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Abstract Introduction The Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (INCOM) was developed to measure individual differences in social comparison orientation and has been widely used in research and various different settings. Objectives The aim of this study was to adapt the online version of the INCOM and to evaluate its psychometric parameters when applied to a Brazilian population of university students. Methods The procedures were divided into two steps: step 1 – cross-cultural adaptation and analysis of content validity, and step 2 – assessment of psychometric characteristics. Step 1 comprised the processes of translation, evaluation by an expert committee, evaluation by the target population, and back-translation. For step 2, 1,065 university students were recruited and then factor analysis, analysis of reliability, and analysis of validity based on external measures were performed. Results The adaptation process yielded satisfactory results, including good indicators of content validity. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-dimensional structure and adequate factor loadings, except for item 11, which was excluded from the final version. Additionally, the final version of the scale had adequate fit indices (χ2 = 148.45, degrees of freedom [df] = 26; p < 0.001; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.06; comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.99; and Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = 0.98). Evidence of reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83) was observed and there were positive correlations with negative affect (r = 0.36) and negative correlations with positive affect and self-esteem (r = -0.15; r = -0.41, respectively). Conclusion The Brazilian version of the INCOM presents satisfactory psychometric parameters and can thus be used to measure social comparison orientation.

Abstract Objectives To describe the theoretical procedures employed in the process of cross-cultural adaptation (CCA) for Brazil of the Child Mania Rating Scale - Parent Version (CMRS-P). Methods Seven steps were carried out: (1) translations and synthesis; (2) Committee of Judges-I; (3) grammatical review; (4) Committee of Judges-II; (5) semantic analysis (pre-test); (6) back-translation; and (7) discussion with the authors of the original instrument. Participants were two professional translators, 14 experts, a grammar proofreader, and 21 parents/guardians, representatives of the target population. The results were analyzed in terms of the percentage of agreement between evaluators and the content validity coefficient (CVC) and by analysis of comments and suggestions. Results Grammatical and cultural adjustments were made, in addition to substitution and/or inclusion of words and examples. Adequacy agreement indexes exceeding 86% were achieved and the CVC result for the total scale was excellent (0.95). The pre-test indicated good acceptance and understanding by participants. Conclusion The proposed version proved to be promising for use in the Brazilian context, although further psychometric studies are still needed to prove the scale’s validity and reliability.

The study aimed to assess whether sleep quality is associated with global functioning and cognition in subjects that recently converted to bipolar disorder (BD), subjects without mood episodes at follow-up and subjects with a recurrent depressive episode in a sample of depressed adults. Significantly worse scores were found in global functioning, sleep quality, and cognitive complaints in the BD and recurrent depression groups when compared to the group without mood episode at follow-up. The findings also showed a significant association between functioning and cognitive complaints with sleep quality in all groups. The cross-sectional design prevents the inference of the causal relationship between sleep quality and measures of cognition and functioning. The authors reinforce the need to follow-up in order to improve functional and cognitive outcomes, notably with patients with BD, who may suffer in addition to damage caused by sleep alterations, also with neuroprogression in the long term.

Background: The identification of predictors of recurrence and persistence of depressive episodes in major depressive disorder (MDD) can be important to inform clinicians and collaborate to clinical decisions. Objective: The aim of the present study is to predict recurrent or persistent depressive episodes, in addition to predicting severe recurrent or persistent depressive episodes using a machine learning method. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study with three years of follow-up. Individuals diagnosed with MDD in the first phase of the study (2012–2015) were evaluated in the second phase (2012–2015). The sociodemographic, clinical, comorbid disorders and substance use variables were used as predictors in all predictive models. Initially, the first model predicted recurrence/persistence, including subjects of any severity of depression level. The second model predicted recurrence/persistence depression as the first model, although it was trained with severely depressed subjects and those without indicative for depression. The third model predicted severe depression among depressed patients. Results: Area under the curve (AUC) values ranged from 0.65 to 0.81, and accuracies ranged from 62% to 71%. Psychiatric comorbidities, substance abuse/dependence, and family medical history were important features in all three models. Limitation: The time between baseline and the second phase of the study was approximately three years, making it difficult to detect depressive symptoms during this time frame. Also, age at depression onset and number of episodes were not included in the model due to the large number of missing data. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study adds new information that can help health professionals both in their clinical practice and in public services.

Studies suggest that personality disorders can predict mood disorders. The present study aims to assess whether personality traits in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) can predict the conversion to bipolar disorder (BD). This was a prospective cohort study conducted in two waves. In the first wave, 585 subjects were diagnosed with MDD; in the second wave, all of them were reevaluated in a three-year follow-up. Personality traits were evaluated, in the first phase, using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI). MDD and BD diagnosis was performed by trained psychologists using a clinical structured interview based on diagnostics criteria of DSM IV, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Plus version (MINI-PLUS). During the second wave, 468 individuals were reevaluated. Diagnostic conversion rate from MDD to BD was 12.4%. Higher mean scores in Antissocial, Borderline personality traits and in the sum of all Cluster B disorders were found among individuals who had converted to BD. In addition, individuals who converted to BD had lowest scores in obsessive-compulsive personality traits. Our findings suggest that Cluster B personality disorders can be considered as predictors of diagnostics conversion from MDD to BD. Also, it seems that obsessive-compulsive traits were lower among those individuals who have converted to BD.

