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The poor outcome of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) treated with immunotherapy is attributed to the profound immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and the lack of effective delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Radiation therapy (RT) induces an immunogenic antitumor response that is counteracted by evasive mechanisms, among which transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activation is the most prominent factor. We report an extracellular vesicle (EV)-based nanotherapeutic that traps TGF-β by expressing the extracellular domain of the TGF-β type II receptor and targets GBM by decorating the EV surface with RGD peptide. We show that short-burst radiation dramatically enhanced the targeting efficiency of RGD peptide-conjugated EVs to GBM, while the displayed TGF-β trap reversed radiation-stimulated TGF-β activation in the TME, offering a synergistic effect in the murine GBM model. The combined therapy significantly increased CD8+ cytotoxic T cells infiltration and M1/M2 macrophage ratio, resulting in the regression of tumor growth and prolongation of overall survival. These results provide an EV-based therapeutic strategy for immune remodeling of the GBM TME and eradication of therapy-resistant tumors, further supporting its clinical translation. [Display omitted] • Extracellular vesicles are engineered for targeted TGF-β trapping in glioblastoma. • Radiation improves targeting efficiency of extracellular vesicles to glioblastoma. • Engineered extracellular vesicles synergize with radiation to enhance immunotherapy. • Providing extracellular vesicle-based combined strategy for immune remodeling. • Providing strategy for large-scale production of functionalized extracellular vesicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), a prevalent cause of foodborne infection, induces significant changes in the host transcriptome and metabolome. The lack of therapeutics with minimal or no side effects prompts the scientific community to explore alternative therapies. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a probiotic mixture comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus 1.3251) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum 9513) against S. typhimurium, utilizing transcriptome and metabolomic analyses, a novel approach that has not been previously documented. Twenty-four SPF-BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: control negative group (CNG); positive control group (CPG); probiotic-supplemented non-challenged group (LAPG); and probiotic-supplemented Salmonella-challenged group (LAPST). An RNA-sequencing analysis of small intestinal (ileum) tissue revealed 2907 upregulated and 394 downregulated DEGs in the LAPST vs. CPG group. A functional analysis of DEGs highlighted their significantly altered gene ontology (GO) terms related to metabolism, gut integrity, cellular development, and immunity (p ≤ 0.05). The KEGG analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the LAPST group were primarily involved in pathways related to gut integrity, immunity, and metabolism, such as MAPK, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, the tryptophan metabolism, the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, ECM–receptor interaction, and others. Additionally, the fecal metabolic analysis identified 1215 upregulated and 305 downregulated metabolites in the LAPST vs. CPG group, implying their involvement in KEGG pathways including bile secretion, propanoate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and protein digestion and absorption, which are vital for maintaining barrier integrity, immunity, and metabolism. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the administration of a probiotic mixture improves immunity, maintains gut homeostasis and barrier integrity, and enhances metabolism in Salmonella infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic heterojunctions present excellent photocatalytic performance for water splitting. Herein, a novel S-scheme heterojunction of CdS-ZnO nanorods assisted with low-content Au (<1 wt%) plasmon was achieved successfully, which possessed the H 2 -generated efficiency of 14.36 mM h−1 g−1. Remarkable catalytic activity stems from the S-scheme mechanism, metal plasma resonance and the unique flower-shaped morphology. S-scheme endues the heterojunction with efficient carrier separation and strong redox capacity, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) generated from low-content Au broadens light absorption range and injects hot electrons into the heterojunction. In-situ XPS measurements verified an S-scheme carrier migration mechanism as well as hot electrons transfer. Other optical and photoelectric characterizations, as well as simulation calculation by finite difference time domain (FDTD) were also utilized to conjecture the probable mechanism. Low content noble metal and unique morphology accelerate the photocatalytic H 2 -production, and it likely proposes the promising strategy for practical application of photocatalysis for solar energy conversion. [Display omitted] • Three-dimensional flower-like structure is composed of nanorods. • Heterostructure presented an efficient H 2 -production rate of 14.36 mM h−1 g−1. • SPR of low-content Au accelerated photocatalytic hydrogen production. • In-situ XPS verified S-scheme carrier migration and SPR hot electrons transfer. • S-scheme endued heterojunction with an excellent redox capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of prediabetes is increasing in young adults and patients undergoing coronary angiography. However, whether prediabetes is a considerable risk factor for all-cause mortality remains undetermined in young patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods: In this study, we retrospectively included 8868 young patients (men aged < 45 years, women aged < 55 years) who underwent coronary angiography (CAG). Patients were categorized as normoglycemic, prediabetes and diabetes according to the HbA1c level or documented history of diabetes. The association of all-cause mortality with diabetes and prediabetes was detected by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: A total of 3240 (36.5%) among 8868 young patients receiving CAG were prediabetes and 2218 (25.0%) were diabetes. 728 patients died during a median follow-up of 4.92 years. Compared to the normoglycemic group, prediabetes increased the risk of all-cause mortality in young CAG patients by 24%(adjusted HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04–1.49, p = 0.019) and diabetes increased the risk of all-cause mortality by 46%(adjusted HR:1.46, 95% CI:1.2–1.79, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that diabetes and prediabetes increased the risk of death mainly in patients without comorbidities. Conclusion: Prediabetes accounts for more than one-third of the young adults undergoing CAG and was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, active prevention strategy should be considered for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of prediabetes is increasing in young adults and patients undergoing coronary angiography. However, whether prediabetes is a considerable risk factor for all-cause mortality remains undetermined in young patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods: In this study, we retrospectively included 8868 young patients (men aged < 45 years, women aged < 55 years) who underwent coronary angiography (CAG). Patients were categorized as normoglycemic, prediabetes and diabetes according to the HbA1c level or documented history of diabetes. The association of all-cause mortality with diabetes and prediabetes was detected by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: A total of 3240 (36.5%) among 8868 young patients receiving CAG were prediabetes and 2218 (25.0%) were diabetes. 728 patients died during a median follow-up of 4.92 years. Compared to the normoglycemic group, prediabetes increased the risk of all-cause mortality in young CAG patients by 24%(adjusted HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04–1.49, p = 0.019) and diabetes increased the risk of all-cause mortality by 46%(adjusted HR:1.46, 95% CI:1.2–1.79, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that diabetes and prediabetes increased the risk of death mainly in patients without comorbidities. Conclusion: Prediabetes accounts for more than one-third of the young adults undergoing CAG and was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, active prevention strategy should be considered for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of prediabetes is increasing in young adults and patients undergoing coronary angiography. However, whether prediabetes is a considerable risk factor for all-cause mortality remains undetermined in young patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods: In this study, we retrospectively included 8868 young patients (men aged < 45 years, women aged < 55 years) who underwent coronary angiography (CAG). Patients were categorized as normoglycemic, prediabetes and diabetes according to the HbA1c level or documented history of diabetes. The association of all-cause mortality with diabetes and prediabetes was detected by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: A total of 3240 (36.5%) among 8868 young patients receiving CAG were prediabetes and 2218 (25.0%) were diabetes. 