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Low molecular weight (LMW) dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the predominant competitor for adsorption sites against organic micropollutants (OMPs) in activated carbon adsorption. However, top-down approaches using highly complex mixtures of real water DOM do not allow to concisely examine the impacts of specific LMW DOM molecular properties on competitive adsorption. Therefore, we followed a bottom-up approach using fifteen model compounds (mDOM) to elucidate how important DOM characteristics, including hydrophobicity and unsaturated structures (ring, double/triple bond), impact competitiveness. Large concentration asymmetry (~500 μg DOC/μg OMP) made mDOM compounds, which were overall less preferentially adsorbed than OMPs, become competitive against OMPs and inhibit OMP adsorption kinetics by pre-occupation of adsorption sites. Our results revealed that both hydrophobicity interactions and π-interactions increased mDOM competitiveness, while π-interactions outweighed hydrophobic interactions. However, π-interactions could not be satisfactorily evaluated with a parameter such as specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) due to interferences of carboxyl groups in aromatic mDOMs. Instead, mDOM adsorbability, described by mDOM adsorption capacity, proved to be a comprehensive indicator for mDOM competitiveness. To our knowledge, this is the first study that systematically clarifies the impacts of intricately interacting molecular properties on DOM adsorption and the related competition against OMP adsorption. DOM adsorbability may inspire a new fractionation, and assist the further isolation, identification and detailed characterization of LMW DOM competitors in real DOM-containing waters.

The chapter positions the historical film as a long-standing, popular and culturally important genre within South Korean cinema. In applying contemporary examples as case studies, the chapter looks at how genre filmmaking can present a distinctive Korean-ness and a quality transnational filmmaking style by utilising local issues and socio-historical contingencies with technological developments. The historical film and hybrid genre form that emerges effectively combines Hollywood blockbuster aesthetics and characterisation with a cinematic imaginary of the Korean past. In doing so, it offers an important barometer of South Korean social, political, and cultural direction framed by their traumatic past and modern post-colonial sensibility. Thus, the chapter concludes that the historical film emerges as a transcultural genre that can point to many indices of Korean film history.

Nonwoven wet wipes can be hazardous substances for wastewater systems. The study investigates the composition of physical constituents in the wastewater. The solid fractions per m3 wastewater are determined. The amount of nonwoven wet wipes in the sewer samples ranges from 0 to 116 g/m3. The accumulation of wet wipes along the path of wastewater transport is shown.

To gain a better understanding of the operational problems confronting wastewater pumps due to nonwoven wet wipes, experimental data generated in a laboratory setting were compared with data collected in the field. Pump blockages from a wastewater pump operating in the field under normal conditions were collected and analysed. The types of wet wipes occurring in the blockages were identified and were categorised according to their (claimed) flushability. The clogging effect of comparable wet wipes was then investigated in the laboratory using a wastewater pump with a low resilience against clogging. Profound differences in the clogging effect of the nonwoven wet wipes could be observed. It could also be shown that wet wipes labelled as “flushable” have different clogging effects, depending on whether or not they comply with industry flushability guidelines.

This study investigates if ozonation of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent can reduce the negative impacts of effluent organic matter (EfOM) on the adsorption of organic micro-pollutants (OMP) onto powdered activated carbon (PAC). Pre-treatment of the water included membrane filtration for the removal of suspended/colloidal organics, ozonation with various specific ozone consumptions, and subsequent OMP spiking to comparable initial concentrations in all of the ozonated waters. This approach allowed for comparative PAC adsorption tests. Adsorption analyses show that the adsorbability of EfOM decreases with increasing specific ozone consumptions. This is also reflected by liquid chromatography with online carbon and UV254 detection (LC-OCD) which shows the ozone-induced disintegration of large EfOM into smaller fragments. Also, small organic neutrals are decreased while the small organic acids peak continuously increases with rising specific ozone consumptions. UV254 demonstrates that the aromaticity of all LC-OCD fractions continuously declines together with increasing specific O3 consumptions. This explains the varying EfOM adsorbabilities that occur due to ozonation. The ozone-induced decrease of EfOM adsorbability directly translates into reduced adsorption competition against the adsorption of OMP. With higher specific ozone consumptions, OMP removal and OMP loadings increase. The reduced adsorption competition is reflected in the outputs from equivalent background compound (EBC) modeling. In each of the ozonated waters, correlations between the OMP removals and the UV254 removal were found.

This study is an investigation into whether briefing information, which was heard prior to seeing a firearms incident in a firearms training simulator, affected British police officers' decisions to shoot, as measured by their shooting behavior. Police authorized firearms officers (AFOs) heard either threat or neutral briefing information and then saw a “shoot” (suspect shot at AFO) or “no-shoot” (suspect surrendered without shooting) scenario. AFOs were tested in one of four conditions: threat briefing with shoot scenario, threat briefing with no-shoot scenario, neutral briefing with shoot scenario, or neutral briefing with no-shoot scenario. A postevent questionnaire and the General Decision Making Style (GDMS) questionnaire were completed by the AFOs. Those who had heard the neutral briefing felt more surprised when they saw the suspects than did those who had heard the threat briefing, regardless of which scenario they had seen. However, the briefing type did not affect the time taken to draw and aim the gun at the screen. No shots were fired in the no-shoot scenario, regardless of which briefing the AFOs had received. Differences in preferred decision style were not related to shooting decisions. The results suggest that the briefing information did not influence the AFOs'decisions to shoot, but they attended to cues in the scenario (not identified) and responded accordingly.

Intentional injuries inflicted upon children by adults rightly cause great concern and have been studied extensively. In contrast, little is known about the pattern, nature and extent of injuries sustained by children inflicted by other children. A funded prospective study of injured children was undertaken over 18 months. Children's injuries were studied in an epidemiologically complete population comprising the western two-thirds of Cornwall. Information was collected from ten hospitals in standardised fashion using the widely accepted Children's Hospital Injury Reporting and Prevention Programme (CHIRPP). 597 injuries (67% involving boys) were identified as having been inflicted apparently deliberately by other children. 62% of injuries affected children aged under 12 years. 245 injuries (41%) occurred at or around school, 143 (24%) at home. Most injuries involved soft tissues, but there were 116 fractures, which accounted for 22 of the 40 hospital admissions. Interestingly, despite a description of an ''assault'', only 38% of injuries were initially coded as intentional by treating hospital staff. These results reveal the previously largely unrecognised scale of the problem of interpersonal violence between children. It is not surprising that most injuries occurred in or around school, given that this is where children interact with other children. The attitude of healthcare professionals may need to change if this problem is to be properly addressed.

This article focuses on the implementation of evidence-based parenting programmes (EBPPs) in a small sample of urban local authorities in England. The first part discusses the development of government policy, guidance and implementation issues. The second part presents findings from an exploratory study, which focused on the implementation of EBPPs in terms of programme eligibility, fidelity and intensity in six urban local authorities. Implementation was not necessarily in line with policy or guidance. Issues associated with programme fidelity along with concerns about sustainability as a result of cuts in funding are discussed and implications for policy and future research considered.

We report the case of a patient who presented to the emergency with the common symptoms of chest pain and dyspnoea and who was subsequently found to have the rare diagnosis of a phaeochromocytoma. We highlight the need to maintain a high index of suspicion of the various differential diagnoses in any case presentation and the importance of trusting clinical intuition. We comment on the benefit of the use of emergency ultrasound.