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In this paper we explore algebraic and geometric structures that arise on parallelizable manifolds. Given a parallelizable manifold L , there exists a global trivialization of the tangent bundle, which defines a map ρ p : l ⟶ T p L for each point p ∈ L , where l is some vector space. This allows us to define a particular class of vector fields, known as fundamental vector fields, that correspond to each element of l. Furthermore, flows of these vector fields give rise to a product between elements of l and L , which in turn induces a local loop structure (i.e. a non-associative analog of a group). Furthermore, we also define a generalization of a Lie algebra structure on l. We will describe the properties and examples of these constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a new extension formula for right Bol loops. We prove the necessary or sufficient conditions for the extension to be right Bol. We describe the most important invariants: right multiplication group, nuclei, and center. We show that the core is an involutory quandle which is the disjoint union of two isomorphic involutory quandles. We also derive further results on the structure group of the core of the extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sclerostin emerges as a novel target for bone anabolic therapy in bone diseases. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) are rare bone diseases in which therapeutic potential of sclerostin inhibition cannot be ignored. In OI, genetic/pharmacologic sclerostin inhibition promoted bone formation of mice, but responses varied by genotype and age. Serum sclerostin levels were higher in young OI-I patients, while lower in adult OI-I/III/IV. It's worth investigating whether therapeutic response of OI to sclerostin inhibition could be clinically predicted by genotype and age. In XLH, preclinical/clinical data suggested factors other than identified FGF23 contributing to XLH. Higher levels of circulating sclerostin were detected in XLH. Sclerostin inhibition promoted bone formation in Hyp mice, while restored phosphate homeostasis in age-/gender-dependent manner. The role of sclerostin in regulating phosphate metabolism deserves investigation. Sclerostin/FGF23 levels of XLH patients with/without response to FGF23-antibody warrants study to develop precise sclerostin/FGF23 inhibition strategy or synergistic/additive strategy. Notably, OI patients were associated with cardiovascular abnormalities, so were XLH patients receiving conventional therapy. Targeting sclerostin loop3 promoted bone formation without cardiovascular risks. Further, blockade of sclerostin loop3-LRP4 interaction while preserving sclerostin loop2-ApoER2 interaction could be a potential precise sclerostin inhibition strategy for OI and XLH with cardiovascular safety.The Translational Potential of this Article.Preclinical data on the molecular understanding of sclerostin inhibition in OI and therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of different genotypes, as well as clinical data on serum sclerostin levels in patients with different phenotypes of OI, were reviewed and discussed. Translationally, it would facilitate to develop clinical prediction strategies (e.g. based on genotype and age, not just phenotype) for OI patients responsive to sclerostin inhibition. Both preclinical and clinical data suggested sclerostin as another factor contributing to XLH, in addition to the identified FGF23. The molecular understanding and therapeutic effects of sclerostin inhibition on both promoting bone anabolism and improving phosphate homostasis in Hyp mice were reviewed and discussed. Translationaly, it would facilitate the development of precise sclerostin/FGF23 inhibition strategy or synergistic/additive strategy for the treatment of XLH. Cardiovascular risk could not be ruled out during sclerostin inhibition treatment, especially for OI and XLH patients with cardiovascular diseases history and cardiovascular abnormalities. Studies on the role of sclerostin in inhiting bone formation and protecting cardiovascular system were reviewed and discussed. Translationaly, blockade of sclerostin loop3-LRP4 interaction while preserving sclerostin loop2-ApoER2 interaction could be a potential precise sclerostin inhibition strategy for OI and XLH with cardiovascular safety.

