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The European poultry red mite (PRM) Dermanyssus gallinae, a common ectoparasite of laying chickens and pigeons; it also can feed on other birds, humans and domestic animals, causing clinical signs ranging from mild discomfort to severe dermatitis. Little is known about possible hypersensitivity to PRM or cross-sensitization with house dust or storage mites.Knowledge on possible PRM immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy and possible cross-sensitization with house dust and storage mites may facilitate the clinical approach. The aim herein was to clarify possible evidence of type I hypersensitivity to PRM in dogs and possible occurrence of cross-sensitization with house dust and storage mites.Sixteen dogs with chronic contact with PRM-infested chickens from traditional bird houses and 10 control dogs with no contact with birds.Dogs were subjected to intradermal testing (IDT) and serum specific IgE (sIgE) determination for house dust and storage mites and D. gallinae.The highest wheal score was obtained with 0.1 mg/mL D. gallinae extract. Positive IDT reactions to PRM were found in four of 10 control dogs and in 10 of 16 from the chicken-exposed group. SIgE to PRM was detected in one control and in seven dogs exposed to chickens. No significant correlation was found between IDT or sIgE scores to PRM and house dust and storage mites.Contact with PRM-infested chickens may lead to sensitization without allergy, independently from sensitization to house dust and storage mites.L'acarien rouge de volaille européenne (PRM) Dermanyssus gallinae est un ectoparasite fréquent des poules pondeuses et pigeons, et peut aussi se nourrir sur d'autres oiseaux, homme ou animaux domestiques, causant des signes cliniques allant de l'inconfort modéré à une dermatite sévère. On en sait peu sur l'hypersensibilité possible à PRM ou de sensibilisation croisée avec les acariens de poussière ou de stockage. HYPOTHÈSES/OBJECTIFS: Les connaissances sur une possible l'allergie médiée par immunoglobulines E (IgE) à PRM et une sensibilisation croisée possible avec les acariens de poussière et de stockage pourrait faciliter l'approche clinique. Le but ici était de clarifier la potentielle preuve d'une hypersensibilité de type I à PRM chez les chiens et la possible circonstance de sensibilisation croisée avec les acariens de poussière de maison et de stockage.Seize chiens ayant des contacts chroniques avec des poules infestés par PRM et 10 chiens contrôles sans contact avec des oiseaux. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES: Les chiens ont été soumis à des intradermoréactions (IDT) et les IgE sériques spécifiques (sIgE) ont été déterminés pour les acariens de poussière de maison, de stockage et D. gallinae. RÉSULTATS: Le score le plus élevé a été obtenu avec un extrait de 0,1 mg/mL de D. gallinae. Les réactions positives à PRM ont été trouvées pour quatre des 10 chiens contrôles et 10 des 16 chiens du groupe exposées aux poules. Aucune corrélation significative n'a été trouvée entre les scores d’IDT et IgE à PRM, acariens de poussière ou de stockage.Un contact avec les poules infestées par PRM peut mener à une sensibilisation sans allergie, indépendamment de sensibilisation aux acariens de poussière ou de stockage.INTRODUCCIÓN: el ácaro rojo europeo de las aves de corral (PRM) Dermanyssus gallinae, un ectoparásito común de pollos y palomas ponedoras, también puede alimentarse de otras aves, humanos y animales domésticos, causando signos clínicos que van desde molestias leves hasta dermatitis severa. Poco se sabe sobre la posible hipersensibilidad a PRM o la sensibilización cruzada con ácaros del polvo doméstico o los ácaros de almacenamiento. HIPÓTESIS/OBJETIVOS: el conocimiento sobre la posible reacción alérgica mediada por inmunoglobulina E (IgE) a PRM y la posible sensibilización cruzada con ácaros del polvo doméstico y los ácaros de