728 patients died during a median follow-up of 4.92 years. Compared to the normoglycemic group, prediabetes increased the risk of all-cause mortality in young CAG patients by 24%(adjusted HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04–1.49, p = 0.019) and diabetes increased the risk of all-cause mortality by 46%(adjusted HR:1.46, 95% CI:1.2–1.79, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that diabetes and prediabetes increased the risk of death mainly in patients without comorbidities. Conclusion: Prediabetes accounts for more than one-third of the young adults undergoing CAG and was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, active prevention strategy should be considered for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to design the ratiometric thermometer with high sensitivity is a monumental challenge. If the sensitivity can be superposed like the stack of toy bricks, the temperature‐sensing performances will be significantly improved. To achieve sensitivity superposition, a method of dual‐wavelength (980 and 379 nm) excitation in consideration of the sensitivity of integral form is designed and the sensitivity is expected to be manipulated. Herein, compared with conventional 980 nm single excitation, the increase in Er3+ luminescence with dual‐wavelength excitation is attributed to its downshifting luminescence. Under multiple exciting methods (980, 379 nm, and dual‐wavelength excitation), temperature‐sensing behaviors based on thermally (TCL) and nonthermally (NTCL) coupled levels are investigated in the range of 213–683 K. The maximum of relative sensitivity is 2.19% K−1 (based on NTCL) with dual‐wavelength excitation, which is higher than that both with 980 nm single excitation and based on conventional TCL. These results reveal that this dual‐wavelength excitation strategy is effective to enhance sensitivity for Tm3+/Er3+‐based thermometer, which provide new insights into the design of ratiometric thermometer with high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trading of carbon emissions is a crucial regulatory method to address environmental pollution issues. This study takes China's carbon emission trading pilot policy established in 2013 as a quasi-natural experiment and uses the DID model to empirically test the urban panel data from 2006 to 2019. The results show that the carbon emission trading pilot policy can effectively reduce urban environmental pollution, and this effect is more noticeable in mid-western cities, northern cities, cities with fewer resources, and large-scale cities. In addition, to address the urban environmental pollution problem through this policy, the government is encouraged to raise its environmental protection awareness and put more effort into the innovation of technology. In general, this study uses carbon emission trading policies from China to confirm that market-based incentive environmental regulation tools can effectively reduce environmental pollution in urban areas. These findings can provide more theoretical support and empirical evidence for the government to use mechanisms of the market to effectively solve pollution problems, improve ecological environment quality, and accelerate the realization of green economy. • The DID model is used to track pilot policy impact on urban environmental pollution. • Carbon emission trading pilot policy can reduce urban environmental pollution. • The government's environmental awareness is the channel of action. • The government's technological innovation efforts are the channel of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swine enteric viruses are a major cause of piglet diarrhea, causing a devastating impact on the pork industry. To further understand the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary diversity of swine enteric viruses, we carried out a molecular epidemiological investigation of swine enteric viruses (PEDV, PDCoV, PoRVA, and TGEV) on 7107 samples collected from pig farms in south-central China. The results demonstrated that PEDV is the predominant pathogen causing piglet diarrhea, and its infection occurs mainly in relatively cold winter and spring in Hunan and Hubei provinces. The positive rate of PEDV showed an abnormal increase from 2020 to 2021, and that of PoRVA and PDCoV exhibited gradual increases from 2018 to 2021. PEDV-PoRVA and PEDV-PDCoV were the dominant co-infection modes. A genetic evolution analysis based on the PEDV S1 gene and ORF3 gene revealed that the PEDV GII-a is currently epidemic genotype, and the ORF3 gene of DY2020 belongs to a different clade relative to other GII-a strains isolated in this study. Overall, our results indicated that the variant PEDV GII-a is the main pathogen of piglet diarrhea with a trend of outbreak. G9 is the dominant PoRVA genotype and has the possibility of outbreak as well. It is therefore critical to strengthen the surveillance of PEDV and PoRVA, and to provide technical reserves for the prevention and control of piglet diarrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are always regarded as a promising energy storage device owing to their higher safety and durability. However, two problems have become the main trouble for the practical application of ZIBs such as the dendrite growth of Zn metal anode in electrolyte and the freezing of water solvent at low temperature. Herein, to overcome these challenges, a new strategy, multi‐component crosslinked hydrogel electrolyte, is proposed to inhibit Zn dendrites and realize low temperature environmental adaptability for ZIBs. Benefitting from the superior inhibition effect of the polyacrylamide and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on Zn dendrites, the coulombic efficiency of the symmetric cell of ≈99.5% is achieved during the Zn plating/stripping over 1 300 h, and the assembled full‐cell demonstrates the large specific capacity of 265.2 mAh g‐1 and high cyclic stability with the capacity retention of 95.27% after 3 000 cycles. In addition, the full‐cell delivers stable operation at a wide temperature range, from 60 to −40 °C, due to the introduction of additive DMSO. This work provides an inspired strategy and novel opportunities to realize a dendrite‐free and wide‐temperature rechargeable aqueous Zn‐ion energy storage system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Emerging evidence demonstrates that vitamin D status contributes to the incidence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). However, the causal relationships between vitamin D and mortality among individuals with DKD are inconclusive. Our study is aimed at exploring the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and mortality among adults with DKD. Research Design and Methods. Our study included 1,202 adult participants with DKD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2014. Cox and competing-risks regression were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for associations between 25(OH)D concentrations and survival. Results. The overall mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 55.9 ± 26.3. Vitamin D deficiency (25 OH D < 50 nmol / l), insufficiency group (50 ≤ 25 OH D < 75 nmol / l), and sufficiency group (25 OH D ≥ 75 nmol / l) were observed in 552 (45.9%), 409 (34.0%), and 241 (20.0%) participants, respectively. Higher levels of vitamin D were significantly associated with improved all-cause and nonaccident- and malignant neoplasm-cause mortality among individuals with DKD after adjusting for the potential confounding factors. Conclusions. We observed widespread vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency in DKD patients. Higher 25(OH)D values were significantly correlated with lower risk of mortality after adjusting for confounding variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the resin hemoperfusion device (HA380 hemoperfusion cartridge) on inflammatory responses during adult cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods: Sixty patients undergoing surgical valve replacement were randomized into the HP group (n = 30) with an HA380 hemoperfusion cartridge in the CPB circuit or the control group (n = 30) with the conventional CPB circuit. The results of routine blood tests, blood biochemical indexes, and inflammatory factors were analyzed at V0 (pre-CPB), V1 (CPB 30 min), V2 (ICU 0 h), V3 (ICU 6 h), and V4 (ICU 24 h). Results: The HP group had significantly lower levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10. Significant estimation of group differences in the generalized estimating equation (GEE) models was also observed in IL-6 and IL-10. The HP group had significantly lower levels of creatinine (Cr), aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin (TBil) compared to the control group. The estimation of differences of Cr, AST, and TBil all reached statistical significance in GEE results. The HP group had significantly less vasopressor requirement and shorter mechanical ventilation time and ICU stay time as compared to the control group. Conclusion: The HA380 hemoperfusion cartridge could effectively reduce