Simple Summary: The listening brain must resolve the mix of sounds that reaches our ears into events, sources, and meanings. In this process, noise—sound that interferes with our ability to detect or understand sounds we need or wish to—is the primary challenge when listening. Importantly, noise to one person, or in one moment, might be an important sound to another, or in the next. Despite the many challenges posed by noise, however, human listeners generally outperform even the most sophisticated listening technologies in noisy listening environments. Because extracting noise from the sound stream is a fundamental process in listening, understanding how the brain deals with noise, in its many facets, is essential to understanding listening itself. Here, we explore what it is that the brain treats as noise and how it is processed. We conclude that the brain has multiple mechanisms for detecting and filtering out noise, and that incorporating cortico-subcortical 'listening loops' into our studies is essential to understanding this early segregation between noise and signal streams. What is noise? When does a sound form part of the acoustic background and when might it come to our attention as part of the foreground? Our brain seems to filter out irrelevant sounds in a seemingly effortless process, but how this is achieved remains opaque and, to date, unparalleled by any algorithm. In this review, we discuss how noise can be both background and foreground, depending on what a listener/brain is trying to achieve. We do so by addressing questions concerning the brain's potential bias to interpret certain sounds as part of the background, the extent to which the interpretation of sounds depends on the context in which they are heard, as well as their ethological relevance, task-dependence, and a listener's overall mental state. We explore these questions with specific regard to the implicit, or statistical, learning of sounds and the role of feedback loops between cortical and subcortical auditory structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-glucosidase (Bgl) hydrolyzes cellobiose to glucose, thereby releasing non-reducing terminal glucosyl residues. Bgl is an essential enzyme belonging to the biomass-degrading enzyme family, which plays a vital role in enzymatic saccharification during biofuel production. The four loops above the Bgl substrate-binding pocket undergo a conformational change upon substrate recognition. However, the structural dynamism of this loop and how it is conserved among Bgl family members remain unknown. Herein, to better understand the four loops above the substrate-binding pocket of Bgl, four Bgl crystal structures in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum (TsaBgl) were determined at 1.5–2.1 Å. The L1, L2, and L4 loops of TsaBgl showed a rigid conformation stabilized by their neighboring residues via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The TsaBgl L3 loop showed relatively high flexibility and two different N-terminal region conformations. The conformational change in the TsaBgl L3 loop induced a change in charge and shaped at the substrate-binding pocket entrance. The amino acid sequences and structures of the TsaBgl L1–4 loops were compared with other 45 Bgl proteins, and a diversity of the L2 and L3 loops was observed. Differences in amino acids and lengths of Bgls L2–L3 loop induced differences in the conformation and structure of the Bgls substrate-binding pocket entrance. These findings expand our knowledge on the molecular function of the loops in the Bgl enzyme family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the heyday of Nintendo's 8-bit era in the 1980s, the limitations and affordances of the console's audio capabilities led composers and programmers to new heights of creativity. Jun Chikuma (竹間 淳 or 竹間 ジュン) was one such composer who developed new compositional strategies, techniques, languages, and styles for this new medium. Her work often appears on "hidden gems of video game music" lists, but it has yet to be discussed in scholarly literature. Nor has Faxanadu (1987), itself considered by many an underrated classic. For this game, Chikuma created an unusually lengthy score comprising numerous distinct tracks, remarkably structured in modified arch form. Expanding on KC Collins's (2007; 2008) foundational terminology on looping, I assess Chikuma's creative approaches to timbre and reusing material to develop new analytical approaches to looping that take into account the specific audio coding possibilities of the Nintendo Entertainment System. The combination of these compositional and programming techniques in Chikuma's soundtrack to Faxanadu positions this game as an ideal case study for illustrating how a composer of this era approached the sounds and structures of game music at a point when the conventions for what games should sound like were still being solidified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fingerprint (dermatoglyphic) evidence is undoubtedly the most reliable and acceptable evidence till date in the court of law. Due to the immense potential of fingerprint as an effective method of identification an attempt has been made in the present work to analyze their correlation with gender and blood group of an individual. Materials and methods: This are a Prospective, Observational and case-control study conducted in the Department of Anatomy and Medicine, Index Medical College over a period of 2 Years. All healthy individuals 18-65 years of age both Gender. Each subject was asked to wash his / her hands thoroughly with soap and water and dry them using a towel. Then they were asked to press their fingertip on stamp pad and then to A4 paper to transfer the fingerprint impression by rolling the fingers over fingerprint blocks prepared with other information like name, age, sex and blood group. The participants were asked to be careful not to double roll the prints in order to avoid smudging of the print. Results: Of the 800 samples, 487 were males and 313 females, which correspond to 60.87% of male and the rest female. In this study, the maximum number of subjects were in the age group of 20-22 years which were 42% (n =336) of total followed by age group 23-25 years having 31.62% (n = 253) in this group and 26.3% were 17-19 