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The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-helminthic effect of a commercial formulation Bioverm® (Duddingtonia flagrans) in 28 sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. Animals were classified into two groups: G1 (n=14) treated with nematophagous fungi and G2 (n=14) untreated control. The efficacy of the anti-helminthic drug was assessed based on the egg count per gram of feces (EPG) of strongyles, larval culture, hemogram, leukogram, plasma protein levels, mucosal coloration using the FAMACHA© method, animals body weight, and evaluating the ocular mucosa for the FAMACHA© anemia guide were performed at days 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180. Additionally, the nematode larvae were quantified in the dry matter of the pastures of both groups. Results showed that the EPG was significantly decreased in animals receiving nematophagous fungi from D30 until the experiment end. The most common nematode genus was Haemonchus (63%), followed by Cooperia (23%) and Trichostrongylus (15%). Based on the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), treated animals showed a reduction of fecal egg count of 58.9%, 8.6, 92.8%, 96.4%, and 96.2%, at D30, D60, D90, D120, and D180, respectively. The absolute values of red blood cells and leukocytes were significantly increased at D60 and D90, respectively, in the treated animals. A significant weight gain was observed in the treated ewes at the end of the experiment; however, there was no correlation between the EPGs values and hematocrit with the FAMACHA© degrees of animals in both experimental groups. The mean EPG of both groups and the number of infectious larvae in the pastures were not directly proportional. In conclusion, nematophagous fungi contributed to decreased parasitic load in sheep, and consequently, improve animal performance; they can be a suitable alternative to reduce problems associated with nematode infections.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of autohemotherapy as an adjuvant in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Four experimental groups were formed: G1, 10 animals receiving autologous venous blood; G2, 10 animals receiving autologous venous blood and vermifuge containing levamisole; G3, 10 animals receiving only vermifuge containing levamisole; and G4, 10 animals as the control group receiving no treatment. We performed fecal egg count (eggs per gram, EPG) of strongyles, larval culture, hemogram, leukogram, and serum protein dosage prior to the start of treatment (D0), and on days 14 (D14) and 42 (D42). There was a significant decrease in the EPG of the groups receiving levamisole (G2 and G3) from D14 to the end of the experimental period. At the end of the evaluations, the mean EPG of G2 and G3 was significantly lower than that of G1 and G4. The most common nematode genus was Haemonchus (88%), and the least common was Trichostrongylus (1%). The Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) of G2 and G3 on D14 were 98.1% and 97.9%, respectively, however, in G1, the FECRT was zero on the two days when evaluation took place. G1 and G2 showed a significant increase in monocyte counts on D14 and D42. There was a significant increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin values in G2 and G3, however, a significant increase in the absolute value of red blood cells was observed only in G2. Two doses of autohemotherapy at 21-day intervals, administered alone or as an adjuvant to levamisole, is ineffective in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep. Resumo Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da auto-hemoterapia como adjuvante no controle de nematódeos gastrointestinais em ovinos. Quatro grupos experimentais foram formados: G1, 10 animais que receberam sangue venoso autólogo; G2, 10 animais que receberam sangue venoso autólogo e vermífugo contendo levamisol; G3, 10 animais que receberam somente vermífugo contendo levamisol; e G4, 10 animais do grupo controle, que não receberam tratamento. Realizamos contagem de ovos nas fezes (ovos por grama, OPG) de estrongilídeos, cultivo de larvas, hemograma, leucograma e dosagem de proteína sérica antes do início do tratamento (D0) e nos dias 14 (D14) e 42 (D42). Houve uma diminuição significativa no OPG dos grupos que receberam levamisole (G2 e G3) do D14 até o final do período experimental. Ao final das avaliações, o OPG médio de G2 e G3 foi significativamente menor do que G1 e G4. O gênero de nematódeo mais comumente encontrado foi Haemonchus (88%) e o menos foi Trichostrongylus (1%). O teste de Redução na Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes (RCOF) de G2 e G3 no D14 foi 98,1% e 97,9%, respectivamente, entretanto, no G1, o RCOF foi zero nos dois dias avaliados. G1 e G2 mostraram aumento significativo na contagem de monócitos em D14 e D42. Houve um aumento significativo nos valores do hematócrito e hemoglobina em G2 e G3, entretanto, um aumento significativo no valor absoluto de hemácias foi observado somente em G2. Duas doses de auto-hemoterapia em intervalos de 21 dias, administradas isoladamente ou como adjuvante do levamisole, não é eficaz no controle de nematóides gastrintestinais em ovinos naturalmente infectados.

