constituents of LGS (the flavonoid and polysaccharide fractions, LGSF and LGSP) contribute to the anti-ALD effect remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the anti-ALD effect of LGS and its main fractions (LGSF and LGSP) in a murine model of ALD and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods ALD mouse model was constructed using the chronic and binge ethanol feeding method. Biochemical determinations of AST, ALT, TC, TG, ADH, ALDH, HDL, LDL, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were performed using corresponding kits. Histopathological examination of liver and intestinal sections was conducted based on the H&E staining. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes was evaluated by oil red O staining. Ethanol metabolism was assessed by determining the activity of ADH and ALDH enzymes. Intestinal barrier function was analyzed based on immunohistochemistry analysis of ZO-1 and occludin and immunofluorescence analysis of epithelial markers, Lgr5, Muc2, and Lyz1. Intestinal epithelial apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. Mouse fecal microbiota alterations were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. An in vitro epithelial injury model was established by developing TNF-α-induced 3D-cultured intestinal organoids. In vitro culture of specific bacterial strains was performed. Results The results showed that LGS and its flavonoid and polysaccharide fractions (LGSF and LGSP) significantly alleviated ALD in mice through attenuating hepatic injury and inflammation, improving liver steatosis and promoting ethanol metabolism. Notably, LGS, LGSP, and LGSF mitigated intestinal damage and maintained barrier function in ALD mice. The intestinal barrier protection function of LGS, LGSP, and LGSF was generally more obvious than that of the positive drug meltadosine. Further study demonstrated that LGS, LGSP, and LGSF promoted intestinal epithelial repair via promoting Lgr5+ stem cell mediated regeneration in TNF-α-induced intestinal organoids. LGS and LGSF, other than LGSP, had a better effect on repair of epithelial injury in vitro. Moreover, LGS, LGSP, and LGSF remarkably alleviated gut dysbiosis in ALD mice via at least partially recovery of alcohol-induced microbial changes and induction of specific bacterial groups. In vitro culture of bacterial strains indicated that LGS, LGSP, and LGSF had a specific impact on bacterial growth. LGS and LGSP, but not the LGSF, significantly promoted the growth of Lactobacillus. Similarly, LGS and LGSP significantly increased the proliferation of Bacteroides sartorii, and LGSF had a minimal effect. LGS, LGSP and LGSF all promoted the growth of Bacillus coagulans, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Bifidobacterium bifidum. LGS and LGSP promoted the growth of Dubosiella newyorkensis, but the LGSF had no effect. Conclusions LGS exerts its anti-ALD effect in mice through regulating gut-liver axis, and its flavonoid and polysaccharide fractions, LGSF and LGSP, are responsible for its protective effect.

Aiming at the problem that the wind energy utilization of vertical axis wind turbines is slightly lower than that of horizontal axis wind power,a new wind turbine based on Senegalese (Senegal) type wind turbine was proposed. Firstly, the curvature of the rotor blades was optimized using the Bessel curve function and modeled using the SOLIDWORKS software, resulting in four different curvature curves for the blades; Secondly, the parameters such as wind energy utilization, moment coefficient, and their pressure distribution and velocity distribution plots at different tip speed ratios were compared and analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, and their wake characteristics were also compared; Finally, an experimental platform was built to verify the rationality of the simulation. The results show that the optimized blade type effectively improves the wind energy utilization of the modified Senegal drag type vertical axis wind turbine, and the A4 type blade has a high wind energy utilization of 26.31%, which is about 36% higher than that of the A1 type wind turbine.The designed novel wind turbine structure has superior power generation performance, which provides some reference for program design in the field of vertical axis wind turbines.

Abstract Hydrocephalus commonly occurs after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and is associated with increased morbidity and disability in patients with SAH. Choroid plexus cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypersecretion, obliterative arachnoiditis occluding the arachnoid villi, lymphatic obstruction, subarachnoid fibrosis, and glymphatic system injury are considered the main pathological mechanisms of hydrocephalus after SAH. Although the mechanisms of hydrocephalus after SAH are increasingly being revealed, the clinical prognosis of SAH still has not improved significantly. Further research on SAH is needed to reveal the underlying mechanisms of hydrocephalus and develop translatable therapies. A model that can stably mimic the histopathological and neuroethological features of hydrocephalus is critical for animal experiments. There have been fewer animal studies on hydrocephalus after SAH than on other stroke subtypes. The development of a reproducible and effective model of hydrocephalus after SAH is essential. In this study, we establish a mouse model of SAH that stably mimics brain injury and hydrocephalus after SAH through injections of autologous blood into the cisterna magna via different methods and characterize the model in terms of neurological behavior, histology, imaging, neuronal damage, and white matter damage.

Abstract Introduction To investigate the short-term clinical effect of transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) versus coblation nucleoplasty (CN) combined with collagenase chemonucleolysis (CCNL) in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis. Methods From January 2019 to December 2020, 60 patients who had LDH with grade I degenerative spondylolisthesis were divided into two groups. Group A adopted TELD while Group B adopted CN combined with CCNL. The surgical efficacy was evaluated according to the visual analogue scale (VAS), oswestry disability index (ODI), quality of recovery-15 (QoR-15), and modified MacNab criteria. Imaging findings including lumbar lordosis (LL), segmental lordosis angle (SL), slip percentage (SP), and disc height (DH) were compared between the two groups pre-operation and at the last follow-up. Results VAS (back and leg), ODI, and QoR-15 were significantly decreased at each time point after operation in all groups. There were significant differences in VAS (back and leg), ODI, and QoR-15 between the two groups at 3 days post-operation (P 0.05). Conclusion Both the two operations can relieve the symptoms of lower back and leg pain in patients, and neither of the two operations caused further progress of lumbar spondylolisthesis. Compared with CN combined with CCNL, TELD had more significant improvement in early lower back and leg pain and shorter post-operative duration of hospitalization. Trial Registration The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (ChiCTR2300076809).

Abstract Introduction The long-term prognosis of ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms (MCAAs) in northern China remains unclear. The aim of this study is to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and long-term outcomes of ruptured MCAAs in northern China. Methods We included patients who were consecutively admitted for ruptured MCAAs to 12 tertiary care centers in northern China from January 2017 to December 2020. Kaplan‒Meier curves were used to compare survival in hazard strata. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze risk factors and mortality risk, whereas logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing 2-year survival. Subgroup analyses were performed to verify the robustness of the results. Results Data on 959 patients with ruptured MCAAs were analyzed; 16.4% of these patients had ruptured intracranial aneurysms (RIAs) and were registered in the Chinese cerebral aneurysm database. The mean follow-up duration was 3.0 years (range 0–6.2 years). The 3-month and 2-year mortality rates were 15.5% and 18.2%, respectively. The risk factors for mortality were identified via Cox regression and were as follows: age > 70 years, previous stroke, combined intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)/intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), poor Hunt and Hess grade, multiple aneurysms, and conservative treatment (CT). The positive association between the risk of death and CT was consistent across subgroups. According to logistic regression, hypertension, previous stroke, combined ICH/IVH, Hunt and Hess grade, and WFNS (World Federation of Neurological Surgeons) score were identified as factors negatively influencing 2-year survival. Conclusion We detail the epidemiologic characteristics and long-term outcomes of MCAAs. The risk factors for mortality included age > 70 years, previous stroke, combined ICH/IVH, poor Hunt and Hess grade, and multiple aneurysms. Compared with microsurgical treatment (MST), CT is associated with an increased risk of mortality, while the risk of mortality associated with endovascular treatment (EVT) is not significantly different. Two-year survival was associated with hypertension, previous stroke, ICH/IVH, and poor grades at admission.

Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves a continuous and dynamic cascade of complex reactions, with mitochondrial damage and dysfunction-induced energy metabolism disorders playing a central role throughout the process. These disorders not only determine the severity of secondary injuries but also influence the potential for axonal regeneration. Given the critical role of energy metabolism disturbances in the pathology of SCI, strategies such as enhancing mitochondrial transport within axons to alleviate local energy deficits, or transplanting autologous or allogeneic mitochondria to restore energy supply to damaged tissues, have emerged as potential approaches for SCI repair. These strategies also aim to modulate local inflammatory responses and apoptosis. Preclinical studies have initially demonstrated that mitochondrial transplantation (MT) significantly reduces neuronal death and promotes axonal regeneration following spinal cord injury. MT achieves this by regulating signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt, promoting the expression of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) in neurons, and inhibiting the expression of apoptosis-related proteins like Grp78, Chop, and P-Akt, thereby enhancing the survival and regeneration of damaged neurons. Additionally, MT plays a role in promoting the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, facilitating tissue repair, and reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Furthermore, MT modulates neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory responses by decreasing the expression of p-JNK, a member of the MAPK family. In summary, by reviewing the detailed mechanisms underlying the cascade of pathological processes in SCI, we emphasize the changes in endogenous mitochondria post-SCI and the potential of exogenous MT in SCI repair. This review aims to provide insights and a basis for developing more effective clinical treatments for SCI. Graphical abstract

This study established a circulating system to control the concentration of substances and temperature in the aqueous solution. Simultaneously, sensors were used to continuously monitor the corrosion of three pipe materials: ductile iron (DI), surface-treated ductile iron (SDI), and carbon steel (CS). A corrosion decision model based on a machine learning framework was developed for data mining. The results show that the developed model provides accurate corrosion prediction strategies. Analysis revealed that high temperature is the primary factor accelerating corrosion in water systems. SDI accelerates at 60 °C, reaching its peak at 90 °C, while DI and CS peak at 80 °C. The superior corrosion resistance of SDI is attributed to its ability to withstand accelerated corrosion under high temperatures and environmental coupling, making it more stable when immersed in water.

Rare earth (RE) elements not only modify inclusions but also refine the steel's microstructure. This study investigates the evolution mechanism of cerium on inclusions and microstructure in low-alloy cast steel through experimental and thermodynamic analyses. After cerium is added to the steel, strip-like inclusions transform into spherical ones, accompanied by a reduction in size. The evolution path of inclusions follows MnS + MnS–Al2O3→Ce2O2S–Ce2S3–MnS + CeAlO3–Ce2S3–MnS with cerium addition. Notably, Ce2S3 and Ce2O2S exhibit an orientation relationship, with [1‾ 22]Ce2S3//[01 1‾ 1]Ce2O2S and (02 2‾)Ce2S3//(1‾ 011)Ce2O2S. Compared to Ce-free steel, the Ce-0.06 steel shows a reduced grain size and the absence of needle-shaped Widmanstätten structures, which may be mainly attributed to rare earth inclusions as heterogeneous nucleation of δ-Fe. This work can provide a theoretical basis for improving the overall mechanical properties of low-alloy cast steel by adding cerium.

In previous practice, the differential strain analysis (DSA) method, relied upon for estimating vertical principal stress to resolve geological stress, has shown limitations in reliability. Drawing upon observations of the Kaiser effect in rock samples, we introduce the Kaiser-differential strain analysis (Kaiser-DSA) method, amalgamating the Kaiser effect with the DSA method to assess in-situ stress differentials. Comparative evaluation with the stress relief method reveals that the Kaiser-DSA method demonstrates minimal relative error and generally consistent orientation of the maximum horizontal principal stress. Utilizing the findings from in-situ stress testing, this investigation scrutinizes the distribution patterns of in-situ stress in Yaojie Mining Area and investigates the causative factors contributing to the prevailing in-situ stress field. The study elucidates that Yaojie Mining Area is subject to the influence of compressive tectonic stress fields, resulting in elevated residual stress. Influenced by the Qinghai-Tibet thrust nappe action and the clockwise shear action of the F19 fault, the geostress field in this region predominantly manifests a strike-slip stress state typified by σH>σv>σh. Furthermore, the heightened differential stress within this locale exacerbates deformation and damage to the surrounding rock mass during mining activities, thereby exacerbating the frequency of dynamic disaster events.

AIM: To evaluate the clinical effect of a new surgery technique (covering corneal stromal lenticule, CSL) for macular hole (MH) in pathological myopia. METHODS: This was a prospective non-randomized series case study. Fourteen eyes of 14 patients whose axial length were more than 29 mm and suffered from MH and macular hole retinal detachment (MHRD) were included in this study. All cases were treated with 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, covering CSL and C3F8 gas tamponade. These cases were followed for 6mo, and the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), healing status of MH, the reattached rate of retinal detachment (RD), and reoperation rate were analyzed. RESULTS: All cases were successfully performed the surgery and the postoperative follow-up was completed. After surgery, MHs were healed in all 14 eyes (100%, 14/14) after assessed by optical coherence tomography. The reattachment of retina was achieved in all 6 eyes (100%, 6/6) with MHRD. BCVA was improved in 12 eyes (85.71%, 12/14), and had no significant change in 2 eyes (14.29%, 2/14). The overall mean BCVA was improved from 1.80±0.77 to 0.82±0.46 logMAR (F=10.46, P

Mung bean, an important economic crop, is considered a crop with relatively high levels of plant protein constituents and is consumed as both a vegetable and a grain. Among various yield-related traits, hundred-seed weight (HSW) is crucial in determining mung bean production. This study employed a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of 200 lines that were genotyped via whole-genome resequencing to exploit genetic potential in the identification of HSW-associated quantitative trait loci (QTLs) across four environments. We identified 5 QTLs for HSW, each explaining 2.46–26.15% of the phenotypic variance. Among these, qHSW1 was mapped on chromosome 1 in all four environments, explaining 16.65-26.15% of the phenotypic variation. Fine mapping and map-based cloning procedures, along with progeny testing of recombinants, aided in narrowing the candidate interval for qHSW1 to 506 kb. This identification of the qHSW1 genomic interval and closely linked markers to qHSW1 could prove valuable in breeding efforts for improved mung bean cultivars with higher seed weight.