In this report, we aim to assess the interaction of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder with the evolution of social roles, economic classification, and substance misuse in emerging adults. This is a longitudinal population-based study (n = 231 at baseline), in which participants were reassessed at a mean of 5 years after baseline. A structured clinical interview was used to diagnose the participants with bipolar disorder and major depression; a control group without mood disorders was included. Men with mood disorders were less likely to be married in the beginning of the study and less likely to work in the follow-up. Women with major depression were less likely to study and more likely to be in a lower economic class at the beginning of the study. In comparison, women with bipolar disorder were less likely to live with their parents and more likely to live with their children in the first wave of the study. Substance misuse was more likely in people with mood disorders, especially in men, and women with bipolar disorder had the highest likelihood in the follow-up. Albeit longitudinal analyses were limited by a possibly insufficient sample size and mediating mechanisms for change, such as stigma, were not explored, the study suggests sex-related specificities regarding the change in social roles and substance use in people with mood disorders. Emerging adults, especially those with mood disorders, are in a period of change and instability and at a greater risk for substance use and abuse.

Abstract Introduction Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) have been growing progressively as treatment options in the field of mental health. Aim: To assess the impact of mindfulness-based interventions for reducing suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Methods A systematic review was performed in December 2020 using PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, SciELO, Pepsic, and LILACS databases with no year restrictions. The search strategy included the terms (‘mindfulness’ OR ‘mindfulness-based’) AND (‘suicide’ OR ‘suicidal’ OR ‘suicide risk’ OR ‘suicide attempt’ OR ‘suicide ideation’ OR ‘suicide behavior’). The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), CRD42020219514. Results A total of 14 studies met all inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Most of the studies presented Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy as the MBI assessed (n=10). An emerging and rapidly growing literature on MBI presents promising results in reduction of suicide risk, particularly in patients with MDD. Four studies assessing other MBI treatment protocols (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction; Daily Mindfulness Meditation Practice; Mind Body Awareness and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy) all demonstrated that MBI reduces factors associated with suicide risk. Conclusion MBI might target specific processes and contribute to suicide risk reduction.

This study aimed to assess the association between maternal diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder (BD) and the biological rhythms of their offspring, and describe the synchronization of biological rhythms among mothers and their offspring. This study included 59 mothers with a diagnosis of BD and 59 mothers who have not been diagnosed with BD at the first stage of the study, as well as their offspring aged 9–11 years. The mothers' biological rhythms were assessed using the Biological Rhythm Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN) and the offspring's biological rhythms were evaluated using the same assessment tool in the kids' version. The offspring of mothers with BD showed a significantly higher disruption of overall biological rhythm when compared to the offspring of mothers without BD. The mothers with BD and their offspring showed a higher disruption of biological rhythms in all the BRIAN/BRIAN-k domains when compared to the mothers without BD and their offspring. Additionally, we identified a positive correlation between the disruption of biological rhythms in mothers and the disruption of biological rhythms in their offspring. It is likely that they synced their own rhythm with the disrupted rhythm of their mothers.

Background: It has been reported that patients with bipolar disorder (BD) present changes in peripheral levels of the inflammatory cytokine CCL11, particularly at latestages. The aim of this study is to evaluate CCL11 levels in a population-based sample of drug-naive young adults. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study nested to a large population-based study. 29 drug-naive young adults with BD and 29 controls selected from this cohort were matched for sex, age, and years of education. The diagnosis of psychiatric disorders was performed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview PLUS. Serum levels of CCL11 were measured using sandwich-ELISA. Independent samples T-test was used to assess differences between groups regarding CCL11 levels. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the effect of independent factors on CCL11 levels. Results: There were no demographic differences between individuals with BD and controls. No significant differences were found regarding CCL11 levels between groups. The final multivariate model showed that the variables that remained independently associated with higher CCL11 levels were male sex (B:41.41 [CI95%: 15.66 - 67.15], p = 0.002) and tobacco use (B:22.71 [CI95%: 1.28 - 44.15], p = 0.038). Conclusions: The present study suggests that there is a possible influence of sex and tobacco use on CCL11 levels, as male sex and smoking status were associated with higher CCL11 levels in our sample. It also suggests that peripheral levels of CCL11 may not be involved in the pathophysiology of BD at early stages of the disorder.

Abstract Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops after exposure to a potentially traumatic event. Its clinical condition may lead to the development of risk behaviors, and its early detection is a relevant aspect to be considered. The aim of this study was to assess the association between childhood trauma and suicide risk in individuals with PTSD. Method This was a cross-sectional study conducted with individuals aged 18 to 60 years who were evaluated at a mental health research outpatient clinic. PTSD diagnosis and suicide risk identification were performed using specific modules of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-Plus). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to evaluate traumatic events in childhood. Results Of the 917 individuals evaluated, 55 were diagnosed with PTSD. The suicide risk prevalence in individuals with PTSD was 63.6%. Emotional neglect and emotional abuse scores tended to be higher in the suicide risk group (p

The spiritual well-being connects to the meaning of life in a broad way, enabling emotional balance, quality of life and development of ethical and moral values that can interfere in the biological, psychological and social issues of the individual. This study aimed to evaluate spiritual well-being in doctoral students of a community university Pelotas-RS in order to verify its association with sociodemographic factors and self-assessment of health and life. This is a cross-sectional study with convenience sample, which will examine the spiritual well-being in PhD Graduate Programs. Participants responded the questionnaire with socio-demographic factors, self-assessment of health and life and the instrument - long version of Spiritual Well-Being Scale (EBE) - which are self-administered. The t, ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests were used for the analysis. The results showed higher levels of spiritual well-being and religious in doctoral students that have any religion, perform religious practices and has frequency in activity; significant correlation was observed of religious well-being with the family income. The study shows the importance of the spiritual well-being as a protective factor in social, psychological and professional issues, especially in tense moments and overload living doctoral students. Keywords: Spirituality, Religion, Higher Education

