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Pseudoberkleasmium chiangraiense X.G. Tian & Tibpromma, sp. nov. (FIGURE 3) Index Fungorum number: IF 558909; Facesoffungi number: FoF 10572 Etymology:— Referring to Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, where the species was first collected. Holotype: MFLU 21–0291 Saprobic on dead leaves of Cocos nucifera L. Sexual morph Undetermined. Asexual morph Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substrate, superficial, in groups, scattered, black, velvety, glistening, with conidia readily liberated when disturbed. Mycelium immersed in the substrate, composed of septate, branched, smooth, hyaline to pale brown hyphae. Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous, hyaline, smooth. Conidiogenous cells 9–13 × 11–13 μm (x̅ = 10.5 × 12.0 μm, n = 20), holoblastic, monoblastic, determinate, terminal, globose to subglobose or cup-shaped, integrated, connected at the base of conidia, smooth, guttulate, hyaline. Conidia 26–30 × 14–17.5 μm (x̅ = 28 × 15.5 μm, n = 50), acrogenous, solitary, ellipsoidal to obovoid, flattened, muriform, smooth-walled, dark brown to black at apical, pale brown at basal, guttulate, usually with a smooth hyaline conidiogenous cell attached. Culture characteristics:— Conidia germinating on PDA within 12 hr at 25 °C, not sporulating after two months. Surface with hyphal growth, circular, umbonate, fluffy, White at the margin, dark brown to black at the middle; reverse white to pale brown at the margin, black at the middle. Mycelium superficial, circular, partially immersed, hyaline to brown, smooth. Material examined:— THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Muang District, on decaying leaves of Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae), 8 December 2020, X. G. Tian, C4–1 (MFLU 21–0291, holotype), ex-type culture, MFLUCC 21–0154; ibid. 16 January 2021, C6–7 (MFLU 21–0292, paratype), living culture, MFLUCC 21–0161; ibid. C6–23 (MFLU 21–0293, paratype), living culture, MFLUCC 21–0162. Notes:— In the phylogenetic analyses, our new strains of Pseudoberkleasmium chiangraiense (MFLUCC 21–0154, MFLUCC 21–0161 and MFLUCC 21–0162) clustered as a sister clade to P. chiangmaiense (MFLUCC 17–2088, MFLUCC 17–1809 and MFLU 21–0290) with a 76% ML bootstrap support value (FIGURE 1). Our new isolate Pseudoberkleasmium chiangraiense (MFLUCC 21–0154) resembles P. pandanicola in having micronematous, mononematous conidiophores and muriform, ellipsoidal to obovoid, flattened guttulate conidia. However, our new isolate (MFLUCC 21–0154) differs from P. pandanicola by its conidia that are dark brown to black at the apex and pale brown at the base, while P. pandanicola has brown to olivaceous green conidia (Tibpromma et al. 2018). Our new isolate Pseudoberkleasmium chiangraiense (MFLUCC 21–0154) morphologically differs from P. chiangmaiense by the colour of conidia (dark brown to black at apical, pale brown at basal vs. yellow to brown) and smaller size (25.5– 30.0 vs. 30–35 μm) (Hyde et al. 2019). The nucleotide comparisons revealed that the new strain (MFLUCC 21–0154) is different from P. pandanicola (KUMCC 17–0178) in 15/367 bp (4.09%) of the ITS, and 8/848 (0.94%) of the LSU, while, the new strain (MFLUCC 21–0154) is different from P. chiangmaiense (MFLUCC 17–1809 ex-type) in 15/389 bp (3.86%) of the ITS, 6/840 (0.71%) of the LSU, and 49/899 bp (5.45%) of TEF1-α. Taxa in Pseudoberkleasmium have similar morphological characteristics with Berkleasmium, however, they are distinct in phylogenetic analyses. Berkleasmium nigroapicale and B. sutheppuiense were introduced from Chiang