The precise determination of tobacco leaf maturity is pivotal for safeguarding the taste and quality of tobacco products, augmenting the financial gains of tobacco growers, and propelling the industry’s sustainable progression. This research addresses the inherent subjectivity and variability in conventional maturity evaluation techniques reliant on human expertise by introducing an innovative YOLOv10-based method for tobacco leaf maturity detection. This technique facilitates a rapid and non-invasive assessment of leaf maturity, significantly elevating the accuracy and efficiency of tobacco leaf quality evaluation. In our study, we have advanced the YOLOv10 framework by integrating DCNv3 with C2f to construct an enhanced neck network, designated as C2f-DCNv3. This integration is designed to augment the model’s capability for feature integration, particularly concerning the morphological and edge characteristics of tobacco leaves. Furthermore, the incorporation of the Efficient Local Attention (ELA) mechanism at multiple stages of the model has substantially enhanced the efficiency and fidelity of feature extraction. The empirical results underscore the model’s pronounced enhancement in performance across all maturity classifications. Notably, the overall precision (P) has been elevated from 0.939 to 0.973, the recall rate (R) has improved from 0.968 to 0.984, the mean average precision at 50% intersection over union (mAP50) has advanced from 0.984 to 0.994, and the mean average precision across the 50% to 95% intersection over union range (mAP50-95) has risen from 0.962 to 0.973. This research presents the tobacco industry with a novel rapid detection instrument for tobacco leaf maturity, endowed with substantial practical utility and broad prospects for application. Future research endeavors will be directed towards further optimization of the model’s architecture to bolster its generalizability and to explore its implementation within the realm of actual tobacco cultivation and processing.

IntroductionUveitis, a severe inflammatory disease affecting the uvea, is associated with visual impairment and irreversible blindness. Asperulosidic Acid (ASPA), derived from Hedyotis diffusa, is known for its notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics.MethodsThe present study explored the potential anti-inflammatory effects and the fundamental processes of ASPA by injecting it or a placebo into the vitreous of rats with endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU). The severity of the disease was assessed using clinical scores obtained through slit lamp examination. The study involved the examination of protein concentrations and cell count in the aqueous humor (AqH), the detection of inflammatory mediators expressed in the retina. We evaluated the expression levels of various proteins, including the tight junction protein ZO-1, the endothelial marker VE-cadherin, and the key inflammatory mediators NF-κB and its phosphorylated form, along with the regulatory proteins IκB-a and IKK in their phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated states.ResultsASPA treatment significantly reduced the clinical score of EIU, including inflammatory leukocyte penetration, protein accumulation, cellulose-like exudates, the expression of ICAM-1, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α in the AqH; and adhesion of leukocytes. The activation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway was observed in EIU. Nevertheless, pretreatment with ASPA significantly suppressed the release of ICAM-1, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6.DiscussionASPA may play a role in suppressing LPS-induced inflammation by obstructing the activation of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. As a result, ASPA has shown the capacity to significantly reduce immune inflammation.

Hydrocephalus is a neurological condition caused by aberrant circulation and/or obstructed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow after cerebral ventricle abnormal dilatation. In the past 50 years, the diagnosis and treatment of hydrocephalus have remained understudied and underreported, and little progress has been made with respect to prevention or treatment. Further research on the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus is essential for developing new diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies. Various genetic and molecular abnormalities contribute to the mechanisms of hydrocephalus, including gene deletions or mutations, the activation of cellular inflammatory signaling pathways, alterations in water channel proteins, and disruptions in iron metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that modulating the expression of key proteins, including TGF-β, VEGF, Wnt, AQP, NF-κB, and NKCC, can significantly influence the onset and progression of hydrocephalus. This review summarizes and discusses key mechanisms that may be involved in the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus at both the genetic and molecular levels. While obstructive hydrocephalus can often be addressed by removing the obstruction, most cases require treatment strategies that involve merely slowing disease progression by correcting CSF circulation patterns. There have been few new research breakthroughs in the prevention and treatment of hydrocephalus.

Summary: Men, despite having a lower likelihood of longevity compared to women, generally exhibit better health status when they achieve longevity. The role of DNA methylation in this paradox remains unclear. We performed whole-genome bisulfite sequencing on long-lived men (LLMs), long-lived women (LLWs), younger men (YMs) and younger women (YWs) to explore specific methylation characteristics in LLMs. Despite an accelerated methylation aging rate in LLMs compared to LLWs, we identify thousands of differentially methylated genomic units (DMUs) in LLMs independent of age and sex. These DMUs, validated by an elastic net classifier, can serve as methylation markers for discriminating longevity potential in men. Many are located near health-related genes. Genes like PIWIL1 and EXT1, with promoters featuring DMUs, exemplify the potential role of LLM-specific methylation patterns in suppressing age-related diseases by regulating gene transcription. Our findings provide evidence of a distinct methylation feature contributing to healthy aging and longevity of LLMs.

Renewable electrical energy for electrolysis water can achieve green industrial chains for hydrogen production. However, finding efficient electrocatalysts remains a challenge for green hydrogen. Herein, sub-nanometric FeCoP nanosheets with average thickness of 0.9 nm is constructed through 2D self-assembly driven by cavitation effect of ultrasonics and following phosphating. Benefiting from abundant active sites, enhanced H2O molecular adsorption kinetics, and highly enhanced structural stability, the subcrystalline FeCoP shows excellent electrocatalytic activities of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER). Ultralow overpotential of 37 mV is achieved at 10 mA·cm−2 for HER. When the FeCoP catalyst was used as both cathode and anode for overall water splitting using renewable electrical energy, green hydrogen produced is directly applied for hydrogen fuel cell to drive fan for more than 10 h. Theoretical calculation indicates that subcrystalline FeCoP more easily adsorbs H2O than crystalline one and thus speeds up the kinetics of Volmer step in HER process.

IntroductionAlcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a pathological state of the liver caused by longterm alcohol consumption. Recent studies have shown that the modulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolic products, specifically the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), exert a critical role in the evolution and progression of ALD. The Liuweizhiji Gegen-Sangshen beverage (LGS), as a functional beverage in China, is derived from a traditional Chinese herbal formula and has been clinically applied for ALD treatment, demonstrating significant efficacy. However, the underlying mechanisms of LGS for alleviating ALD involving gut microbiota regulation remain unknown.MethodsIn this study, an ALD murine model based on the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) method was established.ResultsThe results showed that oral LGS treatment dose-dependently alleviated alcoholinduced liver injury and inflammation in mice through decreasing levels of ALT, AST and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β). LGS significantly improved liver steatosis, enhanced activities of alcohol metabolizing enzymes (ALDH and ADH), and reduced the CYP2E1 activity. Notably, regarding most detected indices, the effect of LGS (particularly at medium and high dose) was comparable to the positive drug MTDX. Moreover, LGS had a favorable effect on maintaining intestinal barrier function through reducing epithelial injury and increasing expression of occludin. 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that LGS remarkably modulated gut microbiota structure in ALD mice via recovering alcohol-induced microbial changes and specifically mediating enrichment of several bacterial genera (Alloprevotella, Monoglobus, Erysipelatoclostridium Parasutterella, Harryflintia and unclassified_c_Clostridia). Further study revealed that LGS increased production of SCFAs of hexanoic acid in cecum, promoted alcohol-mediated reduction of GRP43 expression in ileum, and increased serum GLP-1 level.DiscussionOverall, LGS exerts a remarkable protective effect on ALD mice through the gut microbiota mediated specific hexanoic acid production and GPR43/GLP-1 pathway.