The American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) occurs in several parts of the world, in Brazil and also in the State of Parana, it is a disease of great importance in public health, since it affects animals and humans, with a zoonotic character. Leishmaniasis is found in two forms, tegumentary and visceral, and has sandflies as vectors and wild animals and domestic dogs as reservoirs. ATL is considered an endemic disease in the city of Bandeirantes, with human cases occurring in several urban and rural locations, mainly in areas close to forest remnants, peri-urban and peripheral areas, where vulnerable populations live in general, and with precarious basic sanitation conditions. In these regions also live the participants of the wagon driver project, who own several working horses. The project provides guidance on management, good practices, disease prevention, and animal welfare. Since the role of horses as reservoirs and in the chain of transmission of ATL is not well known, the aim of this study was to carry out a serological study of ATL in horses and in the contact dogs of the participants of the " wagon driver" project, at UENP-CLM, to evaluate seropositivity in these species. Blood samples were collected from 20 horses and 12 contact dogs. A serological study, using the ELISAi test for ATL diagnosis, was carried out on the horses and dogs in relation to this study population, to assess seropositivity. In the serological survey, eight horses out of 20 animals (40%) and four dogs out of 12 animals (33.33%) were seropositive, a result considered significant, indicating the presence of the disease and the risk of transmission where they live. The occurrence of human cases and the presence of ATL vectors have already been identified in several locations in the city. Due to the lack of knowledge about the disease and the difficulty in controlling the vectors, health education is necessary in order to provide the population with orientation on how to prevent the disease, as well as entomological surveillance and new serological studies in areas at risk for ATL transmission. The results indicate that there may be importance in the role of horses as reservoirs and in the transmission of Tegumentary Leishmaniasis, which still needs to be clarified. La Leishmaniasis Tegumentaria Americana (LTA) ocurre en varias partes del mundo, en Brasil y también en el Estado de Paraná, y es una enfermedad de gran importancia en la salud pública, ya que afecta a los animales y al hombre, presentando un carácter zoonótico. La leishmaniosis se presenta en dos formas, tegumentaria y visceral, y tiene como vectores a los flebótomos y como reservorios a los animales salvajes y a los perros domésticos. La LTA es considerada una enfermedad endémica en la ciudad de Bandeirantes, con ocurrencia de casos humanos en varias localidades urbanas y rurales, especialmente en áreas cercanas a remanentes forestales, zonas peri urbanas y periféricas, donde suelen vivir poblaciones vulnerables y con precarias condiciones de saneamiento básico. En estas regiones también viven los participantes del proyecto cochero, que son propietarios de varios caballos de trabajo; el proyecto ofrece orientación sobre gestión, buenas prácticas, prevención de enfermedades y bienestar animal. Como el papel de los caballos como reservorios y en la cadena de transmisión de ATL no es bien conocido, este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un estudio serológico de ATL en caballos y en los perros de contacto de los participantes del proyecto "cochero", de la UENP-CLM, para evaluar la seropositividad en estas especies. Se recogieron muestras de sangre de 20 caballos y 12 perros de contacto. Se realizó un estudio serológico, mediante la prueba ELISAi para el diagnóstico de ATL, en caballos y perros en relación con esta población de estudio, para evaluar la seropositividad. En la encuesta serológica, ocho caballos de 20 animales (40%) y cuatro perros de 12 animales (33,33%) fueron seropositivos, resultado considerado significativo, ya que indica la presencia de la enfermedad y el riesgo de transmisión en los lugares donde viven. Ya se ha identificado la aparición de casos humanos y la presencia de vectores de ATL en varias localidades de la ciudad. Debido al desconocimiento de la enfermedad y a la dificultad de control de los vectores, es necesaria una labor de educación sanitaria para orientar la prevención de la enfermedad en la población, así como establecer una vigilancia entomológica y nuevos estudios serológicos en las zonas de riesgo de transmisión de la LTA. Los resultados indican que puede haber importancia en el papel de los caballos como reservorios y en la transmisión de la leishmaniosis tegumentaria, lo que aún debe aclararse. A Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) ocorre em várias partes do mundo, do Brasil e também no Estado do Paraná, é uma doença de grande importância em saúde pública, pois afeta os animais e o ser humano, apresentando caráter zoonótico. A leishmaniose é encontrada em duas formas, tegumentar e visceral, e tem como vetores os flebotomíneos e como reservatórios os animais silvestres e os cães domésticos. A LTA é uma doença considerada endêmica na cidade de Bandeirantes, com ocorrência de casos humanos em várias localidades urbanas e rurais, principalmente em áreas próximas a remanescentes florestais, periurbanas e periféricas, onde em geral habitam populações vulneráveis, e com precárias condições de saneamento básico. Nestas regiões também moram os participantes do projeto carroceiro, que possuem vários equinos de trabalho, o projeto fornece orientações sobre manejo, boas práticas, prevenção de doenças e bem-estar animal. Como não se conhece bem o papel dos equinos como reservatórios e na cadeia de transmissão da LTA, com este trabalho objetivou-se realizar um estudo sorológico da LTA nos equídeos e nos cães contactantes dos participantes do projeto carroceiro, da UENP-CLM, para avaliar a soropositividade nestas espécies. Foi realizada a coleta de sangue nos animais, correspondendo a 20 equinos e 12 cães contactantes. Foi realizado um estudo sorológico, utilizando-se o teste de ELISAi para diagnóstico da LTA, nos equinos e cães em relação a esta população de estudo, para avaliação da soropositividade. No levantamento sorológico, oito equídeos em 20 animais (40%) e quatro cães em 12 animais (33,33%) foram soropositivos, resultado considerado significativo, indicando presença da doença e risco de transmissão nos locais onde convivem. Já foi identificada a ocorrência de casos humanos e presença dos vetores da LTA em várias localidades da cidade. Devido à falta de conhecimento sobre a doença e dificuldade em realizar o controle dos vetores, torna-se necessário um trabalho de educação em saúde para realizar a orientação para a prevenção da doença na população assim como estabelecer vigilância entomológica e novos estudos sorológicos em áreas de risco para a transmissão da LTA. Os resultados indicam que pode haver importância no papel dos equinos como reservatórios e na transmissão da Leishmaniose Tegumentar, que ainda precisa ser esclarecido.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Araucaria Foundation Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Obesity in dogs is increasingly present in the veterinary practice. In humans, it is known that there is a significant correlation between obesity and the development of hypertension and insulin resistance (IR), a clinical picture called metabolic syndrome. In dogs, however, there are only anecdotes about the syndrome. The objectives of this study were to determine serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucose, homeostasis assessment of B cell function (HOMA-B), homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in dogs with different body conditions (BC) and body fat (BF) without endocrine disease. For this purpose, 76 healthy dogs were submitted to evaluation of body conditions score (BCS) and morphometry. The dogs were separated into 3 groups: optimal BC [BCS 3,4, or 5 of 9 and BF% of 13 to 27-Group 1 (G1)], overweight [BCS 6 and 7 of 9 and BF% of 14 to 38- Group 2 (G2)], obese [BCS 8 and 9 of 9 and BF% greater than or equal to 34-Group 3 (G3)]. G3 presented higher serum levels of total protein, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Adipokines did not correlate to any other parameter, but the occurrence of hyperinsulinemia was higher in G3. The results have shown that obese dogs presented IR and alterations in fat metabolism. Paulista State Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Coll Vet Med & Anim Sci, Botucatu, SP, Brazil State Univ Northern Parana, Coll Vet Med, Bandeirantes, Parana, Brazil Univ North Parana, Coll Prod Engn, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Londrina, Agr Sci Ctr, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Paulista State Univ Julio de Mesquita Filho, Coll Vet Med & Anim Sci, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Araucaria Foundation: 931/2013

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:27:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-06-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:51:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1809-68912016000200217.pdf: 362165 bytes, checksum: 0f7d26e6f271c124dab70a242b342218 (MD5) Resumo Vários fatores extratireoidianos como idade, raça, doenças concomitantes e fármacos podem influenciar na função e no diagnóstico do hipotireoidismo em cães. As alterações nas concentrações dos hormônios tireoidianos decorrentes de doenças não tireoidianas é denominada de síndrome do eutireoideo doente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da leishmaniose visceral na função da tireoide em cães sem sinais de hipotireoidismo, com ou sem azotemia. Os animais positivos para leishmaniose foram divididos em seis grupos (albumina nornal ou diminuída, creatinina normal ou elevada, uréia normal ou elevada) e foi avaliado o efeito nesses grupos das concentrações séricas do hormônio estimulante da tireoide (TSH), tiroxina total (TT4) e da tiroxina livre (FT4). Os cães positivos para leishmaniose, pelo teste de ELISA, apresentaram concentrações séricas de TSH mais elevadas do que os animais soronegativos, enquanto que as concentrações de TT4 e FT4 em cães com leishmaniose foram menores (P

Primary hypoparathyroidism is an uncommon endocrinopathy in dogs, resulting from absolute or relative deficiency in the secretion of parathormone (PTH). The dog presented signs of hypocalcemia, including muscular spasms, tetany and cramps, evolving to tonic-clonic seizures and fever. Emergency therapy for hypocalcemia included glucose physiological solution at 0.45% and calcium gluconate administered intravenously. Diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and a decrease in parathormone (PTH).