Mai, Thailand, while our new species was collected in Chiang Rai, Thailand that is geographically not too far. However, Berkleasmium nigroapicale and B. sutheppuiense lack molecular data, thus, we compared the morphology of our new species with B. nigroapicale and B. sutheppuiense and found that B. nigroapicale differs from P. chiangraiense in having cylindrical and clavate conidiogenous cells, and broadly clavate conidia (Bussaban et al. 2001). While, B. sutheppuiense differs from our new species in having cylindrical conidiogenous cells with subglobose and very dark brown conidia (Bussaban et al. 2001). Thus, we identified the three new isolates as a distinct new species of Pseudoberkleasmium., Published as part of Tian, Xingguo, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Dai, Dongqin, Lu, Yongzhong, Mapook, Ausana & Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., 2022, A new species and a new host record of Pseudoberkleasmium (Pseudoberkleasmiaceae, Dothideomycetes) from Cocos nucifera and Zea mays in northern Thailand, pp. 232-242 in Phytotaxa 547 (3) on page 239, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.547.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6577519, {"references":["Tibpromma, S., Hyde, K. D., McKenzie, E. H. C., Bhat, D. J., Phillips, A. J. L., Wanasinghe, D. N., Samarakoon, M. C., Jayawardena, R. S., Dissanayake, A. J., Tennakoon, D. S., Doilom, M., Phookamsak, R., Tang, A. M. C., Xu, J., Mortimer, P. E., Promputtha, I., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Khan, S. & Karunarathna, S. C. (2018) Fungal diversity notes 840 - 928: micro-fungi associated with Pandanaceae. Fungal Diversity 93: 1 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 018 - 0408 - 6","Hyde, K. D., Tennakoon, D. S., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D. J., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Rossi, W., Leonardi, M., Lee, H. B., Mun, H. Y., Houbraken, J., Nguyen, T. T. T., Jeon, S. J., Frisvad, J. C., Wanasinghe, D. N., Lucking, R., Aptroot, A., Caceres, M. E. S., Karunarathna, S. C., Hongsanan, S., Phookamsak, R., Silva, N. I., Thambugala, K. M., Jayawardena, R. S., Senanayake, I. C., Boonmee, S., Chen, J., Luo, Z. L., Phukhamsakda, C., Pereira, O. L., Abreu, V. P., Rosado, A. W. C., Bart, B., Randrianjohany, E., Hofstetter, V., Gibertoni, T. B., Soares, A. M. d. S., Plautz, H. L., Sotao, H. M. P., Xavier, W. K. S., Bezerra, J. D. P., Oliveira, T. G. L., Souza Motta, C. M., Magalhaes, O. M. C., Bundhun, D., Harishchandra, D., Manawasinghe, I. S., Dong, W., Zhang, S. N., Bao, D. F., Samarakoon, M. C., Pem, D., Karunarathna, A., Lin, C. G., Yang, J., Perera, R. H., Kumar, V., Huang, S. K., Dayarathne, M. C., Ekanayaka, A. H., Jayasiri, S. C., Xiao, Y., Konta, S., Niskanen, T., Liimatainen, K., Dai, Y. C., Ji, X. H., Tian, X. M., Mesic, A., Singh, S. K., Phutthacharoen, K., Cai, L., Sorvongxay, T., Thiyagaraja, V., Norphanphoun, C., Chaiwan, N., Lu, Y. Z., Jiang, H. B., Zhang, J. F., Abeywickrama, P. D., Aluthmuhandiram, J. V. S., Brahmanage, R. S., Zeng, M., Chethana, T., Wei, D., Reblova, M., Fournier, J., Nekvindova, J., do Nascimento Barbosa, R., dos Santos, J. E. F., de Oliveira, N. T., Li, G. J., Ertz, D., Shang, Q. J., Phillips, A. J. L., Kuo, C. H., Camporesi, E., Bulgakov, T. S., Lumyong, S., Jones, E. B. G., Chomnunti, P., Gentekaki, E., Bungartz, F., Zeng, X. Y., Fryar, S., Tkalcec, Z., Liang, J., Li, G., Wen, T. C., Singh, P. N., Gafforov, Y., Promputtha, I., Yasanthika, E., Goonasekara, I. D., Zhao, R. L., Zhao, Q., Kirk, P. M., Liu, J. K., Yan, J., Mortimer, P. E., Xu, J. & Doilom, M. (2019) Fungal diversity notes 1036 - 1150: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 96: 1 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 019 - 00429 - 2","Bussaban, B., Lumyong, S., Lumyong, P., McKenzie, E. H. C. & Hyde, K. D. (2001) A synopsis of the genus Berkleasmium with two new species and new records of Canalisporium caribense from Zingiberaceae in Thailand. Fungal Diversity 8: 73 - 85."]}

Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense Y.Z. Lu & K.D. Hyde, in Hyde et al., Fungal Diversity 96:38 (FIGURE 2) Index Fungorum number: IF555595; Facesoffungi number: FoF 05310 Saprobic on decaying culms of Zea mays L. Sexual morph Undetermined. Asexual morph Hyphomycetous. Colonies on natural substratum superficial, sporodochia, scattered, compact, irregular, brown to black, glistening, with conidia readily liberated when disturbed. Conidiophores micronematous, mononematous, hyaline, reduced to conidiogenous cells, cylindrical, smooth-walled. Conidiogenous cells 7–11 × 8–11 μm (x̅ = 9 × 9.5 μm, n = 15), holoblastic, monoblastic, integrated, terminal, determinate, subglobose, hyaline, with guttulate. Conidia 24–30 × 15–18 μm (x̅ = 26.5 × 16.5 μm, n = 30), acrogenous, solitary, ellipsoidal to obovoid, muriform, 4–6 transverse septa, 3–4 longitudinal septa, flattened, smooth-walled, yellow-brown, constricted at the septa, with a hyaline conidiogenous cell attached. Material examined:— THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Muang District, isolated as saprobic on decaying culms of Zea mays (Poaceae), 11 November 2020, X. G. Tian, corn1–7 (MFLU 21–0290, new host record). Notes:— Phylogenetic analyses showed that our new isolate (MFLU 21–0290) grouped with two strains of P. chiangmaiense (MFLUCC 17–1809 and MFLUCC 17–2088) with strong statistical support (100 ML/1.00 PP, FIGURE 1). The morphology of our new isolate is similar to the holotype of P. chiangmaiense (MFLU 17–1118) except the smaller conidiogenous cells (x̅ = 9 × 9.5 μm vs. x̅ = 15 × 14 µm) (Hyde et al. 2019). Based on nucleotide comparisons, the new strain (MFLU 21–0290) is not significantly different from the ex-type isolate (MFLUCC 17–1809) in ITS, LSU and TEF-α. Therefore, we identified our isolate as P. chiangmaiense based on both phylogeny and morphology. Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense was introduced by Hyde et al. (2019) from an unidentified decaying wood in Thailand. Phukhamsakda et al. (2020) reported the new host record of P. chiangmaiense from Clematis fulvicoma, while, Bao et al. (2021) reported P. chiangmaiense from freshwater in China. Our collection was on Zea mays and herein we provide the first host record of P. chiangmaiense from Maize., Published as part of Tian, Xingguo, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Dai, Dongqin, Lu, Yongzhong, Mapook, Ausana & Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., 2022, A new species and a new host record of Pseudoberkleasmium (Pseudoberkleasmiaceae, Dothideomycetes) from Cocos nucifera and Zea mays in northern Thailand, pp. 232-242 in Phytotaxa 547 (3) on pages 235-236, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.547.