In this study, seventeen isobavachalcone (IBC) derivatives (1–17) were synthesised, and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against three human lung cancer cell lines. Among these derivatives, compound 16 displayed the most potent cytotoxic activity against H1975 and A549 cells, with IC50 values of 4.35 and 14.21 μM, respectively. Compared with IBC, compound 16 exhibited up to 4.11-fold enhancement of cytotoxic activity on human non-small cell lung cancer H1975 cells. In addition, we found that compound 16 suppressed H1975 cells via inducing apoptosis and necroptosis. The initial mechanism of compound 16 induced cell death in H1975 cells involves the increasing of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Cyt C protein level, down-regulating of Akt protein level, and cleaving caspase-9 and -3 induced apoptosis; the up-regulation of RIP3, p-RIP3, MLKL, and p-MLKL levels induced necroptosis. Moreover, compound 16 also caused mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby decreasing cellular ATP levels, and resulting in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation.

Background Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is the most advanced subtype among the classic Philadelphia chromosomenegative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). A majority of patients carry one of three mutually-exclusive somatic driver mutations: JAK2 (60–65%), CALR (20–25%), or MPL (5%). Co-occurrence of these mutations is rarely reported. Here we report a case with a triple positive combination of JAK2, CALR and MPL driver mutations.Case presentation A 69-year-old male was admitted to hospital for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and was found to have splenomegaly and leukocytosis. Nextgeneration revealed JAK2, CALR, MPL mutations, and additional variants in SF3B1, SRSF2, and STAG2. The patient was diagnosed with PMF and treated with ruxolitinib and COPD therapy. Due to nausea, the ruxolitinib dose was reduced. After therapy, spleen volume decreased and hematologic responses were poor. Another genetic mutation of ASXL1 was later found. After adjusting the medication and adding antiemetics, the patient's condition improved.Conclusions The rare coexistence of JAK2, CALR, and MPL mutations challenges the assumption of their mutual exclusivity. Further study of these mutations is essential for developing better treatment strategies.

Abstract Constructing a ocean Internet of Things requires an essential ocean environment monitoring system. However, the widely distributed existing ocean monitoring sensors make it impractical to provide power and transmit monitored information through cables. Therefore, ocean environment monitoring systems particularly need a continuous power supply and wireless transmission capability for monitoring information. Consequently, a high-strength, environmentally multi-compatible, floatable metamaterial energy harvesting device has been designed through integrated dynamic matching optimization of materials, structures, and signal transmission. The self-powered monitoring system breaks through the limitations of cables and batteries in the ultra-low-frequency wave environment (1 to 2 Hz), enabling real-time monitoring of various ocean parameters and wirelessly transmitting the data to the cloud for post-processing. Compared with solar and wind energy in the ocean environment, the energy harvesting device based on the defective state characteristics of metamaterials achieves a high-energy density (99 W/m3). For the first time, a stable power supply for the monitoring system has been realized in various weather conditions (24 h).

Abstract Background The relationship between human gut microbiota and high-altitude hypoxia acclimatization remains highly controversial. This stems primarily from uncertainties regarding both the potential temporal changes in the microbiota under such conditions and the existence of any dominant or core bacteria that may assist in host acclimatization. Results To address these issues, and to control for variables commonly present in previous studies which significantly impact the results obtained, namely genetic background, ethnicity, lifestyle, and diet, we conducted a 108-day longitudinal study on the same cohort comprising 45 healthy Han adults who traveled from lowland Chongqing, 243 masl, to high-altitude plateau Lhasa, Xizang, 3658 masl, and back. Using shotgun metagenomic profiling, we study temporal changes in gut microbiota composition at different timepoints. The results show a significant reduction in the species and functional diversity of the gut microbiota, along with a marked increase in functional redundancy. These changes are primarily driven by the overgrowth of Blautia A, a genus that is also abundant in six independent Han cohorts with long-term duration in lower hypoxia environment in Shigatse, Xizang, at 4700 masl. Further animal experiments indicate that Blautia A-fed mice exhibit enhanced intestinal health and a better acclimatization phenotype to sustained hypoxic stress. Conclusions Our study underscores the importance of Blautia A species in the gut microbiota’s rapid response to high-altitude hypoxia and its potential role in maintaining intestinal health and aiding host adaptation to extreme environments, likely via anti-inflammation and intestinal barrier protection.

Abstract Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), and cell death plays an important role. Ferroptosis is a recently discovered type of iron‐dependent cell death and one that is different from other kinds of cell death including apoptosis and necrosis. However, ferroptosis has not been described in the context of DN. This study explored the role of ferroptosis in DN pathophysiology and aimed to confirm the efficacy of the ferroptosis inhibitor SRS 16‐86 on DN. Streptozotocin injection was used to establish the DM and DN animal models. To investigate the presence or occurrence of ferroptosis in DN, we assessed the concentrations of iron, reactive oxygen species and specific markers associated with ferroptosis in a rat model of DN. Additionally, we performed haematoxylin–eosin staining, blood biochemistry, urine biochemistry and kidney function analysis to evaluate the efficacy of the ferroptosis inhibitor SRS 16‐86 in ameliorating DN. We found that SRS 16‐86 could improve the recovery of renal function after DN by upregulating glutathione peroxidase 4, glutathione and system xc−light chain and by downregulating the lipid peroxidation markers and 4‐hydroxynonenal. SRS 16‐86 treatment could improve renal organization after DN. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β and tumour necrosis factor α and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 were significantly decreased following SRS 16‐86 treatment after DN. The results indicate that there is a strong connection between ferroptosis and the pathological mechanism of DN. The efficacy of the ferroptosis inhibitor SRS 16‐86 in DN repair supports its use as a new therapeutic treatment for DN.

Abstract Electrochemical urea oxidation offers a sustainable avenue for H2 production and wastewater denitrification within the water-energy nexus; however, its wide application is limited by detrimental cyanate or nitrite production instead of innocuous N2. Herein we demonstrate that atomically isolated asymmetric Ni–O–Ti sites on Ti foam anode achieve a N2 selectivity of 99%, surpassing the connected symmetric Ni–O–Ni counterparts in documented Ni-based electrocatalysts with N2 selectivity below 55%, and also deliver a H2 evolution rate of 22.0 mL h–1 when coupled to a Pt counter cathode under 213 mA cm–2 at 1.40 VRHE. These asymmetric sites, featuring oxygenophilic Ti adjacent to Ni, favor interaction with the carbonyl over amino groups in urea, thus preventing premature resonant C⎓N bond breakage before intramolecular N–N coupling towards N2 evolution. A prototype device powered by a commercial Si photovoltaic cell is further developed for solar-powered on-site urine processing and decentralized H2 production.

