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Migraine is a chronic and usually lifelong disease. Migraine has a high prevalence rate in young and middle⁃aged people, seriously damaging the health, quality of life and productivity of patients, having a huge impact on family, work and society. It is also an important cause of global economic losses. This article intends to expound the latest burden of migraine from the perspectives of epidemiological research, overall impact, impact on work, burden on family, interictal burden, comorbid burden and economic burden, and to quantify the health impact of migraine. It will provide a basis for formulating migraine prevention strategies at the national level in the future, improving the headache medical service system and effectively reducing the burden.

Abstract Background A functional interferon regulatory element (IRE) has been found in the EnhI/X promoter region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome. The purpose of this study is to compare the gene order of responder and non-responder to interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), so as to evaluate the relationship between IRE mutation and the response to interferon treatment for CHB patients. Results Synthetic therapeutic effect is divided into complete response (CR), partial response (PR) and non-response (NR). Among the 62 cases included in this study, 40 cases (64.5%) were in the response group (CR and PR) and 22 (35.5%) cases were in the NR group. Wild type sequence of HBV IRE TTTCACTTTC were found in 35 cases (56.5%), and five different IRE gene sequences. included TTTtACTTTC, TTTCAtTTTC, TTTtAtTTTC, TTTtACTTTt and cTTtACcTTC, were found in 22 cases (35.5%), 1 case (1.6%), 1 case (1.6%), 2 cases (3.2%) and 1 case (1.6%) respectively. There were 41.9%cases (26/62) with forth base C→T mutation, consisted of 32.5% (13/40) cases in response group and 59.1% (13/22) cases in NR group. Among the 35 cases with IRE sequences, there were 67.5% (27/40) cases in response group and 36.4% (8/22) in NR group, and the difference in IRE sequences between two groups was statistic significantly (P = 0.027). The result suggested that there is likely relationship between the forth base mutation (C→T) of IRE region and the response of HBV to Interferon therapy, and this mutation may partially decrease the inhibition effect of interferon on HBV. Conclusion The forth base C→T mutation in IRE element of HBV may partially influence the response of Interferon treatment in CHB patients.

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of two rescue strategies for hepatitis B e antigen ( HBe Ag)-positive chronic hepatitis B ( CHB) patients with resistance to adefovir dipivoxil ( ADV). This prospective study included 58 HBe Ag-positive CHB patients with resistance to ADV; 30 patients underwent telbivudine ( LdT) plus ADV combination therapy and 28 patients switched to entecavir ( ETV) monotherapy. After 48 weeks of treatment, the rates of hepatitis B virus ( HBV) DNA <3 log10 copies/mL in the LdT plus ADV group and the ETV group were not significantly different (73.3% vs 57.1%, P = 0.195). Six patients receiving LdT plus ADV had HBe Ag seroconversion, while none of the patients receiving ETV alone had HBe Ag seroconversion (20% vs 0%, P = 0.039). During the 48-week treatment period, two patients in the ETV monotherapy group had viral breakthrough and the strains were confirmed to be of a variant associated with ETV resistance (rtM204V+ rtL180M+ rtT184G), while one patient receiving LdT plus ADV had viral breakthrough and an LdT-associated resistance mutation (rtM204I) was detected. For the majority of the patients, both LdT plus ADV combination treatment or ETV monotherapy were generally well tolerated, and no serious side effects were observed. Both LdT plus ADV combination therapy and ETV monotherapy led to significant decreases in serum HBV DNA in HBe Ag-positive CHB patients with resistance to ADV, and LdT plus ADV combination therapy exhibited a significantly higher rate of HBe Ag seroconversion compared with ETV monotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of human concentration nucleoside transporters 1 (hCNT1/ SLC28A1) and multi-drug resistance protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) gene polymorphism on the response of chronic hepatitis B patients to nucleoside analogues treatment., Methods: There were 136 patients of chronic hepatitis B treated with entecavir (68) or telbivudine (68). The allele and gene frequency distributing of the four loci of hCNT1/SLC28A1 and MRP4/ABCC4 as well as the polymorphisms were detected in all patients by multiplex snapshot single base extension method. Based on the treatment response, the patients were divided into primary partial response (PPR) group and complete viral response (CVR) group, hCNTI/SLC28A1 and MRP4/ABCC4 gene polymorphism between these two groups were analyzed., Results: The rates of PPR and CVR were 56. 6%00 (77 136) and 43. 4% (59/136) respectively. There was no statistical difference in baseline HBV DNA value, hepatitis B virus genotype and HBeAg status between PPR and CVR groups (P=0.148, P= 0. 622,P=0. 071) . The distribution of allelotype rs2290272 C/T and rs11568658 G/G in PPR group were higher than those in CVR group (P=0.043. P=0.049). Haplotype of C/A/T/C and C/C/G/G in CVR group were higher than those in PPR group (P=0. 024,P=0. 005)., Conclusion: The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of two candidate genes, including rs2290272 C/T of hCNT1/SLC28A1 and rs11568658 G/G of MRP4/ABCC4, may weak the response of chronic hepatitis B to nucleoside analogues treatment, as well as haplotype of C/A/T/C and C/C/G/G may enhance the response.

To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of antiviral combination therapy with pegylated-interferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin (RBV) in patients with autoantibody-positive chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and to investigate the impact of the presence of autoantibodies on the treatment outcome. Eighty-six consecutive CHC patients who underwent a 48-week treatment regimen composed of Peg-IFNa-2a (135 or 180 mug/wk) plus weight-based RBV ( less than or equal to 65 kg, 800 mg/d; 65 to 75 kg, 1000 mg/d; more than or equal to75 kg, 1200 mg/d ). Prior to treatment (baseline) and at end of treatment (EOT; week 48), levels of antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA), anti liver/kidney microsomal antibody type 1 (LKM1), anti-La (SSB), and anti liver cytosolic-1 (LC-1) were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. At baseline, during treatment (weeks 4, 12, 24, and 36), EOT, and 24 weeks after EOT, levels of HCV RNA were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. Rapid virological response (RVR) was defined as HCV RNA less than 10(3) copy/ml at week 4. Sustained virologic response (SVR) was defined as HCV RNA load below the lower limit of detection at 24 weeks after EOT. Correlation between autoantibodies and treatment-induced reduced HCV RNA load was assessed by univariate analysis of variance or chi-squared tests. Autoantibodies were detected in 24 patients, which included 14 ANA-positive patients, five SMA-positive patients, three LKM1-positive patients, one patient with double-positivity for ANA and SSB, and one patient with double-positivity for ANA and LC-1. The autoantibody-positive patients and autoantibody-negative patients showed similar rates of RVR (70.8% vs. 72.5%, P more than 0.05) and SVR (81.4% vs. 82.2%, P more than 0.05). Antiviral therapy with Peg-IFNa-2a RBV can effectively reduce the HCV RNA load in autoantibody-positive CHC patients; however, the presence of autoantibodies may not be an independent predictor of therapy outcome.