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In this work, comminuted seedpods of the forest species Luehea divaricata (LDPR) and Inga laurina (ILPR) were used as alternative and environmental-friendly adsorbents for the methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out at the native pH of the solution (pH = 8.7), with curves of removal and adsorption capacity crossed at 0.75 g L−1, having 125 mg g−1 for LDPR and 115 mg g−1 for ILPR. The kinetic models of pseudo-first-order (PFO) and HSDM-Crank were the most adequate to represent MB dye concentration decay data for both biosorbents. The equilibrium curves were better adjusted by the Langmuir model for both adsorbents, with maximum adsorption capacity increased from 279 to 325 mg g−1 for LDPR, and 199 to 233 mg g−1 for ILPR, as a function of an increase in temperature from 298 to 328 K. The thermodynamic parameters showed that both systems are spontaneous with a dominance of physisorption. Mass transfer analysis indicates that the external mass transfer is the limiting step, with Bi

Luehea divaricata Martius (1826: 101). Type:— BRAZIL. São Paulo: “ Habitat inter sepes et in collius apricis prope Ytu et Pendamonhangaba ”, Martius s.n. (lectotype [as ‘holotype’], first-step designated by Cunha (1985: 29); second-step lectotype, designated here, M! [M0210165]; isolectotypes M! [M0210178]). In the protologue only Herbarium Munich (M) and Herbarium Zuccarini are mentioned (Martius 1826, Stafleu & Cowan 1976 –1988: 325). Cunha (1985) indicated holotype (M), but without having seen it or specifying its identification number. Consequently, this designation must be corrected as lectotype and as a first-step typification (Art. 9.17 of the ICN). Two specimens of Martius s.n. (L. divaricata) are in Herbarium M based on data found on the label. In accordance with Arts. 9.3 and 9.4 of the ICN, we herein designate specimen (M0210165) as a second-step lectotype by choosing the best-preserved specimen congruent with the protologue’s description. Another three specimens of Martius s.n. (M0210175, M0210179, M0210180) are also found in M; however, no evidence, including label data, indicates that they are duplicates of the lectotype herein designated. The exsiccate (M0210176) is only a reproduction of Figure 63 from Martius’ work. Based on Cunha (1985) and the present study, the application of the name L. divaricata is confirmed as an accepted species., Published as part of Gerace, Samuele, Bovini, Massimo G., Peruzzi, Lorenzo & Baumgratz, José Fernando A., 2022, Typification of names in the neotropical genus Luehea (Malvaceae: Grewioideae), pp. 180-188 in Phytotaxa 542 (2) on page 182, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.542.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6415980, {"references":["Martius, C. F. P. V. (1826) XXXII Luhea Willd. Nova genera et species plantarum: quas in itinere per Brasiliam MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX 1 (4): 98 - 102.","Cunha, M. C. S. (1985) Revisao das especies do genero Luehea Willd. (Tiliaceae), ocorrentes no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Sellowia, Anais Botanicos do Herbario Barbosa Rodrigues 37: 5 - 41.","Stafleu, F. A. & Cowan, R. S. (1976 - 1988) Taxonomic Literature: A selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types, 2 nd ed., Smithsonian Libraries, last updated 28 Jun. 2012. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 48631"]}

Elegir plantas nativas para el arbolado urbano, cortinas forestales, montes de abrigo, forestación de rutas y el armado de parques es una opción valiosa en tanto son especies originarias del ecosistema y por lo tanto se desarrollan en armonía con las condiciones ambientales. Sin embargo para su mejor desarrollo es necesario conocerlas para acompañar su crecimiento y saber qué esperar de su comportamiento. EEA San Pedro Fil: Gutiérrez, Rosana. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Pedro. Agencia de Extensión Rural Zárate; Argentina Fil: Sanchez, Marcela Inés. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina Fil: Tálamo, Alejandra. Profesional de la actividad privada. Zárate; Argentina