Background/objective: There is an increasing number of older patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection due to the success of antiretroviral therapy, the improved prognosis and life expectancy of patients, and the higher number of new infections among older individuals. The main objective of the present study was to compare the characteristics of older human immunodeficiency virus patients with those of younger patients. Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who were treated at the Specialized Care Service (Serviço de Assistência Especializada) for human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in the city of Pelotas, South Brazil. Sociodemographic information as well as data on human immunodeficiency virus infection and treatment were collected. All participants underwent psychiatric and neurocognitive assessments, and their adherence to antiretroviral therapy was evaluated. Results: A total of 392 patients participated in the study, with 114 patients aged 50 years and older. The characteristics showing significant differences between older and younger human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients included race/ethnicity, comorbidities, duration and adherence to antiretroviral therapy, currently undetectable viral load, and cognitive impairment. Compared to younger patients, older patients were at higher risk of exhibiting cognitive impairment [OR 2.28 (95% CI: 1.35–3.82, p = 0.002)] and of having increased adherence to antiretroviral therapy [OR 3.11 (95% CI: 1.67–5.79, p

This cross-sectional study evaluated the quality of life and its associated factors among people living with HIV/AIDS at a regional reference center for the treatment of HIV/AIDS in southern Brazil. WHOQOL-HIV Bref, ASSIST 2.0, HAD Scale, and a questionnaire were used to assess 625 participants on quality of life, clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, drug use, depression and anxiety. Multivariate analysis was performed through linear regression. The lowest results for quality of life were associated with being female, age (< 47 years), low education levels, low socioeconomic class, unemployment, not having a stable relationship, signs of anxiety and depression, abuse or addiction of psychoactive substances, lack of perceived social support, never taking antiretroviral medication, lipodystrophy, comorbidities, HIV related hospitalizations and a CD4+ cell count less than 350. Psychosocial factors should be included in the physical and clinical evaluation given their strong association with quality of life domains.

Objectives To verify the prevalence of current posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in young adults, the occurrence of comorbidities and its association with quality of life. Methods This is a cross-sectional population-based study. The targeted population consisted on individuals aged 18 to 24 years old, who lived in the urban area of Pelotas-RS, Brazil. Cluster sampling was applied. PTSD and its comorbidities were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI 5.0), whereas quality of life was evaluated with the eight domains of the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-form General Health Survey (SF-36). Results A total of 1,762 young adults were selected. The prevalence of PTSD was 2.1% and current episode of depression was the most prevalent comorbidity (71.9%). The individuals with PTSD had lower scores in all domains of quality of life. Conclusion These findings indicate that PTSD is associated with other psychopathologies, especially depression, and it has a substantial impact over quality of life in a sample of young adults.

El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la asociación entre la religiosidad y los indicativos de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes VIH en servicio del sur de Brasil. Estu-dio transversal, con muestra de conveniencia con 617 pacientes viviendo con VIH. Ellos respondieron entrevista estructurada que contenía ítems sobre religión y la hospital anxiety and depression scale. La prevalencia de indicativos de depresión y ansiedad indi-cativa fue de 34,4% y 47%, respectivamente. La religión era profesada por el 76,3% de los encuestados, mientras que el 54,4% practicaron su religión durante el último mes y el 50,6% tenía religiosidad. Tener religión estuvo asociado con: edad, abuso/dependen-cia de alcohol y indicativo de depresión. La práctica religiosa estuvo asociada con: edad, lipodistrofia y indicativo de ansiedad. La religiosidad se relacionó con: edad, lipodistrofia, abuso/dependencia del tabaco y indicativo de ansiedad. Se infiere que la religiosidad es beneficiosa a la salud mental, especialmente en pacientes con síntomas de ansiedad.

