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In this study, copper nanoparticles with an average particle size of 2–4 nm were synthesized using the green extract of Lonicera japonica Thunb. The catalytic activity and dye degradation efficiency of Cu NPs were evaluated using ultraviolet spectroscopy. To confirm that Cu NPs can continuously remove organic dyes, this study used Cu/Lj-C composite material adsorbed on cotton balls as a simulated bed to study the cyclic catalytic activity of Cu NPs for the reduction of methylene blue by sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The experiment showed that after multiple cycles, it can also quickly and effectively reduce methylene blue. To evaluate the toxicity of Cu NPs, experiments were conducted using HUVEC and MC3T3-E1 cells. The median lethal doses (LD50) were 37.64 µg/mL and 7.50 µg/mL. The synthesized Cu NPs also exhibited antibacterial efficacy against Aspergillus niger (fungus), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria), and Candida albicans (yeast). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The branches and leaves of 8 varieties of Lonicera japonica as materials, a high-performance liquid chromatography detection method for 8 phenolic acid components was established to determine the content characteristics of phenolic acids in the samples. The content determination results were evaluated by multivariate statistical methods such as cluster analysis, factor comprehensive analysis, and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results indicated that the established method for determining the content of 8 phenolic acids in the branches and leaves of L. japonica was stable, reliable and simple. The variation range of phenolic acids total content in the branches and leaves of 8 varieties of L. japonica was 19.4162~33.6684 mg·g−1, and 40.9900~80.3068 mg·g−1, respectively. The total content of phenolic acids varied greatly among different varieties, with 'Beihua No.1' had the highest total content in both branches and leaves, and 'Juhua No.1' had the lowest total content. Cluster analysis found that among the branches of 'Beihua No.1' was clustered separately into one group, with higher content of each component than other varieties. Factor comprehensive analysis showed that the comprehensive score of 'Beihua No.1' was >1. PLS-DA analysis identified isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid as the main components that might cause differences in phenolic acid content in branches. Among leaves, 'Beihua No.1' and 'Jiufeng No.1' were clustered into one category, and their comprehensive factor analysis scores were both greater than 1. PLS-DA analysis identified chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid as the main components that might cause differences in phenolic acid content in leaves. In summary, there were differences in the main phenolic acid composition characteristics of different varieties. In terms of phenolic acid content, the branches and leaves of 'Beihua No.1' and 'Jiufeng No.1' have more advantages. This study provides a scientific basis for the utilization of L. japonica branches and leaves.

The branches and leaves of 8 varieties of Lonicera japonica as materials, a high-performance liquid chromatography detection method for 8 phenolic acid components was established to determine the content characteristics of phenolic acids in the samples. The content determination results were evaluated by multivariate statistical methods such as cluster analysis, factor comprehensive analysis, and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results indicated that the established method for determining the content of 8 phenolic acids in the branches and leaves of L. japonica was stable, reliable and simple. The variation range of phenolic acids total content in the branches and leaves of 8 varieties of L. japonica was 19.4162~33.6684 mg⋅g-1, and 40.9900~80.3068 mg⋅g-1, respectively. The total content of phenolic acids varied greatly among different varieties, with 'Beihua No.1' had the highest total content in both branches and leaves, and 'Juhua No.1' had the lowest total content. Cluster analysis found that among the branches of 'Beihua No.1' was clustered separately into one group, with higher content of each component than other varieties. Factor comprehensive analysis showed that the comprehensive score of 'Beihua No.1' was >1. PLS-DA analysis identified isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid as the main components that might cause differences in phenolic acid content in branches. Among leaves, 'Beihua No.1' and 'Jiufeng No.1' were clustered into one category, and their comprehensive factor analysis scores were both greater than 1. PLS-DA analysis identified chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid as the main components that might cause differences in phenolic acid content in leaves. In summary, there were differences in the main phenolic acid composition characteristics of different varieties. In terms of phenolic acid content, the branches and leaves of 'Beihua No.1' and 'Jiufeng No.1' have more advantages. This study provides a scientific basis for the utilization of L. japonica branches and leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Ulcerative colitis is intricately linked to intestinal oxidative stress and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Lonicera japonica Thunb. (LJ) is a traditional edible and medical flower in China, and chlorogenic acid (CGA) is one of its characteristic components. However, it remains unclear whether gut microbiota plays a role in the therapeutic effects of LJ and GCA on colitis. Here, we first observed that oral administration of LJ and CGA for 3 weeks dramatically promoted the growth of Lactobacillus and fecal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production in healthy mice. Subsequently, the alleviating effects of LJ and CGA on colitis were explored with a dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis mice model. The intervention of LJ and CGA notably alleviated inflammation, intestinal barrier impairment, and oxidative stress in colitis and led to a significant elevation in Lactobacillus and fecal SCFAs. Eventually, the key role of gut microbiota and their metabolites on the therapeutic effects was validated by performing fecal microbiota transplantation and sterile fecal suspensions transplantation from LJ and CGA‐treated healthy mice to colitis mice. Our findings demonstrated that consumption of LJ and CGA could benefit the host both in healthy condition and colitis. The beneficial effects were attributed to the improvement of the endogenous antioxidant system and promotion of the probiotic Lactobacillus and SCFAs production. Our study highlighted the great potential of LJ and CGA to be consumed as functional foods and provided novel mechanisms by which they alleviated colitis.