years. In our study, the most of subjects had „O“ Blood Group 36.62% (n =293) and least were AB Blood Group 13.2% (n = 106). The most of subjects had Rh Positive 85.75% (n =686) and least were Negative 14.2% (n = 114). Conclusion: The existing study observed that there is correlation between the morphology of fingerprint pattern and the type of blood group. The human finger print distributions of various types also revealed few peculiarities in relation to the different blood groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A uniform motion of a disk in horizontal direction along its axis of symmetry in a stratified viscous fluid at rest is studied. The disk generates three-dimensional internal gravity waves occupying the entire volume between the disk and the location of its start. The waves are observed using two-color, beta-plus visualization of the vortex flow structure calculated within the framework of the system of Navier–Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation. The results of the study complete considerably the earlier-published mechanism of the formation of half-waves above the axis of symmetry of the disk, where emphasis was placed on the periodic process of generation of deformed vortex rings above the location of the disk start. Their generation is due to gravitation and shear instabilities, when the left semi-ring is transformed into a half-wave of depressions or crests, while the right one vanishes with time. In this paper it is established that the left parts of the right odd semi-rings are transformed into the axial parts of the crest half-waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of granular materials, a link between the microscopic variables (contact force and displacement) and macroscopic variables (stress and strain) requires an intermediate scale called the mesoscopic scale. An important class of mesostructure is the so-called loops, which are closed chains of grains in contact. In two dimensions (2D), these structures tessellate a material domain into elementary partitions that account for the physics of granular materials. However, this property no longer applies in three dimensions (3D). In this paper, we propose to identify 3D mesostructures that generalize the 2D properties of loops and their ability to account for the deformability of granular materials. To do so, a weighted Delaunay tessellation is used to partition a 3D specimen into tetrahedra. These tetrahedra are then merged through a criterion defined consistently with the one used to identify loops in 2D. As the 3D structures do not match the mathematical definition of loops, they are named clusters. A series of 3D DEM triaxial tests were performed to analyze the statistics of clusters during the loading path. It is shown that clusters behave analogously to loops, promoting an increase in the number of denser mesostructures during the strain contraction phase and looser ones during dilation. Furthermore, increasing amounts of looser clusters appear around force chains, promoting a decrease in the stability of the chained structures. Clusters are more diverse in shape and topology compared with loops. Thus, additional metrics besides the number of grains forming them are needed to characterize these structures. In this respect, we propose the concepts of order (number of external frontiers) and deformability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the abstract concept of supernilpotence in loop theory, and relate it to existing concepts, namely, central nilpotence and nilpotence of the multiplication group. We prove that the class of supernilpotence is greater or equal than the class of nilpotence of the multiplication group, and combining existing results, we show that a finite loop is supernilpotent if and only if its multiplication group is nilpotent. We also provide a new exposition of a classical result and crucial ingredient, that loops with a nilpotent multiplication group are centrally nilpotent and admit a prime decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysing complex auditory scenes depends in part on learning the long-term statistical structure of sounds comprising those scenes. One way in which the listening brain achieves this is by analysing the statistical structure of acoustic environments over multiple time courses and separating background from foreground sounds. A critical component of this statistical learning in the auditory brain is the interplay between feedforward and feedback pathways--"listening loops"--connecting the inner ear to higher cortical regions and back. These loops are likely important in setting and adjusting the different cadences over which learned listening occurs through adaptive processes that tailor neural responses to sound environments that unfold over seconds, days, development, and the life-course. Here, we posit that exploring listening loops at different scales of investigation--from in vivo recording to human assessment--their role in detecting different timescales of regularity, and the consequences this has for background detection, will reveal the fundamental processes that transform hearing into the essential task of listening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A graph that is connected G(V,E) is a graph in which there is at least one path connecting every two vertices in G; otherwise, it is called a disconnected graph. Labels or values can be assigned to the vertices or edges of a graph. A vertex-labeled graph is one in which only the vertices are labeled, and an edges-labeled graph is one in which only edges are assigned values or labels. If both vertices and edges are labeled, the graph is referred to as total labeling. If given n vertices and m edges, numerous graphs can be made, either connected or disconnected. This study will be discussed the number of disconnected vertices labeled graphs of order seven containing no parallel edges and may contain loops. The results show that number of vertices labeled connected graph of order seven with no parallel edges is N(G7,m, g)l= 6,727×Cm6; while for 7≤g≤ 21, N(G7,m, g)l= kg C(m−(g−6))g−1, where k7 =30,160, k8 = 30,765, k9=21,000, k10 =28,364, k11= 26,880, k12=26,460 , k13 = 20,790, k14 =10,290, k15 = 8,022, k16 = 2,940, k17 =4,417, k18 = 2,835, k19 =210, k20 = 21, k21= 1.