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do sorbitol e do período de cultivo in vitro sobre o crescimento mínimo e a subsequente retomada do crescimento de brotações de Luehea divaricata. Foram realizados dois ensaios, um de crescimento mínimo e o outro de retomada de crescimento. No crescimento mínimo, observou-se redução nas médias de sobrevivência, estabelecimento, número de folhas e de raízes primárias e secundárias na presença de sorbitol. Quando se considerou o período, observou-se redução aos 30 dias seguida de aumento e estabilização nas médias de raízes primárias e secundárias e do número de folhas e de brotos. Na retomada de crescimento, a presença de sorbitol promoveu uma redução significativa nas médias de sobrevivência, estabelecimento, número de folhas e de brotos. Somente a partir dos 120 dias observou-se um decréscimo das médias na sobrevivência e estabelecimento. A presença de sorbitol é importante para realizar a conservação in vitro de L. divaricata via crescimento mínimo, o qual pode ser realizado por um período de até 120 dias. A subsequente retomada de crescimento das brotações conservadas na presença de sorbitol é limitada a 90 dias.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do período de cultivo na micropropagação de brotações de Luehea divaricata. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelos períodos de cultivo in vitro: 14; 21; 28; 40; 56; 70; 84; 102; 116; 130; 154, 186 ou 200 dias, sem realizar subcultivo ou transferência para outro meio nutritivo fresco. A sobrevivência e o estabelecimento ficaram em torno de 90% até 84 dias de cultivo. A partir deste período, a mortalidade foi mais acentuada. Para as variáveis número total de folhas e folhas com senescência, o período de cultivo de 56 dias foi o que mostrou uma proporção mais adequada, em que para cada nove folhas formadas apenas uma estava senescente. Em relação à formação de raízes primárias, médias superiores a 50% foram observadas após 70 dias de cultivo in vitro, chegando aos melhores resultados (60%) aos 200 dias. Para raízes secundárias, as maiores médias foram observadas após 102 dias (41,5%), alcançando 45,3% aos 200 dias. A micropropagação de Luehea divaricata é afetada significativamente pelo período de cultivo in vitro, que pode ser estendido até aproximadamente 60 dias. A partir desse período, são registradas altas mortalidades.

Characterization of vegetation in forest fragments subsidizes information for regional development, as well as the understanding of ecosystem structure and dynamics. Thus, the aim was to characterize the floristic structure and evaluate the dynamics of a fragment of Subtropical Seasonal Forest for the regional fauna. Parallel strips were used within which temporary plots of 10 m x 10 m were distributed, equidistant 20 m, and all individuals with PAC (circumference measured at 1,30 m from the soil surface) ≥ 15 cm were inventoried. 29 species belonging to 16 families were observed in the middle layer, the lower layer 11 species in 8 families and the upper layer 15 species of 11 families. The fragment showed more than 70% fruit dispersion per zoocoria, indicating its importance for the conservation of regional fauna. Ocotea puberula, Lithraea molleoides, Casearia sylvestris, Allophylus edulis, Cupania vernalis, Luehea divaricata, Actinostemon concolor, Piper aduncun and Aiouea saligna were the most important species, showing high values of importance. Form of dispersion of fruits and seeds of each species is fundamental for the maintenance of biodiversity and natural regeneration, directly influencing the colonization of species and the mode of distribution. The most representative species presented a grouped pattern of spatial distribution, possibly due to their preference for specific environmental conditions. Study made it possible to highlight the ecological importance of the species in different sinusias and the dispersion of the fruits by the fauna, contributing to the natural regeneration and conservation of biodiversity in fragments of Subtropical Seasonal Forest., A caracterização da vegetação e fragmentos florestais subsidia informações para o desenvolvimento regional, assim como o entendimento sobre a estrutura e dinâmica dos ecossistemas. Desse modo, objetivou-se caracterizar a estrutura florística e avaliar a dinâmica de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Subtropical para a fauna regional. Para isso, foram utilizadas faixas paralelas dentro das quais foram distribuídas parcelas temporárias de 10 m x 10 m, equidistantes 20 m, e todos os indivíduos foram com CAP (circunferência medida a 1,30 m da superfície do solo) ≥ 15 cm foram inventariados. Observou-se 29 espécies pertencentes a 16 famílias no estrato médio, no estrato inferior 11 espécies em 8 famílias e no estrato superior 15 espécies de 11 famílias. O fragmento apresentou mais de 70% de dispersão dos frutos por zoocoria, indicando sua importância para conservação da fauna regional. Ocotea puberula, Lithraea molleoides, Casearia sylvestris, Allophylus edulis, Cupania vernalis, Luehea divaricata, Actinostemon concolor, Piper aduncun e Aiouea saligna foram as espécies de maior relevância, apresentando valores de importância elevados. A forma de dispersão de frutos e sementes de cada espécie é fundamental para a manutenção da biodiversidade e regeneração natural, influenciando diretamente na colonização das espécies e no modo de distribuição. As espécies mais representativas apresentaram padrão de distribuição espacial agrupado, possivelmente por sua preferência a condições ambientais específicas. Esse estudo possibilitou salientar a importância ecológica das espécies em diferentes sinúsias e a dispersão dos frutos pela fauna, contribuindo para a regeneração natural e conservação da biodiversidade em fragmento de Floresta Estacional Subtropical. &nbsp