Morro do Diabo State Park (MDSP) is a significant remnant of the Atlantic Rain Forest in Brazil and is surrounded by rural properties. In that area, wild and domestic animals and humans are in close contact, which facilitates the two-way flow of infectious diseases among them. We assessed endoparasites in domestic livestock from all rural properties surrounding MDSP. There were sampled 197 cattle, 37 horses, 11 sheep, 25 swine, 21 dogs, one cat and 62 groups of chickens from 10 large private properties and 75 rural settlements. Eimeria spp. was present in almost all hosts, excepted in horses, dogs and cats. Giardia cysts were present only in cattle. Nematodes were found in swine, ruminants and horses in high prevalence. Ancylostoma, Toxocara and Sarcocystis were found in dogs. Chickens were found with coccidia, Ascaridida and Capillaria spp.. These parasites can cause malnutrition and reproductive disorders for their hosts. Strategies to prevent and control the spread of endoparasites can improve wildlife, animal and human health in this area. Resumo O Parque Estadual Morro do diabo (PEMD) é um significante remanescente de Mata Atlântica no Brasil, e rodeado de propriedades rurais. Nesta área humanos, animais domésticos e silvestres vivem próximos, o que facilita o fluxo de agentes infecciosas entre eles. Nós avaliamos a presença de endoparasitas, por meio de exame coproparasitológico dos animais domésticos de todas as propriedades rurais do entorno do PEMD. Foram amostrados 197 bovinos, 37 equinos, 11 ovinos, 25 suínos, 62 grupos de galinhas, 22 cães e 1 gato, residentes em 10 grandes propriedades privadas e 75 assentamentos rurais. Eimeria spp. estava presente em quase todas as espécies hospedeiras, com excessão de equinos, cães e gatos. Cistos de Giardia estavam presentes somente em bovinos. Nematodes foram encontrados em suínos, ruminantes e equinos em alta prevalência. Ancylostoma, Toxocara e Sarcocystis foram encontrados em cães. Galinhas foram encontradas com coccidia, Ascaridida e Capillaria spp.. Os parasitas encontrados podem causar má nutrição e problemas reprodutivos para seus hospedeiros. Medidas de prevenção e controle da dispersão de endoparasitas podem melhorar a condição de saúde pública, animal e ambiental nesta área.

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in cattle and sheep from the North Pioneer mesoregion of the state of Paraná. For this, 317 stool samples were collected from cattle and sheep on 16 properties in six municipalities in the North Pioneer mesoregion of Paraná. For detection of Cryptosporidium species, molecular analysis was performed using nested-PCR techniques targeting the 18S rRNA gene. Of the 37 beef cows and 115 calves analyzed, four (10.8%) and 14 (12.2%), respectively, were positive for Cryptosporidium. Of the 12 cows and 52 calves, one (8.3%) and 14 (26.9%), respectively, were positive for Cryptosporidium; and of the 42 ewes and 59 lambs, six (14.3%) and 12 (20.3%), respectively were positive for Cryptosporidium. Cattle (15.3%) and sheep (17.8%) were both susceptible to infection. All the properties of the municipalities of Assaí, Ibaiti and, Leópolis presented infected animals. The study showed that Cryptosporidium occurs in most municipalities assessed, that dairy calves had a higher risk (Odds Ratio=2,66, p-value=0,018) for infection than beef calves, and that sheep are just as susceptible to infection as are cattle, and that further Cryptosporidium studies are developed.

Consumers increasingly demand natural food and absent of toxic waste and medicated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aqueous extract of dried and in natura stem from pomegranate on the larval inhibition of Haemonchus spp. and Cooperia spp. obtained from cattle. Dried and in natura aqueous extract from pomegranate stem (AEPS), negative control (autoclaved distilled water) and positive control (levamisole hydrochloride 0.05 mg / mL) were evaluated. Four mL of each treatment were used, and the results were evaluated in triplicate by egg counts per gram of feces (EPG), faecal culture and counting of the larvae. The mean of the larvae that developed per gram of feces was submitted to logarithimic transformation log. (X + 10). The EPG had an average value of 3.620 eggs, identified in faecal cultures of larvae from Haemonchus spp. and Cooperia spp. Dried AEPS presented, by the reduction of larvae, effectiveness of 92.29% for Haemonchus spp. and 96.97% for Cooperia spp. In natura, this extract showed 80% of efficacy against Cooperia larvae, being considered moderately effective; however, for Haemonchus spp. this extract was not effective. These results are specially important for organic and agroecological systems of production, that not allow the use of chemical parasiticides. In conclusion, the use of dried AEPS showed potential anthelmintic and may represent important natural therapeutic option.

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and compare the results obtained in the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT), Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and bioassay in mice. In order to accomplish this, 40 free-range chickens from eight farms in neighboring areas to the Pantanal in Nhecolândia, Mato Grosso do Sul, were euthanized and blood samples, brain and heart were collected. The occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies found in chickens was 67.5% (27 samples), considering as a cutoff point the dilution 1:5. Among the samples analyzed, 7 (25.9%) were positive in the dilution 1:5, 3 (11.1%) in 1:10, 2 (7.4%) in 1:20, 3 (11.1%) in 1:320, 1 ( 3.7%) in 1:640, 3 (11.1%) in 1:1280, 2 (7.4%) in 1:2560, 4 (14.8%) in 1:5120 and 2 (7.4%) in 1:10.240. From the mixture of tissue samples (brain and heart) from the chickens analyzed, 16 (40%) presented electrophoretic bands compatible with T. gondii by PCR (gene B1). In the comparison of techniques, 59.26% positivity in PCR was revealed among animals that were seropositive in MAT (cutoff 1:5). From 141 inoculated mice, six (4.44%) died of acute toxoplasmosis between 15 and 23 days after inoculation. Surviving mice were sacrificed at 74 days after inoculation, and a total of 28 cysts were found in the brains of 10 distinct groups. From the seropositive hens, 27 bioassays were performed and 11 (40.7%) isolates were obtained. A greater number of isolations happened in mice that were inoculated with tissues from chickens that had high titers for anti-T. gondii antibodies. Chronic infection in mice was observed in nine groups (33.3%) from five different properties. Among the surviving mice, 25.6% were positive for T. gondii in MAT (1:25). From mice positive in PCR, 87.5% were also positive in MAT. Among the PCR-negative mice, 5.2% were positive for T. gondii in MAT. It can be concluded through this study that the occurrence of infecton by T. gondii in the rural properties studied was high, that PCR directed to gene B1 does not confirm the viability of the parasite, but it can be used as a screening method for the selection of chickens infected by T. gondii, that the animals with titer greater than 10 must be prioritized for the selection of animals for bioassay, since for them, the chances of isolating the parasite are greater and that seroconversion in experimentally infected mice is not a good indicator for isolating the agent.

We have studied the variability of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and small subunit ribosomal (SSU) rRNA coding genes of Giardia species in fecal samples isolated from wild and exotic animals in Brazil, and compared with homologous sequences of isolates from human and domestic animals characterized in previous studies. Cysts of Giardia duodenalis were obtained from feces of naturally infected monkeys (Alouatta fusca) (n = 20), chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) (n = 3), ostriches (Struthio camelus) (n = 2) and jaguar (Panthera onca) (n = 1). Assemblage AI was assigned to the unique isolate of jaguar. All the samples from monkeys, chinchillas, and ostriches were assigned to Assemblage B. There was little evolutionary divergence between the referred isolates and isolates described elsewhere. The Assemblage B isolates identified in this study were closely related to Assemblage BIV isolated from humans. The molecular identification of Assemblages A and B of G. duodenalis isolates from exotic and wild animals demonstrates that such hosts may be a potential reservoir for zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis.