Lonicera japonica Thunb. (LJT) is known for its valuable medicinal properties that highlight its potential application in the pharmaceutical and health food industry. We predict that LJT polyphenols by network pharmacology may be involved in immunomodulation, and the study of LJT polyphenols regulating immunity is still insufficient; therefore, we experimentally found that LJT enhances immunity by promoting the proliferation and phagocytic activity of RAW246.7 cells. A model of an immunosuppressed mouse was constructed using cyclophosphamide‐induced, and LJT was extracted for the intervention. We found that LJT restored immune homeostasis in immune deficiency mice by inhibiting the abnormal apoptosis in lymphocytes, enhancing natural killer cell cytotoxicity, promoting T lymphocyte proliferation, and increasing the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in quantity. Moreover, LJT treatment modulates immunity by significantly downregulating lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation and oxidative stress levels. We verified the immunomodulatory function of LJT through both cell and animal experiments. The combination of potential‐protein interactions and molecular docking later revealed that LJT polyphenols were associated with immunomodulatory effects on MAPK1; together, LJT intervention significantly modulates the immune, with the activation of MAPK1 as the underlying mechanism of action, which provided evidence for the utilization of LJT as a nutraceutical in immune function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmacological components of Lonicera japonica Thunb include organic acids, volatile oils, flavonoids, iridoid and triterpene saponins, which have antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Adding Lonicera japonica Thunb in animal breeding can improve feed utilization ratio and growth performance, improve intestinal flora and enhance immunity. The paper reviews the pharmacological effects of the main active components and corresponding components of Lonicera japonica Thunb, and the further application of Lonicera japonica Thunb in livestock, poultry and aquatic products, to provide reference for the application of Lonicera japonica Thunb in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total iridoid glycosides (TIG) from Lonicera japonica Thunb. were firstly enriched by D316 anion exchange resin, using the response surface method (RSM) model to optimise the enrichment parameters, leading to the optimised RSM parameters of 1.25 g sample weight, 8.83 h adsorption time, 3.65 BV elution volume. Quantitative analysis of TIG showed the content increased from 12.71 mg/g to 74.62 mg/g after enrichment. The TIG obtained was analysed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, identifying 34 iridoid glycosides. The anti-inflammatory activity of TIG was evaluated by LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells in vitro , effectively inhibiting the production of NO at the concentrations of 0.8,1.6, 3.2 mg/mL. TIG from L. japonica were successfully enriched by D316 resin to remove the abundant phenolic acids through acid-base reaction, which provided material basis for the further efficacious constituents revelation for L. japonica , as well as the further exploitation of TIG as anti-inflammatory drug.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine / Zhongguo Yufang Shouyi Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two new chemical constituents, japopenoid D (1), and japopenoid E (2), were isolated and identified from the flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis (HR-ESI-MS, NMR), and the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by comparison of their electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra with literature and theoretical calculation. The anti-inflammatory activities of the isolates were evaluated by measuring their inhibitory effects on PGE2 and IL-6 production in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. As a result, compound 1 could reduce PGE2 and IL-6 levels in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values of 6.78 and 42.07 μM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lonicera japonica Thunb [...]

Context: Radix Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Celastraceae) (LGT) has outstanding curative efficacy; however, side effects include high toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Objective: To investigate detoxification mechanisms of LGT through processing separately with each of these medicinal herbs including Flower Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae) (JYH), Radix Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Ranunculaceae) (BS), Herba Lysimachia christinae Hance (Primulaceae) (JQC), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Fabaceae) (GC) and Seed Phaseolus radiatus L. (Fabaceae) (LD) in S180-bearing mice by involving nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). Materials and methods: LGT raw and processed products were orally administered at 60 mg/kg to KM male mice inoculated with S180 tumour cells for 14 consecutive days, and blood, tumour, liver and kidney were taken to observe the detoxifying effects and biological mechanisms. Results: Herbal-processing technology significantly weakened hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity evoked by LGT with ED50 of the converted triptolide in each processed-herb product for serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine and urea nitrogen of 9.3, 16.6, 2.5 and 4.2 μg/kg, for liver glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 of 114.9, 67.8, 134.1, 7.7, 4171.6 μg/kg, and for kidney 21.9, 20.5, 145.0, 529.7, 19.4 μg/kg, respectively. Moreover, herbal-processing technology promoted the accumulation of Nrf2 into the nucleus, and upregulated mRNA expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1. Additionally, herbal-processing technology enhanced the tumour inhibition rate with ED50 12.2 μg/kg. Discussion and conclusions: Herbal-processing technology improves the safety and effectiveness of LGT in cancer treatment, and future research may be focused on the Nrf2-related molecules.

This study investigated the effects of different heating times (30–150 min) at 100°C on nutraceuticals and antioxidant properties of Lonicera japonica Thunb. (LJ). Total phenolic, phenolic acid (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, and luteolin) in LJ were significantly increased after heat treatments. Antioxidant activities, such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, FRAP and reducing power, of LJ, were improved after heating. Antioxidant activities were positively correlated with total phenolic, total flavonoid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin contents.