almacenamiento pueden facilitar la estrategia clínica. El objetivo en este documento fue aclarar la posible evidencia de hipersensibilidad de tipo I a PRM en perros y la posible aparición de sensibilización cruzada con ácaros del polvo doméstico y los ácaros de almacenamiento. ANIMALES: dieciséis perros con contacto crónico con pollos infestados con PRM en alojamientos tradicionales y 10 perros de control sin contacto con aves. MÉTODOS Y MATERIALES: los perros fueron sometidos a pruebas intradérmicas (IDT) y determinación de IgE (sIgE) específica de suero para ácaros del polvo doméstico, ácaros de almacenamiento y D. gallinae. RESULTADOS: la valoración de las pápulas más alta se obtuvo con extracto de D. gallinae de 0,1 mg/mL. Se encontraron reacciones IDT positivas a PRM en cuatro de 10 perros control y en 10 de 16 del grupo expuesto a pollos. Se detectó IgE frente a PRM en un control y en siete perros expuestos a pollos. No se encontró una correlación significativa entre los valores de IDT o sIgE a PRM y ácaros del polvo doméstico y de almacenamiento. CONCLUSIONES E IMPORTANCIA CLÍNICA: el contacto con pollos infestados de PRM puede conducir a la sensibilización sin alergia, independientemente de la sensibilización a ácaros del polvo doméstico y a los ácaros de almacenamiento.Die europäische rote Vogelmilbe (PRM) Dermanyssus gallinae, ein häufiger Ektoparasit von Legehennen und Tauben kann sich auch auf anderen Vögeln, dem Menschen und auf Haustieren ernähren, was klinische Zeichen verursacht, die von mildem Unwohlsein bis zu schwerer Dermatitis reichen können. Es ist wenig bekannt über eine mögliche Hypersensibilität auf die PRM oder einer Kreuz-Sensibilisierung mit andern Hausstaub- oder Futtermittelmilben.Wissen über eine mögliche PRM Immunglobulin E (IgE)-mediierte Allergie und mögliche Kreuz-Sensibilisierung mit Hausstaub- und Futtermittelmilben könnte einen klinischen Ansatz erleichtern. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, das mögliche Auftreten einer Typ I Hypersensibilität auf PRM bei Hunden und das mögliche Auftreten einer Kreuz-Sensibilisierung mit Hausstaub- und Futtermittelmilben klarzustellen.Sechzehn Hunde mit chronischem Kontakt mit PRM-infizierten Hühnern aus traditionellen Hühnerställen und 10 Kontrollhunde mit keinem Kontakt zu Vögeln.An den Hunden wurden Intradermaltests (IDT) durchgeführt sowie eine Bestimmung von Serum-spezifischem IgE (sIgE) für Hausstaub- und Futtermittelmilben und D. gallinae.Die größte Quaddelmessung wurde mit 0,1 mg/mL D. gallinae Extrakt erzielt. Es wurden positive IDT Reaktionen auf PRM bei vier der 10 Kontrollhunde und bei 10 der 16 Hunde aus der Hühner-Kontakt Gruppe festgestellt. SIgE auf PRM wurde bei einem Kontrollhund und bei sieben Hunden aus der Hühner-Kontakt Gruppe festgestellt. Es wurde keine signifikante Korrelation zwischen IDT oder sIgE Werten zu PRM und Hausstaub- und Futtermittelmilben gefunden.Der Kontakt mit PRM-infizierten Hühnern könnte zu einer Sensibilisierung ohne Allergie führen, unabhängig von einer Sensibilisierung auf Hausstaub- und Futtermittelmilben.背景: 欧洲禽赤螨(PRM)--鸡皮刺螨是一种常见的产蛋鸡和鸽子的外寄生虫,也可在其他鸟类、人类和家畜身上采食,引起从轻微不适到严重皮炎的临床症状。关于机体对PRM可能的超敏反应,或与户尘螨或储藏螨交叉致敏的研究甚少。 假设/目的: 了解PRM免疫球蛋白E (IgE)可能介导的过敏和可能的户尘螨和储藏螨交叉致敏,可能有助于临床诊断。本文目的是寻找犬对PRM可能发生I型超敏反应的证据,以及可能发生户尘螨和储藏螨交叉致敏。 动物: 与传统鸟舍中 PRM感染鸡有长期接触的16只犬;与鸟类没有接触的10只对照犬。 方法和材料: 对犬进行皮内试验(IDT)和血清特异性IgE (sIgE)试验,以检测户尘螨和储藏螨,以及鸡皮刺螨特异性IgE。 结果: 0.1mg/mL鸡皮刺螨提取物的风疹评分最高。10只对照犬中的4只,以及接触鸡群的16只犬中的10只,身上发现PRM阳性IDT反应。在1例对照和7例鸡群接触犬中,检测到PRMsIgE。PRM、户尘螨和储藏螨的IDT或sIgE评分无显著相关性。 结论和临床意义: 与PRM感染的鸡接触可引起致敏,但不过敏,与户尘螨和储藏螨的致敏无关。.背景: 鶏やハトに横たわる一般的な外部寄生虫であるヨーロッパ家禽赤ダニ(PRM)Dermanyssus gallinaeは、他の鳥、人間、家畜にも感染することができ、軽度の不快感から重度の皮膚炎に至る臨床症状を引き起こす。 PRMに対する過敏症またはハウスダストまたは貯蔵ダニとの交差感作についてはほとんど知られていない。 仮説/目的: PRM免疫グロブリンE(IgE)を介したアレルギーの可能性およびハウスダストおよび貯蔵ダニとの交差感作の可能性に関する知識は、臨床的アプローチを促進する可能性がある。本研究の目的は、犬PRMに対するI型過敏症証拠およびハウスダストおよび貯蔵ダニとの交差感作の発生の可能性を明らかにすることであった。 被験動物: 伝統的な鳥小屋のPRM感染鶏と慢性接触した16頭の犬および鳥と接触していない10頭の対照犬。 