The anthelmintic efficiency of doramectin, fenbendazole, and nitroxynil, used individually or in combination, was determined by the Fecal Egg Count Reduction (FECR) test and cultivation of larvae of anthelminthic-treated sheep grouped as follows: G1 (doramectin), G2 (fenbendazole), G3 (nitroxynil), G4 (doramectin + fenbendazole), G5 (doramectin + nitroxynil), G6 (fenbendazole + nitroxynil), G7 (doramectin + nitroxynil + fenbendazole), G8 (untreated). In addition to individually used doramectin and fenbendazole, the helminths were also resistant to the combination of doramectin + fenbendazole; nitroxynil + fenbendazole; and doramectin + nitroxynil + fenbendazole, with their FECR rates ranging from 62-83%. The helminths showed possible nitroxynil-resistance, but had low resistance when the drug was administered in combination with doramectin. The evaluation of individual helminth species revealed that fenbendazole was fully effective against Cooperia; doramectin (G1), moderately effective against Haemonchus and insufficiently active against Cooperia; nitroxynil, effective against Haemonchus and insufficiently active against Cooperia. It was concluded from the results that herd nematodes are resistant to doramectin, fenbendazole, and nitroxynil, and that the combined use of the drugs not only fails to significantly improve the anthelmintic efficiency against Haemonchus and Cooperia, but is also cost-ineffective. Resumo Eficiências da doramectina, fenbendazole e nitroxynil, utilizados individualmente ou associadamente, foram determinadas através do Teste de Redução na Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes (RCOF) e cultivo de larvas. Os grupos experimentais foram os seguintes: G1 (ovinos tratados com doramectina), G2 (fenbendazole), G3 (nitroxynil), G4 (doramectina + fenbendazole), G5 (doramectina + nitroxynil), G6 (fenbendazole + nitroxynil), G7 (doramectina + fenbendazole + nitroxynil) e G8, não tratados. Os helmintos foram considerados resistentes a doramectina e ao fenbendazole isoladamente e às associações doramectina + fenbendazole, fenbendazole + nitroxynil, e doramectina + fenbendazole + nitroxynil, com taxas de RCOF variando de 62-83%. Helmintos foram considerados suspeitos de resistência ao nitroxynil e apresentaram baixa resistência, quando esta droga foi associada à doramectina. Dos tratamentos isolados, o fenbendazole demonstrou total eficácia (100%) contra Cooperia. Doramectina (G1) foi moderadamente efetiva contra Haemonchus e insuficientemente ativa contra Cooperia, e o nitroxynil efetivo contra Haemonchus (93,2%) e insuficientemente ativo contra Cooperia (0%). Concluiu-se neste estudo que os nematódeos do rebanho são resistentes à doramectina, fenbendazole e nitroxynil, e que, ainda que associadas, não devem ser utilizadas no rebanho por não melhorarem a eficiência anti-helmíntica nem a efetividade contra Haemonchus e Cooperia e por não apresentarem custo-benefício justificado.

Apesar de o protozoário Toxoplasma gondii ser considerado a única espécie válida para o gênero, são reconhecidas três linhagens clonais, denominadas Tipo I, Tipo II e Tipo III, predominantes em países da Europa ocidental e Estados Unidos. Com a pesquisa de amostras deste parasito provenientes de outras regiões do mundo, como no caso do Brasil, várias outras configurações genotípicas diferentes das dos arquétipos mencionados acima vêm sendo encontradas. Neste trabalho, quarenta galinhas/galos (Gallus domesticus) de criação livre de oito propriedades rurais de áreas limítrofes ao Pantanal da Nhecolândia no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul foram eutanasiadas e amostras de sangue, cérebro e coração foram coletadas. O sorodiagnóstico foi realizado através do Teste de Aglutinação Modificado (MAT) e, com um pool de órgãos dos animais positivos, foi realizado bioensaio em camundongos. Foram obtidos, após o bioensaio, 11 isolados de T. gondii. O DNA foi extraído dos tecidos dos camundongos infectados e a tipificação dos isolados foi realizada utilizando 12 marcadores PCR-RFLP, genericamente denominados SAG1, 5´3´SAG2, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico e CS3. Vinte e sete galinhas (67,5%) foram sorologicamente positivas para T. gondii e 13 (32,5%) foram negativas. Das amostras soropositivas, 7 (25,9%) foram positivas na diluição 1:5, 3 (11,1%) em 1:10, 2 (7,4%) em 1:20, 3 (11,1%) em 1:320, 1 (3,7%) em 1:640, 3 (11,1%) em 1:1280, 2 (7,4%) em 1:2560, 4 (14,8%) em 1:5120 e 2 (7,4%) em 1:10240. Quanto à genotipagem, cinco genótipos foram revelados nos 11 isolados de galinhas de cinco propriedades do município de Aquidauana e uma propriedade do município de Rio Verde do Mato Grosso, incluindo um genótipo misto encontrado em um isolado (TgCkBr198) que demonstrou um complexo cujos padrões são uma combinação de 2 alelos observados em oito loci. Dois genótipos foram descritos pela primeira vez, considerando os 140 isolados de galinhas de diferentes regiões brasileiras avaliadas em estudos anteriores. Os resultados corroboram com estudos anteriores sobre os isolados de T. gondii no Brasil, confirmando sua diversidade e atipicidade. Despite the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is considered the only valid species for the genus, three clonal lineages are recognized, known as the Type I, Type II and Type III, which predominate in Western European countries and the USA. The search for samples of this parasite from other regions of the world, as in the case of Brazil, has revealed different genotypes other than the archetypes above mentioned. In this study, forty free range chickens (Gallus domesticus) of eight farms from areas belonging to the Pantanal Nhecolândia in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul were euthanized and samples of blood, brain and heart were collected. The serodiagnosis was performed using the technique of modified agglutination test (MAT) and a pool of organs of seropositive animals was used to perform the bioassay in mice. It was obtained 11 isolates of T. gondii. DNA was extracted from tissues of infected mice and characterization of isolates was performed using 12 PCR-RFLP markers, known generically SAG1, 5\'3\'SAG2, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, C29-2, L358, PK1, Apico and CS3. Twenty-seven chickens (67.5%) were serologically positive for T. gondii and 13 (32.5%) were negative. Among the seropositive samples, 7 (25.9%) were positive at 1:5 dilution, 3 (11.1%) in 1:10, 2 (7.4%) in 1:20, 3 (11.1%) at 1:320, 1 (3.7%) at 1:640, 3 (11.1%) in 1:1280, 2 (7.4%) in 1:2560, 4 (14.8%) on 1:5120 and 2 (7.4%) at 1:10240. With regard to genotyping, five genotypes were found within 11 isolates from chickens from five properties in the municipality of Aquidauana and one property of the municipality of Rio Verde of Mato Grosso, including a mixed genotype found in one isolate (TgCkBr198) that showed a complex pattern which is a combination of 2 alleles observed at eight loci. Two genotypes have been described for the first time, considering the 140 isolates from chickens in different Brazilian regions evaluated in previous studies. The results corroborate with previous studies on the isolates of T. gondii in Brazil, confirming their diversity and atypicality.

