Search

Mineral oil undergoes several chemical and physical changes with temperature change and time of storage. The lubricating additives are widely applied to the engine lubrication to suppress undesirable base oil properties like pour point depressants and viscosity index (VI) improvers. The current study aimed to prepare lube oil additives by preparing terpolymers as follows: reacting acrylic acid with various linear alcohols (decanol, dodecanol, and hexadecanol), several alkyl acrylates can be produced. Different imides were produced as a result of the reaction of maleic anhydride with different amines (aniline, triethylenetetramine, and tetraethylenepentamine). Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was utilized for investigating the structures of prepared compounds. Various terpolymers were synthesized during the polymerization reaction of different imides, different alkyl acrylates, and octene. The molecular weights of all polymers were detected through the use of gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the thermal stability of the prepared terpolymers, and the results demonstrated that the prepared terpolymers had high heat resistance. Above 300°C, the polymers deteriorated. Shear-thinning is observed in the rheological behavior, which approaches perfect Newtonian behavior at a high shear rate. The terpolymers created lowered the pour point of oil to -24 in the case of polymer C2 and viscosity index is increased to 140 in the case of polymer C3. Quantum calculations prove that compound C3 has more atom capacity to receive electrons compared to A3, which allows the formation of hydrogen bonds with other monomers making the resultant polymer bulkier and hence giving oil higher viscosity index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing research focuses on preparing three compounds, based on oleic acid esters, through two steps to form 2-(3-acetylthioureido)-3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl) propyl oleate (Compound A), 2-(3-acetyl thioureido)-2-(hydroxymethyl) propane-1,3-diyl dioleate (Compound B) and 2-(3-acetyl thioureido)-2-[(oleoyloxy) methyl] propane-1,3-diyl dioleate (Compound C). The chemical structure of the prepared compounds has been distinguished and ascertained using different spectroscopic techniques as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR), quantum chemical study "theoretical studies". The efficacy of the prepared compounds was ultimately scrutinized as lubricating oils' additives. It gives excellent results as detergent/ dispersant additives. Both the experimental and theoretical quantum chemistry studies of antioxidant compounds yield insufficiently effective findings. The strength of the produced compounds shows that the one with three oleic groups is most effective when compared to one and two groups. Additionally, the dispersancy increases as the percentage of the dispersants rises from 0.25 to 1.5 %. Keep in mind that as time passes, dispersancy increases more. C > B > A, correspondingly, is the order in which the dispersancy percent decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we prepared different alkyl acrylates by esterifying acrylic acid with different alcohols (decanol, dodecanol, hexadecanol and octadecanol). Anilimide was then produced by the reaction of aniline with maleic anhydride. Different teropolymers were prepared by polymerization reaction of anilimide, different alkyl acrylate esters and olefins in different ratios. The thermal stability of the prepared terpolymers was measured by thermal gravimetric analysis which demonstrated a high thermal stability. The polymers were degraded above 500 °C. The rheology behavior shows shear-thinning, it approaches the ideal Newtonian behavior in case of polymer (C). The prepared terpolymers succeeded in raising the viscosity index of oil to 118 in case of polymer (C) and decreasing the pour point of oil to -12 in case of polymer (E). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Growing environmental concerns over the use of mineral oil based lubricants in various fields have led to an increased attention towards the use of environmentally benign bio-lubricants. Working in this direction, the present report describes the synthesis of a homopolymer of almond oil and its copolymers with decyl acrylate. The structures of the prepared polymers were confirmed using FT-IR, NMR, and GPC analysis. Additive performances of each of the prepared polymers as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants were evaluated by standard ASTM methods. The thermal stability of each of the polymers was investigated. Biodegradability of all the polymers was also tested as per ISO 846:1997 against fungal pathogens. A comparison of their multifunctional performances was also studied and is reported. The copolymers showed better performances as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants. The thermal stability of the copolymers was also found to be higher than the homopolymer. As expected, the homopolymer showed better biodegradability among the other polymers.Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last few years, special attention has been paid by the lubricant industry towards vegetable oil-based lubricants due to their biodegradability, renewability and excellent tribological properties. But to maintain the biodegradability of the final lubricants, the additive in the lubricants must also be biodegradable. Hence, in our present work, multifunctional lubricating oil additive based on castor oil has been investigated as a less toxic, feasible alternative to traditional petroleum based additives. Homopolymer of castor oil and its copolymer with α-pinene were synthesized by a thermal method using azobisisobutyronitrile as a radical initiator. Characterization of the prepared polymers was performed by spectral analysis and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Additive performances of each of the prepared polymers as viscosity index improvers/viscosity modifiers and pour point depressants were carefully evaluated. Photo micrographic image was used to study the effectiveness of the additives as pour point depressants. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted to investigate the thermal response of the additives at high temperature. Finally, biodegradability of all the polymers was tested against fungal pathogen by the disc diffusion method and soil burial test. The study illuminated excellent additive performances of the polymers and thus their potential for acting as entirely naturally derived green bio-additives for lube oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are considered an enabling technology to meet stringent particulate matter (PM) regulations for gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engines, which are known to produce significant PM emissions. While ash loading in filters has been recognized to be detrimental in filter performance by increasing back pressure, increased ash fractions in soot were observed to enhance soot oxidation. GDI soot samples derived from different gasoline/lube oil blends were evaluated to identify potential promoting factors when formulated lube oils were dosed into gasoline fuel. Ca-derived ash enhanced soot oxidation remarkably, while P- and ZDDP-derived ash deteriorated soot oxidation. It is apparent that the promoting effect of lube oil-derived ash is due mainly to the Ca component that is the most abundant among additive components in lube oil. Bulk and surface analyses of these ash compounds indicate that Ca-derived ash would be complex compounds, while the contribution of CaSO 4 , which is one of the most abundant ash compounds from diesel engines, is almost negligible. For the validation of the ash promoting impact in filters, the regeneration experiments were compared for a TWC-coated GPF in a GDI engine before and after ash loading was performed. The pressure drop of the ash-loaded GPF decreased noticeably in the initial regeneration stage and it increased gradually, whereas that of no ash-loaded GPF increased gradually without any reduction. So, it is concluded that the ash layer in the GPF assisted soot oxidation in the early regeneration stage when it was in close contact with soot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine terpolymers consisting of (jojoba: alkylacrylate: α-olefins) backbone were synthesized via free radical chain addition polymerization and determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography, for determination of weight average molecular weight. The alkylacrylates used were (dodecylacrylate, tetradecylacrylate and hexadecylacrylate), while α-olefins used were (dodecene, tetradecene and hexadecane). The monomers' ratio used for polymerization was (1:1:1). It was found that the molecular weight increases with increasing the alkyl chain length of both alkylacrylate and α-olefins used. The thermal stability of the synthesized terpolymers was determined using thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The prepared polymers were evaluated as performance modifiers (viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants) for free additives lube oil (SAE-30). It was found that the viscosity index increases with increasing the alkyl chain length, molecular weight and concentration of used terpolymer. The effect of the prepared terpolymers on the pour point of lube oil was studied and it was found that the pour point of lube decreases (more negative) with decreasing the alkyl chain length of both alkylacrylate and α-olefin used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, some lube oil additives were prepared by synthesis of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride and reacted with pentaerythritol and with glycerol, then the two products were reacted with different amines (ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine). The structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and the molecular weights. The efficiency of the prepared additives as antioxidants and detergents/dispersants was investigated. It was found that the efficiency increases with increasing the NH group in the amine used. The best prepared additive as antioxidant and detergent/dispersant was prepared by using tetraethylenepentamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, some polymeric additives were prepared to use as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants for lube oil via copolymerization of hexadecylacrylate and dodecylacrylate with styrene. Structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by using gel permeation chromatograph. The efficiency of the prepared terpolymers as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants for lube oil was investigation. It was found that all the prepared terpolymers are effective as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants. The viscosity index of the prepared terpolymers increases with increasing the concentration of the additives and increases by increasing the percentage of hexadecylacrylate until 70%. The best result for viscosity index of the prepared terpolymers is when the percentage of styrene is 10%. The pour point of the prepared compound decreases with decreasing concentration of additive used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, some polymeric additives based on octadecene-maleic anhydride copolymer were prepared and evaluated as multifunctional lube oil additives (viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, and detergent/dispersant additives). The octadecene-maleic anhydride copolymer reacted with different alcohols (dodecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl, and docosanol) to prepare four different