材料と方法: 被験犬にハウスダストマイト、貯蔵ダニおよびD. gallinaeの皮内検査(IDT)および血清特異的IgE(sIgE)の測定を実施した。 結果: D. gallinae抽出物 0.1 mg / mLで最も高い膨疹スコアが得られた。 PRMに対する陽性IDT反応は、対照犬群10頭中4頭、鶏暴露群の16頭中10頭で検出された。 PRMへのSIgEは、コントロール群1頭および鶏暴露群7頭の犬に検出された。PRMとハウスダストマイトおよび貯蔵ダニ間における IDTまたはsIgEスコアに有意な相関関係は検出されなかった。 結論と臨床的重要性: PRM感染鶏との接触は、ハウスダストマイトおよび貯蔵ダニに対する感作とは独立して、アレルギーを伴わない感作を引き起こす可能性がある。.O ácaro vermelho das aves domésticas europeu (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, um ectoparasita comum de galinhas e pombos, também pode se alimentar de outras aves, humanos e animais domésticos, causando sinais clínicos que variam de leve desconforto a dermatite grave. Pouco se sabe sobre a possível hipersensibilidade ao PRM ou sensibilização cruzada com poeira doméstica ou ácaros de armazenamento. HIPÓTESE/OBJETIVOS: O conhecimento da possível alergia a PRM mediada por imunoglobulina E (IgE) e a possível sensibilização cruzada com poeira doméstica e ácaros de armazenamento podem facilitar a abordagem clínica. O objetivo deste estudo foi esclarecer as possíveis evidências de hipersensibilidade do tipo I ao PRM em cães e possível ocorrência de sensibilização cruzada com poeira doméstica e ácaros de armazenamento.Dezesseis cães com contato crônico com galinhas de aviários tradicionais infestadas por PRM e 10 cães controle sem contato com aves. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Os cães foram submetidos a testes intradérmicos (IDT) e determinação sérica de IgE específica (sIgE) para ácaros da poeira doméstica, ácaros de armazenamento e D. gallinae.O maior escore de pápula foi obtido com extrato de D. gallinae a 0,1 mg / mL, Reações positivas para PRM no IDT foram encontradas em quatro dos 10 cães controle e em 10 dos 16 do grupo exposto a galinhas. Detectou-se sIgE contra PRM em um controle e em sete cães expostos a galinhas. Não houve correlação significativa entre as pontuações IDT ou sIgE para PRM e os ácaros da poeira doméstica e de armazenamento. CONCLUSÕES E SIGNIFICADO CLÍNICO: O contato com galinhas infestadas por PRM pode levar à sensibilização sem alergia, independentemente da sensibilização a ácaros da poeira doméstica e a ácaros de armazenamento.

Introduction: Much less is known about grass-pollen allergens to dogs, when compared with humans. Genetic-based patterns might play an important role in sensitization profiles, conditioning the success of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Aim : Mapping of Dactylis glomerata ( D. glomerata ) and Phleum pratense ( P. pratense ) allergens for grass pollen-sensitized atopic dogs, for better understanding how individual allergograms may influence the response to grass-pollen immunotherapy. Material and methods : To identify D. glomerata and P. pratense allergoms for dogs, 15 individuals allergic to grass pollen and sensitized to D. glomerata and P. pratense were selected. D. glomerata and P. pratense proteomes were separated by isoelectric focusing (IEF), one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Separated proteins were blotted onto Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes and allergens were identified by patient sera IgE in Western Blotting (WB). Results : In D. glomerata , 17 allergens were identified from IEF and 11 from 1-D SDS-PAGE, while from P. pratense , 18 and 6 allergens were identified, respectively. From 2-D SDS-PAGE 13 spots were identified from D. glomerata and 27 from P. pratense . Conclusions : Several similarities were found between dog and human D. glomerata and P. pratense sensitization profiles but no relationship between clinical signs and a specific pattern of allergen recognition was observed. Similarities were found in each patient pattern of sensitization between D. glomerata and P. pratense , also suggesting cross-reactive phenomena. Further molecular epidemiology approach is needed to understand the role of the sensitization pattern in allergen-specific immunotherapy effectiveness in grass-pollen allergic dogs.