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6577519, {"references":["Hyde, K. D., Tennakoon, D. S., Jeewon, R., Bhat, D. J., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Rossi, W., Leonardi, M., Lee, H. B., Mun, H. Y., Houbraken, J., Nguyen, T. T. T., Jeon, S. J., Frisvad, J. C., Wanasinghe, D. N., Lucking, R., Aptroot, A., Caceres, M. E. S., Karunarathna, S. C., Hongsanan, S., Phookamsak, R., Silva, N. I., Thambugala, K. M., Jayawardena, R. S., Senanayake, I. C., Boonmee, S., Chen, J., Luo, Z. L., Phukhamsakda, C., Pereira, O. L., Abreu, V. P., Rosado, A. W. C., Bart, B., Randrianjohany, E., Hofstetter, V., Gibertoni, T. B., Soares, A. M. d. S., Plautz, H. L., Sotao, H. M. P., Xavier, W. K. S., Bezerra, J. D. P., Oliveira, T. G. L., Souza Motta, C. M., Magalhaes, O. M. C., Bundhun, D., Harishchandra, D., Manawasinghe, I. S., Dong, W., Zhang, S. N., Bao, D. F., Samarakoon, M. C., Pem, D., Karunarathna, A., Lin, C. G., Yang, J., Perera, R. H., Kumar, V., Huang, S. K., Dayarathne, M. C., Ekanayaka, A. H., Jayasiri, S. C., Xiao, Y., Konta, S., Niskanen, T., Liimatainen, K., Dai, Y. C., Ji, X. H., Tian, X. M., Mesic, A., Singh, S. K., Phutthacharoen, K., Cai, L., Sorvongxay, T., Thiyagaraja, V., Norphanphoun, C., Chaiwan, N., Lu, Y. Z., Jiang, H. B., Zhang, J. F., Abeywickrama, P. D., Aluthmuhandiram, J. V. S., Brahmanage, R. S., Zeng, M., Chethana, T., Wei, D., Reblova, M., Fournier, J., Nekvindova, J., do Nascimento Barbosa, R., dos Santos, J. E. F., de Oliveira, N. T., Li, G. J., Ertz, D., Shang, Q. J., Phillips, A. J. L., Kuo, C. H., Camporesi, E., Bulgakov, T. S., Lumyong, S., Jones, E. B. G., Chomnunti, P., Gentekaki, E., Bungartz, F., Zeng, X. Y., Fryar, S., Tkalcec, Z., Liang, J., Li, G., Wen, T. C., Singh, P. N., Gafforov, Y., Promputtha, I., Yasanthika, E., Goonasekara, I. D., Zhao, R. L., Zhao, Q., Kirk, P. M., Liu, J. K., Yan, J., Mortimer, P. E., Xu, J. & Doilom, M. (2019) Fungal diversity notes 1036 - 1150: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions on genera and species of fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 96: 1 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 019 - 00429 - 2","Phukhamsakda, C., McKenzie, E. H. C., Phillips, A. J. L., Gareth Jones, E. B., Jayarama Bhat, D., Stadler, M., Bhunjun, C. S., Wanasinghe, D. N., Thongbai, B., Camporesi, E., Ertz, D., Jayawardena, R. S., Perera, R. H., Ekanayake, A. H., Tibpromma, S., Doilom, M., Xu, J. & Hyde, K. D. (2020) Microfungi associated with Clematis (Ranunculaceae) with an integrated approach to delimiting species boundaries. Fungal Diversity 102: 1 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 020 - 00448 - 4","Bao, D. F., Hyde, K. D., McKenzie, E. H., Jeewon, R., Su, H. Y., Nalumpang, S. & Luo, Z. L. (2021) Biodiversity of lignicolous freshwater hyphomycetes from China and Thailand and description of sixteen species. Journal of Fungi 7: 669. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / jof 7080669"]}

Though being able to encode various kinds of bioactive peptides, small open reading frames (sORFs) are poorly annotated in many genomic data. The present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of sORFs in encoding antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the basal chordate model Ciona intestinalis. About 4.8 m genomic sequence was first retrieved for sORFs mining by the program sORF finder, then the sORFs were translated into amino acid sequences for AMP prediction via CAMP server, and thereafter, ten putative AMPs were selected for expression and antimicrobial activity validation. In total, over 180 peptides deduced from the sORFs were predicted to be AMPs. Among the ten tested peptides, six were found to have significant expressed sequence tag matches, providing strong evidence for gene expression; five were proved to be active against the bacterial strains. These results indicate that many sORFs in C. intestinalis genome contain AMP information. This work can serve as an important initial step to investigate the role of sORFs in the innate defense of C. intestinalis.