Luehea divaricata, conhecida popularmente como açoita-cavalo, é uma espécie florestal nativa da Mata Atlântica muito utilizada para a recuperação de áreas degradadas. Sua madeira pode ser empregada para as mais diversas finalidades, o que contribuiu para a redução de suas populações naturais e ocasionou dificuldades na obtenção de sementes com qualidade genética, fisiológica e sanitária para uso na produção de mudas. Sendo assim, a micropropagação é uma alternativa para a produção de mudas da espécie para uso em projetos ambientais. Com isso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar o processo de rizogênese in vitro e, para isso, foram avaliadas, inicialmente, diferentes concentrações de sais do meio nutritivo WPM. Em seguida, foram estudados os efeitos do ácido indolbutírico (AIB), adicionado ao meio em tratamento “pulse” por 15 dias, e do ácido naftalenoacético (ANA), na rizogênese, em ambos os casos em cultivo em meio WPM cuja concentração de sais foi reduzida à metade (WPM/2). Por fim, também foi analisado o efeito da combinação de volumes de vermiculita com WPM/2. Os resultados indicaram que o meio WPM/2 apresentou resultados promissores para o estabelecimento (98%) in vitro e, no que diz respeito à formação de raízes adventícias primárias, após 45 dias de cultivo in vitro observaram-se as maiores médias (40,52%), independentemente da concentração de sais do meio. O tratamento “pulse” após 30 dias de cultivo in vitro, independentemente da concentração de AIB, resultou em uma média de 25,18% de formação de raízes adventícias primárias. As combinações de 20 mL + 15 cm³, 20 mL + 30 cm³ e 30 mL + 30 cm³ de meio nutritivo e de vermiculita, respectivamente, foram as mais favoráveis para a formação de raízes adventícias laterais de segunda ordem, proporcionando médias entre 38 e 49,5% após 45 dias de cultivo in vitro. Para otimizar o processo de rizogênese de Luehea divaricata é indicado o cultivo in vitro por 45 dias em meio nutritivo WPM/2, combinado com vermiculita, prescindindo da adição de auxinas.

Background Luehea divaricata Mart. (Malvaceae) is an important medicinal species widely used by indigenous and riverside populations of the Brazilian Pantanal region. It has been shown that the several extracts obtained from leaves of this species have important cardioprotective effects. Nevertheless, the secondary metabolites responsible for this activity, as well as the molecular mechanisms responsible for their pharmacological effects remain unknown. Purpose To carry out a biomonitoring study to identify possible active metabolites present in different ESLD fractions and evaluate the mechanisms responsible for the vasodilatory effects on isolated perfused mesenteric beds. Methods First, ESLD was obtained from L. divaricata leaves and a liquid-liquid fractionation was performed. The resulting fractions were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then, the possible vasodilatory effects of ESLD, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanolic and aqueous fractions on perfused arterial mesenteric vascular beds were evaluated. Finally, the molecular mechanisms involved in vasodilator responses of the aqueous fraction and its chemical component, isovitexin, on the mesenteric arteriolar tone were also investigated. Results In preparations with functional endothelium ESLD, n-butanolic, aqueous fraction and isovitexin dose-dependently reduced the perfusion pressure in mesenteric vascular beds. Endothelium removal or inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enzymes by L-NAME reduced the vasodilatory effects induced by aqueous fraction and isovitexin. Perfusion with nutritive solution containing 40 mM KCl abolished the vasodilatory effect of all aqueous fractions and Isovitexin doses. Treatment with glibenclamide, a Kir6.1 (ATP-sensitive) potassium channels blocker, tetraethylammonium, a non-selective KCa (calcium-activated) potassium channels blocker, or apamin, a potent blocker of small conductance Ca2+-activated (SK KCa) potassium channels reduced by around 70% vasodilation induced by all aqueous fractions and isovitexin doses. In addition, association of tetraethylammonium and glibenclamide, or L-NAME and glibenclamide, fully inhibited aqueous fraction and Isovitexin -induced vasodilation. Conclusion This study showed that AqueFr obtained from Luehea divaricata and its metabolite - isovitexin - has important vasodilatory effects on MVBs. Apparently, these effects are dependent on endothelium-NO release and both SK KCa K+ channels and Kir6.1 ATP-sensitive K+ channels activation in the vascular smooth muscle.