Introduction: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which affects the supporting tissues of the teeth and was initially thought to be environmental in origin. The difference in the disease prevalence among the population could not be attributed to environment alone. Limited studies have been done on diagnosing the future occurrence of periodontal diseases by recording the finger print patterns of the patients. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between finger prints patterns existing among patients with plaque induced gingivitis, chronic localised and generalised periodontitis. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study, carried out over a period of 6 months from January 2022 to July 2022) at Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Kavalkinaru. Subjects were equally divided into three groups including 100 patients under each group- Group-I as plaque induced gingivitis, group II as localised chronic periodontitis and group III as generalised chronic periodontitis based on 1999 classification system. The finger print patterns observed were loops, whorls and arches. The fingerprint patterns were compared within the group and also between the three groups. Boneferroni test and analysis of variance test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Total of 300 patients were included in this study, out of which 175 were males and 125 were females with the mean age 34.16±1.33 years. On comparison of the fingertip patterns within the groups, a significantly equal distribution of whorl and loop patterns with a value of 4.950±3.11 and 4.750±3.10 respectively were found among the Group-I subjects. A significantly increased prevalence of whorls with a value of 5.300±3.37 was found in Group-II subjects and significantly increased prevalence of loop pattern with a value of 5.800±2.72 was found among Group-III subjects. The arch pattern was more in Group-II and Group-III when compared to Group-I with a value of 1.450±2.21 and 1.200±1.33, respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that a strong association between fingerprint patterns and chronic periodontitis existed. The present study proved that dermatoglyphics can be used as a powerful tool for early prediction and better prevention of periodontitis.

Analysing complex auditory scenes depends in part on learning the long-term statistical structure of sounds comprising those scenes. One way in which the listening brain achieves this is by analysing the statistical structure of acoustic environments over multiple time courses and separating background from foreground sounds. A critical component of this statistical learning in the auditory brain is the interplay between feedforward and feedback pathways—“listening loops”—connecting the inner ear to higher cortical regions and back. These loops are likely important in setting and adjusting the different cadences over which learned listening occurs through adaptive processes that tailor neural responses to sound environments that unfold over seconds, days, development, and the life-course. Here, we posit that exploring listening loops at different scales of investigation—from in vivo recording to human assessment—their role in detecting different timescales of regularity, and the consequences this has for background detection, will reveal the fundamental processes that transform hearing into the essential task of listening.

Let An be the set of n × n zero-one matrices satisfying the matrix equation A ² = Jn, where Jn is n × n matrices of all ones. In this article, it is proved that the number of non-isomorphic left loops of order k gives the lower bound to the size of An for n = k ² . Mainly we have established that any matrix in An corresponding to loop has rank 2k − 2, where n = k ², for some positive integer k. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological explorations carried out between Tartaczna and Panieńska streets in Gdańsk has provided a wealth of movable historical artefacts. One of them is a quiver/bowcase loop made of antler. The article discusses typological classification, comparative analysis, dating and ethnocultural characteristics of the artefact. Antler and iron elements of quivers and bowcases are very rare in Poland and all of them are considered to be elements of foreign culture: Rus' or Hungarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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β-glucosidase (Bgl) hydrolyzes cellobiose to glucose, thereby releasing non-reducing terminal glucosyl residues. Bgl is an essential enzyme belonging to the biomass-degrading enzyme family, which plays a vital role in enzymatic saccharification during biofuel production. The four loops above the Bgl substrate-binding pocket undergo a conformational change upon substrate recognition. However, the structural dynamism of this loop and how it is conserved among Bgl family members remain unknown. Herein, to better understand the four loops above the substrate-binding pocket of Bgl, four Bgl crystal structures in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum (TsaBgl) were determined at 1.5–2.1 Å. The L1, L2, and L4 loops of TsaBgl showed a rigid conformation stabilized by their neighboring residues via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The TsaBgl L3 loop showed relatively high flexibility and two different N-terminal region conformations. The conformational change in the TsaBgl L3 loop induced a change in charge and shaped at the substrate-binding pocket entrance. The amino acid sequences and structures of the TsaBgl L1–4 loops were compared with other 45 Bgl proteins, and a diversity of the L2 and L3 loops was observed. Differences in amino acids and lengths of Bgls L2–L3 loop induced differences in the conformation and structure of the Bgls substrate-binding pocket entrance. These findings expand our knowledge on the molecular function of the loops in the Bgl enzyme family.