Abstract This paper presents a novel bolt looseness detection method for power transmission towers based on vibration signal analysis. The proposed method utilizes pulse excitation to extract the vibration signal of the tower, which is then adaptively decomposed using the Variational Mode Decomposition of Spider Wasp optimizer (SWVMD). This overcomes limitations of traditional Variational Mode Decomposition methods by leveraging bio‐inspired optimization to improve signal decomposition. Simulated signals processed with different optimization methods verify the superiority of the SWO approach. Field tests on a 110‐kV transmission tower further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed SWVMD technique for analyzing on‐site vibration data. A new improved intrinsic multiscale sample entropy feature is also introduced for bolt state characterization. A Spider Wasp Support Vector Machine classifier is developed to realize accurate bolt loosening monitoring using the extracted features. Dynamic response tests under varying bolt conditions show that the method can identify early loosening and reduce tower damage risks compared to conventional techniques. This novel vibration‐based detection framework presents an innovative application of nature‐inspired computing for power infrastructure health monitoring.

Abstract The enhancement of regional comprehensive development ability is significantly impacted by the study on the implementation effect of regional integration strategies. The integration strategy’s impact on urban development during COVID-19 in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) is unclear. According to prior industrial transfer theory, Hefei, Anhui’s capital, is difficult to transfer industries, and other YRD cities push industry integration in Anhui. This study employs the theory of economic and land resource use to examine the resilience of the industrial economy during an epidemic by using industrial land as a representation of industrial economic development. The three cities in Anhui—Wuhu, Maanshan, and Chuzhou (Wu-ma-Chu) were selected as the research area. The study employed the UNet deep learning method to detect the land use types in Wu-ma-Chu. The land transfer matrix and the standard deviation ellipse were utilised to research the alterations in industrial land use and the spatial distribution of industrial output value, respectively. The results showed that the industrial land in Machu continued to grow during the outbreak, highlighting the resilience of the region’s industrial economy. During 2019–2022, the elliptical ring of industrial output value is distributed in Nanjing, revealing the radiating role of Nanjing in integrating into the integration of the YRD. This confirms China’s YRD integration strategy, strengthens regional economic resilience, and encourages coordinated regional economic development.

Precipitation strengthening is a crucial method for enhancing the mechanical properties of steel. The bridgman directional solidification furnace, optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron probe analyzer (EPMA) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to investigate the effect of solidification cooling rate on the solidification microstructure, microsegregation, and nanoprecipitates in medium carbon CrMo cast steel. The results indicate that as the cooling rate increases, the solidification microstructure is significantly refined. The relationship between the cooling rate (CA) and primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS, λ1) and secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS, λ2) are given by λ1 = 123.74 × C-0.4088A, λ2 = 66.63 × C-0.6532 A. Solute elements like Cr, Mo, and V exhibit noticeable positive segregation in the inter-dendritic. When the cooling rate does not exceed 0.47 °C/s, the solute concentrations in the inter-dendritic increase with higher cooling rate, leading to a decrease in the effective solute partition coefficient. This phenomenon is primarily attributed to the back diffusion of solute elements during solidification. Following heat treatment, precipitation of M6C, V(C,N), and M23C6 occurs within the inter-dendritic regions. If the solidification cooling rate does not exceed 0.47 °C/s, the density and volume fraction of nanoprecipitates increase with higher cooling rate. This trend primarily results from the reduction in critical nucleation radius and critical nucleation energy, facilitating easier nucleation of nanoprecipitates.

Abstract The paper presents a fault region identification method for the active distribution network (ADN) with limited PMU. First, PMU configuration and region division strategies are proposed based on the network topology. Next, the difference in three-phase current variations between the normal and fault regions of the ADN is analyzed. A multi-dimensional state monitoring matrix is built using the measured current data. The spectral norm ratio coefficient is constructed based on the 2-norm to lower the complexity of the multi-dimensional state monitoring matrix and quantify the difference in state changes before and after the fault occurs in each region. Then, the fault region is identified by combining each region’s spectral norm ratio coefficient and the change of the current phase. Finally, an IEEE 33-node simulation model is created to simulate faults under different working conditions. According to the simulation results, the suggested approach is less impacted by fault type, neutral point grounding mode, and transition resistance. Furthermore, even if the communication does not match the rigorous synchronization requirements, the proposed method can still complete the fault identification of the distribution network correctly and has high robustness.

Abstract Background Research into the acute kidney disease (AKD) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is rare, and how clinical features influence its prognosis remain unknown. We aim to employ interpretable machine learning (ML) models to study AIS and clarify its decision-making process in identifying the risk of mortality. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study involving AIS patients from January 2020 to June 2021. Patient data were randomly divided into training and test sets. Eight ML algorithms were employed to construct predictive models for mortality. The performance of the best model was evaluated using various metrics. Furthermore, we created an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven web application that leveraged the top ten most crucial features for mortality prediction. Results The study cohort consisted of 1633 AIS patients, among whom 257 (15.74%) developed subacute AKD, 173 (10.59%) experienced AKI recovery, and 65 (3.98%) met criteria for both AKI and AKD. The mortality rate stood at 4.84%. The LightGBM model displayed superior performance, boasting an AUROC of 0.96 for mortality prediction. The top five features linked to mortality were ACEI/ARE, renal function trajectories, neutrophil count, diuretics, and serum creatinine. Moreover, we designed a web application using the LightGBM model to estimate mortality risk. Conclusions Complete renal function trajectories, including AKI and AKD, are vital for fitting mortality in AIS patients. An interpretable ML model effectively clarified its decision-making process for identifying AIS patients at risk of mortality. The AI-driven web application has the potential to contribute to the development of personalized early mortality prevention.

Abstract In this study, we analyzed the factors influencing the development of delayed encephalopathy in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACOP) (DEACMP) following conventional treatment such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT). Between January 2012 and January 2022, we retrospectively analyzed 775 patients with ACOP, who were admitted to the Second Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and received HBOT in the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. These patients were divided into the non-DEACMP and DEACMP groups based on their follow-up; we then compared the general data, clinical characteristics, admission examination, and treatment between the two groups to identify risk factors for the development of DEACMP. The DEACMP group comprised of 168 cases, while the non-DEACMP group consisted of 607 cases. Univariate analysis showed that there were 20 possible prognostic factors in the non-DEACMP and DEACMP groups. The results of multivariable regression analyses suggested that the occurrence of DEACMP was significantly correlated with advanced age, the combination of multiple medical histories, the duration of CO exposure, the duration of coma, poisoning degree, the Interval between ACOP and the first HBOT, the total number of HBOTs, and the combination with rehabilitation treatment. DEACMP patients who are older, have more comorbidities, prolonged CO exposure, prolonged coma, severe intoxication, long intervals between ACOP and the first HBOT, fewer HBOT treatments, and who are not treated with a combination of rehabilitative therapies have a poor prognosis.