The aim of this study is to determine the occurrence of creatine kinase (CK) serum activity in cats with hyperthyroidism and its associations with clinical-pathological alterations and with total (TT4) and free (FT4) thyroxin. CK serum activity was evaluated in 19 cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism, with TT4 ranging from 34.88-294.98nmol L-1 and FT4 ranging from 2.83-52.9pmol L-1 and also by serum biochemical analysis, including the activity of CK, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), cholesterol and bile acids. The reference value for CK considered in this study was of 110-250U L-1. CK serum activity was evaluated in 19 cats with spontaneous hyperthyroidism, with TT4 ranging from 34.88-294.98nmol L-1 and FT4 ranging from 2.83-52. 9pmol L-1. Its activity CK was elevated in 47.3% of cats (≥250U L-1) and presented statistical difference (P

The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of occurrence and variety of intestinal parasites among free-living wild animals. Fecal samples from wild mammals and birds at rehabilitation centers in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo were analyzed by sedimentation and flotation-centrifugation methods. Parasite eggs, oocysts, cysts and/or trophozoites were found in 71% of the samples. Cryptosporidiumsp. oocysts were detected in fecal samples from oncillas (Leopardus tigrinus) and scaly-headed parrots (Pionus maximiliani). Giardia cysts were identified in the feces of a gray brocket (Mazama gouazoubira). Among the most common parasites found, there were eggs from Toxocara cati,Toxascaris leonina and Ancylostoma tubaeforme, and from Cestoda. Several Enterobiussp. eggs were found in the feces of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus). It can be concluded from this study that despite the small number of samples, the diversity of parasites found was noteworthy. Additional information about parasite endofauna in wild animals is needed, since their presence might suggest that there could be proximity to and interactions with domestic animals and/or humans. In addition, further studies on parasites from free-living wild animals are of prime importance for understanding the intensity of anthropic changes in wild environments. O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisar a frequência de ocorrência e a variedade de parasitas intestinais de animais silvestres de vida livre. Amostras de fezes de mamíferos e aves silvestres de centros de reabilitação dos Estados do Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo, foram analisadas pelos métodos de sedimentação e de centrífugo-flutuação. Foram encontrados ovos, oocistos, cistos e/ou trofozoítos de parasitas em 71% das amostras. Oocistos deCryptosporidium sp. foram detectados em amostras de fezes de gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus) e maritacas (Pionus maximiliani). Cistos de Giardiaforam identificados nas fezes de um veado catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira). Entre os parasitas mais comuns, foram encontrados ovos de Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina eAncylostoma tubaeforme, além de ovos de Cestoda. Vários ovos de Enterobius sp. foram encontrados nas fezes de bugio (Alouatta seniculus). Neste trabalho concluiu-se que, apesar de pequeno o número de amostras, a diversidade de parasitas encontrados foi relevante. Informações adicionais sobre a endofauna parasitária em animais silvestres são necessárias, pois podem sugerir a interação e proximidade com animais domésticos e/ou o homem. Além disso, maiores estudos sobre os parasitas de animais silvestres de vida livre são primordiais para a compreensão da intensidade de alterações antrópicas no meio silvestre.

The objective of this study was to detect antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in free-range and caged chickens Gallus domesticus. Initially, the humoral immune response of two chickens immunized with P. brasiliensis was evaluated. Both animals showed the production of antibodies to gp43, the major P. brasiliensis antigen. The seroepidemiological survey was conducted in chickens from the Pantanal region in Mato Grosso do Sul State (free-range n = 40) and from northern region of Parana State (free-range n = 100, caged n = 43). The serum samples were analyzed by indirect ELISA using gp43 as antigen. The positivity observed in free-range chickens from Mato Grosso do Sul (55%) was significantly higher (P = 0.0001) than in free-range chickens from Parana State (16%). In contrast to the free-range chickens, no positivity was observed in the caged chickens (P = 0.003). This is the first report showing serological evidence of P. brasiliensis infection in chickens. The results suggest that free-range chickens are more frequently infected by P. brasiliensis, probably due to the constant contact with soil than caged chickens and could be useful as epidemiological markers of paracoccidioidomycosis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the humoral immune response in cattle immunized with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and perform a seroepidemiological study of paracoccidioidomycosis in dairy cattle from Mato Grosso do Sul. Two animals (one steer and one heifer) were inoculated with a suspension of P. brasiliensis in Freund incomplete adjuvant. Blood samples were collected periodically to evaluate humoral immune response by immunodiffusion and ELISA, using exoantigen and gp43 as antigens, respectively. The antibody production was detected by immunodiffusion and ELISA, in both animals, 14 days after immunization. The soroepidemiologic study was carried out in 400 cattle of Mato Grosso do Sul from four municipalities: Corumba, Dourados, Nova Andradina, and Sao Gabriel d’Oeste. The municipalities of Corumba (30%) and Nova Andradina (28%) showed higher positivity than Dourados (8%) and Sao Gabriel d’Oeste (4%). In this study we concluded that cattle immunized with P. brasiliensis develop humoral immune response for gp43, remaining with high titers of antibodies, and that this animal species could be an epidemiologic marker of paracoccidioidomycosis.

The aim of this study was to detect antibodies against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in dogs seropositive and seronegative for leishmaniasis. Sera from 836 dogs (449 positive and 387 negative to leishmaniasis) were analysed by ELISA and the immunodiffusion test using gp43 and exoantigen, respectively. The analysis of the 836 serum samples by ELISA and the immunodiffusion test showed a positivity of 67.8 % and 7.3%, respectively, for P. brasiliensis infection. The dogs positive to leishmaniasis showed a higher reactivity to gp43 (79.9%) and exoantigen (12.7%) than the negative ones (54.0% and 1.0%, respectively). The higher reactivity to P. brasiliensis antigens may be due to cross-reactivity or a co-infection of dogs by Leishmania and P. brasiliensis. The lower correlation (0.187) observed between reactivity to gp43 and Leishmania antigen reinforces the latter hypothesis.