The growth of software techniques for implementing applications must go hand in hand with the growth of computer system hardware in the design of multi-core and multi-processor systems; otherwise, we cannot expect to be able to use maximum hardware capacities. One of the most important and challenging techniques for running applications is to run them in parallel with a focus on loop parallelism to reduce execution time. On the other hand, in recent years, many algorithms have been working on volumetric data, i.e., three-dimensional spaces; therefore, parallelization must be possible for all types of two-dimensional and three-dimensional loops. Uniformization is an important part of loop parallelism, and also the present paper’s focus. The proposed algorithm in the present paper performed uniformization with a combination of the frog leaping algorithm and the fuzzy system for two- and three-dimensional loops on a wide range of input dependence vectors and achieved a considerable variety of results in the desired time. The results of this study can be used to facilitate the development of parallel codes.

Gametogenesis, including spermatogenesis and oogenesis, are unique differentiation processes involving extraordinarily complex and precise regulatory mechanisms that require the interactions of multiple cell types, hormones, paracrine factors, genes and epigenetic regulators, and extensive chromatin 3D structure re-organization. In recent years, the development of 3D genome technology represented by Hi-C, enabled mapping of the 3D re-organization of chromosomes during zygogenesis at an unprecedented resolution. The 3D remodeling is achieved by folding chromatin into loops, topologically associating domains (TADs), and compartments (A and B), which ultimately affect transcriptional activity. In this review, we summarize the research progresses and findings on chromatin 3D structure changes during spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

The ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) plays a central role in oxidative metabolism by exchanging ATP and ADP across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Previous experiments have shown the involvement of the matrix loops of AAC in its function, yet potential mechanisms remain largely elusive. One obstacle is the limited information on the structural dynamics of the matrix loops. In the current work, unbiased all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out on c-state wild-type AAC and mutants. Our results reveal that: (1) two ends of a matrix loop are tethered through interactions between the residue of triplet 38 (Q38, D143 and Q240) located at the C-end of the odd-numbered helix and residues of the [YF]xG motif located before the N-end of the short matrix helix in the same domain; (2) the initial progression direction of a matrix loop is determined by interactions between the negatively charged residue of the [DE]G motif located at the C-end of the short matrix helix and the capping arginine (R30, R139 and R236) in the previous domain; (3) the two chemically similar residues D and E in the highly conserved [DE]G motif are actually quite different; (4) the N-end of the M3 loop is clamped by the [DE]G motif and the capping arginine of domain 2 from the two sides, which strengthens interactions between domain 2 and domain 3; and (5) a highly asymmetric stable core exists within domains 2 and 3 at the m-gate level. Moreover, our results help explain almost all extremely conserved residues within the matrix loops of the ADP/ATP carriers from a structural point of view. Taken together, the current work highlights asymmetry in the three matrix loops and implies a close relationship between asymmetry and ADP/ATP transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a graph with n points and m lines. If each vertex is labeled, then it can be constructed many graphs, connected, or disconnected graphs. A graph G is called a connected graph if there is at least one path that connects a pair of vertices in G. In addition, the graph formed may be simple or not simple. A simple graph is a graph that does not contain loops or parallel lines. A loop is a line that connects a point to itself, and a parallel line is two or more lines that connect the same pair of points. This paper will discuss the relationship between the formula patterns for calculating the number of connected graphs labeled with vertices of order five and six without loops.