This research aims to evaluate factors associated with the presence of comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders in young adults aged 18 to 24 years, from Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, population-based study with a probabilistic sample by conglomerates. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess mood and anxiety disorders. The prevalence of mental disorders in the sample (n = 1,561) was of 26.8% of which 9.7% had comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders. The prevalence of comorbidities on mood and anxiety disorders is almost three times higher among women than men (p < 0.001). Lower education levels, socioeconomic status (p < 0.001) and a history of divorced parents (p < 0.050) was associated with comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders. The main conclusion is that social factors are highly associated with comorbidities between mood and anxiety disorders. Prevention strategies on mental health should focus particularly on women in vulnerable social conditions.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) during pregnancy in teenage mothers and to assess its association with socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history and psychosocial variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of pregnant teenagers enrolled in the national public health system in the urban area of Pelotas, southern Brazil. MDD was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Abuse Assessment Screen was used to identify physical abuse within the last 12 months and during pregnancy, and social support was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Survey Social Support Scale. RESULTS: Forty-three (4.94%) potential subjects refused to participate, resulting in 828 total participants. The prevalence of MDD was 17.8%, 9.2% reported they had been subjected to violence within the last 12 months, while 5.8% had suffered violence during pregnancy, and the mean (SD) overall social support score was 87.40 (11.75). After adjustment, we found the highest incidence of MDD in adolescents with less than 8 years of education, followed by those with previous episodes of MDD and those with lower overall social support. CONCLUSIONS: MDD is a relatively common condition in pregnant teenagers and appears to be more prevalent in young mothers who are both socioeconomically and psychosocially underprivileged.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prevalence of common mental disorders in women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome as compared with paired controls without this syndrome. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a Control Group examining women between the ages of 18 and 30 who did not use antidepressants and who sought the Gynecology Service of the researched sites. For every woman diagnosed with the polycystic ovary syndrome, another with the same age, educational status and presence or absence of sexual partners was sought without this diagnosis. In total, 166 patients agreed to participate, consisting of 95 diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome and 71 in the Control Group. The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome was made by the presence of two from three criteria: oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries on transvaginal ultrasound, following exclusion of patients with Cushing's syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and androgen-secreting tumors. Weight and height were measured to calculate the body mass index. The Self-Reporting Questionnaire, which evaluated 20 items, was used as an indicator of common mental disorders. A χ² analysis stratified by the category of body mass index was used to compare the prevalence of common mental disorders, between the groups of women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, education, presence of sexual partners, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, use of psychiatric medication, and search for consultation in mental health between the studied groups. The prevalence of obese women with indications of common mental disorders was significantly higher in women with polycystic ovary syndrome than in the Control Group. In the group with healthy body mass index, the incidence of common mental disorders was statistically significant different between women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal controls (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Women with diagnosis of this disease have an almost three-fold increased likelihood of common mental disorders as compared with those without polycystic ovary syndrome. Although obesity is often observed in polycystic ovary syndrome, even women with a healthy body mass index have an increased risk of psychiatric comorbidity.OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência dos transtornos mentais comuns em mulheres diagnosticadas com síndrome dos ovários policísticos e compará-las com controles pareadas sem a doença. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com Grupo Controle. Participaram mulheres entre 18 e 30 anos que não faziam uso de antidepressivos e procuraram o Serviço de Ginecologia dos locais de pesquisa. Para cada mulher diagnosticada com a síndrome dos ovários policísticos, buscou-se outra sem este diagnóstico com mesma idade, condição de escolaridade e presença ou ausência de parceiro sexual fixo. No total, 166 pacientes aceitaram participar, sendo 95 diagnosticadas com a síndrome e 71 no Grupo Controle. Para o diagnóstico da síndrome dos ovários policísticos, foi necessário existir dois dos três critérios: oligomenorreia ou amenorreia; hiperandrogenismo clínico ou bioquímico; ovários policísticos na ecografia transvaginal e excluir presença da síndrome de Cushing, hiperplasia adrenal congênita e tumores secretores de androgênio. Peso e altura foram aferidos para calcular o índice de massa corporal, enquanto o indicativo de transtorno mental comum foi avaliado pelo Self-Reporting Questionnaire com 20 itens. Foi realizado o teste do χ²em análise estratificada por categoria de índice de massa corporal para comparar as prevalências dos transtornos mentais comuns no grupo de mulheres com e sem a síndrome. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças significativas quanto à idade, escolaridade, presença de parceiro sexual fixo, cor da pele, nível socioeconômico, uso de medicação psiquiátrica e procura por consulta em saúde mental entre os grupos estudados. A prevalência de mulheres obesas e com indicações de transtornos mentais comuns foi significativamente maior no grupo de mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos do que no Grupo Controle. No grupo com índice de massa corporal saudável, a diferença de proporções referentes ao indicativo de transtorno mental comum entre mulheres com e sem a síndrome foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,008). CONCLUSÕES: As mulheres com o diagnóstico desta síndrome apresentam proporção quase três vezes maior de transtornos mentais comuns quando comparadas com àquelas sem a doença. Mesmo as mulheres com a síndrome e o índice de massa corporal saudáveis apresentam maior risco de comorbidade psiquiátrica.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of daily smoking among users of three primary health care units affiliated with a university hospital in the municipality of Pelotas, southern Brazil, and to identify factors associated with daily tobacco consumption. Methods: This cross-sectional study included all individuals over 14 years of age who sought treatment at the health care units between June 29, 2009, and February 23, 2010, and lived in the area covered by the unit. Interviews were conducted during home visits to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviors; the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to assess the presence of mood disorders; and a question from the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) on the daily use of tobacco in the past 3 months was used to assess smoking. Results: The total sample comprised 1,848 individuals, mostly female (72.9%), aged between 46 and 60 years (28.5%), and belonging to socioeconomic class C (61%). The prevalence of daily smoking was 23.4% (n = 432), and there was a statistically significant difference between men and women: 27 vs. 22.1% (p < 0.050). Conclusion: Our findings confirm a high prevalence of smoking among users of primary health care units, underscoring the need for a more accurate process of diagnosis and treatment at these facilities.Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência do uso diário de tabaco entre usuários de três unidades básicas de saúde (UBSs) vinculadas a um hospital universitário na cidade de Pelotas (RS) e identificar fatores associados ao consumo diário de tabaco. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo transversal todos os indivíduos maiores de 14 anos que procuraram atendimento nas UBSs no período de 29 de junho de 2009 a 23 de fevereiro de 2010 e que moravam na área de abrangência da UBS. Entrevistas foram realizadas durante visitas domiciliares para coletar dados sobre características sociodemográficas e comportamentos de saúde; a entrevista estruturada Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) foi utilizada para avaliar a presença de transtornos de humor; e uma pergunta do instrumento Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) sobre o uso diário de tabaco nos últimos 3 meses foi utilizada para avaliar o tabagismo. Resultados: A amostra total incluiu 1.848 indivíduos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (72,9%), com idade entre 46 e 60 anos (28,5%) e pertencentes à classe socioeconômica C (61%). A prevalência de uso diário de tabaco foi de 23,4% (n = 432), com diferença estatisticamente significativa entre homens e mulheres: 27 versus 22.1% (p < 0,050). Conclusão: Nossos achados confirmam uma alta prevalência de tabagismo entre os usuários de UBSs, reforçando a necessidade de um processo de diagnóstico e tratamento mais eficiente nessas instituições.

