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7. The Influence of Focus on the Activation of Alternatives in Speech Production—An Online Picture-Word-Interference Experiment

Author

Bergmann, Beate, Lu, Yanru, Spalek, Katharina, Bergmann, Beate, Lu, Yanru, and Spalek, Katharina

Abstract

This article was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin., In previous picture naming tasks, semantically related distractor words (co-hyponyms to the target word) induce interference, which is usually taken as evidence for lexical competition. In an online picture-word-interference experiment, we showed that distractor words that share a feature with the target (here: their natural prototypical color), also induced interference. Pictures were not named with single words but with short descriptive sentences (“The heart is red”). Focus on the noun modulated the interference effect. In particular, when target and distractor were presented simultaneously, the interference effect was significantly reduced in the narrow focus condition, compared to broad focus. We discuss our findings for focus production against the findings on language comprehension reported in the literature, which mostly observed facilitatory effects of focus marking on the comprehension of focus alternatives., European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Peer Reviewed

Published
2023

10. A Review on Hot Tearing of Steels

Author

Lu, Yanru, Bartlett, Laura N., and O’Malley, Ronald J.

Abstract

Hot tearing is a common solidification defect in both continuous cast steels and foundry shaped castings, which has a significant impact on the quality of the final products. It is a complex phenomenon that involves both the thermal and mechanical conditions and chemical element segregation that evolves during casting process. Over several decades, much effort has been invested into improving our understanding of the conditions required for the occurrence of hot tearing and to relate these conditions with casting parameters, like casting speed in continuous cast process, alloy composition, cooling conditions, etc. This review summarizes the results from previous investigations that have focused on the hot tearing phenomenon of steels, including criteria for hot tearing, experimental methods, and several validated models for different testing methods. The factors that influence hot tearing sensitivity are also reviewed and discussed in the present work.

Published
2024
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