After giving the periodontal tissues proper care, the clinician must be able to estimate force systems and manage tooth movement in order to close a gap. Frictional and frictionless mechanics are used to move orthodontic teeth during space closure. A detailed understanding of the clinical scenario and biomechanical concepts is necessary for choosing the right mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the global topology of the space L of loops of contactomorphisms of a non-orderable closed contact manifold (M 2 n + 1 , ξ). We filter L by a quantitative measure of the "positivity" of the loops and describe the topology of L in terms of the subspaces of the filtration. In particular, we show that the homotopy groups of L are subgroups of the homotopy groups of the subspace of positive loops L +. We obtain analogous results for the space of loops of Legendrian submanifolds in (M 2 n + 1 , ξ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RNA molecules play crucial roles in various biological processes. Their three-dimensional configurations determine the functions and, in turn, influences the interaction with other molecules. RNAs and their interaction structures, the so-called RNA–RNA interactions, can be abstracted in terms of secondary structures, i.e., a list of the nucleotide bases paired by hydrogen bonding within its nucleotide sequence. Each secondary structure, in turn, can be abstracted into cores and shadows. Both are determined by collapsing nucleotides and arcs properly. We formalize all of these abstractions as arc diagrams, whose arcs determine loops. A secondary structure, represented by an arc diagram, is pseudoknot-free if its arc diagram does not present any crossing among arcs otherwise, it is said pseudoknotted. In this study, we face the problem of identifying a given structural pattern into secondary structures or the associated cores or shadow of both RNAs and RNA–RNA interactions, characterized by arbitrary pseudoknots. These abstractions are mapped into a matrix, whose elements represent the relations among loops. Therefore, we face the problem of taking advantage of matrices and submatrices. The algorithms, implemented in Python, work in polynomial time. We test our approach on a set of 16S ribosomal RNAs with inhibitors of Thermus thermophilus, and we quantify the structural effect of the inhibitors.

Loops and cycles play an important role in computing endomorphism rings of supersingular elliptic curves and related cryptosystems. For a supersingular elliptic curve E defined over 𝔽p2, if an imaginary quadratic order O can be embedded in End(E) and a prime L splits into two principal ideals in O, we construct loops or cycles in the supersingular L-isogeny graph at the vertices which are next to j(E) in the supersingular ℓ-isogeny graph where ℓ is a prime different from L. Next, we discuss the lengths of these cycles especially for j(E) = 1728 and 0. Finally, we also determine an upper bound on primes p for which there are unexpected 2-cycles if ℓ doesn’t split in O.

The dense populations that inhabit global coastlines have an uncertain future due to increased flooding, storms, and human modification. The channel networks of deltas and marshes that plumb these coastlines present diverse architectures, including well‐studied dendritic topologies. However, the quasi‐stable loops that exist in nearly all coastal networks have not yet been explained. We present a model for self‐organizing networks inspired by vascular biophysics to show that loops emerge when the relative forcings between rivers and tides are comparable, resulting in interplay between hydrodynamic forcings at short time scales relative to network evolution. Using field data and satellite imaging, we confirm this control on 21 field networks. Our comparison provides compelling evidence that hydrodynamic fluctuations are capable of stabilizing loops in geophysical systems. Plain Language Summary: How do coastal channel networks form, and what are their stable configurations? The answers to these questions are essential for predicting how coasts will change under growing human and climatic stresses like sea level rise, river damming, or river engineering. Loops exist in most coastal networks, yet physical controls on the initiation and stability of this fundamental network feature are unknown. We use a model of channel network evolution to show that loops form only when there is interplay between distinct flow patterns. Field data also show that river‐tidal interplay coincides with the presence or absence of loops in networks on coasts. This link between network structure and flow patterns can indicate a network's equilibrium state or inform how it might react to changing conditions. Key Points: No theory exists to explain the presence of quasi‐stable loops in coastal channel networksA simple model that includes interaction between river and periodic tidal forcing produces loops at equilibriumAn analysis of 21 coastal channel networks generally agrees with the simulations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We study concurrent programs with non-deterministic choice, loops and a fork-join style of coordination under the lens