the systemic inflammatory responses and improve postoperative recovery of patients during adult CPB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the utilization rate of superfine iron tailings (SIT), a novel coal fly ash (CFA)/SIT-based three-dimensional printing geopolymers (CS-3DPG) were synthesized for high-value resource application of SIT. The optimal preparation parameters of CS-3DPG were sodium citrate of 0.4%, water-solid ratio of 38%, SiO 2 /Na 2 O molar ratio of 1 and alkali activator of 6%, with the compressive strength of 32.14 MPa. Besides, the yield stress and plastic viscosity (rheological properties) of CS-3DPG reached 284 Pa and 18.8 Pa·S, respectively. The sodium aluminum silicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gels were identified as dominant hydration products by the selective chemical extractions. Microstructural analysis also successfully indicated that the retarder caused some CFA and SIT to be unreacted, resulting in the decrease of early compressive strength compared with CS-3DPG. Based on the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) values, kinetics of hydration and hydration kinetic contribution degree results, retarders effectually inhibited nucleation and growth (NG) and diffusion (D). The phase-boundary interaction (I) reaction played a major role after adding retarders. This work successfully reveals the early retarding mechanism of CS-3DPG, and provides the possibility of large-scale resource application of SIT-based 3DPG in 3D printing construction. • A novel three-dimensional printing geopolymers (CS-3DPG) was synthesized. • CS-3DPG exhibited excellent compressive strength and rheological properties. • The N-A-S-H gels were identified as leading hydration products. • The early retarding mechanism of CS-3DPG was attributed to I reaction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A novel Z-scheme heterostructure photocatalyst (g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD) was synthesized. • g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD activating persulfate synergistically degraded tetracycline (TCH). • Ring contraction and elimination reaction were the two main degradation pathways of TCH. • The degradation was mainly attributed to the active sites attacked by free radicals. Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) as an emerging pollutant poses challenges for removal using traditional treatment methods. A new and high-efficient photocatalyst graphitic carbon nitride/α-ferrous oxalate dihydrate (g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD) was synthesized to solve this issue, which acted as a Z-scheme heterojunction for efficient activation of persulfate (PS) degradation TCH under visible (Vis) light irradiation. A comprehensive characterization of the g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD photocatalyst was performed to analyze the structural, morphological, optical, and electrochemical properties. The Z-scheme heterojunction enabled broader visible-light absorption and enhanced charge transfer. In g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD/PS/Vis system, SO 4 −, OH, and O 2 − were identified as the main reactive species and contributed to the efficient degradation of TCH. The initial 100 mg/L TCH concentration can be degraded to 11.3 mg/L within 120 min, reaching a high mineralization rate of 83 %. Density functional theory calculation successfully predicted that the sites on TCH molecules with high Fukui index were preferable to be attacked by the reactive species. The ring contraction and elimination reaction were found to be two major degradation pathways of TCH. The cycling experiments confirmed the good stability and reusability of the g-C 3 N 4 /α-FOD photocatalyst. This study successfully confirms that heterojunction materials can enhance the activation potential of PS, which provides a reference for realizing the harmless degradation of environmental pollutants under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pooling is an attractive strategy in screening infected specimens, especially for rare diseases. An essential step of performing the pooled test is to determine the group size. Sometimes, equal group size is not appropriate due to population heterogeneity. In this case, varying group sizes are preferred and could be determined while individual information is available. In this study, we propose a sequential procedure to determine varying group sizes through fully utilizing available information. This procedure is data driven. Simulations show that it has good performance in estimating parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Owing to few thermal populations or spectral absence at extreme low temperature, fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique based on thermal coupling levels is sometimes unpractical for low temperature sensing. Herein, using bandwidth as a sensing parameter, the low temperature sensing performances of YOF:Yb3+/Tm3+ phosphor are reported. The YOF:10%Yb3+/0.2%Tm3+ phosphor is prepared by hydrothermal and calcined methods. Under 980 nm excitation, the temperature dependent upconversion spectra are recorded in the range of 12–300 K, and the temperature sensing behaviors are investigated in detail. The phosphor exhibits a single-band near-infrared (NIR) luminescence composed of multiple narrow peaks. Thereinto, the ultranarrow bandwidths of 12,485 cm−1 (800.9 nm) and 12,580 cm−1 (794.9 nm) emission bands are only 14 cm−1 (0.9 nm) and 12 cm−1 (0.75 nm) at 12 K, respectively. Based on temperature dependent bandwidth, the maximum relative sensitivities are found to be 0.60% K−1 (12–190 K) and 0.84% K−1 (190–300 K), which enable the YOF:10%Yb3+/0.2%Tm3+ phosphor to be a promising thermometer for low temperature sensing. Graphical abstract fx1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Field and simulated car-following trajectories were compared in the Wiedemann Cartesian systems. • The existence of the regime structure led to the "acceleration cliffs". • The "acceleration cliffs" were found to be responsible for the unrealistic VSP distributions. • The "acceleration cliffs" could be eliminated by implementing continuous acceleration models. Abstract Errors have been found in the speed-specific vehicle specific power (VSP) distributions generated by the Wiedemann car-following model. The impact of the existence of the regime structure on the distributions was investigated in this paper. The analysis was conducted based on massive field car-following trajectories and numerical simulation of the Wiedemann model. The field and simulated speed-specific VSP distributions and acceleration distributions were compared. The field and simulated accelerations were analyzed with the help of the Wiedemann Cartesian systems. The unrealistic "acceleration cliffs" were found along with the regime borders. It was indicated that the "acceleration cliff" was a source of the generated emission errors. The existence of the discrete regimes was responsible for the "acceleration cliff." It was indicated that the "acceleration cliff" could not be eradicated by the parameter calibration, unless the logics of the regimes were modified. A data-driven model was designed based on the Wiedemann plane. The "acceleration cliffs" were successfully eliminated by implementing continuous accelerations. It was indicated that the Wiedemann model had the potential to generate realistic VSP distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the difference in compatibility and phase transition among PA6, monoglyceride (MG), octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS) and zinc diethylphosphinate (ZDP), a PA6 composite with microporous-micronucleus structure is simulated and designed. Due to the passivation micro-cracks effect of microporous-micronucleus structure, the MG/OPS/ZDP/PA6 composite exhibits excellent low-temperature impact strength (5.58 kJ m−2, 203.3% higher than neat PA6 at −170 °C). The nano-gap and nano-cage OPS endows the MG/OPS/ZDP/PA6 with low dielectric constant (2.95 at 100 Hz). The thermal insulation effect of micropores and the synergistic effect of OPS and ZDP in the micronucleus lead to the high flame retardancy of MG/OPS/ZDP/PA6. Meanwhile, the MG on the inner surface of the micropore and the ZDP in the micronucleus endow a dual antibacterial activity. This work provides a guideline for the construction of microporous-micronucleus structure to realize the functional design of composite. [Display omitted] • A heterogenous microporous-micronucleus PA6 composite is simply prepared. • The universal formation mechanism of micropore-micronucleus structure is proposed. • MG/OPS/ZDP/PA6 is toughened at extremely low temperature (−170 °C). • Microporous structure and nanocage OPS endow low dielectric constant. • Microporous and MG/OPS/ZDP endow flame retardancy and antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yibo He, Hongyu Lu, and Yihang Ling contributed equally to this work and share first authorship. Correction: Prediabetes and all-cause mortality in young patients undergoing coronary artery angiography: a multicenter cohort study in China The study sponsor/funder was not involved in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing the report; and did not impose any restrictions regarding the publication of the report.". [Extracted from the article]