Introduction: Specific immunotherapy has shown to be very useful for allergy control in dogs, with a common success rate ranging from 65% to 70%. However, this efficacy could probably be improved and the identification of individual allergomes, with the choice of more adequate molecular allergen pools for specific immunotherapy, being the strategy. Aim: To map Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) allergens for mite-sensitized atopic dogs, for better under- standing how individual allergograms may influence the response to house-dust mite immunotherapy. Material and methods: To identify the Der p mite allergome for dogs, 20 individuals allergic to dust-mites and sen- sitized to Der p, were selected. The extract from Der p was submitted to isoelectric focusing (IEF), one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Separated proteins were blotted onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes and immunoblottings were performed with patient sera. Allergen-bound specific IgE was detected. Results: Eleven allergens were identified from isoelectric focusing (IEF), as well as from 1-D SDS PAGE. From 2-D SDS-PAGE, 24 spots were identified. Conclusions: Several similarities were found between dog and human allergograms and no absolute correlation between sensitization and allergy was observed either. As in humans, different individual allergograms do not seem to implicate different clinical patterns, but may influence the response to specific immunotherapy. The molecular epidemiology approach in veterinary allergy management, by the characterization of individual patients' allergoms and by choosing the best molecular allergen pool for each patient could also improve the efficacy of allergy immu- notherapy.

We compared the performance of a locally produced β-mercaptoethanol-modified promastigote antigen (β-ME-Ag) of an indigenous Leishmania infantum strain against that of a trypsinized Leishmania donovani reference (REF-Ag) in the direct agglutination test (DAT) for detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). One hundred and fifty-one serum samples collected from dogs belonging to four groups with different conditions were included. At a DAT titre of 1 : 320, statistically determined as optimal cut-off value for β-ME-Ag, and 1 : 160 for REF-Ag, a sensitivity and a specificity of 100 % were estimated for β-ME-Ag in comparison with 96.6 % and 100 %, respectively, for REF-Ag. Overall, levels of agglutination titres recorded for the two antigens were highly concordant (Cohen’s κ = 0.879) in both the CVL and non-CVL groups. Based on current results, and ease experienced in processing the antigen and reading the test outcome, we recommend incorporation of β-ME-Ag in DAT for confirmation or exclusion of suspected CVL in dogs.

Fleas, several aeroallergens as well as many food allergens are the most common allergenic sources for animals and frequent cause of allergic reactions with different target organs such as skin, eyes, and respiratory or digestive systems. Allergy diagnosis needs to follow well-established guidelines under clinical and laboratory approaches. Since 1980 with the Hanifin & Rajka’s criteria for the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD) in humans, successive proposals have been developed to identify atopic dermatitis in dogs. A consensual plan was first proposed by Willemse in 1986 undergoing several modifications in 1994. Prelaud and colleagues made important changes to the plan in 1998 and it was further adjusted by Favrot in 2009. In 2010, this plan was approved by the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis (CAD). It was subjected in 2015 to minor updates with regard to therapeutic options. To improve diagnostic accuracy by integrating the basic knowledge on sensitization development and allergen nature and diversity, allergen sources and implicated molecular allergens for animals should be clearly identified. As well as in human medicine, this molecular epidemiology concept is essential for the veterinary allergy diagnosis in the near future, standing as the basis of a component-resolved diagnosis (CRD). Besides current pharmacotherapy, it will be highly relevant to increase the efficiency of the avoidance measures and specific immunotherapy. Clinical guidelines will lead to at least 80 % of positive diagnosis of atopy, but newer laboratory methods in veterinary medicine aiming to a more precise diagnosis and a better integration of the clinical/laboratory diagnostic course are needed. Allergoms identification for animals, from different allergen sources proteoms should become a priority in veterinary allergology, in order to allow the intended CRD, which is essential to understand the cross-reaction phenomena, allowing a more precise and possibly effective component-resolved immunotherapy (CRIT). Further research has been carried out for a better understanding of the interaction between allergic clinical condition and immune pathophysiology. As well as in human medicine, a deeper knowledge of the molecular immunological mechanisms in veterinary allergy — with their specific allergen triggers — will also provide the veterinary allergist with the necessary information to act more efficiently in the future.