[Objectives] To optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids of Lonicerae japonica and establish a method for its extraction and content determination. [Methods] The total flavonoids of L. japonica were extracted by reflux extraction method. Through a single factor experiment, the effects of extraction method, extraction solvent concentration, extraction volume and extraction time on the total flavonoids content of medicinal materials were investigated to select the optimal extraction process of the total flavonoids of L. japonica. [Results] The optimal extraction process of the total flavonoids of L. japonica was 70% ethanol, 1: 30 of solid-to-liquid ratio, and 1.0 h of reflux extraction time. [Conclusions] This method can effectively determine the content of total flavonoids in L. japonica and is expected to provide a certain scientific basis for the study of the quality standard of L. japonica. This method has high reproducibility. It is stable and feasible in extraction of total flavonoids from L. japonica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Lonicera japonica Thunb is a common herb in East Asia. The flower buds are usually regarded as the traditional medicinal part, while leaves and stems are considered less valuable and receive little attention. This study compared the chemical constituents and anti‐inflammatory effects of the different tissues in L. japonica Thunb for the first time. RESULTS: Thirty compounds were identified by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐photodiode detector‐quadrupole / time of flight‐mass spectrometry (UPLC‐PDA‐Q/TOF‐MS/MS) analysis. Hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and iridoids were identified as the major components. The flower buds (FLJ), leaves (LLJ), and stems (SLJ) of L. japonica Thunb showed strong similarities in chemical components. The LLJ contained higher levels of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids than the FLJ and SLJ. Furthermore, FLJ, LLJ, and SLJ exhibited potent anti‐inflammatory activity in croton oil‐induced ear edema and carrageenan‐induced paw edema assays in mice. Moreover, FLJ, LLJ, and SLJ showed a cytoprotective effect on lipopolysaccharide‐ (LPS‐) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide‐induced increases in nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were suppressed by treatments of FLJ, LLJ, and SLJ, respectively. The LLJ possessed a stronger anti‐inflammatory effect than the FLJ. CONCLUSION: Leaves and stems of L. japonica Thunb have chemical components and anti‐inflammatory properties similar to flower buds, and may become alternative or supplementary sources of flower buds. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium (Ca2+) plays pivotal roles in modulating plant growth, development and stress responses. This work was conducted to study the effects of 20 mM calcium on the biomass, malondialdehyde content, chlorophyll content, ion ratio, chlorophyll a fluorescence and gas-exchange parameters, gene expression of annual honeysuckle under 50, 100 and 200 mM NaCl. At the end of treatment, Na+ concentration was increased with the mounting salinity, but a higher ratio of K+/Na2+, Ca2+/Na+, Mg2+/Na+ were obtained after calcium addition. Salinity exerted an adverse effect on the dry weights and chlorophyll content, whereas CaCl2 played a positive role. Consistent with biomass reduction, the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance declined in leaves of honeysuckle exposed to elevated salinity. However, the extent of reduction was much less under CaCl2 combination treatments than one caused by NaCl treatments. Exogenous calcium also protects the photochemical activity of PSII by protecting reaction centre from inactivation and maintaining electron transport from QA– to QB–. Further, exogenous calcium promoted the overexpression of LHCB coding gene Cab and Rubisco large subunit coding gene rbcL under short-term stress. In conclusion, exogenous calcium was effective in improving the salt tolerance of honeysuckle in the photosynthetic base, thereby improving the growth of plants. Suitable fertiliser applications or nutrient management of crop plants are practical ways for alleviating salt injury, and are applicable for popularisation in actual production. The application of calcium facilitated the maintenance of ion homeostasis and PSII photochemistry activity against the adverse effects of salt stress in honeysuckle. The effects of calcium on salt-stressed honeysuckle should be evaluated in a field experiment in saline-alkaline soil so that we can develop ways to maximise benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Radix Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Celastraceae) (LGT) has outstanding curative efficacy; however, side effects include high toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Objective: To investigate detoxification mechanisms of LGT through processing separately with each of these medicinal herbs including Flower Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae) (JYH), Radix Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Ranunculaceae) (BS), Herba Lysimachia christinae Hance (Primulaceae) (JQC), Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Fabaceae) (GC) and Seed Phaseolus radiatus L. (Fabaceae) (LD) in S180-bearing mice by involving nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). Materials and methods: LGT raw and processed products were orally administered at 60 mg/kg to KM male mice inoculated with S180 tumour cells for 14 consecutive days, and blood, tumour, liver and kidney were taken to observe the detoxifying effects and biological mechanisms. Results: Herbal-processing technology significantly weakened hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity evoked by LGT with ED50 of the converted triptolide in each processed-herb product for serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatinine and urea nitrogen of 9.3, 16.6, 2.5 and 4.2 μg/kg, for liver glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, catalase, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 of 114.9, 67.8, 134.1, 7.7, 4171.6 μg/kg, and for kidney 21.9, 20.5, 145.0, 529.7, 19.4 μg/kg, respectively. Moreover, herbal-processing technology promoted the accumulation of Nrf2 into the nucleus, and upregulated mRNA expression of Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1. Additionally, herbal-processing technology enhanced the tumour inhibition rate with ED50 12.2 μg/kg. Discussion and conclusions: Herbal-processing technology improves the safety and effectiveness of LGT in cancer treatment, and future research may be focused on the Nrf2-related molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The callus induction of L. japonica was optimized. • The homogenous callus line of L. japonica was developed. • The cell suspension cultures of L. japonica were established. • Four chlorogenic acid derivatives were identified in the suspension cell. • The content of the four chlorogenic acid derivatives ranged from 2.7 to 8.1 mg/g. Lonicera japonica Thunb, as a species of honeysuckle native to Asia (including China, Korea, and Japan), is often used for physical fitness due to its extensive biological activity and pharmaceutical properties. The goal of this work was to establish the cell suspension culture of L. japonica as well as to identify and quantify its major secondary metabolites. After sterilized, L. japonica buds, the best explant compared with young stems and leave, can be induced to form yellow friable callus on the MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L−1 NAA, 1.0 mg L−1 2,4D, 0.75 mg L-1 KIN and 0.15 mg L−1 BA. The induced callus was transferred on MS medium containing BA 1.5 mg L−1 + NAA 0.2 mg L−1 + 2,4D 0.1 mg L−1, and then sub-cultured three or four times to generate homogenous callus line. A cell suspension system was successfully established, with characteristic of a "S" growth curve and healthy morphology. 