types of esters then were aminated with different types of amines (dodecyl, hexadecyl, and octadecyl) to prepare another three copolymeric additives. Structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and determination of molecular weight was made using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The percentage of esterification and amination were determined by 1HNMR. The efficiencies of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, and detergents/dispersants were investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compound as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the concentration of additives and with increasing the alkyl chain length of prepared compounds, whereas the efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants increases with decreasing the concentration of the prepared polymers. On the other hand, the prepared compounds showed excellent dispersion power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, some polymeric additives were prepared as pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers and dispersant additives for lube oil, these additives prepared by copolymerization of maleic anhydride with different esters of acrylic acids and then amination. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by gel permeation chromatograph (GPC). The efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants and viscosity index improvers was investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants increases with decreasing the concentration of the prepared polymers, increasing the chain length of alkyl groups and increases with decreasing the molecular weight. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the concentration of these additives and by increasing the molecular weight of polymer. It was found that the amination of polymer enhance the efficiency of the prepared additives as pour point, viscosity index, and dispersant for sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is confined to the preparation and characterization of additives. These additives are based on the reaction of polyisobutylene with different ethanolamine and then amination with tetraethylenepentamine. The molecular weights of the prepared compounds were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The efficiency of the prepared compounds as antioxidant and detergent/dispersantadditives for lube oil was studied. It was found that the efficiency increases with increasing the molecular weight and -NH- group of the prepared compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, some polymeric additives based on styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer were prepared and evaluated as multifunction lube oil additives (viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, and detergent-dispersant additives). The styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer reacted with different alcohols (dodecyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, octadecyl alcohol, and docosanol) to prepare four different types of esters and aminated with different types of amines (dodecyl amine, hexadecyl amine, and octadecyl amine) to prepare another three co-polymeric additives. Structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed by I.R. spectroscopy. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by using gel permeation chromatograph and the percentage of esterification and amination were determined by 1HNMR. The efficiencies of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, and detergents-dispersants were investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compound as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the concentration of additives in the solution and with increasing the molecular weight of prepared compounds, while the efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressants increases with decreasing the concentration of the prepared polymers. On the other hand, the prepared compounds showed excellent dispersion power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, some polymeric additives were prepared and used as pour point depressants and as viscosity index improvers for lube oil via copolymerization of maleic anhydride and vinyl acetate with different esters of acrylic acid. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by GPC. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressant and viscosity index improvers was investigated. It was found that the efficiency of the prepared compounds as pour point depressant increases with decreasing the concentration of the prepared polymers, increasing the chain length of alkyl groups, and increases with decreasing the molecular weight. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as viscosity index improvers increases by increasing the concentration of these additives and by increasing the molecular weight of the polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to prepare and characterize dialkyl maleate via esterification of maleic anhydride with different alcohols (butanol, octanol, decyl alcohol, and dodecyl alcohol) to produce dibutyl maleate M1, dioctyl maleate M2, didecyl maleate M3, and didodecyl maleate M4. Then polymerization of the prepared dialkyl maleate with two different monomers (vinyl acetate and styrene) to produce dialkyl maleate-vinyl acetate copolymers (M1v, M2v, M3v, and M4v) and dialkyl maleate-styrene copolymers(M1S, M2S, M3S, and M4S). The molecular weight of the prepared copolymers were determined by using Gel Permeation chromatography (GPC) water 600E. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers for improving the viscosity index of the base lube oil was studied. It was found that the efficiency increases with increasing alkyl chain length of alcohol group in the prepared dialkyl maleat and increases with increasing the molecular weight of the prepared copolymers, and the efficiency of the prepared copolymers as viscosity index improvers for the lube oil increases with increasing the concentration of this compound in solution (base oil). It was also found that VI increases in presence of styrene monomer than that of vinyl acetate monomer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lubricant additive may be defined as a material that imparts a new and desirable property not originally present in the oil or reinforces a desirable property already possessed in some degree by the oil. These materials are normally more chemically reactive than the base oil. The additives are being used at various concentrations from a few parts per million to over 30%. A great deal of research is being done at present into the synthesis, technology, and applications of different lube oil additives. In the present work, polymeric additives were prepared by reaction of butyl acrylate with different α-olefins (octene, dodecene, tetradecene, and octadecene). The efficiency of the prepared copolymers as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants for a base lube oil were studied. It was found that the efficiency as viscosity index improvers increases with increasing the concentration of the prepared copolymers and increasing the chain length of alkyl groups of the α-olefins, and the efficiency as pour point depressants increases with decreasing the concentration and decreasing the molecular weights of the prepared copolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various additives employed in modern engine oils, one of the most important is the type that acts to prevent an accumulation of sludge in the crankcase and on the cylinder walls, thereby preventing sticking of piston rings and the formation of varnish-like coatings on the pistons and cylinder walls. Because of their general function of maintaining a clean engine, additives of this nature are termed detergents although it is now understood that they have little utility in cleaning a dirty engine, but by virtue of dispersing activity, prevent engine fouling. A main source of deposits is the oxidation of oil in high temperature, which can be reduced by using antioxidants. This work was limited to the preparation and characterization of different types of polyethylene glycol palmitate with different molecular weights and amination of the prepared esters with tetraethylenepentamine. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as detergents/dispersants and antioxidants was investigated and the effect of the prepared additives on other properties of lube oil was also studied. It was found that all the prepared compounds act as detergents/dispersants and antioxidant additives with no effect on the viscosity index and pour point of the lube oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lube oil additives are essential for all types of lubricating oils; they are added either to give the oils new properties as detergency and oxidation stability or to improve such properties as pour point and viscosity index. They are added at varying proportions to meet the performance requirements. The present work is concerned with studying of detergent/dispersant type additives based on synthesized polyisobutylene succinic anhydride (PIBSA) and its aminated compounds (PIBSA) with different types of polyethylene polyamine such as ethylene diamine, diethylene Triamine, Triethylene tetramine, and tetraethylene pentamine. Different types of polyisobutylene succinimides were reacted with dodecylphenol and formaldehyde to prepare different type of Mannish bases. The efficiency of the prepared compounds as antioxidants and detergents/dispersants was investigated. It was found that compound D 1 (Mannich base IV) is the best antioxidant additive for lube oil, and all the prepared compounds have excellent dispersancy power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, twenty polymeric additives were prepared and used as pour point depressants for lube oil, via copolymerization of different ratios of styrene with different esters of acrylic acid. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers as flow improvers (pour point depressants) for a base lube oil were studied. It was found that the efficiency increases by decreasing the concentration of the prepared copolymers, decreasing the chain length of alkyl groups. The efficiency decreases by increasing the styrene content in the prepared copolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is confined to the preparation and characterization of acrylate polymeric additives. These additives were prepared by esterification of acrylic acid with different alcohols (decyl, 1-dodecyl, 1-tetradecyl, and hexadecyl) and then copolymerization of the prepared esters with different moles of styrene. The molecular weights of the prepared copolymers were determined by GPC. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers for improving the viscosity index of the lube oil was studied. It was found that the efficiency increases with increasing the molecular weight of the prepared copolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is confined to the preparation and characterization of two sets of copolymeric additives. The first set is based on poly(propylene sebacate), while the second set is based on poly(propylene succinate). These two polymeric polyesters were ethoxylated with two different molecular weights of poly(ethylene glycol) (M.Wt. 400 and 600) to prepare four additives. The molecular weights of the prepared polyesters were determined by GPC. The efficiency of the prepared copolymers for improving the viscosity index and lowering the pour point of the base lube oil was studied. It was found that the efficiency increases with increased molecular weight of the prepared copolymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]