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Digital twins are used to replicate the behavior of physical systems, and in-vehicle networks can greatly benefit from this technology. This is mainly because in-vehicle networks circulate large amounts of data coming from various sources such as wired, or in some cases even wireless, sensors that are fused by actuators responsible for safety-critical tasks that require careful testing. In this work, we build a laboratory in-vehicle network that mimics a real vehicle network in regards to wire length, number of stubs and devices that are connected to it. The Controller Area Network (CAN), which is still the most popular communication bus inside cars, is used as a network layer. Using models defined in MATLAB for various subsystems, e.g., Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Powertrain and Electric Power-Steering, deployed on automotive-grade microcontrollers, we evaluate the in-vehicle bus digital twin by providing realistic inputs and recording and reproducing in-vehicle network traffic. The experimental results showed good correlation between the output of the implemented digital twin and the data collected from an actual car.

There are dozens of proposals for securing the controller area network (CAN); however, only a few of them are concerned on how to share secret keys between CAN nodes. Recently, some works have used the non-destructive property of CAN arbitration in order to exchange a secret key and achieve information theoretic security for the key exchange. In our proposals, we exploit both delays and the non-destructive arbitration of CAN to achieve a secure key exchange. While our approach is less efficient when it comes to bandwidth, we do not require any kind of additional hardware and we build our implementation on the software layer which is accessible for any CAN-based application. To boost efficiency, we finally bootstrap secret keys by means of the guessing-resilient protocols, such as encrypted-key-exchange (EKE) and simple password exponential key exchange (SPEKE). In principle, a few dozen frames suffice for a secure key-exchange between two CAN nodes. We discuss several protocol versions and extensions for the case of more than two parties. We also present the experimental results on modern automotive-grade controllers to prove the performance of our solution.

In this article, we analyze the existence and uniqueness of mild solution to the Stieltjes integral boundary value problem involving a nonlinear multi-term, Caputo-type sequential fractional integro-differential equation. Krasnoselskii's fixed-point theorem and the Banach contraction principle are utilized to obtain the existence and uniqueness of the mild solution of the aforementioned problem. Furthermore, the Hyers-Ulam stability is obtained with the help of established methods. Our proposed model contains both the integer order and fractional order derivatives. As a result, the exponential function appears in the solution of the model, which is a fundamental and naturally important function for integer order differential equations and its many properties. Finally, two examples are provided to illustrate the key findings.

Abstract Introduction Hepatic steatosis is associated with cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Therefore, we evaluated metabolites and their potential cardiovascular effects in metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Materials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 75 participants (38 MAFLD and 37 controls). Hepatic steatosis was confirmed by hepatic ultrasonography and SteatoTestTM. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography. Metabolomic analysis was conducted using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results The median age for participants’ age was 45 (IQR 30–56.5), with gender distribution of 35 males and 40 females. MAFLD patients had lower levels of glycyl tyrosine (p-value

Abstract In this work, we investigate the existence, uniqueness, and stability of fractional differential equation with multi-point integral boundary conditions involving the Caputo fractional derivative. By utilizing the Laplace transform technique, the existence of solution is accomplished. By applying the Bielecki-norm and the classical fixed point theorem, the Ulam stability results of the studied system are presented. An illustrative example is provided at the last part to validate all our obtained theoretical results.