Esta investigação visou identificar os fatores associados ao bem-estar psicológico em jovens de 18 a 24 anos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Em estudo transversal de base populacional, 1.621 jovens responderam a um questionário estruturado com questões referentes a dados sociodemográficos, prática de religião, trabalho remunerado, uso de substâncias e o Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) para avaliação dos transtornos psiquiátricos. A Escala de Faces de Andrews avaliou o bem-estar psicológico. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para análise multivariada. Dos entrevistados, 85,3% apresentaram bem-estar psicológico, que esteve associado ao não uso de drogas ilícitas, ao trabalho remunerado, à prática de religião, às classes socioeconômicas A e B, à alta escolaridade e a não presença de transtornos psiquiátricos. Programas que visem à redução da pobreza, incentivo à educação, identificação e prevenção de uso de drogas em jovens são de extrema importância para a melhoria do bem-estar psicológico e prevenção da saúde.This study aimed to identify factors associated with psychological well-being among young people 18 to 24 years of age in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. In a population-based cross-sectional study, 1,621 subjects answered a structured questionnaire on socio-demographic data, religion, employment, and substance use, as well as the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) to assess psychiatric disorders. The Faces Scale (Andrews) was used to evaluate psychological well-being. Poisson regression was used for multivariate analysis. Of the total sample, 85.3% displayed psychological well-being, which was positively associated with non-use of illicit drugs, current employment, religion, socioeconomic status (classes A and B), higher educational levels, and absence of psychiatric disorders. Programs to reduce poverty and encourage education and identification and prevention of drug use among youths are of paramount importance to improve their health and psychological well-being.

Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a relação entre a presença de transtornos de ansiedade e risco de suicídio em jovens. Em delineamento transversal de base populacional, os jovens respondiam a um questionário sobre questões sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de saúde. Avaliou-se o bem-estar psicológico através da Escala de Faces de Andrews e consumo de substâncias foi efetuado pelo Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Cigarro e Outras Substâncias, (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involviment Screening Test - ASSIST). A Mini Internacional Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 avaliou transtornos de ansiedade e o risco de suicídio. Dos 1.621 jovens entrevistados, 20,9% apresentaram algum transtorno de ansiedade e 8,6% risco de suicídio. A presença de algum transtorno de ansiedade esteve significativamente associada ao risco de suicídio (RP 6,10 IC95% 3,95 a 9,43). Dessa forma, salienta-se a importância de maior atenção ao risco de suicídio também em pacientes com transtornos de ansiedade.Este estudio tubo por objetivo verificar la relación entre la presencia de trastornos de ansiedad y riesgo de suicidio en jóvenes. En delineamiento transversal de base poblacional, los jóvenes respondían a un cuestionario sobre cuestiones sociodemográficas, comportamentales y de salud. Se evaluó el bienestar psicológico por medio de la escala de fases de Andrews y consumo de sustancias efectuada por la prueba de detección del envolvimiento con alcohol, cigarrillo y otras sustancias, (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involviment Screening Test - ASSIST). La Mini Internacional Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 evaluó trastornos de ansiedad y el riesgo de suicidio. De los 1.621 jóvenes entrevistados, 20,9% presentaron algún trastorno de ansiedad y 8,6% riesgo de suicidio. La presencia de algún trastorno de ansiedad estuvo significativamente asociada al riesgo de suicidio (RP 6,10 IC95% 3,95 a 9,43). De esa forma, se resalta la importancia de mayor atención al riesgo de suicidio también en pacientes con trastornos de ansiedad.This study aimed at investigating the relationship between the presence of anxiety disorders and suicide risk in young adults. In a cross-sectional population-based design young adults answered a questionnaire about sociodemographic, behavioral and health characteristics. The measure of psychological well-being was made by Faces Scale of Andrews while the substances use evaluation was performed according to the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 evaluated anxiety disorders and suicide risk. Among the 1.621 young adults interviewed, 20.9% had some anxiety disorders and 8.6% suicide risk. After multivariate analysis, the presence of any anxiety disorder was significantly associated with suicide risk (PR 6.10 95% CI 3.95 to 9.43). Thus, it is highlighted the importance of greater attention to suicide risk in those patients with anxiety disorders.

O objetivo foi avaliar risco de suicídio e comportamentos de risco em jovens. Estudo transversal na zona urbana de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, realizado por amostragem sistemática. Foram incluídos jovens de 18 a 24 anos, com capacidade cognitiva e que assinaram termo de consentimento. Foram aferidos risco de suicídio (MINI); comportamentos de risco (YRBSS); abuso/dependência de substâncias (ASSIST); e nível socioeconômico (ABEP). Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS. A amostra constituiu-se de 1560 jovens e a prevalência de risco de suicídio foi de 8,6%. O risco de suicídio foi associado com: ter sofrido acidente com necessidade de ir ao pronto-socorro (p = 0,011), ter entrado em briga com agressão física (p = 0,016), ter carregado arma branca (p = 0,001) e arma de fogo (p < 0,001), ter abuso/dependência de substâncias (p < 0,001), não ter utilizado preservativo na última relação sexual (p = 0,025), não ter parceiro fixo (p < 0,001) e ter relação sexual com cinco ou mais pessoas (p = 0,018). Jovens com comportamentos de risco também demonstram indícios de risco de suicídio.The aim of this study was to assess suicide risk and risk behavior in young people. A cross-sectional study in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil was performed using systematic sampling with young people between the ages of 18 to 24 years. We measured the risk of suicide (MINI), behavior (YRBSS), abuse/substance dependence (ASSIST) and socioeconomic status (ABEP). Data was analyzed using SPSS software. The sample consisted of 1,560 young people and the prevalence of suicide risk was 8.6%. Suicide risk was associated with: having suffered an accident that required a visit to the emergency room (p = 0.011), fighting (p = 0.016), carrying a weapon (p = 0.001) and carrying a firearm (p < 0.001), substance abuse/dependence (p < 0.001), not having used a condom during the last sexual relationship (p = 0.025), not having a steady partner (p < 0.001) and having sex with five or more people (p = 0.018). Young people that present risk behavior also represent a suicide risk.