3,5-di- O -caffeoylquinic acid, 3- O -caffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-di- O -caffeoylquinic acid and 3,4-di- O -caffeoylquinic acid were the main secondary metabolites in the suspension culture cells. The total content of these chlorogenic acids was 22.7 mg g-1 in the suspension cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s):Pharmacological studies showed that the extracts of Jin Yin Hua and its active constituents have lipid lowering, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, cytoprotective, antimicrobial, antibiotic, antioxidative, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) from Jin Yin Hua against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced and hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity using neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Materials and Methods:Seven CQAs (C1 to C7) isolated and identified from Jin Yin Hua were used to examine the effects of H2O2-induced and hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity. We studied C4 and C6 as preventative bioactive compounds of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptotic pathway, and apoptosis-related gene expression. Results:C4 and C6 were screened as bioactive compounds to exert a cytoprotective effect against oxidative injury. Pretreatment with C4 and C6, dose-dependently attenuated hypoxia-induced ROS production and reduced the ratio of GSSG/GStotal. Western blot data revealed that the inhibitory effect of C4 on H2O2-induced up and down-regulation of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3. Apoptosis was evaluated by detection of DNA fragmentation using TUNEL assay, and quantified with Annexin V/PI staining. Conclusion: In vitro experiments revealed that both C4 and C6 protect cardiomyocytes from necrosis and apoptosis during H2O2-induced injury, via inhibiting the generation of ROS and activation of caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. These results demonstrated that CQAs might be a class of compounds which possess potent myocardial protective activity against the ischemic heart diseases related to oxidative stress.

This study investigated the effects of different heating times (30–150 min) at 100°C on nutraceuticals and antioxidant properties of Lonicera japonica Thunb. (LJ). Total phenolic, phenolic acid (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, and luteolin) in LJ were significantly increased after heat treatments. Antioxidant activities, such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, FRAP and reducing power, of LJ, were improved after heating. Antioxidant activities were positively correlated with total phenolic, total flavonoid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We describe a solid-phase extraction adsorbent based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), prepared with use of a mimic template. The MIPs were used for the selective extraction and determination of three chlorogenic acids as combined quality markers for Lonicera japonica and Lianhua qingwen granules. The morphologies and surface groups of the MIPs were assessed by scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and selectivity of the MIPs were systematically compared with those of non-molecularly imprinted polymers. The MIPs showed high selectivity toward three structurally similar chlorogenic acids (chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and neochlorogenic acid). A procedure using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography was established for the determination of three chlorogenic acids from Lonicera japonica and Lianhua qingwen granules. The recoveries of the chlorogenic acids ranged from 93.1% to 101.4%. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for the three chlorogenic acids were 0.003 mg g and 0.01 mg g, respectively. The newly developed method is thus a promising technique for the enrichment and determination of chlorogenic acids from herbal medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CCoAOMTl displays a strong preference for caffeoyl coenzyme A and also performs methylation of flavonols with vicinal aromatic dihydroxy groups, such as quercetin. Based on different knockout lines, phenolic profiling, and immunohistochemistry, we present evidence that both enzymes fulfill distinct, yet different tasks in Lonicera japonica. CCoAOMTl besides its role in vascular tissues can be localized to the tapetum of young stamens, contributing to the biosynthesis of spermidine phenylpropanoid conjugates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lonicera japonica Thunb. (L. japonica T.) has historically been used in Korean herbal medicine due to its anticancer and protective effects on the respiratory system. In the present study, the polyphenolic compounds in L. japonica T. were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and its anticancer effects on A549 non-small-cell lung cancer cells were studied. Polyphenolic compounds potentially inhibit A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis demonstrated that polyphenolic compounds induce apoptosis by regulating the protein expression levels of caspases, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase and the B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X-protein/B-cell lymphoma-extra large ratio. Furthermore, polyphenolic compounds inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential activity. Caspase-3 activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner and polyphenolic compounds inhibited the activation of protein kinase B by dephosphorylation. These results suggest that polyphenolic compounds in A549 cells indicate the anticancer activity through the induction of apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The water extracts ofCinnamomum cassia Blumebark (CCB; Lauraceae),Lonicera japonica Thunb. flower (LJT; Caprifoliaceae), andAgrimonia pilosa Ledeb. leaves (APL; Rosaceae) prevented amyloid-β(25–35)-induced cell death in PC12 cells in our preliminary study. We evaluated whether long-term oral consumption of CCB, LJT, and APL improves cognitive dysfunction and glucose homeostasis in rats with experimentally induced AD-type dementia. Methods: Male rats received hippocampal CA1 infusions of amyloid-β(25–35, AD) or amyloid-β(35–25, non-plaque forming, normal-controls, Non-AD-CON), at a rate of 3.6 nmol/day for 14 days. AD rats were divided into four groups receiving either 2% lyophilized water extracts of CCB, LJT, or APL or 2% dextrin (AD-CON) in high-fat diets (43% energy as fat). Results: Hippocampal amyloid-βdeposition, tau phosphorylation, and expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (neruoinflammation markers) were increased, and insulin signaling decreased in AD-CON. CCB, LJT, and APL all prevented hippocampal amyloid-βaccumulation and enhanced hippocampal insulin signaling. CCB, LJT, and APL decreased TNF-α and iNOS in the hippocampus and especially APL exhibited the greatest decrease. AD-CON exhibited cognitive dysfunction in passive avoidance and water maze tests, whereas CCB, LJT, and APL protected against cognitive dysfunction, and APL was most effective and was similar to Non-AD-CON. AD-CON had less fat oxidation as an energy fuel, but it was reversed by CCB, LJT, and especially APL. APL-treated rats had less visceral fat than AD-CON rats. AD-CON rats exhibited impaired insulin sensitivity and increased insulin secretion during oral glucose tolerance test compared with Non-AD-CON, but CCB and APL prevented the impairment. Discussion: These results supported that APL, LJT, and CCB effectively prevent the cognitive dysfunction and the impairment of energy and glucose homeostasis induced by amyloid-βdeposition by reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing insulin signaling. APL exhibited the greatest effectiveness for improving cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Flos Lonicerae Japonicae (FLJ), the dried flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb (Caprifoliaceae), is of high medicinal value in traditional Chinese medicine. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and luteoloside are used as standard compounds to evaluate the chemical quality of FLJ. The relationship between the activities of the regulatory enzymes associated with CGA and luteoloside biosynthesis during different growth stages remains unclear. In this study, we systematically examined the dynamic accumulation of both compounds at six growth stages in L. japonica [(young alabastrum (S1), green alabastrum (S2), slightly white alabastrum (S3), whole white alabastrum (S4), silvery flower (S5), and golden flower (S6)] using an HPLC-DAD-base method. Additionally, physiological and biochemical methods were used to assay the regulatory enzyme activities. The following results indicated that: (1) The accumulation of both CGA and luteoloside first increased and then decreased throughout the growth of L. japonica . The highest content of CGA was observed in S3 (44.88 μg/mg), followed by S5 (41.19 μg/mg). The amount of luteoloside was relatively higher in S3 (1.41 μg/mg) and S4 (1.34 μg/mg) compared with that at other growth stages. (2) The activity of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate transferase (HQT) and chalcone isomerase (CHI) exhibited a positive correlation with the accumulation of CGA and luteoloside at different growth stages in L. japonica , respectively. In addition, the accumulation of CGA and luteoloside at different growth stages in L. japonica was also correlated with variation in the initial activities of several other regulatory enzymes in the phenylalanine metabolic pathway, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL). (3) Based on the relative higher yields of both CGA and luteoloside in S3 and S4, these stages are thus recommended as the best harvesting time for FLJ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decoctions of the dried flowers of Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Indongcho) have been utilized in folk remedies against various inflammatory diseases, and it is reported neuroprotective effects. The cytokines release from microglia is closely linked to various chronic neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It is still unknown whether the neuroprotective effects are associated with the antiinflammatory effects. Here, we determined whether polyphenols extracted from lyophilized Lonicera japonica Thunb. (PELJ) would inhibit inflammatory cytokines and mediators. We stimulated microglia with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to produce inflammatory cytokines, and then assessed the effects of PELJ on these cytokines. PELJ significantly inhibited LPS-induced interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α expressions and LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 expressions by down-regulating inducible enzyme NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 at the protein and mRNA levels. All the suppression of these mediators did not cause any significant cytotoxicity. PELJ also inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B and phosphorylated Akt. These findings suggest that PELJ may offer substantial therapeutic potential for treating inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines through inhibiting phosphoinositol 3-kinase /Akt/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An at-line nanofractionation screening platform was established for NA inhibitors for the first time. • It involves parallel oseltamivir-sensitive/resistant neuraminidase (NAS/NAR) bioassays. • 20 potential inhibitors were identified from Lonicera japonica thunb. • The proposed platform shows potential for rapid quality control of Lonicera japonica Thunb. In this study, an advanced at-line nanofractionation based screening platform was developed to screen potential neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) from Lonicera japonica Thunb by involving two parallel bioassays, for determining both oseltamivir-sensitive neuraminidase (NAS) and oseltamivir-resistant neuraminidase (NAR) inhibitory activities. 20 potential NAIs with both NAS and NAR inhibitory effects were screened from Lonicera japonica Thunb and identified by mass spectrometer, including 11 phenolic acids, 8 flavonoids and one iridoid glycoside. The proposed at-line nanofractionation based screening platform for NAIs was also used to rapidly screen nine batches of water extracts of Lonicera japonica Thunb or its similar species. Clear differences in the number and content of active components were easily observed, demonstrating that the proposed method possesses great potential for the quality control of herb medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive plants decrease biodiversity, modify vegetation structure, and inhibit growth and reproduction of native species. Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is the most prevalent invasive vine in the forestlands of eastern Texas. Hence, we aimed to identify potential factors influencing the distribution of the species, quantify the relative importance of each factor, and test possible management strategies. We analyzed an extensive dataset collected as part of the Forest Inventory and Analysis Program of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service to quantify the range expansion of Japanese honeysuckle in the forestlands of eastern Texas from 2006 to 2011. We then identified potential factors influencing the likelihood of presence of Japanese honeysuckle using boosted regression trees. Our results indicated that the presence of Japanese honeysuckle on sampled plots almost doubled during this period (from 352 to 616 plots), spreading extensively, geographically. The probability of invasion was correlated with variables representing landscape conditions, climatic conditions, forest features, disturbance factors, and forest management activities. Habitats most at risk to invasion under current conditions occurred primarily in northeastern Texas, with a few invasion hotspots in the south. Estimated probabilities of invasion were reduced most by artificial site regeneration, with habitats most at risk again occurring primarily in northeastern Texas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifoliaceae) is a traditional herbal medicine and has been used to treat diabetic symptoms. Notwithstanding its use, the scientific basis on anti-diabetic properties of L. japonica is not yet established. This study is designed to investigate anti-diabetic effects of L. japonica in type 2 diabetic rats. L. japonica was orally administered at the dose of 100 mg/kg in high-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-induced rats. After the treatment of 4 weeks, L. japonica reduced high blood glucose level and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance in diabetic rats. In addition, body weight and food intake were restored by the L. japonica treatment. In the histopathologic examination, the amelioration of damaged β-islet in pancreas was observed in L. japonica-treated diabetic rats. The administration of L. japonica elevated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and insulin receptor subunit-1 protein expressions. The results demonstrated that L. japonica had anti-diabetic effects in type 2 diabetic rats via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulatory action of L. japonica as a potential mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of Lonicera japonica THUNB. (LJ) and its underlying molecular mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Our results indicated that LJ significantly inhibits LPS-stimulated production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In addition, LJ inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at both the protein and mRNA levels. In LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells, LJ inhibited proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) enzymatic activities, and/or mRNA expression, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. LJ significantly suppressed activation of nuclear factor- κB (NF- κB) and its translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus and suppressed the DNA-binding activity of NF- κB. Furthermore, LJ significantly inhibited phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt, and Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1/3. Collectively, our findings indicated that the antineuroinflammatory properties of LJ in LPS-induced BV-2 microglial cells is due to downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines downstream of inhibition of NF- κB activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrahigh pressure extraction (UPE)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/diode array detector (DAD) method was established to evaluate the quality ofLonicera japonicaThunb. Ten active components, including neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, luteoloside, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, and quercetin, were qualitatively evaluated and quantitatively determined. Scanning electron microscope images elucidated the bud surface microstructure and extraction mechanism. The optimal extraction conditions of the UPE were 60% methanol solution, 400 MPa of extraction pressure, 3 min of extraction time, and 1:30 (g/mL) solid:liquid ratio. Under the optimized conditions, the total extraction yield of 10 active components was 57.62 mg/g. All the components showed good linearity (r2≥ 0.9994) and recoveries. This method was successfully applied to quantify 10 components in 22 batches ofL. japonicasamples from different areas. Compared with heat reflux extraction and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UPE can be considered as an alternative extraction technique for fast extraction of active ingredient fromL. japonica. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chlorogenic acid from the flower buds ofLonicera japonicaThunb was extracted by modified supercritical CO2with subsequent analysis by HPLC. Response surface methodology was utilized to optimize process parameters. The effects of pressure range from 100 to 300 bar, temperature range from 50°C to 80°C, and various concentration of ethanol used as co-solvent range from 20% to 60% (ethanol:water, v/v) on the yield of chlorogenic acid were studied in supercritical CO2extraction. The free radical-scavenging activity of the extracts was evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Two quadratic models were used to fit the effects of the variables on chlorogenic acid yield and the free radical-scavenging activity of the extracts, respectively. The optimized extraction conditions were 32% ethanol (v/v), temperature of 74°C, and pressure of 289 bar, producing a maximum yield of 5.51% with IE500.286 mg/mL inside the experimental domain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The hormetic responses of Lonicera japonica Thunb. to cadmium (Cd) stress were investigated in a hydroponic experiment. The present results showed that root length and total biomass dry weight increased in comparison with the control at low concentrations Cd. The height of the plant exposed to 2.5 and 5 mg L-1 Cd increased significantly by 11.9% and 12.8% relative to the control, and with the increase of Cd concentrations in the medium, plant height began to decrease. The responses of photosynthetic pigments contents and relative water content to Cd stress had a similar trend, which all showed significantly an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve and confirmed that the stimulatory effect of low concentrations Cd occurred in the plant. Furthermore, L. japonica, as a new Cd-hyperaccumulator, could be considered as a new plant model to study the underlying mechanisms of the hormesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To discuss the changes of galuteolin and chlorogenic acid contents in Lonicera japonica Thunb. under different habitats, and to research the formation mechanism of genuine medicinal materials. [Methods] The galuteolin and chlorogenic acid contents in L. japonica under different geological backgrounds were detected and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. [Results] The contents of chlorogenic acid in different production areas were in the order of Songming, Yunnan > Fengqiu, He'nan > Xining, Qinghai; and the contents