The nearly pure green and red emissions of Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 were realized by tri-doping Eu 3+ and Ce 3+ , respectively. The Ho 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 powder, radiating intense green and red emissions, was prepared by a typical sol-gel method. Under the excitation of 980 nm laser, the red-to-green ratio was tuned from 0.2 to 4 as the concentration of Eu 3+ changed from 6 to 0 mol%, attributed to the energy transfer processes between Ho 3+ and Eu 3+ . Meanwhile, the red-to-green ratio altered from 4 to 20 as the concentration of Ce 3+ changed from 0 to 20 mol% via the cross relaxing processes between Ho 3+ and Ce 3+ . The prepared phosphors, possessing large tuning range of red-to-green ratio and resisting high temperature, can be potentially applied to colorful display and solid-state lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methods of modulating emitting color are greatly important for up-conversion phosphors to broaden their applications, ranging from information storage to surface display. In this paper, the Ho 3+ /Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ tri-doped Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 phosphors are synthesized by typical sol-gel method. It is found that the phosphors can radiate intense blue (475 nm), green (542 nm) and red (660 nm) up-conversion luminescence under 980 nm or 915 nm laser excitation. Especially, the emission color of the phosphors can be tuned from red to lavender by adjusting the excitation power of 980 nm or 915 nm continuous lasers. In addition, the up-conversion luminescence is also investigated under the excitation of 980 nm pulse laser. The emission color varies from green to blue and green to yellow by altering the pulse width and frequency, respectively. Combining the above methods, multi-color and white light are realized, indicating the potential application in dynamic colorful display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A strategy to improve the sensitivity of NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ is elaborated via incorporation Mn 2+ ions, which results a closed energy transfer between Er 3+ and Mn 2+ ions ( 4 S 3/2 (Er 3+ ) → 4 T 1 (Mn 2+ ) → 4 F 9/2 (Er 3+ )). The NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ and NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ /Mn 2+ phosphors are prepared by a hydrothermal method. Notably, incorporation Mn 2+ for NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ phosphor rusults in enhancing the red to green intensity ratio, which acts as a bridge for energy transfer between 4 S 3/2 and 4 F 9/2 levels of Er 3+ . The temperature sensing behaviors of two phosphors are investigated in the 295–595 K range using a ratiometric technique under 980 nm excitation. Based on thermally ( 2 H 11/2 and 4 S 3/2 ) and non-thermally ( 4 F 9/2 and 4 S 3/2 ) coupled levels of Er 3+ , the influences of this energy transfer are discussed in detail. The sensitivity of NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ doping with Mn 2+ ions based on non-thermally coupled levels is much higher than that without Mn 2+ ions based on both thermally and non-thermally coupled levels in the 295–525 K range. The maximum sensitivity is 10.99 × 10 −3 K −1 at 295 K for NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ /Mn 3+ phosphor. These meaning results indicate that incorporation Mn 2+ ions in NaLuF 4 :Yb 3+ /Er 3+ phosphor is an effective method for enhancing sensitivity in the 295–525 K range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ phosphor with respective functions of optical temperature sensing and optical heater are investigated in detail. The Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ film (~200 nm) and powder are successfully prepared, respectively. The crystalline structure is characterized by XRD and the relevant morphologies are analyzed by SEM and AFM, respectively. Based on fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique, photo-thermal behaviors of Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ powder are illustrated. Under 980 nm excitation, the temperature induced by laser is calculated, which varies from 323 to 617 K as exciting power increased from 0.03 to 3.78 W. Additionally, the temperature sensing behaviors of Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ film are investigated. Highly accurate temperature sensing can be realized due to the negligible photo-thermal effect. This thermal sensor exhibited a high sensitivity in the range of 295–660 K, and the maximum value of relative sensitivity was determined as 13.4×10 −3 K −1 at 295 K. These results demonstrate that Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ phosphor can be applied in terms of temperature sensing and optical heater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ZnO/CdS clustered nanotube on the FTO is synthesized by hydrothermal methods. • Hydrogen evolution rate of ZnO/CdS is 7669 μmol g-1h−1 with the AQE of 55.25 %. • S-scheme mechanism enhances the high separation efficiency of carriers. • The recovery rate of ZnO/CdS on FTO substrates is over 99% after 2 circles. Herein, a cluster-like ZnO/CdS nanotube heterojunction photocatalyst was prepared on an FTO conductive glass substrate by a two-step hydrothermal method. The photocatalytic performance and electron transfer mechanism of ZnO and ZnO/CdS composite structures were analyzed through comparing the hydrogen production efficiency of ZnO and ZnO/CdS. The photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of ZnO/CdS (molar ratio 1:1) achieved 7669 μmol/g/h with the AQE of 55.25 %. Unique clustered tubular structure, wider light absorption range and higher carrier transfer rate endowed the composite with marvellous photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. In addition, the measurement of hydroxyl radicals and ESR verified that the electron transfer mechanism followed the S-scheme, which improved the separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs. The residual ratio of catalysts on the FTO substrate remained above 99 % after two cycles, which was remarkably higher than that of the powder catalyst (63 %). This work provides terrific potential for high-efficient, low-cost and recyclable photocatalysts of hydrogen production in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Flame morphologic characteristic of vertical downward jet fires quantified. • Three regions of a downward jet fire distinguished. • A physical model considering momentum, buoyancy and entrainment developed. • CFD simulation showing the inner structure of flame conducted. • The characteristic length scale for flame geometrical characteristics proposed. This work explored the flame geometrical characteristics of vertical downward turbulent jet fires in still air, whose flame buoyancy was opposite to its initial momentum. Experiments were carried out under varied fuel supply rates with propane as fuel. Three circular nozzles having diameters of 3, 5 and 7 mm were employed. CFD simulation to show the combustion structure inside the flame was conducted in the work, contributing to proposing a new physical model. The inner flow field and average mixture fraction of a downward jet fire have been revealed and the CFD result was validated by experimental data. A downward jet fire can be distinguished in three regions: the downward core flow region where the initial flame momentum is opposed by buoyancy, the flow reversal dome region where the momentum reverses direction, and the upward combusting flow region, which surrounds the core, dominated by buoyancy. Three basic flame morphologic lengths of the downward jet fires were measured, namely the flame downward length below the nozzle, the flame width, and the total flame height. The inherent differences between downward, upward and horizontal jet, caused by the momentum direction, were discussed by comparing the flame sizes of these three types of jet flames. A physical model considering the initial downward volumetric momentum, the flame buoyancy and the air entrainment volume until complete combustion occurs was raised to depict the flame geometric characteristics derived from three characteristic length scales, namely a momentum-buoyancy competition length scale, a flow-rate length scale linked with the source diameter and a total combustion buoyancy length scale. All measured experimental flame lengths were normalized using dimensionless groups (such as L m L q and S m ̇ f / ρ ∞ g ′ L m L m 2 ) derived by these three length scales. The geometric properties of downward jet fires were shown to be well modelled by the proposed non-dimensional groups which were different from previously used length scales in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although lanthanide doped luminescent materials have been extensively investigated, a quantitative analysis of how temperature affects upconversion luminescence is still incomplete. The Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ phosphor is synthetized by sol-gel method. Based on the absorption spectra of Er 3+ ions, J-O intensity parameters and radiative