Abstract The fusion rules and operator product expansion (OPE) serve as crucial tools in the study of operator algebras within conformal field theory (CFT). Building upon the vision of using entanglement to explore the connections between fusion coefficients and OPE coefficients, we employ the replica method and Schmidt decomposition method to investigate the time evolution of entanglement entropy (EE) and pseudo entropy (PE) for linear combinations of operators in rational conformal field theory (RCFT). We obtain a formula that links fusion coefficients, quantum dimensions, and OPE coefficients. We also identify two definition schemes for linear combination operators. Under one scheme, the EE captures information solely for the heaviest operators, while the PE retains information for all operators, reflecting the phenomenon of pseudo entropy amplification. Irrespective of the scheme employed, the EE demonstrates a step-like evolution, illustrating the effectiveness of the quasiparticle propagation picture for the general superposition of locally excited states in RCFT. From the perspective of quasiparticle propagation, we observe spontaneous block-diagonalization of the reduced density matrix of a subsystem when quasiparticles enter the subsystem.

The study of extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA), an element existing beyond classical chromosomes, contributes to creating a more comprehensive map of the cancer genome. In hematological malignancies, research on ecDNA has lacked comprehensive investigation into its frequency, structure, function, and mechanisms of formation. We re-analyzed WGS data from 208 hematological cancer samples across 11 types, focusing on ecDNA characteristics. Amplification of ecDNA was observed in 7 of these cancer types, with no instances found in normal blood cells. Patients with leukemia carrying ecDNA showed a low induction therapy remission rate (

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common blindness diseases. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) dysfunction due to smoking is an essential environmental factor in the pathogenesis of AMD. Ferroptosis is a novel type of iron-dependent programmed cell death (PCD). However, the relationship between cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced RPE damage and ferroptosis remains unclear. Methods: In our study, we extracted CSE using a modified device to explore the optimal concentration of CSE, and observed the expression of proteins and molecules after CSE exposure for ARPE-19 cells by protein immunoblotting and assay kits for iron ions and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). At the same time, CSE was injected into the vitreous cavity of mice with a microsyringe for AMD modeling to observe the morphology of the retina-RPE-choroid complex and the differences expression of proteins. In addition, the protective effects of ferroptosis inhibitors on CSE-induced RPE cell damage were also investigated by in vivo and in vitro experiments. Results: In this study, we observed that CSE induced cellular damage in a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19), resulting in ferrous ion (Fe2+) accumulation, an increas in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LP), a reduction in GSH levels, and the inhibition of Gpx4 expression. In addition, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of in vivo and in vitro samples showed that after exposure to CSE, the mitochondria of RPE cells were wrinkled, the membrane density was increased, and the number of cristae decreased or cristae were not observed. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the ferroptosis inhibitors ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) protect RPE cells from CSE-induced ferroptosis, and this evidence paves the way for AMD studies.

The exponential proliferation of renewable energy has resulted in a significant mismatch between power supply and demand, especially during extreme events. This incongruity presents challenges in efficiently harnessing renewable energy and enhancing the resilience of the power grid. To address this issue, this paper proposes shared energy storage (SES) planning based on the adaptive alternating direction method of multipliers (AADMM). The objective is to fully leverage SES, enhance the local consumption level of renewable energy, ensure power grid resilience, and reduce operational costs. First, to ensure the effective utilization of SES while minimizing initial investment and construction costs, a planning model for SES is formulated. Secondly, to maximize the benefits for multiple prosumers within the renewable energy and SES station, a profit maximization model for multiple prosumers is established. Lastly, to guarantee the privacy security of SES and multi-prosumers while optimizing computational efficiency, a distributed computing model for SES based on AADMM is developed. The results of the example show that the proposed model can not only reduce the cost of 47.96 CNY, but also increase the power self-sufficiency rate by 21.86%. In addition, compared with the traditional distributed optimization, the number of iterations of AADMM is increased by 47.05%, and the computational efficiency is increased by 54.67%. In addition, market prices have a great impact on energy trading, and the impact of market pricing on the operation of the park is not considered in our current research. In this case, our future research aims to consider how to price reasonably between prosumers and between prosumers and SES, so as to realize the stable participation of each subject in the energy market.

BackgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common adverse outcome following nephrectomy. The progression from AKI to acute kidney disease (AKD) and subsequently to chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a concern; yet, the predictive mechanisms for these transitions are not fully understood. Interpretable machine learning (ML) models offer insights into how clinical features influence long-term renal function outcomes after nephrectomy, providing a more precise framework for identifying patients at risk and supporting improved clinical decision-making processes. ObjectiveThis study aimed to (1) evaluate postnephrectomy rates of AKI, AKD, and CKD, analyzing long-term renal outcomes along different trajectories; (2) interpret AKD and CKD models using Shapley Additive Explanations values and Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations algorithm; and (3) develop a web-based tool for estimating AKD or CKD risk after nephrectomy. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study involving patients who underwent nephrectomy between July 2012 and June 2019. Patient data were randomly split into training, validation, and test sets, maintaining a ratio of 76.5:8.5:15. Eight ML algorithms were used to construct predictive models for postoperative AKD and CKD. The performance of the best-performing models was assessed using various metrics. We used various Shapley Additive Explanations plots and Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations bar plots to interpret the model and generated directed acyclic graphs to explore the potential causal relationships between features. Additionally, we developed a web-based prediction tool using the top 10 features for AKD prediction and the top 5 features for CKD prediction. ResultsThe study cohort comprised 1559 patients. Incidence rates for AKI, AKD, and CKD were 21.7% (n=330), 15.3% (n=238), and 10.6% (n=165), respectively. Among the evaluated ML models, the Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LightGBM) model demonstrated superior performance, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.97 for AKD prediction and 0.96 for CKD prediction. Performance metrics and plots highlighted the model’s competence in discrimination, calibration, and clinical applicability. Operative duration, hemoglobin, blood loss, urine protein, and hematocrit were identified as the top 5 features associated with predicted AKD. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, pathology, trajectories of renal function, age, and total bilirubin were the top 5 features associated with predicted CKD. Additionally, we developed a web application using the LightGBM model to estimate AKD and CKD risks. ConclusionsAn interpretable ML model effectively elucidated its decision-making process in identifying patients at risk of AKD and CKD following nephrectomy by enumerating critical features. The web-based calculator, found on the LightGBM model, can assist in formulating more personalized and evidence-based clinical strategies.