INTRODUCTION: Bullying among adolescents has become the subject of extensive research due to its negative effects on attitude and behavior. However, Brazilian literature on the topic is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To assess bullying and associated factors among adolescents in a population-based sample in southern Brazil. METHOD: Population-based, cross-sectional study with adolescents aged 11 to 15 years living in the municipality of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. RESULTS: A total of 1,145 adolescents were included. Bullying behaviors and attitudes were found to be associated with the following factors: intentionally skipping classes, failing at school, using alcohol, smoking cigarettes, using illegal drugs, having engaged in sexual intercourse, carrying a weapon, being involved in an accident/being run over by any vehicle, and being involved in fights with physical aggression. CONCLUSION: Bullying is associated with several behaviors that pose risk to the adolescents' physical and psychological health.INTRODUÇÃO: O bullying entre adolescentes tem sido objeto de várias pesquisas devido aos prejuízos comportamentais que acarreta. Contudo, a literatura brasileira sobre o tema é escassa. OBJETIVO: Avaliar comportamentos de bullying e fatores associados em uma amostra de base populacional de adolescentes vivendo no sul do Brasil. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com adolescentes de 11 a 15 anos de idade residentes na cidade de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. RESULTADOS: Um total de 1.145 adolescentes foram selecionados. Os comportamentos e atitudes de bullying mostraram-se associados aos seguintes fatores: faltar aula intencionalmente, reprovar algum ano na escola, usar álcool, cigarro e/ou drogas ilícitas, ter tido relações sexuais, portar arma, sofrer algum acidente ou atropelamento e brigar e/ou agredir alguém. CONCLUSÃO: O bullying esteve associado com vários comportamentos considerados de risco para a saúde física e psicológica dos adolescentes.

A primeira relação sexual é considerada um evento importante na vida dos jovens e tem iniciado cada vez mais cedo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever os fatores relacionados à idade precoce da primeira relação sexual, de jovens de 18 a 24 anos na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Este é um estudo transversal de base populacional, em uma amostra representativa de 1.621 jovens que ocorreu entre agosto de 2007 e dezembro de 2008. Foram aplicados questionários sobre comportamentos de saúde que continham itens relativos à sexualidade. A regressão de Cox foi utilizada para aferir a associação com a idade precoce de início da vida sexual. Após a análise multivariada, as variáveis diretamente relacionadas com a iniciação sexual precoce foram: sexo masculino, baixo nível socioeconômico, baixa escolaridade, ter pais separados, morar com companheiro(a), não praticar uma religião, uso de tabaco e drogas, e o não uso da camisinha na última relação. Considerando o contexto social atual, evidencia-se a necessidade de uma adequada orientação sexual com aspecto preventivo.First sexual intercourse is considered an important event in young people's lives and has occurred at an increasingly early age. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with early age at first intercourse in individuals 18 to 24 years of age in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. This was a population-based cross-sectional study in a representative sample of 1,621 young people from August 2007 to December 2008. Subjects answered a questionnaire on health behaviors, including items related to their sexual lives. Cox regression was used to assess the association between early age at sexual initiation. After multivariate analysis, variables that are directly related to early sexual initiation were: male gender, low socioeconomic status, low schooling, divorced parents, living with a partner, not practicing a religion, smoking, drug use in the previous three months, and non-use of condoms during last intercourse. Considering the current social context, the study highlights the need for adequate sexual orientation with a preventive approach.