transition probabilities are computed to estimate the optical properties. In view of ion-phonon interaction, the phonon-assisted energy transfer and multiphonon relaxation are responsible for the temperature dependent luminescence. Additionally, cross relaxation probability for 4 I 11/2 + 4 I 11/2 → 4 I 15/2 + 4 F 7/2 is determined to be 240 s −1 through quantitative simulation of ion-ion interaction. These meaningful results are of vital values for the field of laser crystal and optical temperature sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Au island-modified Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ thin films were fabricated through an electrostatic layer-by-layer (LBL) technique and spin-coating method. Spectroscopic results indicated that the addition of Au islands could greatly enhance the upconversion luminescence of Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 thin films at 522, 550, and 660 nm. The maximum enhancement factor reached 15.5 at 522 nm. Furthermore, the intensity-based temperature sensitivity of green emissions from Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ thin films with Au islands reached 0.017 K −1 at 312 K, which was ∼2 times as large as the 0.009 K -1 of the thin films without Au islands. In addition, the lifetime of Gd 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 :Er 3+ /Yb 3+ thin films with Au islands at 550 nm was studied and the experimental results showed that the lifetime decreased dramatically with the rise in temperature from 309 to 400 K. The lifetime-based temperature sensitivity reached 0.011 K −1 at 309 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors describe a new phosphor of the composition Gd(WO):0.3%Ho/0.5%Tm/15%Yb that displays distinctly improved sensitivity to temperature (T) due to non-thermally coupled energy levels of Ho(III) and Tm(III) ions. Under 980 nm excitation, the upconverted blue (peaking at 473 nm), green (540 nm) and red (655 and 700 nm) fluorescences exhibit T-dependent luminescence in the 295 to 595 K range. The T sensing capability was investigated by using a ratiometric (2-wavelength) technique. The maximum sensitivity to T is found to be 26.14 × 10 K at 595 K based on the red [Tm(III)] and green [Ho(III)] emissions. The colors of the phosphor are located in the white region of the CIE diagram in the whole T-range which also makes it suitable for use in white displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • PFS is an effective adsorbent for removal COD. • The treated SFW could be reused in scheelite-flotation system. • Amorphous Fe(OH) 3(s) reacted with oleate to the formation of iron carboxylate. • The COD removal mechanism of PFS was deduced and described. This study investigated an efficient method for removal COD of scheelite flotation wastewater (SFW) with polyferric sulfate (PFS) and the reuse of the treated water into the flotation system. The mechanism of COD removal was studied by scanning electronmicroscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy, species distribution calculation and kinetics. Results showed that 66.85 % COD removal was achieved with PFS treatment under the optimum conditions (Contact time: 30 min, PFS dose: 1.5 g/L, and initial solution pH: 8). The COD of SFW was reduced from 207.36 mg/L to 68.75 mg/L and the COD removal capacity could reach 92.41 mg/g. The treated SFW could be reused in scheelite-flotation system without affecting index of scheelite. In addition, amorphous ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH) 3(s)) was formed during Fe(III) hydrolysis, and it could reacted with oleate to the formation of iron carboxylate, resulting the removal of COD in SFW. The kinetic analysis of PFS treatment process showed that the removal of COD obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the main rate-limiting step of the adsorption of amorphous Fe(OH) 3(s) was chemisorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A trimeric Fab-selective IgG-binding domain C Fab -tri was highly expressed as soluble protein in E. coli. • C Fab -tri shows high affinities for Fab derived from humans, rats, mice, and rabbits. • C Fab -tri is comparable to protein G and protein A as a ligand for IgG purification. • C Fab -tri is superior to protein G and protein L as a ligand for Fab purification. Fragment antigen-binding (Fab) has several advantages in the treatment and diagnosis of some diseases. The lack of highly efficient affinity chromatography platform creates a purification bottleneck for the downstream processing of Fab-based products, which raises the urgent need for a novel immunoglobin G (IgG)-binding domain (IgBD) with both high affinity and broad specificity for Fab. SpG C3Fab RR (designated C Fab) was previously identified as a Fab-selective IgBD, which triggered our interest in evaluating the potential of C Fab for Fab purification. However, we found that monomeric C Fab showed weak Fab-binding. To increase its affinity, a self-trimerizing domain (tri) was fused to C Fab to produce C Fab -tri. It was found that C Fab -tri existed as a trimer and showed promising binding to Fab derived from IgG of humans, rhesus monkeys, mice, rats, and rabbits. Affinity chromatography demonstrated that the recovery rates of Fab derived from IgG of humans, rats, mice, and rabbits by C Fab -tri-HP column were 2- to 5-fold of those by protein G-HP column. Human Fab was effectively purified by both protein L- and C Fab -tri-HP column. However, unlike C Fab -tri-HP column, protein L-HP column was inefficient for purification of Fab derived from IgG of rats, mice, and rabbits. Notably, rat Fab spiked into the extract of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was effectively recovered by C Fab -tri-HP column. These results indicate that C Fab -tri outperforms protein G and protein L as a ligand for Fab purification, and C Fab -tri-based affinity chromatography might be developed as a novel platform for Fab purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have examined the non-enzymatic disassembly of cell walls in persimmon fruits. The objective of the study was to investigate the changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species and in the activity of antioxidative enzymes and, to evaluate the effect of OH on the in vitro breakdown of cell wall polysaccharides of persimmon fruit at different ripening stages. After harvest, persimmon ( Diospyros kaki , ‘Mopan’) fruits were treated with 95% CO 2 at room temperature, and the results showed that fruit firmness rapidly decreased and the respiratory and ethylene release rates increased. At the same time, hydroxyl radicals ( OH) and O 2 − rapidly accumulated, and the activities of related antioxidant enzymes such as dismutase peroxidase, catalase and peroxidase superoxide, also changed. The effects of OH induced by the Fenton reaction on the cell wall materials in vitro were investigated; the water soluble pectin and CDTA-soluble pectin contents increased, and Na 2 CO 3 -soluble pectin content decreased. Due to the increasing levels of reactive oxygen species, especially OH, during persimmon fruit softening, and the in vitro effect of OH on the scission of cell wall polysaccharides, we postulated that OH may be involved in persimmon fruit softening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory inflammatory diseases are often associated with cigarette smoke exposure. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced inflammation and pyroptosis in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. CSE was administered to HBE cells and inflammation and pyroptosis were assessed. The mRNA levels of S1PR2, NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18 in HBE cells were detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Secreted protein levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the culture supernatants were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting was used to measure the levels of S1PR2 and pyroptosis-related proteins (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18). Our study revealed an upregulated expression of S1PR2, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and regulated IL-18 in HBE cells after CSE exposure. Genetic blockage of S1PR2 could reverse the increased expression of these proteins related to CSE-induced pyroptosis. Conversely, S1PR2 overexpression increased CSE-induced pyroptosis by upregulating the expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18 in HBE cells. Our results revealed that a novel S1PR2 signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of CSE-induced inflammation and pyroptosis in HBE cells. Thus, S1PR2 inhibitors could be an effective treatment for cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation and injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma techniques to degrade pollutants are generally more efficient than conventional methods, but exist some problems such as high energy consumption, incomplete degradation of pollutants, and secondary pollution caused by highly toxic intermediates. In this study, the dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP) combined with the Ti-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) catalysts (P25/NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti)) was