Abstract Starch and seed storage protein (SSP) composition profoundly impact wheat grain yield and quality. To unveil regulatory mechanisms governing their biosynthesis, transcriptome, and epigenome profiling is conducted across key endosperm developmental stages, revealing that chromatin accessibility, H3K27ac, and H3K27me3 collectively regulate SSP and starch genes with varying impact. Population transcriptome and phenotype analyses highlight accessible promoter regions’ crucial role as a genetic variation resource, influencing grain yield and quality in a core collection of wheat accessions. Integration of time‐serial RNA‐seq and ATAC‐seq enables the construction of a hierarchical transcriptional regulatory network governing starch and SSP biosynthesis, identifying 42 high‐confidence novel candidates. These candidates exhibit overlap with genetic regions associated with grain size and quality traits, and their functional significance is validated through expression‐phenotype association analysis among wheat accessions and loss‐of‐function mutants. Functional analysis of wheat abscisic acid insensitive 3‐A1 (TaABI3‐A1) with genome editing knock‐out lines demonstrates its role in promoting SSP accumulation while repressing starch biosynthesis through transcriptional regulation. Excellent TaABI3‐A1Hap1 with enhanced grain weight is selected during the breeding process in China, linked to altered expression levels. This study unveils key regulators, advancing understanding of SSP and starch biosynthesis regulation and contributing to breeding enhancement.

Abstract Michelia alba DC is a highly valuable ornamental plant of the Magnoliaceae family. This evergreen tropical tree commonly grows in Southeast Asia and is adored for its delightful fragrance. Our study assembled the M. alba haplotype genome MC and MM by utilizing Nanopore ultralong reads, Pacbio Hifi long reads and parental second-generation data. Moreover, the first methylation map of Magnoliaceae was constructed based on the methylation site data obtained using Nanopore data. Metabolomic datasets were generated from the flowers of three different species to assess variations in pigment and volatile compound accumulation. Finally, transcriptome data were generated to link genomic, methylation, and morphological patterns to reveal the reasons underlying the differences between M. alba and its parental lines in petal color, flower shape, and fragrance. We found that the AP1 and AP2 genes are crucial in M. alba petal formation, while the 4CL, PAL, and C4H genes control petal color. The data generated in this study serve as a foundation for future physiological and biochemical research on M. alba, facilitate the targeted improvement of M. alba varieties, and offer a theoretical basis for molecular research on Michelia L.

With the increase in the depth and intensity of coal mining, some coal mines encounter the dual disaster threat of gas outburst and rockburst, and the composite gas-rockburst disaster has become a scientific and engineering problem that deserves more attention, and the distribution of abutment stress is of great significance for revealing the mechanism of composite dynamic disasters. This paper focuses on the influence of gas pressure on the abutment stress, establishes a theoretical model of a circular roadway and obtains the influence of gas pressure changes on the tangential stress and the radius of the plastic zone. The influence characteristic of gas pressure on the front abutment of a longwall working face is simulated based on the typical engineering geological conditions of an outburst-rockburst mine. The results show that as the gas pressure decreases, the tangential stress around the roadway increases, and the radius of the plastic zone decreases, meaning that the peak tangential stress is closer to the roadway. The peak abutment stress is negatively correlated with the gas pressure, while the distance of the peak from working face is opposite, both showing a quadratic relationship. On-site monitoring shows that as gas extraction proceeds, the frequency of mining-induced tremors increases significantly. When there is a sharp upward trend of the mining-induced tremors along with the continuous decrease of gas pressure, the risk of rockburst is high. A gas-rockburst coordination prevention and control technology system is established in Haishiwan Coal Mine based on the relationship of gas pressure changes and rockburst danger. During the gas control process, the gas pressure-microseismicity frequency is used to predict the rockburst risk and optimize the starting position and strength of destress engineering to achieve collaborative prevention and control of outburst-rockburst.

This paper presents a novel design of prefabricated steel–EPS foam concrete composite wall panels, which can solve issues such as long curing times, decreased impermeability and durability, easy corrosion of steel reinforcement, and difficult construction under the cold climate conditions in Northeast China. A parametric analysis of the composite wallboard was carried out using the finite-element analysis software ABAQUS 6.12. In-depth exploration was conducted on the contributions of parameters such as the density of foam concrete, the strength of cold-formed thin-walled C-section steel, and the cross-sectional height of cold-formed thin-walled C-section steel compared to the overall flexural bearing capacity of the composite wallboard as well as the impacts of these parameters on the failure modes. The mechanical properties of the composite wallboard were verified through four-point bending tests. The bearing capacity of this composite wallboard can reach up to 100.58 kN at most, and its flexural bearing capacity can reach 30.44 kN·m. Meanwhile, its ductility coefficient of 2.9 is also within the optimal range. The research results confirm the superior mechanical properties of the designed composite wallboard, providing beneficial references for the research on similar composite material structures.

With the continuous advancement of technology for obtaining geographic spatial data, the accumulated volume of such data has been increasing, thus imposing higher demands on the storage, organization, and management of such data. As a new form of data management, the Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS) provides standardized descriptions and the exchange of geographic information on a global scale, enabling the efficient storage and application of large-scale global spatial data. Constituting a traditional type of GIS spatial data, vector data have advantages such as clear positions, implicit attributes, and suitability for map output. The representation of vector data in the global discrete grid network based on an equal-area projection, such as the hexagonal grid, fundamentally solves problems such as data redundancy, geometric deformation, and data discontinuity that arise when representing multiple vector data in a gridded format. This paper proposes different gridding methods for various types of vector data, and a quantifiable accuracy evaluation system is established from the perspectives of geographical deviation, geometric features, and topological relationships, to evaluate the accuracy of the gridded vector data, covering all types of gridded vector data based on the hexagonal grid. The evaluation method is generally applicable to all hexagonal-grid-based gridded vector data, and can be generalized based on application scenarios, for evaluating the usability of hexagonal grid vector data.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the indoor temperature of a double-skin façades (DSF) high-rise building in Xi’an under different window opening arrangements, and to assess their impact on the operating time of the air-conditioning system. Compared to conventional buildings, double-skin façade (DSF) buildings can reduce energy consumption. While current research trends focus primarily on heat transfer and materials, there is limited exploration of window opening arrangements. To address this gap, VENT engineering software 2018 was used to simulate indoor temperatures at various window opening angles and determine the optimal arrangement. Additionally, the extreme random tree (ET) algorithm was employed to develop a model for indoor temperature prediction. Climate data were sourced from an online database and processed using the Spearman correlation coefficient method. Window opening arrangements were designed using orthogonal tests, and the performance of the DSF was evaluated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software (Fluent) 2023R1. An analysis of temperature variation in the double-skin façade (DSF) curtain wall revealed that the ET algorithm predicted indoor temperatures with 93% accuracy at a 50° window opening angle. Optimal window opening arrangement 2 resulted in a 2.7% reduction in the average interior temperature, a 3.6% reduction at a height of 1.2 m, and a decrease in air-conditioning runtime by 1.33 h. The extreme random tree (ET) algorithm was found to be more accurate than other methods in predicting DSF performance. These findings provide insights for optimizing the control and application of double-skin façades and suggest potential synergies with other systems.