of galuteolin were in the order of Xining, Qinghai > Fengqiu, He'nan > Songming, Yunnan. The contents of chlorogenic acid and galuteolin in three different production areas had extremely significant differences, indicating that different environments could also lead to the extremely significant differences of secondary metabolite of the same species. [Conclusions] This research provided theoretical and technical support for the formation mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the quality evaluation mechanism of FLOS LONICERAE JAPONICAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purification of high-purity compounds from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) plays an important role in investigating their bioactivity. Nevertheless, it is often quite difficult to isolate compounds with high purity because of the complexity of TCMs in chemical composition. In this work, a two-dimensional preparation method was successfully developed for the preparation of high-purity compounds from the stem of Lonicera japonica Thunb, based on two novel polar copolymerized RP stationary phases, XAqua C3 and XAqua C18. An XAqua C3 prep column was used to separate the sample in the first-dimensional preparation, and 14 g of sample was fractionated into eight fractions with a recovery of 82%. An XAqua C18 prep column was selected to prepare high-purity compounds in the second-dimensional preparation for its good orthogonality with the XAqua C3 stationary phase. As a result, major compounds in the sample were isolated with more than 99% purity. This method is a potent method to realize the efficient purification of compounds with high purity from the stem of L. japonica Thunb and it shows great potential in the separation of high-purity compounds from complex samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to investigate possible hormetic response induced by cadmium (Cd) in a potential hyperaccumulator- Lonicera japonica Thunb. The results showed that Cd at low concentrations induced a significant increase in plant growth, leaf water content and content of photosynthetic pigments in L. japonica, but decreased them at high concentrations, displayed inverted U-shaped dose response curves, confirming a typical biphasic hormetic response. The U-shaped dose response curves were displayed in malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage in leaves at low doses of Cd, indicating reduce oxidative stress and toxic effect. The increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities was observed along with the increased Cd concentration, indicative of increase in anti-oxidative capacity that ensures redox homeostasis is maintained. After 28 days exposure to 10 mg L Cd, stem and leaf Cd concentrations reached 502.96 ± 28.90 and 103.22 ± 5.62 mg kg DW, respectively and the plant had high bioaccumulation coefficient (BC) and translocation factor (TF′). Moreover, the maximum TF value was found at 2.5 mg L Cd treatment, implying that low Cd treatment improved the ability to transfer Cd from medium via roots to aerial structures. Taking together, L. japonica could be considered as a new plant to investigate the underlying mechanisms of hormesis and Cd tolerance. Our results suggest that hormetic effects should be taken into consideration in phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The dried flowers of Lonicera japonica Thunb and dried roots of Anemarrhena asphodeloides BUNGE have been used for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases in traditional Korean medicine. Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of WIN-34B, a new herbal medicine, in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) obtained from patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and methods: WIN-34B is isolated from the n-butanol fraction of dried flowers of L. japonica and dried roots of A. asphodeloides. The anti-inflammatory effects of WIN-34B on cell viability, the production and release of inflammatory mediators, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), aggrecanases, tissue inhibitor of matrix proteinases (TIMP) is compared with celecoxib in IL-1β-stimulated human OA FLS. Furthermore, the effect of WIN-34B on inhibitory kappa B-α (IκB-α) phosphorylation and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the IL-1β-stimulated OA FLS was also evaluated. Results: WIN-34B significantly inhibited the IL-1β-induced cell viability in human OA FLS without cytotoxicity. Compared to celecoxib, WIN-34B exhibited similar or better anti-inflammatory effects through significant suppression of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2 and NO), MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13) and aggrecanases (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5), and enhancement of TIMPs (TIMP-1 and TIMP-3). Moreover, WIN-34B reduced the phosphorylation of IκB-α, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK1/2 in IL-1β-stimulated OA FLS. Conclusions: WIN-34B exhibited similar or better anti-inflammatory properties in IL-1β-stimulated OA FLS compared to celecoxib. The anti-inflammatory effects of WIN-34B are due to inhibition of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2 and NO) and regulation of MMPs, ADAMTSs and TIMPs via the inhibition of IκB-α and MAPK phosphorylation in IL-1β-stimulated OA FLS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new high speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method for preparative separation and purification of three phenolic acids from the dried buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb was developed by using gradient elution mode. Two pairs of two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-0.01 M hydrochloric acid at volume ratios of 1:5:1:5 and 1:5:2:5 were used in HSCCC separation. The upper phase of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-0.01 M hydrochloric acid (1:5:1:5, v/v) was used as the stationary phase. The lower phase of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-0.01 M hydrochloric acid (1:5:1:5, v/v) and (1:5:2:5, v/v) were used as the mobile phase in gradient elution mode. From 200 mg of the crude extract 51.6 mg of 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 7.5 mg of caffeic acid, and 42.4 mg of 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid were obtained in one-step HSCCC separation. The purities of the obtained compounds were all above 95% as determined by HPLC area normalization method, and their chemical structures were identified by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Enhanced UV radiation can change plant biology, especially secondary metabolites, yet the effects on postharvest medicinal plant tissues are now rarely researched. Therefore, our study was aimed to explore changes of secondary metabolites and pharmacological activities involved in the response to enhanced UV-A and UV-B radiation induction in freshly collected flower buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. We found that after UV-A and UV-B radiation, the content of seven compounds dramatically