used to degrade fluorene in the soil. The synergistic treatment technique used in soil remediation can realize a green and promising treatment efficiency with relatively low energy consumption. Compared with DBDP system alone, the synergetic treatment system of DBDP and P25/NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti) considerably increased the degradation efficiency of fluorene in the soil to above 90% at 10 min, even with a relatively low discharge voltage (5 kV). The synergistic treatment system achieved 88.8% of fluorene mineralization at 60 min. Optical emission spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy both showed that •OH and •O 2 − played an important role in the synergetic treatment system. Nine main intermediates were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The main degradation of fluorine in soil was caused by the electronic transition of the catalytic material excited by DBDP, and finally mineralized into CO 2 and H 2 O. The fluorene and its toxic intermediates were effectively removed. This study provides an insight for achieving high efficiency and environmentally friendly application perspective in soil remediation. [Display omitted] • A novel combination of DBDP with Ti-based MOFs was used to degrade fluorine. • Enhanced removal and less energy consumption were achieved by synergistic effect.. • P25/NH 2 -MIL-125(Ti) addition to the DBDP system increases active species quantity. • Potential degradation pathways and mechanism of fluorine are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood–wood friction is an ancient subject, and its related mechanisms have been elucidated. However, the tribological mechanism of wood–wood friction at a high speed is still unclear. In this paper, an experimental equipment of wood friction welding was designed and fabricated. The influences of welding equipment and wood parameters on frictional force, normal force, and welding interface temperature were studied. Results show that the speed of welding into wood has a significant effect on interfacial force and normal force. Increase in wood moisture content reduces frictional and normal forces, and increase in fiber angle increases frictional force, normal force, and welding interface temperature. This study provides theoretical and technical basis for the study of wood friction welding. • The influences of welding equipment and wood parameters on friction force, normal force, and temperature were studied. • The speed of welding into wood had a significant effect on interfacial normal force and friction forces. • Increased in fiber angle increases friction force, normal force, and welding interface temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood friction welding is a green and pollution-free wood processing technology. Research on wood friction welding mainly focuses on the influence of wood type, welding process, and welding interface additives on welding interface strength. However, studies on the tribological properties of wood friction welded interface and its effect on the strength of the welded interface are few. In this article, chemical additives in wood were added to the interface. The frictional force, normal force, microstructure, and chemical composition of the welding interface, and their effects on the strength of the welding interface were studied. In the rotating friction welding of wood, frictional force increased gradually with friction welding. Approximately 2 s after welding, the frictional force achieved a stable state. Normal force increased and then gradually decreased. No considerable changes in frictional force and interface strength were observed and interface strength increased with normal force. The interface strength of glucose and rosin increased, whereas that of N2 protection showed little change. The interface strength of tung oil, cellulose, and guaiac decreased. This study provides a basic reference for the further industrial application of wood friction welding technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CaCl 2 could remove suspended solids in weathered tungsten-ore beneficiation wastewater. • The Ca2+ supplied by CaCl 2 can neutralize the negative charge on suspended solids' surface. • CaCO 3(S) and CaSiO 3(S) were formed by the reaction of Ca2+ with CO 3 2– and SiO 3 2– in wastewater. • The reuse of treated water into tungsten-flotation system did not affect flotation index. The direct reuse of weathered tungsten-ore beneficiation wastewater (WTBW) in tungsten-flotation system seriously deteriorates the flotation index of tungsten because of its high content of suspended solids (SS). In the present study, an innovative technology using calcium chloride (CaCl 2) to remove SS from WTBW was established based on the theory of electroneutralization and chemical precipitation. A series of laboratory tests was performed to determine the optimal conditions for SS removal from WTBW. Species-distribution calculation, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to analyze the underlying mechanism. Results showed that the content of SS in WTBW decreased from 25.16 × 10 3 mg/L to 22.56 mg/L after CaCl 2 treatment. A concentrate with tungsten grade and recovery of 1.93% and 74.81%, respectively, was obtained by reusing the treated wastewater in the tungsten-flotation system. Compared with untreated wastewater, the tungsten grade and recovery of concentrate increased by 0.45% and 12.20%, respectively. Moreover, the Ca2+ supplied by CaCl 2 can neutralize the negative charge on SS surface and further react with CO 3 2– and SiO 3 2– in solution to form CaCO 3(S) and CaSiO 3(S) , which explained why CaCl 2 can promote the aggregation and sedimentation of SS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method based on a liquid-liquid interfacial coordination mechanism has been developed for the synthesis of free-standing metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes. MOF precursors, zinc nitrate [Zn(NO3)2] and terephthalic acid (TPA or H2BDC), as well as catalyst triethylamine (TEA), were dissolved in two immiscible solvents, dimethylformamide (DMF) and hexane. The reaction of Zn(NO3)2 and TPA (at a 2:1 molar ratio) in DMF was catalyzed by TEA in hexane at the solvent interface thus forming a free-standing membrane. A region of reactant concentrations critical to membrane formation was identified; a free-standing membrane could only be formed in the region of high Zn/TPA and low TEA concentrations. The combination of low Zn/TPA and high TEA concentrations yielded MOF particles that precipitated from DMF. The membranes were characterized by SEM and XRD and found to be asymmetric. SEM results showed that the top layer was particulate, whereas the bottom layer had a sheet-like morphology, which was further revealed by XRD data as 3D Zn4O(BDC)3 (also known as MOF-5) and 2D ZnBDC ·DMF (MOF-2) for the top and bottom, respectively. Other transitional zinc-carboxylate structures between the two MOFs, namely Zn3(OH)2(BDC)2 (MOF-69c) and Zn5(OH)4(BDC)3, were also observed with small signal intensities revealing a transition of coordination modes between zinc ions and BDC groups from 3D to 2D at the membrane cross-section. This was caused by a change of the TEA diffusion rate during the synthesis process, which might change the pH and alter the membrane growth. From both SEM and XRD characterizations, MOF-2 is the dominant material in the overall composition. Nitrogen adsorption tests showed an average Langmuir surface area of 709 m2/g for the membrane, demonstrating its potential for gas separation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The recurrence of leukemia is largely due to the presence of residual cells. • To predict their prognosis, Minimal Residual Disease is needed to monitor patients' response to therapy. • This is the first meta-analysis which systematically investigates the prognostic value of Minimal Residual Disease for patients with Mantle Cell Lymphoma. • To complement the understanding of Mantle Cell Lymphoma and demonstrate its strong association with clinical outcomes in Mantle Cell Lymphoma patients, we conducted this meta-analysis. Some studies have elucidated that Minimal residual disease (MRD) in patient with Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) was a significant prognostic factor, with potential value in assessing overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). However, most studies were widely varied in included population, sample sources and MRD detection time points. Some studies even have conflicting results. In view of this, a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate association of MRD levels with clinical outcomes in patients with MCL. We identified 7 included articles, which were published in recent 20 years. Then, we extracted or calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Our results reveal that patients with MRD negativity have improved OS (HR = 0.63; 95 % CI: 0.50−0.79) and PFS (HR = 0.40, 95 % CI: 0.21−0.76), comparing with patients with MRD positivity. There are also consistent results in subgroups based on sample sources and MRD detection time points. Our study also demonstrates that MRD level is a strong prognostic factor of clinical outcomes. Thus, MRD is expected