Submitted by Michele Mologni (mologni@unoeste.br) on 2019-08-01T14:01:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliane Szucs dos Santos.pdf: 1100864 bytes, checksum: 8efa71d7ecefb0d14fe4fae4ac746957 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-08-01T14:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliane Szucs dos Santos.pdf: 1100864 bytes, checksum: 8efa71d7ecefb0d14fe4fae4ac746957 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-04-26 Wound healing encompasses complex processes of cellular and biochemical events that interact for the regeneration of injured tissue, involving cells, extracellular matrix, cytokines and growth factors (GF). The GF and cytokines act in tissue repair and healing, modulating the proliferation, migration and increase of the metabolic activity of the cells. Blood is a rich source for obtaining therapeutic cellular or protein products. In view of the richness of hemocomponents found in the total blood and their importance in the clinical use in regenerative medicine, we highlight the platelets. Platelets have primary function of hemostasis and secondary angiogenesis, innate immunity and healing of damaged tissues, being rich in GF. Based on platelets as a GF storage vehicle, platelet rich Plasma (PRP) is shown as a great stimulator in repairing a wide range of tissues. The PRP is a platelet-rich plasma concentrate five times higher than the basal value obtained from autogenous blood, being attributed anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties with high therapeutic potential based on increased concentration of the GF. In order to promote the improvement of wound healing and tissue repair, studies bring proposals for therapeutic interventions that attenuate the acute inflammatory response and decrease the expression of cytokines after injuries, offering opportunities to reduce the rate of mortality and improvement in the quality of life of patients besides contributing to the reduction of costs in health care. For this purpose, we used in our study a second-generation synthetic statin, rosuvastatin (RSV), for being the target of experimental investigations of inflammatory activities, antioxidants, cell proliferation, among others. Eight New Zealand adult male rabbits were used, kept in individual cages, with controlled temperature ration and water at will. Four wounds were made that received different treatments: 0.9% sodium chloride solution, autologous PRP in gel form, RSV Gel 1.2% and association of RSV 1.2% and autologous PRP in gel form. The procedure was analyzed at moments 0, 7, 14 and 17 days using the qPCR Array technique, a method that enables in vitro amplification of DNA. The results showed that the expression of COL1A1 and COL3A1 were statistically higher in the PRP group compared to the RSV and PRP + RSV groups, but did not differ from the control group. The relative abundance of the genes AIF1, B2M and VEGFA showed no significant difference between the treatment groups. It was observed that there was an increase in the expression of COL1A1 during the time analyzed, but the data were not statistically significant (P = 0.13), already the COL3A1 gene showed a significant increase from the M7 (P =0.02), continuing until the end of experiment (M17). It can be concluded that the PRP alone brought greater benefit to the scar process in relation to RSV alone or associated with PRP. Although there was a growing increase in the COL1A1 and COL3A1 genes, it did not imply the faster closure of the wound treated with PRP. A cicatrização de feridas abrange processos complexos de eventos celulares e bioquímicos que interagem para a regeneração do tecido lesionado, envolve células, matriz extracelular, citocinas e fatores de crescimento (FC). Os FC e as citocinas atuam no reparo e cicatrização tecidual, modulando a proliferação, migração e aumento da atividade metabólica das células. O sangue é uma farta fonte para obtenção de produtos terapêuticos celulares ou proteicos. Diante da riqueza de hemocomponentes encontrados no sangue total e importância dos mesmos na utilização clínica em medicina regenerativa, destacamos as plaquetas. As plaquetas têm função primária de hemostasia e secundária de angiogênese, imunidade inata e cicatrização de tecidos danificados, sendo ricas em FC. Fundamentando a plaqueta como um veículo de armazenamento de FC, o Plasma Rico em Plaquetas (PRP), é exibido como um ótimo estimulador na reparação de uma ampla variedade de tecidos. O PRP é um concentrado de plasma rico em plaquetas cinco vezes maior que o valor basal, obtido a partir de sangue autógeno, sendo-lhe atribuídas propriedades anti-inflamatórias e regenerativas, com elevado potencial terapêutico baseado no aumento da concentração dos FC. A fim de promover a melhora da cicatrização de feridas e reparo tecidual, estudos trazem propostas de intervenções terapêuticas que atenuem a resposta inflamatória aguda e diminuam a expressão das citocinas após lesões, oferecendo oportunidades de redução da taxa de mortalidade e melhora da qualidade de vida de pacientes além de contribuir na redução de custos em cuidados com a saúde. Com essa finalidade, utilizamos em nosso estudo uma estatina sintética de segunda geração, a rosuvastatina (RSV), por ser alvo de investigações experimentais quanto a efeitos pleiotrópicos, dentre eles atividades anti-inflamatórias, antioxidantes, de proliferação celular, entre outros. Foram utilizados oito coelhos machos adultos, da raça Nova Zelândia, mantidos em gaiolas individuais, com temperatura controlada ração e água à vontade. Foram confeccionadas quatro feridas que receberam diferentes tratamentos: solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9%®, PRP autólogo na forma gel, gel de RSV a 1,2% e associação de RSV 1,2% e PRP autólogo na forma gel. O procedimento foi analisado nos momentos 0, 7, 14 e 17 dias utilizando-se a técnica de qPCR Array, método que possibilita a amplificação in vitro do DNA. Os resultados apontaram que a expressão de COL1A1 e COL3A1 foram estatisticamente superiores no grupo PRP em relação aos grupos RSV e PRP+RSV, porém não diferiu do grupo controle. A abundância relativa dos genes AIF1, B2M e VEGFA não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos de tratamento. Observou-se que houve aumento crescente da expressão de COL1A1 no decorrer do tempo analisado, porém os dados não foram estatisticamente significantes (p=0,13), já o gene COL3A1 apresentou aumento significativo a partir do M7 (p=0,02), continuando até o final do experimento (M17). Pode-se concluir que o PRP isoladamente trouxe maior benefício ao processo cicatricial em relação a RSV isolada ou associada ao PRP. Embora havendo aumento crescente dos genes COL1A1 e COL3A1, não implicou no fechamento mais rápido da ferida tratada com PRP.