increased. We identified these compounds by HPLC–MS, which were four kinds of iridoid and three kinds of isochlorogenic acid. Antioxidant experiment showed that the antioxidant power of methanol extracts from the flower buds represented enhancement to a certain extent after UV-A and UV-B radiation, compared to control group. Featured by the shorter period required, the fewer experimental costs as well as the easier procedures to carry out, UV radiation would be a novel and feasible method to increase the health-related compounds of fresh postharvest medicinal plant tissues. Industrial relevance: Our study examined the feasibility of short-term and enhanced UV radiation application as emerging technology for enhancing health-promoting phytochemicals in freshly postharvest Lonicera japonica Thunb. Comparing with some other biotic factors, like cell engineering which is also an effective way to stimulate secondary metabolic compounds, UV radiation stimulating plant organs has several advantages. For example, shorter period required, the easier procedures to carry out and the fewer experimental costs are featured. Our study showed that short-term and enhanced UV radiation could be applied to enhance the phytochemical compounds in freshly postharvest Lonicera japonica Thunb. In addition, the convenient and feasible method to enhance the phytochemical concentration in fresh nature products could be used as both postharvest treatment of crops or medical plants and pretreatment of processing industry to obtain the concentration of health-related compounds. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A new, simple, precise, and rapid high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of three phenolic acids, namely, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid and chlorogenic acid from flower buds of Lonicera japonica. The separation of these compounds was carried out on silica gel 60F254 eluted with ethyl acetate:chloroform:methanol:formic acid:water (6:2.5:1.5:0.6:0.1 v/v/v/v) and a detection wavelength at 330 nm. The developed method gave a good linear regression relationship between peak area and an observed concentration range of 200-1200 ng spot-1 for the three aforementioned marker compounds. Spike recoveries were within 97.81-101.59% and the RSD values of precision were in the range of 0.65-3.21%. The method presented good results for the following parameters: selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, as well as limit of detection and limit of quantification. Therefore, this method could provide a simple analytical tool for the quality control of Lonicera japonica raw material and its products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophilic ionic liquid of [BMIM][BF] was successfully applied for the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of hydrophilic chlorogenic acid from Lonicera japonica Thunb. To explore this extraction procedure, the corresponding extraction parameters including the sample size, [BMIM][BF] concentration, pH, extraction temperature, ultrasonic power and extraction time were investigated. The results revealed that the [BMIM][BF]-based UAE efficiency of chlorogenic acid was higher than that of the ethanol-based UAE and the traditional refluent ethanol extraction. And the study on the method reliability further confirmed that the [BMIM][BF]-based UAE is suitable for the effective extraction of chlorogenic acid from honeysuckle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lonicera japonica Thunb and Anemarrhena asphodeloides BUNGE have been used for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases, cold and infective diseases in many countries, including Korea and China. Aim of the study: : This study aimed to assess the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of n-butanol fraction (WIN-34B) prepared from dried flowers of Lonicera japonica and dried roots of Anemarrhena asphodeloides as potential novel treatment of osteoarthritis. Materials and methods: : Anti-nociceptive activities of WIN-34B (100, 200 and 400mg/kg, p.o.) were measured using acetic acid-induced writhing response, formalin-induced paw licking, hot plate, radiant heat tail-flick, carrageenan-induced paw pressure, and Hargreaves tests, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activities of WIN-34B (100, 200 and 400mg/kg, p.o.) were assessed using acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and croton oil-induced ear edema. Anti-osteoarthritis effect of WIN-34B was analyzed using monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis animal model. Results: : WIN-34B exhibited better anti-inflammatory activity than that of celecoxib in carrageenan at the dose of 200mg/kg and croton oil-induced paw edema and ear edema at the doses of 200 and 400mg/kg. WIN-34B exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects on vascular permeability. WIN-34B also exhibited significant anti-nociceptive activities in the late phase of formalin-induced paw licking and writhing response model in mice. In radiant heat tail-flick and carrageenan-induced paw pressure tests, WIN-34B at the dose of 400mg/kg and at the doses of 200 and 400mg/kg presented similar activities to indomethacin and celecoxib. Compared to indomethacin WIN-34B at 400mg/kg showed similar or better anti-nociceptive activities after 1 and 2h of theraphy in the hot plate test and better anti-nociceptive activity than that of celecoxib in Hargreves test. In the MIA-induced osteoarthritis animal models, WIN-34B at 400mg/kg exhibited similar or better anti-nociceptive property than that of celecoxib throughout the pain measurement periods. Conclusion: : When compared to celecoxib, WIN-34B exhibited similar or better anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in osteoarthritic animal models, which may become a potential novel treatment for osteoarthritis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Offline normal phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (NPLC-GC) was applied to separate the volatile oil from Lonicera japonica thunb. The qualitative analysis was carried out on gas chromatography/quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC/qMS) and gas chromatography/orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/oaTOFMS). On the basis of the highly efficient separation ability of NPLC-GC and powerful qualitative ability of GC/qMS and GC/oaTOFMS, almost 200 volatile compounds were identified. Compared with the results obtained by GC/qMS only, those by multiple hyphenated techniques are more reliable. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two new triterpenoid saponins, loniceroside D (1) and loniceroside E (2), were isolated from the dry flowers and buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb., along with seven known compounds, chlorogenic acid (3), sweroside (4), vogeloside (5), epi-vogeloside (6), loniceroside A (7), loniceroside B (8), and loniceroside C (9). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data, physicochemical properties, and acid hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]