O objetivo foi verificar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) e sua associação com qualidade de vida em jovens da cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Estudo transversal de base populacional com jovens de 18 a 24 anos. A seleção amostral foi realizada por conglomerados. Para a investigação dos transtornos mentais comuns foi aplicado o Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20), enquanto os níveis de qualidade de vida foram mensurados por intermédio da Medical Outcomes Survey Short-form General Health Survey (SF-36). A prevalência de TMC na amostra estudada foi de 24,5% (N = 382), apresentando-se mais evidente entre as mulheres, entre aqueles que pertenciam à menor classe socioeconômica (D ou E), não estavam estudando, não estavam trabalhando, consumiram álcool e usaram tabaco pelo menos uma vez na última semana e que fizeram uso de alguma substância ilícita nos últimos três meses. Os jovens com TMC obtiveram uma menor média nos escores da SF-36 em todos os domínios de qualidade de vida avaliados. Deve-se investir em medidas preventivas de TMC no intuito de proporcionar uma melhor qualidade de vida à população.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of depression and correlate clinical and demographic characteristics in pregnant women assisted by the public health system in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional study focused on pregnant women assisted by the public health service. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for depression. RESULTS: In a sample of 1,264 pregnant women aged 12-46 years, 21.1% (n = 255) presented a depressive episode during pregnancy. The presence of depression was associated with older age, lower education, lack of a cohabiting partner, not being primiparous, planned pregnancy, abortion thoughts, psychological or psychiatric treatment, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and stressful events. CONCLUSION: Pregnant women assisted by the Brazilian public health system presented a high prevalence of depression. Psychiatric history, lack of support, and stressful events increase the probability of antenatal depression.OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de depressão, bem como fatores clínicos e características demográficas associados em grávidas assistidas por meio do sistema público de saúde da cidade de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo transversal tendo como população-alvo as grávidas assistidas pelo sistema público de saúde. Para o rastreio da depressão foi utilizada a Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. RESULTADOS: Em uma amostra de 1.264 mulheres grávidas com idade de 12 a 46 anos, 21,1% (n = 255) apresentaram episodio depressivo durante a gravidez. A presença de depressão foi associada com ter mais idade, menor grau educacional, não morar com companheiro, não ser primigesta, ter planejado a gestação, idealizar o aborto, ter feito tratamento psicológico ou psiquiátrico, consumir tabaco e/ou álcool durante a gravidez e ter sofrido algum evento estressor. CONCLUSÃO: As mulheres grávidas acompanhadas pelo sistema público de saúde apresentaram alta prevalência de depressão. História psiquiátrica, baixo suporte e eventos estressores aumentam a probabilidade de depressão no período pré-parto.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the prevalence and associated factors of suicidal ideation among adolescents aged 11 to 15 years. METHOD: Cross-sectional population-based study. Adolescents completed a self-report that contained the Children's Depression Inventory. Suicidal ideation was measured according to item 9 of the Children's Depression Inventory. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied using a hierarchical model. RESULTS: 1145 adolescents were invited to participate, and 1039 were interviewed (refusal rate: 9.26%). The prevalence of suicidal ideation was 14.1%. Factors associated to suicidal ideation: female gender, current alcohol consumption, use of illicit drugs, symptoms indicating conduct disorders and high Children's Depression Inventory scores for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Prevention strategies should focus on female adolescents, especially those sexually active with probable mental health problems and substance use.OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência e fatores associados à ideação suicida entre adolescentes de 11 a 15 anos. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal de base-populacional. Os adolescentes responderam a um questionário auto-aplicável que continha o Children's Depression Inventory. A ideação suicida foi mensurada de acordo com o item 9 do Children's Depression Inventory. Foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística multivariada acompanhada de um modelo hierárquico. RESULTADOS: 1.145 adolescentes foram convidados a participar e 1.039 foram entrevistados (recusas: 9,26%). A prevalência de ideação suicida foi de 14,1%. Fatores associados à ideação suicida: sexo feminino, consumir álcool, uso de drogas ilícitas, apresentar sintomas indicativos de transtorno de conduta e elevada pontuação no Children's Depression Inventory para sintomas depressivos. CONCLUSÃO: Estratégias de prevenção devem priorizar adolescentes do sexo feminino, principalmente aquelas sexualmente ativas, com prováveis problemas de saúde mental e uso de substâncias.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de ideação suicida, assim como de seus fatores associados, em adolescentes entre 15 e 18 anos da cidade de Pelotas (RS). MÉTODOS: 960 adolescentes responderam a um questionário autoaplicado e sigiloso em estudo transversal de base populacional. A ideação suicida foi aferida por meio do item 17 do SRQ-20, que avalia transtornos psiquiátricos menores. Para a análise estatística, utilizou-se a regressão logística. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de ideação suicida foi de 7,7%. A baixa escolaridade da mãe, a baixa escolaridade do adolescente, o sedentarismo, o uso de álcool e de outras substâncias e o comportamento agressivo mantiveram associação estatisticamente significativa com ideação suicida. CONCLUSÃO: Programas preventivos devem preferencialmente atingir adolescentes de baixa escolaridade que apresentem comportamento agressivo e relatem uso de substâncias.

O estudo tem como objetivo mensurar a auto-estima e fatores associados em gestantes atendidas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. É do tipo transversal, tendo-se entrevistado 560 gestantes nos meses de maio a novembro de 2006, nos ambulatórios e enfermarias dos hospitais universitários e do centro de atendimento da Prefeitura Municipal. Dentre as gestantes atendidas, 62,9% receberam o diagnóstico de alto-risco. Para avaliação da auto-estima foi utilizada a escala de Rosenberg. Na amostra total a média de pontos na escala foi de 9,2 e o desvio-padrão de 4,6. As variáveis associadas positiva e significativamente com auto-estima foram idade, nível de escolaridade e nível econômico. Já as variáveis percepção de risco à saúde do bebê e número de gestações mostraram-se associadas negativamente à auto-estima. Além disso, as gestantes com condição gestacional de alto-risco têm uma auto-estima mais elevada quando comparadas com as de baixo-risco.This study analyzes self-esteem and associated factors in pregnant women treated by the Unified National Health System (SUS) in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Using a cross-sectional design, 560 pregnant women were interviewed from May to November 2006. The interviews were held in specific locations like University outpatient clinics and hospital wards and a center run by the city government. A full 62.9% were diagnosed as high-risk pregnancies. Mean self-esteem according to the Rosenberg scale was 9.2 (SD = 4.6). Variables showing a positive, significant association with self-esteem were age, schooling, and income. Perception of risk to the unborn infant's health and parity were both negatively associated with maternal self-esteem. These high-risk pregnant women also showed higher self-esteem than low-risk pregnant women.