Doenças relacionadas à ingestão de alimentos contaminados afetam um terço da população mundial, sejam de origem viral, bacteriana, fúngica ou parasitária. Além de grande importância na saúde pública têm importância econômica devido aos gastos com tratamento. A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii, que assim como a giardíase (Giardia intestinalis) e criptosporidiose (Cryptosporidium spp.) estão associados à surtos de origem hídrica e alimentar. No que diz respeito à toxoplasmose, analisando seu histórico por meio da revisão sistemática, foi a causa de 35 surtos mundialmente publicados nos últimos 50 anos e as principais vias de transmissão foram: água, frutas, verduras, carne crua ou pouco cozida e leite de cabra. A ocorrência de surtos conforme a forma biológica do parasita foi: esporozoíto (oocisto) e bradizoítos (cisto) 45,7% (16/35) cada; enquanto para os taquizoítos 8,6% (3/35). Nas décadas de 1970 e 1990, os surtos ocorreram principalmente por meio da ingestão de cistos na carne e seus derivados; nos anos 80, leite contaminado com taquizoítos; em 2000, oocistos na água; a partir de 2010, houve um aumento na ocorrência de surtos devido a oocistos em vegetais crus. Observou-se uma mudança na epidemiologia dos surtos nos últimos 20 anos. Os vegetais tiveram seu consumo aumentado, esses alimentos quando não higienizados de forma adequada podem conter estruturas parasitárias, para detecção de parasitas, utilizou-se Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), Hoffman, Willis and Faust e foi observado contaminação por T. gondii em 12,9% (8/62), G. intestinalis em 25,8% (16/62), Cryptosporidium spp. em 11,3% (7/62), e outros parasitas em 45,23% (19/42) dos vegetais analisados. Além disso, por meio do Kit Comercial Colilert de análise de contaminação de água, observou-se que 81,0% (19/21) amostras de água de irrigação apresentavam Escherichia coli. O uso de água de rio na irrigação demonstrou um papel importante na contaminação dos vegetais, em contrapartida a suplementação do solo com calcário contribuiu positivamente para a manutenção de hortaliças mais seguras. Em 2015, houve um surto de toxoplasmose em uma instituição de pesquisa em Londrina, Paraná. Um total de 20 indivíduos apresentaram sintomas e sorologia compatíveis com a infecção aguda. Para análise de fatores de risco foi estruturado um estudo de caso e controle na razão 1:2,25. Todos os participantes da investigação responderam a um questionário epidemiológico. Foram coletadas um total de 29 amostras ambientais, todas negativas à reação em cadeia da polimerase. Após a análise dos dados epidemiológicos, o consumo de vegetais foi a única variável associada à ocorrência da doença. A partir dos resultados demonstrou-se a importância dos vegetais como via de transmissão de T. gondii e de outros patógenos, além disso, expõem alguns pontos críticos de contaminação, fornecendo suporte para capacitar os agricultores em boas práticas de gestão durante o processo de produção e ainda, oferecem as principais características epidemiológicas para o rápido reconhecimento de surto, notificação e investigação para que desta forma seja interrompida a cadeia de transmissão, impedindo a ocorrência de surtos. Diseases related to the ingestion of contaminated food affect one-third of the world's population, whether of viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic origin. Besides being of great importance in public health, they are economically important due to treatment expenses. Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which as well as giardiasis (Giardia intestinalis) and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.) Are associated with water and food sources. Regarding to toxoplasmosis, analyzing its history through the systematic review, it was the cause of 35 outbreaks worldwide published in the last 50 years and the main transmission routes were: water, fruits, vegetables, raw or undercooked meat and milk of goat. The occurrence of outbreaks according to the biological form of the parasite was: sporozoite (oocyst) and bradyzoites (cyst) 45.7% (16/35) each; while for the tachyzoites 8.6% (3/35). In the 1970s and 1990s, outbreaks occurred mainly through the ingestion of cysts in meat and its derivatives; in the 1980s, milk contaminated with tachyzoites; in 2000, oocysts in water; as of 2010, there was an increase in the occurrence of outbreaks due to oocysts in raw vegetables. There has been a change in the epidemiology of outbreaks in the last 20 years. The plants had their consumption increased, these foods, when not properly sanitized, could contain parasite structures for the detection of parasites. Polymerase Chain Reaction, Hoffman, Willis and Faust were used, and contamination by T. gondii in 12.9% (8/62), G. intestinalis in 25.8% (16/62), Cryptosporidium spp. in 11.3% (7/62), and other parasites in 45.23% (19/42) of the analyzed vegetables. In addition, through the Colilert Commercial Kit of analysis of water contamination, it was observed that 81.0% (19/21) samples of irrigation water presented Escherichia coli. The use of river water in the irrigation showed an important role in the contamination of the vegetables, in contrast the supplementation of the soil with limestone contributed positively to the maintenance of safer vegetables. In 2015, there was an outbreak of toxoplasmosis at a research institution in Londrina, Paraná. A total of 20 individuals presented symptoms and serology compatible with acute infection. For the analysis of risk factors a case and control study was structured in the ratio 1: 2.25. All the participants of the investigation answered an epidemiological questionnaire. A total of 29 environmental samples were collected, all of them negative to the polymerase chain r eaction. After analyzing the epidemiological data, vegetable consumption was the only variable associated with the occurrence of the disease. From the results, the importance of the vegetables as a transmission route of T. gondii and other pathogens has been demonstrated. In addition, they present some critical contamination points, providing support to train farmers on good management practices during the production process and also offer the main epidemiological characteristics for the rapid recognition of the outbreak, notification and investigation in order to interrupt the transmission chain, thus preventing the occurrence of outbreaks.

As leishmanioses são agravos zoonóticos negligenciados cujas principais formas clínicas são: tegumentar e visceral; a primeira é endêmica no Norte do Paraná em seres humanos e em animais, enquanto que da segunda nenhum caso autóctone foi registrado na mesma região até o momento. O objetivo da presente tese de doutorado foi investigar a ocorrência das leishmanioses em humanos e animais de municípios do Norte do Paraná do ponto de vista espacial e molecular com a finalidade de fornecer informações aos gestores de saúde que auxiliem na tomada de decisão e elaboração de novos programas de prevenção e controle. Foram georreferenciados os casos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) humana notificados de 2007 a 2016 nas 18ª, 17ª, 16ª e 15ª regionais de saúde (RS) do Paraná. Desses casos foram avaliados aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e laboratoriais, bem como foi analisada a influência de variáveis climáticas, econômicas e ambientais. No período do estudo houve picos de casos em 2008, 2012 e 2015, demonstrando o já conhecido perfil cíclico do agravo. A forma clínica cutânea foi predominante (88,3%), casos novos corresponderam a 90,8% das notificações, 7,8% foram recidivas, 92,2% dos casos evoluíram para cura, 3,0% abandonaram o tratamento. Foi notificado óbito por LTA em quatro indivíduos. Na análise de regressão foi observado que quanto menor a proporção de Mata Atlântica remanescente, maior a incidência de LTA no município. Por meio da análise de agrupamentos pode-se observar que em municípios da 15ªRS foi observada concentração de abandono de tratamento em relação aos casos curados. Em se tratando de leishmaniose visceral (LV), realizou-se vigilância epidemiológica ativa de casos caninos e em fauna silvestre atropelada. Em um canino errante do município de Londrina (17ªRS) a positividade foi relatada para o gênero Leishmania em testes sorológicos, moleculares e citológicos; o diagnóstico oficial de LV foi feito pelo Laboratório Central do Paraná (LACEN) e, por meio de de um relatório oficial, iniciou-se a investigação para a verificação de autoctonia. No entanto, nem o vetor, nem novos casos caninos, nem a origem do animal doente foram identificados. Com relação à vigilância em animais silvestres atropelados, amostras de medula óssea, linfonodo, baço, fígado e pele de ponta de orelha de 66 mamíferos coletados em ruas e rodovias de 24 municípios do Norte do Paraná foi testada para a presença de DNA de Leishmania spp., constatou-se que um tamanduá-mirim (Tamandua tetradactyla) estava infectado com o parasito Leishmania do subgênero Viannia. Os dados apresentados no presente trabalho demonstram que medidas preventivas e de educação em saúde voltadas a LTA devem ser direcionadas às áreas de maior degradação da mata nativa; bem como, as consequências do abandono do tratamento devem ser melhor esclarecidas aos pacientes. Levando-se em consideração o risco da entrada da LV no Norte do Paraná através municípios endêmicos do oeste paulista, a vigilância epidemiológica ativa e precoce da mesma deve ser constante. Para tal, a metodologia padronizada pelo presente estudo pode ser empregada, a técnica baseada na detecção de DNA de Leishmania em fauna silvestres atropelada demonstrou ser efetiva. Leishmaniasis are neglected zoonotic diseases whose main clinical forms are: tegumentary and visceral; the first is endemic in the north of Paraná in humans and animals, while no autochthonous case of the second has been recorded in the same region to date. The objective of the present thesis was to investigate the occurrence of leishmaniasis in humans and animals from the municipalities of the North of Paraná from the spatial and molecular point of view, in order to provide information to health managers that help in decision making and new prevention and control programs. The cases of human American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) notified from 2007 to 2016 in the 18th, 17th, 16th and 15th regional health centers (RHC) of Paraná were georreferenced. From these cases, clinical, epidemiological and laboratory aspects were evaluated, as well as the influence of climatic, economic and environmental variables. During the study period there were case peaks in 2008, 2012 and 2015, demonstrating the already known cyclic profile of the disease. The cutaneous clinical form was predominant (88.3%), new cases corresponded to 90.8% of the notifications, 7.8% were relapses, 92.2% of cases evolved to cure, and 3.0% abandoned treatment. Death was reported by ATL in four individuals. In the regression analysis it was observed that the lower the proportion of remaining Atlantic Forest, the higher the incidence of ATL in the municipality. By means of cluster analysis it can be observed that in municipalities of the 15 th RHC the concentration of treatment abandonment was observed in relation to the cured cases. About visceral leishmaniasis (VL), active epidemiological surveillance of canine cases and on run-over wildlife was carried out. In a street dog from the municipality of Londrina (17ª RHC) the positivity was reported for the genus Leishmania in serological, molecular and cytological tests; the official diagnosis of VL was made by the Central Laboratory of Paraná (LACEN) and, through an official report, the investigation was begun for the verification of autochthony. However, neither the vector, nor new canine cases nor the origin of the diseased animal were identified. Regarding surveillance in wild animals, samples of bone marrow, lymph node, spleen, liver and ear-tipped skin of 66 mammals collected on streets and highways of 24 municipalities in the North of Paraná were tested for the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA. One lesser-anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) was found to be infected with the Leishmania parasite of the subgenus Viannia. The data presented in the present study demonstrate that preventive and health education measures focused on ATL should be directed to the areas of greater degradation of the native forest; as well as the consequences of discontinuation of treatment should be better informed to patients. Taking into account the risk of VL entering the North of Paraná through endemic municipalities in the west of São Paulo, the active and early epidemiological surveillance of the disease must be constant. For this, the methodology standardized by the present study can be used, the technique based on the detection of Leishmania DNA in wild animals run over proved to be effective.