Whether the calyx tube of the Korla fragrant pear falls off seriously affects the fruit quality. ‘Xinnonglinxiang’ is a mutant variety of the Korla fragrant pear, which has a high calyx removal rate under natural conditions, and calyx tube fall seriously affects the fruit quality. The mechanism behind the high calyx removal rate of ‘Xinnonglinxiang’ remains unclear; thus, Korla fragrant pear (PT) and ‘Xinnonglinxiang’ (YB) with different degrees of calyx abscission were used as examples and the abscission areas of calyx tubes were collected in the early (21 April), middle (23 April), and late (25 April) shedding stages to explore the regulatory mechanism behind the abscission. The combination of the results of physiological, cytological, and transcriptomic methods indicated the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the middle of shedding. GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analysis showed that the expression levels of genes related to the CEL (cellulase) and PG (polygalacturonase) activity functional pathways differed significantly in the two varieties during the three periods, whereas Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were significantly concentrated in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway in all three periods. The expression levels of genes related to the plant hormone signal transduction pathway differed significantly for the two varieties during calyx shedding. Five gene modules were obtained using Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), and transcriptome data were correlated with five physiological index values. Two key modules that highly correlated with the Eth (ethylene) response were then screened, and 20 core genes were identified, with IRX10, IRX9, and OXI1 likely the hub genes that are involved in the regulation of calyx shedding in the YB variety. The obtained results provide reliable data for the screening of candidate genes for calyx shedding and analysis of the regulatory mechanism behind a high calyx shedding rate, providing a theoretical basis upon which the calyx shedding rate of fruits can be improved through genetic improvement.

The efficient removal of dyes is of significant importance for environmental purification and human health. In this study, a novel material (Si-MPTS-IL) has been synthesized by the immobilization of imidazole ionic liquids (ILs) onto nano-silica using the radiation grafting technique. The adsorption performance of Si-MPTS-IL for Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) removal is studied by a series of static adsorption experiments. It is found that Si-MPTS-IL has ultra-fast adsorption kinetics, reaching equilibrium within 2 min. The adsorption process for CBB conforms to the Langmuir model. In addition, Si-MPTS-IL exhibits a negligible impact on the adsorption efficiency of CBB with the increase in salt concentration. After six cycles of adsorption–desorption, the adsorption efficiency of Si-MPTS-IL remained above 80%, indicating excellent regenerative properties and a promising candidate for the treatment of wastewater containing CBB. A study of the mechanism indicates that the CBB capture by Si-MPTS-IL can be attributed to the synergistic effects of electrostatic interactions and pore filling.

IntroductionMesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively studied as a potential treatment for steroid refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). However, the majority of clinical trials have focused on bone marrow-derived MSCs.MethodsIn this study, we report the outcomes of 86 patients with grade III-IV (82.6% grade IV) steroid refractory aGVHD who were treated with human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs). The patient cohort included 17 children and 69 adults. All patients received intravenous infusions of UC-MSCs at a dose of 1 × 106 cells per kg body weight, with a median of 4 infusions (ranging from 1 to 16).ResultsThe median time between the onset of aGVHD and the first infusion of UC-MSCs was 7 days (ranging from 3 to 88 days). At day 28, the overall response (OR) rate was 52.3%. Specifically, 24 patients (27.9%) achieved complete remission, while 21 (24.4%) exhibited partial remission. The estimated survival probability at 100 days was 43.7%. Following a median follow-up of 108 months (ranging from 61 to 159 months), the survival rate was approximately 11.6% (10/86). Patients who developed acute lower GI tract and liver GVHD exhibited poorer OR rates at day 28 compared to those with only acute lower GI tract GVHD (22.2% vs. 58.8%; p= 0.049). No patient experienced serious adverse events.DiscussionThese finding suggest that UC-MSCs are safe and effective in both children and adults with steroid refractory aGVHD. UC-MSCs could be considered as a feasible treatment option for this challenging conditon. (NCT01754454).

This study focused on addressing the heat generation issue in Lithium-Ion battery packs (LIBPs). By simulating three LIBPs arranged in series within a duct, the momentum and energy conservation equations were solved using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to investigate cooling performance on the LIBPs' temperature. To enhance cooling, copper oxide nanoparticles were added to pure water to improve the thermal conductivity of the working fluid. Various cases were simulated to examine the effects of Reynolds number at inlet and volume fraction of copper oxide nanoparticles on flow parameters (streamlines, vortices, pressure drop) and heat transfer parameters (temperature distribution, maximum and average temperature of each LIBP) within the duct. Also, this study analyzed exergoeconomics by considering exergies and initial investment. The results demonstrate that increasing the volume fraction from 0 to 4 % at Re = 60 reduced the maximum temperature of LIBP 1, 2, and 3 by 2.19 °C, 2.26 °C, and 2.64 °C, respectively, while it had no remarkable impact on the maximum temperature of LIBPs for bigger Reynolds numbers.

IntroductionLiuweizhiji Gegen-Sangshen beverage (LGS) is popular in China, which has been used for alleviating alcohol-mediated discomfort and preventing alcoholic liver disease (ALD). This beverage is consisted of six herbal components that are known as functional foods and fruits. LGS is rich in polysaccharides, however, the activity and quality evaluation of LGS-derived polysaccharides remain unexplored. The purpose of this study is thus to establish a comprehensive quality control methodology for the assessment of LGS polysaccharides (LGSP) and to further explore the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory as well as prebiotic effect of LGSP.MethodsLGSP was extracted, followed by analysis of molecular weight distribution, monosaccharide content and structural characterization via integrating the application of high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone-HPLC (PMP-HPLC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) as well as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) techniques. The anti-oxidation activity of LGSP was determined by DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity and total antioxidant capacity. The anti-inflammation of LGSP were assessed on the RAW 264.7 cells. The effect of LGSP on growth of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis was evaluated.ResultsThe results demonstrated that LGSP had two molecular weight distribution peaks, with the average molecular weights of (6.569 ± 0.12) × 104 Da and (4.641 ± 0.30) × 104 Da. LGSP was composed of 8 monosaccharides, with galacturonic acid, glucose rhamnose and galactose representing the highest molar ratios. Homogalacturonic acid (HG) type and rhamnosegalacturonic acid glycans I (RG-I) type and α-1,4-glucan were present in LGSP. LGSP concentration in LGS was 17.94 ± 0.28 mg/mL. Furthermore, fingerprint analysis combined with composition quantification of 10 batches of LGSP demonstrated that there was a high similarity among batches. Notably, LGSP exhibited anti-oxidant effect and inhibited expressions of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, LGSP remarkably promoted the proliferation of probiotics Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis, showing good prebiotic activity.DiscussionThe results of present study would be of help to gain the understanding of structure–activity relationship of LGSP, provide a reference for quality evaluation of bioactive LGSP, and facilitate development of unique health and functional products in the future.