Este trabalho procurou estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao transtorno da conduta em adolescentes com idade entre 11 e 15 anos. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 1.145 adolescentes na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os adolescentes responderam a um questionário auto-aplicado. O transtorno da conduta foi avaliado através do Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Foi investigada a associação desta psicopatologia com sexo, idade, nível sócio-econômico, escolaridade do adolescente, reprovação na escola, religião, sedentarismo, consumo de álcool, tabagismo, uso de drogas, depressão e sofrer bullying. A regressão ordinal foi usada para a análise estatística. Estima-se que, entre os entrevistados, 29,2% tenham transtorno da conduta. Na análise multivariada, a chance de um adolescente apresentar um ponto a mais na escala que avalia transtorno da conduta foi 2,04 (IC95%: 1,53-2,71) vezes maior no sexo masculino. O consumo de bebida alcoólica, o uso de drogas e sofrer bullying estiveram associados com maior pontuação na escala de transtornos de conduta. Os resultados também mostraram que os fatores associados ao transtorno da conduta apontam para a forte interrelação entre comportamentos de saúde na adolescência.This study proposed to estimate the prevalence of behavioral disorders and associated factors in adolescents (11-15 years), using a cross-sectional design (n = 1,145). Subjects answered a self-administered questionnaire. Behavioral disorder was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The study analyzed disorders in relation to gender, age, socioeconomic status, schooling, failure in school, religion, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, drug use, depression, and bullying (as victim). Ordinal regression was used for the statistical analysis, with a hierarchical model for the outcome. An estimated 29.2% of the sample presented behavioral disorders. In the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio for a male adolescent to present one additional point on the behavioral disorder scale was 2.04 (95%CI: 1.53-2.71). Alcohol consumption, drug use, and suffering bullying were associated with higher scores on the behavioral disorder scale. The findings also showed that the factors associated with behavioral disorder showed a strong interrelationship between health behaviors in adolescence.

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de sintomatologia depressiva em adolescentes entre 11 e 15 anos em Pelotas, RS, e identificar seus fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra representativa de adolescentes da zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas, RS. Dos 448 setores censitários existentes no município, 79 foram aleatoriamente sorteados. Os jovens entre 11 e 15 anos localizados nestes setores foram convidados a responder o questionário auto-aplicado que continha perguntas sobre: idade, sexo, vida escolar, religião, atividades físicas, entretenimento, tabaco, consumo de álcool, uso de outras drogas, relacionamentos sexuais e conduta. Além disso, a sintomatologia depressiva dos adolescentes foi avaliada por meio da escala Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), também presente no instrumento de pesquisa. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a regressão logística ajustada ao modelo hierárquico. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de depressão foi de 2,1%. Após a regressão logística ajustada ao modelo hierárquico, estiveram significativamente associados à depressão: baixa condição socioeconômica, histórico de fracasso acadêmico, ausência de prática religiosa, abuso de álcool nos últimos 30 dias e indicativo de transtorno de conduta. CONCLUSÃO: É evidenciada a necessidade de programas preventivos e integrados de política na adolescência para depressão e comportamentos de risco à saúde.AIM: Verify the prevalence of depressive symptomatology in adolescents aged between 11 and 15 in Pelotas, RS, and identify its associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional base-populational study with a representative sample of adolescents of urban area of Pelotas, RS. Among the 448 census tracts in the urban area of Pelotas, 79 were randomly selected. Youths between 11 and 15 years answered a confidential self-report questionnaire on issues such as: age, gender, school life, religion, physical activities, entertainment, tobacco, and alcohol consumption, use of other drugs, sexual relationship and conduct. Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) was used to quantify the depressive symptomatology. Logistic regression was used in the data analysis, which followed a hierarchical model. RESULTS: Prevalence for high depressive symptomatology was 2.1%. After a logistic regression adjusts to a hierarchical model, it was statistically significant associated to: low social economic condition, history of poor academic performance, absence of religious practice, abuse of alcohol in the previous month and indications of conduct disorders. CONCLUSION: It is evidenced the need of preventive and integrative policy programs in adolescence for depression and health risk behaviors.

Esse trabalho procurou avaliar os fatores associados ao bem-estar psicológico em adolescentes realizando um estudo transversal com amostra representativa (n = 960) com idades entre 15 e 18 anos. Foram visitados 86 domicílios em cada um dos 90 setores censitários sorteados. Um consentimento informado era assinado pelos pais ou responsáveis pelo adolescente antes que ele respondesse a um questionário auto-aplicado. O bem-estar psicológico foi avaliado através de uma escala que continha sete figuras que representavam expressões variando de extrema felicidade até extrema tristeza. O adolescente era solicitado a assinalar aquela figura que mais se assemelhava à maneira como se sentia a respeito da sua vida. Entre os entrevistados 72,33% se consideravam com alto nível de bem-estar psicológico, a prevalência foi maior nas famílias de maior nível sócio-econômico (classe social A ou B) e com maior escolaridade materna. Os resultados também mostraram que pessoas que mantém uma prática religiosa, não fumam, não consomem bebidas alcoólicas e que desejam emagrecer tem maior bem-estar psicológico, sugerindo uma inter-relação entre os comportamentos de saúde.This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with psychological well-being among adolescents in a southern Brazilian city. A cross-sectional study was performed with a representative sample (n = 960) of adolescents (15-18 years). Eighty-six households were visited in each of the 90 randomized census tracts. Parents signed a written consent form before the adolescent answered a self-reported questionnaire. Psychological well-being was evaluated with a scale containing seven figures representing expressions varying from extreme happiness to extreme sadness. Adolescents were asked to mark the figure that best resembled the way they felt about their lives, and 72.33% reported a high level of psychological well-being. Prevalence of psychological well-being was higher in families with better economic status and higher maternal schooling. Adolescents who practiced a religion, did not smoke or consume alcohol, and wished to lose weight showed a higher level of psychological well-being, suggesting an interrelationship between health behaviors.