A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é a principal micose sistêmica prevalente na América Latina, causada pelos fungos termo-dimórficos Paracoccidioides brasiliensis e P. lutzii. Considerando que o habitat destes fungos na natureza permanece indefinido, animais silvestres podem ser úteis como indicadores da presença de Paracoccidioides sp. no ambiente. Outra doença endêmica no estado do Paraná é a leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA). A LTA é uma doença parasitária causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e os animais silvestres podem ser hospedeiros e reservatórios biológicos destes patógenos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a infecção de mamíferos silvestres de pequeno porte por P. brasiliensis e Leishmania sp. em uma área endêmica para PCM e LTA. Os mamíferos silvestres (n=38) foram capturados por meio de armadilhas, em uma Reserva Nacional do Patrimônio Natural (RPPN) no município de Mauá da Serra-PR e a infecção por P. brasiliensis e Leishmania sp. foi avaliada por meio de métodos sorológicos (ELISA e imunodifusão), reação em cadeia da polimerase (Nested-PCR), cultura e exame histopatológico. Os animais utilizados para investigação da infecção por P. brasiliensis e Leishmania sp. foram: Akodon sp (n=12), Thaptomys nigrita (n=8), Euryoryzomys russatus (n=7), Oligorizomys nigripes (n=3), Monodelphis sp (n=3), Sooretamys angouya (n=2), Abrawayaomys angouya (n=1), Abrawayaomys ruschii (n=1) e Akodontinae sp (n=1). Além destes animais, um tatu atropelado Dasypus novemcinctus foi avaliado quanto à infecção por Leishmania sp. A análise das amostras de soro por ELISA demonstrou uma positividade de 23.7% (n=9) para gp43 de P. brasiliensis e 36,8% (n=14) para antígeno bruto de Leishmania sp. Amostras de coração e fígado de um O. nigripes apresentaram positividade para P. brasiliensis na PCR e o animal também apresentou positividade para o fungo no ELISA. O exame histopatológico, a imunodifusão e a cultura foram negativos P. brasiliensis. Amostras de tecidos de Dasypus novemcinctus (baço), Akodon sp. (fígado) e de Thaptomys nigrita (baço) apresentaram positividade para Leishmania sp. na PCR e estes mesmos animais também apresentaram positividade para Leishmania sp. no teste de ELISA. Estes dados sugerem que mamíferos silvestres de pequeno porte são reservatórios de P. brasiliensis e Leishmania sp. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Latin America, caused by the termo dimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii. Taking into account that the habitat of these fungi is undefined, wild animals may be useful as indicators of the presence of Paracoccidioides sp. in the environment. Another endemic disease in the state of Paraná is the American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL). The ACL is a parasitic disease caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Wild animals can be host and biological reservoirs of these pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the infection of small wild mammals by P. brasiliensis and Leishmania sp. in an endemic area for PCM and ACL. The wild mammals (n=38) were captured by traps, in a National Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPN) in Mauá da Serra-PR and the infection by P. brasiliensis and Leishmania sp. was evaluated by serological methods (ELISA and immunodiffusion), polymerase chain reaction (Nested-PCR), culture and histopathological exam. The animals used for evaluation of infection by P. brasiliensis and Leishmania sp. were Akodon sp (n = 12), Thaptomys nigrita (n = 8), Euryoryzomys russatus (n = 7), Oligorizomys nigripes (n = 3), Monodelphis sp (n = 3), Sooretamys angouya (n = 2) Abrawayaomys angouya (n = 1), Abrawayaomys ruschii (n = 1) and Akodontinae sp (n = 1). Additionally, a road killed armadillo Dasypus novemcintus was evaluated for infection by Leishmania sp.. The analysis of serum samples by ELISA showed a positivity of 23.7% (n=9) for P. brasiliensis gp43 and 36.8% (n=14) for crude antigen of Leishmania sp. Tissue samples from one O. nigripes (heart and liver) were positive for P. brasiliensis in PCR and the animal was also seropositive for gp43 in ELISA. Histopathology, immunodiffusion and culture were negative for P. brasiliensis. Tissues samples from Dasypus novemcintus (spleen), Akodon sp. (liver) and Thaptomys nigrita (spleen) were PCR positive for Leishmania sp., and these animals were also seropositive for Leishmania sp. by ELISA. These data suggest that small wild mammals are reservoirs of Paracoccidioides and Leishmania sp.