to be an effective clinical indicator for assessing prognosis and guide treatment decisions in MCL patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-shaped asymmetric supercapacitors (FASCs) with high electrochemical performance have become an important component of modern wearable fiber-shaped electronic devices. However, terrible cycling stability restricts their further development in energy storage fields. The most common strategy is to coat the carbon layer on the surface of the electrode materials, whereas the carbon layer is prone to peel off during bending process, which decrease the cyclic stability of the electrodes or devices. To overcome this challenge, the coaxial fiber electrodes have been achieved via 3D printing direct ink writing (DIW) technology and the FASC device has the excellent electrochemical cycle performance owing to the compact architectures of the positive and negative electrode. Benefited from the suitable charge match of two electrodes and the uniformity of carbon layer coated on the surface of electrodes, the as-fabricated FASC device embraces high areal capacitance of 318.82 mF cm-2, superior areal energy density of 143.15 μWh cm-2, and excellent long-term cycling performance with capacitance retention of 98.63% after 12,000 cycles. The fiber-shaped asymmetric supercapacitor was constructed by twisting two 3D printing coaxial fiber electrode, which exhibits ultralong cyclic stability and wearability. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium-contaminated soil significantly threatens global food security and human health. This scenario gives rise to significant worries regarding widespread environmental pollution. Biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can effectively immobilize cadmium in the soil in an environmentally friendly way. Existing studies have separately focused on the feasibility of each in remediating polluted soil. However, their association during the remediation of cadmium-polluted soils remains unclear. This review paper aims to elucidate the potential of biochar, in conjunction with AMF, as a strategy to remediate soil contaminated with cadmium. This paper comprehensively analyzes the current understanding of the processes in cadmium immobilization in the soil environment by examining the synergistic interactions between biochar and AMF. Key factors influencing the efficacy of this approach, such as biochar properties, AMF species, and soil conditions, are discussed. The influences of biochar–AMF interactions on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and overall ecosystem health in cadmium-contaminated environments are highlighted. This review indicates that combining biochar and AMF can improve cadmium immobilization. The presence of AMF in the soil can create numerous binding sites on biochar for cadmium ions, effectively immobilizing them in the soil. Insights from this review contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable and eco-friendly approaches to remediate cadmium-contaminated soils, offering potential applications in agriculture and environmental management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of sylvite (KCl) and halite (NaCl), two main minerals in potash ores, is difficult because of the high ion concentration, fine particles of NaCl, and aggregation of KCl and NaCl in the saturated system. This study employed ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as a new depressant and dodecyl morpholine as a collector in the reverse flotation process. The depressing mechanisms were studied by adsorption capacity experiments, infrared spectral analysis, and molecular dynamics simulations. The flotation tests showed that NaCl recovery increased to 97% after the addition of NH4Cl, while KCl recovery was reduced to <1%. Notably, NH4Cl not only acted as a selective KCl depressant, but also activated NaCl flotation. The FTIR measurements showed that NH4Cl was physically adsorbed onto the KCl and NaCl surfaces. Adsorption capacity experiments and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed more favorable NH4Cl adsorption on the KCl surface than on the NaCl surface. Moreover, the KCl mineral surface was more hydrophilic, while that of NaCl was more hydrophobic. Relative concentration analysis revealed that >90% ammonium and chloride ions were distributed 2–10 Å away from the KCl surface but were dispersed on the NaCl surface, indicating that NH4Cl exhibited stronger intermolecular interactions with KCl than with NaCl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide misuse and overuse severely pollute agricultural soils, water, and crop yields, harming people and animals. This situation raises serious concerns about environmental pollution on a global scale. As an eco-friendly material for soil remediation, biochar can efficiently immobilize pesticides in the soil. Several studies have focused on the feasibility of biochar in remediating polluted soil. However, its influences during the remediation of pesticide-polluted soils remain indistinct. The present review illuminates the positive and negative influences of biochar on the dissemination of pesticides, the underlying mechanisms, the regulating factors, and critical considerations in the ongoing development of biochar for pesticide use. It also delineates the positive and negative impacts of biochar on pesticides in the soil, evaluates potential pitfalls based on recent research, and offers suggestions for prospective biochar applications crucial for remediating contaminated soil. This review reveals that the fate and types of pesticides, along with the physicochemical properties of soil and biochar types, can significantly influence the remediation of pesticide-polluted soil using biochar. Biochar has the potential to enhance the abundance of certain bacteria and the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, both of which play crucial roles in soil remediation. Biochar can also modify soil moisture, microbial communities, and other factors that impact the rate of pesticide degradation while simultaneously reducing other types of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This review underscores the importance of thoroughly understanding the properties of biochar before its application to polluted soils. This review can serve as a basis for subsequent studies on the biochar-mediated remediation of contaminated soils. Highlights: Biochar can significantly reduce the leaching and decomposition of pesticides in the soil. The efficacy of biochar in the soil depends on its biological, physical, and chemical features. The aging of biochar diminishes its adsorption capacity for pesticides in the soil environment. Modification of biochar could enhance its capacity to remediate soil polluted by pesticides. Biochar alters the structure and function of microbial communities that regulate pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Cardiac biomarkers' predictive value of contrast‐associated acute kidney injury (CA‐AKI) remains unclear. We analysed whether creatine kinase isoenzyme‐MB (CKMB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and preoperative N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) are tied to CA‐AKI patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Methods: In the multi‐center study, we included 3553 people underwent cardiac catheterization for analysis. CA‐AKI was defined as the absolute increase of over 0.3 mg/dL or an increase of more than 50% compared with the baseline serum creatinine within 48 hours following cardiac catheterization. Logistic regression model and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to examine the association between cardiac biomarkers and CA‐AKI and the efficacy of Mehran risk score (MRS) model on CA‐AKI prediction with and without cardiac biomarkers. Results: Among 3553 people, 200 people eventually developed CA‐AKI. The logistic regression model showed that log10CKMB (odds ratio (OR): 1.97, 95%CI:1.51–2.57, p <.001), cTnI (OR: 1.03, 95%CI: 1.02–1.04, p <.001) and log10NT‐proBNP (OR: 3.19, 95%CI: 2.46–4.17, p <.001) were independent predictors of CA‐AKI. The ROC curve demonstrated that area under the curve (AUC) of MRS was 0.733. CKMB, cTnI and NT‐proBNP all significantly improved the AUC value in combination with MRS model. (NT‐proBNP: 0.798, p <.001; CKMB: 0.758, p =.003; cTnI: 0.755, p =.002), among which the NT‐proBNP had the best predictive efficacy improvement. Conclusion: Cardiac biomarkers of CKMB, cTnI and NT‐proBNP are all independently associated with CA‐AKI among patients undergoing cardiac catheterization while NT‐proBNP remains the best indicator. Adding CKMB, cTnI and NT‐proBNP to MRS improved the prognostic efficacy and may be considered effective tools to predict the risk of CA‐AKI in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring walking forces of small or tiny insects can help the comprehension of their locomotion principles. However, as their size and force are generally too small, walking forces of small insects in sub-mg mass have never been actually measured. In this work, a convenient multi-lens and jelly surface based shadow method was developed for simultaneous multiple walking forces measuring, ranged from nN to mN with a sensitivity of sub-nN/pixel under