of combinatorics. • We propose a framework, based on analytic combinatorics, allowing to analyse their quantitative aspects. • We develop efficient algorithms aimed at the statistical exploration of their state-space: uniform samplers of bounded executions and prefixes. • Our algorithms work on the syntax of the programs and do not require the explicit construction of the state-space. We study concurrent processes with non-deterministic choice, loops and a fork-join style of coordination under the lens of combinatorics. As a starting point, we interpret these processes as combinatorial structures. We propose a framework, based on analytic combinatorics, allowing to analyse their quantitative aspects such as the average number of execution paths induced by the choice operator, or the proportion of executions of a process with respect to its number of execution prefixes. Building on this theoretical investigation, we develop efficient algorithms aimed at the statistical exploration of their state-space. The first algorithm is a uniform random sampler of bounded executions, providing a good default exploration strategy. The second algorithm is a uniform random sampler of execution prefixes of a given bounded length, allowing to bias the exploration in a controlled manner. The fundamental characteristics of these algorithms is that they work on the syntax of the programs and do not require the explicit construction of the state-space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A homotopy is a continuous one-parameter family of continuous functions. This enquiry sought to find out how the various forms ranging from paths, inverses, reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity and other instances could be given in descriptive survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the bond graph modeling for the control of tracking systems has been applied. The closed loop system is built by the bond graph model of the system to be controlled, an additional bond graph according to the tracking input signal, and feedback gains in the physical domain. Hence, a procedure to obtain the closed loop tracking system is proposed. The proposal of modeling and tracking control systems in this paper determines symmetries in the bond graph approach with respect to the traditional algebraic approach. The great advantage of this graphical approach is that the mathematical determination of the system model is not necessary. Moreover, the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial using unidirectional causal loops of the closed loop system modeled in bond graphs are obtained. A case of study of a DC motor connected to an electrical supply network and a mechanical load is considered. Tracking control for the step, ramp, and acceleration type input signals in a bond graph approach are applied. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed procedure, the simulation results are shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines winding number of a closed planar curve through various aspects. It is related to a range on an arc in the complex plane and a point not in the range. Functions of such natures are considered to be continuous real-valued functions. Conclusion was drawn by naming a number of areas of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micro-defects evolution of (Al 0. 33 Cr 0. 21 Fe 0. 28 Zr 0.18)O 2 and (Al 0. 33 Cr 0. 2 Mn 0. 09 Fe 0. 22 Zr 0.16)O 2 thin films irradiated with low energy (60 eV) hydrogen ions (H+) is investigated through Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and the slow positron Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS) technique in this work. The results revealed that some perfect dislocation loops with Burgers vector b = a/2<1 1 0> were observed as the quaternary (Al 0. 33 Cr 0. 21 Fe 0. 28 Zr 0.18)O 2 irradiated with a fluence of 5.2 × 1022 cm−2. The micro defects are mainly vacancy (V), hydrogen vacancy complex (i.e. H–V complex), and vacancy dislocation loops. However, after the fluence increased to 1.2 × 1023 cm−2, the phase of (Al 0. 33 Cr 0. 21 Fe 0. 28 Zr 0.18)O 2 transformed from FCC structure to amorphous, suggesting that the weak ionic bonds between the cations with O. The defects mainly exist as large amounts of hydrogen bubbles, some H–V complex and few voids. As the addition of little Mn element, the phase of quinary (Al 0. 33 Cr 0. 2 Mn 0. 09 Fe 0. 22 Zr 0.16)O 2 was unstable and easily produce precipitate under the irradiation temperature. And the micro-defects in (Al 0. 33 Cr 0. 2 Mn 0. 09 Fe 0. 22 Zr 0.16)O 2 irradiated with 5.2 × 1022 cm−2 mainly exist as V, H–V complex and some vacancy clusters. While the fluence increase to 1.2 × 1023 cm−2, the defects mainly exist as H–V complex and hydrogen bubbles. [Display omitted] • The defects evolution of the two HEOs induced by H+ irradiation behave differently. • The ionic bonds between the cations with O in (Al 0. 33 Cr 0.. 21 Fe 0. 28 Zr 0.18)O 2 are weak. • As the addition of Mn, the phase of (Al 0. 33 Cr 0. 2 Mn 0. 09 Fe 0. 22 Zr 0.16)O 2 was unstable. • Hydrogen diffuse into both the surface and inner direction of films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]