Background: Ingestion of snails can induce strong asthmatic or anaphylactic responses, mainly in house-dust-mite-sensitized patients. The aim of this study was to identify the Helix aspersa (Hel a), Theba pisana (The p) and Otala lactea (Ota l) allergens and the extent of their cross-reactivity with the Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) mite. Patients and Methods: In 60 atopicpatients, skin prick tests (SPT) to snail and D. pteronyssinus, total and specific IgE, specific IgE immunoblots, RAST and immunoblot inhibition assays were performed. Results: Mean total IgE was >1,000 kU/l. Mean specific IgE (class 6 for Der p and class 2 for Hel a) SPT were positive in 44 patients for snail and in 56 for mite. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting of H. aspersa extract enabled the identification of 27 and 20 allergens, respectively. Myosin heavy chains from snails (molecular weight >208 kDa) disclosed two major allergens. Hel a and Der p RAST were strongly inhibited by their homologous extracts, with Hel a RAST being inhibited by the Der p extract to a much greater extent (72.6%) than the inverse (5.6%). A complete inhibition of the immunoblots by their homologous extract was obtained. However, Hel a extract did not inhibit Der p IEF separated recognition. On the other hand, mite extract extensively inhibited snail immunoblots from both IEF and SDS-PAGE separations. Immune detection on chicken, pig, rabbit, cow and horse myosins did not reveal any IgE cross recognition with snail. Conclusions: In most cases of snail allergy, mite appeared to be the sensitizing agent. Nevertheless, snails may also be able to induce sensitization by themselves. This hypothesis is supported by the finding of specific IgE to Hel a in 2 patients who did not show specific IgE to Der p, and one of them was suffering from asthma after snail ingestion.

Two immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) versions using whole promastigotes of Leishmania infantum (syn. Leishmania chagasi) treated either with β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME-ELISA) or trypsin (TRYP-ELISA) as antigens were developed for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). By comparison with the direct agglutination test (DAT; 100%, 31/31; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 86.3–100%), slightly lower sensitivity was demonstrated for the newly developed β-ME-ELISA (93.5%, 29/31; 95% CI: 77.2–98.9%). Sensitivity was higher for β-ME-ELISA compared with TRYP-ELISA (87.1%, 27/31; 95% CI: 69.2–95.8%) in serum samples from dogs with CVL. When tested with sera from 37 healthy dogs and from 45 dogs with clinical conditions other than CVL, a specificity of 97.6% (80/82; 95% CI: 90.1–99.6%) was estimated for β-ME-ELISA as compared to 100% (82/82; 95% CI: 94.4–100%) and 95.1% (78/82; 95% CI: 87.3–98.4%) for DAT and TRYP-ELISA, respectively. Observed agreement was 94.0% (95% CI: 88.7–97.1%) between DAT and β-ME-ELISA (κ = 0.879; 95% CI: 0.803–0.956) and 87.4% (95% CI: 80.8–92.1%) between DAT and TRYP-ELISA (κ = 0.743; 95% CI: 0.636–0.851). Current results advocate application of the new β-ME-ELISA for diagnosis of CVL at the laboratory level and confirmation of results obtained with the DAT in field studies.

Ingestion of snails can induce strong asthmatic or anaphylactic responses, mainly in house-dust-mite-sensitized patients. The aim of this study was to identify the Helix aspersa (Hel a), Theba pisana (The p) and Otala lactea (Ota l) allergens and the extent of their cross-reactivity with the Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) mite.In 60 atopic patients, skin prick tests (SPT) to snail and D. pteronyssinus, total and specific IgE, specific IgE immunoblots, RAST and immunoblot inhibition assays were performed.Mean total IgE was1,000 kU/l. Mean specific IgE (class 6 for Der p and class 2 for Hel a) SPT were positive in 44 patients for snail and in 56 for mite. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) and SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting of H. aspersa extract enabled the identification of 27 and 20 allergens, respectively. Myosin heavy chains from snails (molecular weight208 kDa) disclosed two major allergens. Hel a and Der p RAST were strongly inhibited by their homologous extracts, with Hel a RAST being inhibited by the Der p extract to a much greater extent (72.6%) than the inverse (5.6%). A complete inhibition of the immunoblots by their homologous extract was obtained. However, Hel a extract did not inhibit Der p IEF separated recognition. On the other hand, mite extract extensively inhibited snail immunoblots from both IEF and SDS-PAGE separations. Immune detection on chicken, pig, rabbit, cow and horse myosins did not reveal any IgE cross recognition with snail.In most cases of snail allergy, mite appeared to be the sensitizing agent. Nevertheless, snails may also be able to induce sensitization by themselves. This hypothesis is supported by the finding of specific IgE to Hel a in 2 patients who did not show specific IgE to Der p, and one of them was suffering from asthma after snail ingestion.