ambient conditions. Walking force of six legs of a 0.3 mg water treader was demonstrated. The obtained results disclosed a rapid and extending middle leg strategy of water treader in walking forward above a jelly surface. This method is cost-effective and high-resolution, which could be easily used in measuring other tiny forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual functions decline with age, but how aging degrades visual functions remains controversial. In the current study, the mechanisms underlying age-related visual declines were examined psychophysically. We developed an efficient method to quickly explore contrast sensitivity as a function of nine spatial frequencies at three levels of external noise in both young and old subjects. Fifty-two young and twenty-six old subjects have been screened for ophthalmological and mental diseases and participated in the experiment. Contrast sensitivity varied significantly with spatial frequency, age, and level of external noise. By adopting a nonlinear observer model, we decomposed contrast sensitivity into inefficiencies in internal additive noise, internal multiplicative noise, perceptual template gain, and/or system non-linearity. Model analysis revealed that aging impacts both internal additive noise and perceptual template gain, and such age-related degradation is tuned to spatial frequency, which is also a good predictor to discriminate old from young. The quick characterization of contrast sensitivity functions at different noise levels and the accompanying analysis developed in the current study may have profound application in other clinical populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discontinuous reaction of nano-Al3Sc particles in Al-Sc alloys is investigated in detail, with a goal of developing high-level Sc-containing Al alloys used for aerospace and aeronautics industry. This reaction is of interest because it generally has a deleterious effect on the mechanical property of materials. Requirements for the occurrence of discontinuous precipitation in this Al-Sc alloy are distinct from the prior investigations of other Al-Sc alloys. It was found that discontinuous precipitation of nano-Al3Sc particles occurred widely when the alloys were aged at the intermediate temperature ranges of 300–400∘C, while did not occur at relatively low (250∘C) and high (500∘C) temperatures. The discontinuous precipitation of nano-Al3Sc particles can be suppressed by continuous precipitation through controlling the heat treatment process, which helps to control the microstructures of the Al-Sc alloys. Furthermore, the effects of both continuous precipitation and discontinuous precipitation of nano-Al3Sc particles on the hardness of Al-Sc alloys were discussed. Finally, the morphologies of these nano-Al3Sc particles were also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MOVES model was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to estimate emissions from on-road mobile sources and nonroad sources in the United States. Coupling high-resolution on-road vehicle activity data with appropriate MOVES emission rates further advances research efforts designed to assess the environmental impacts of transportation design and operation strategies. However, the complicated MOVES interface and slow performance makes it difficult to assess large, regional scale transportation networks and to undertake analyses of large-scale systems that are dynamic in nature. The MOVES-Matrix system develops an initial Large Matrix of MOVES outputs by running MOVES 146,853 times on the PACE high performance computing cluster to generate more than 90 billion emission rates to populate the matrix for a single area with one fuel regime and one inspection and maintenance program. A total of 117 such Large Matrices would be needed for the entire United States. The MOVES-Matrix system developed can be used to conduct the emissions modeling 200-times faster than using MOVES. The hypothetical case study shows that MOVES-Matrix is able to generate the exact same emission results as the MOVES model to ensure the validity for regulatory analysis. The resulting matrix allows users to link emission rates to big data projects and to evaluate changes in emissions for dynamic transportation systems in near-real-time. MOVES-Matrix does not currently estimate emissions from starts, hoteling or evaporative emissions, and the research team is working on MOVES-Matrix version 2 that supports incorporating off-network modeling. Implications: MOVES-Matrix should be of interest to a broad readership including those interested in vehicle emission modeling, near-road air quality modeling, transportation conformity analysis. The paper should also interest engineers who are involved in transportation regulatory and conformity analysis, state implementation plan, and who are seeking an efficient way of conducting regulatory emission modeling and air quality analysis in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most thermometers suffer from thermal quenching resulting in low signal to noise ratio at elevated temperature. To overcome thermal quenching, we fabricated a negative thermal expansion (NTE) thermometer based on Sc 2 Mo 3 O 12 :Nd3+/Yb3+/Er3+ phosphor. Under 808 nm excitation, the upconversion (UC) emissions of Er3+ ions show the thermal enhancement and its 524 nm emission increases 10-fold as the temperature increased from 310 to 670 K. Furthermore, the temperature sensing behaviors are investigated. It is found fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of 524–559 nm is linear with temperature over a wide range of 310–790 K. The maximum relative sensitivity is 0.84% K−1 at 310 K. These results indicate such phosphor not only achieves a high sensitivity, but also exhibits excellent performances at high temperature due to its thermal enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical application of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is predominantly limited by its inefficient apoptosis induction in tumor cells, which might be improved by using molecular superglue-mediated hyperoligomerization to increase its valency. Here, the minimal superglue peptide pairs, including Snoopligase-catalyzed SnoopTagJr/SnoopDogTag and SpyStapler-catalyzed SpyTag/SpyBDTag, were individually fused at the N- or C-terminus of the TRAIL promoter to produce superglue-fusion TRAIL variants. Similar to native trivalent TRAIL, these superglue-fusion TRAIL variants were highly expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and spontaneously trimerized. In the presence of Snoopligase or SpyStapler, the trivalent superglue-fusion TRAIL variants were predominantly crosslinked into hexavalent TRAIL variants. Nevertheless, Snoopligase was more efficient than SpyStapler in the production of hexavalent TRAIL variants. In particular, Snoopligase-catalyzed trivalent TRAIL variants with N-terminal fusion of SnoopTagJr/SnoopDogTag produced hexavalent SnHexaTR with the highest yield (∼70%). The in vitro cytotoxicity of SnHexaTR was 10–40 times greater than that of TRAIL in several tumor cells. In addition, compared to trivalent TRAIL, hexavalent SnHexaTR showed a longer serum half-life and greater tumor uptake, which resulted in eradication of 50% of tumor xenografts of TRAIL-sensitive COLO 205. In mice bearing TRAIL-resistant HT-29 tumor xenografts, hexavalent SnHexaTR combined with bortezomib encapsulated in liposomes also showed robust tumor growth suppression, indicating that hyperoligomerization mediated by minimal molecular superglue significantly increased the cytotoxicity and antitumor effect of TRAIL. As a novel anticancer agent candidate, the hexavalent SnHexaTR has great potential for clinical application in cancer therapy. [Display omitted] • TRAIL variants with superglue fusion are highly expressed in E. coli. • Trivalent TRAIL were predominantly crosslinked into hexavalent TRAIL by both Snoopligase and SpyStapler. • Snoopligase is more effective than SpyStapler in hexavalent TRAIL crosslinking. • Hexavalent TRAIL exerts better pharmacokinetics and greater antitumor effect than trivalent TRAIL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up-conversion phosphor is a potential candidate as non-contact temperature sensor because of its unjammable and unique detection abilities. In this work, we investigate the influence of Yb 3+ concentration on the emission color, thermal sensing and optical heater behavior of Er 3+ doped Y 6 O 5 F 8 phosphor. Our results show that the emission color of Er 3+ and Yb 3+ co-doped Y 6 O 5 F 8 powder changes from green to yellow with the Yb 3+ concentration increasing. Importantly, the temperature sensing sensitivities of Er 3+ and Yb 3+ co-doped Y 6 O 5 F 8 powder reach 0.008, 0.009, 0.010 and 0.011 K −1 as the sample doped with 2%, 5%, 8% and 11% Yb 3+ at 476 K, respectively. Moreover, the temperature of high Yb 3+ concentration sample shows preferable optical heating behavior, whose temperature is ascended by a large value of 94 K when the excitation pump power density changes from 1.0 to 13.1 W cm −2 . These results suggest Er 3+ and Yb 3+ co-doped Y 6 O 5 F 8 powder has great potential in colorful display, temperature sensing and optical heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]