Growth rings have been reported for several tropical species under seasonal precipitation regimes and have often been related to leaf phenology. We investigated growth ring distinctiveness, wood markers, and leaf shedding and flushing patterns of 16 tree species from a subtropical seasonal deciduous forest under abundant and well-distributed rainfall regime in southern Brazil. Distinct growth rings were found in 13 species, 10 of which presented clear anatomical boundaries. Seven species were deciduous, five semideciduous and four perennial. Leaf shedding peaked during winter and spring months for the deciduous species, while it peaked during spring and summer months for the perennial and semideciduous species. Leaf flushing peaked in spring and summer for all species. All the deciduous species exhibited growth rings with clear boundaries. Marginal parenchyma, associated or not with other anatomical markers, was present in deciduous species but was not present in species with other leaf shedding patterns. Growth rings in Allophylus edulis, Erythrina falcata, Jacaranda micrantha and Luehea divaricata were described for the first time. The presence of seasonal leaf phenological patterns and growth rings in most of the species suggests that seasonality of the photoperiod and/or temperature influence the development of trees in moist subtropical seasonal deciduous forests.

Research related to the pathology of seeds of native forest species, açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata), is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the sanitary and physiological quality of whipshorse seeds and the possible transmission of fungi associated with the seeds to the seedlings, in lots from Santa Maria - RS. Were 100 seeds used, divided into four repetitions of 25 per lot (2016 and 2018) and test. The health test was carried out in which the seeds without asepsis were placed in “gerbox” boxes with filter paper substrate at a temperature of 25 °C, with a photoperiod of 12 h for seven days. The germination test and the fungi transmission test seeds were conducted in a germination room at a temperature of 25 ºC, and a photoperiod of 12 h. Only the seeds used in the germination test underwent asepsis. The evaluations of the two tests consisted of the First Germination Count (at 14 days) and the count in the number of normal, abnormal seedlings, and non-germinated seeds (at 28 days). In the health test, fungi were identified and quantified: Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Cladosporium sp., Pestalotia sp. and Epicoccum sp. The Fusarium genus was identified associated with the symptoms of browning and rotting in seedling roots in the transmission test. The sample from 2018 showed greater vigor, reaching 21% at 14 days, not different from the lot of 2016 that reached 10%. The lot of 2018 presented the best results concerning health, vigor, and germination.

The use of medicinal plants for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases is widely spread and used until today in Paraguay. Luehea divaricata, popularly known as ka'a oveti (in Paraguay), acoita-cavalo (in Brazil), Francisco Alvarez (in Argentina) has been used to treat skin conditions, diarrhea, as an antiseptic, expectorant, antitussive antirheumatic, antiasthmatic, antidiabetic, carminative and others. Considering that many of those plants used in an empirical way, as well as L. divaricata, do not have their pharmacological and toxic effects proved, the objective of this work was to determine the antimicrobial effect and preliminary acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract from the aerial parts of Luehea divaricata collected in Paraguay. To evaluate the antimicrobial effect, it was used of the disc diffusion assay against Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Salmonella typhymurium (ATCC 14028) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). To evaluate the acute toxicity, it was used Daphnia magna Strauss neonates, which were exposed to six concentrations between 1 and 1000 ppm of ethanolic extract from Luehea divaricata (EELd) and after 48 hours, the LC50 was determined. The ethanolic extract of L. divaricata showed an inhibitory effect on C. albicans and S. typhimurium, however, no activity against Escherichia coli. The LC50 of the EELd was higher than 1000 ppm. Thus, it is considered that EELd of the aerial parts of L. divaricata has antimicrobial potential and low toxic effect, and it can be the object of further studies about its biological effects.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Although Luehea divaricata Mart. (Malvaceae) is popularly used by the population of the Brazilian Pantanal for the treatment of different types of kidney diseases, no study has been carried out to prove this ethnobotanical indication. Aim To investigate the possible cardiorenal effects of an herbal preparation obtained from L. divaricata leaves. Materials and methods First, to provide quality control standards, a detailed morphological and microchemical characterization of L. divaricata leaves was performed. Then, the purified aqueous extract was obtained from the leaves of this species (ESLD) and a thorough phytochemical characterization was performed. Subsequently, acute oral toxicity test was performed after single administration of different doses (5, 50, 300, 2000 mg/kg) in male and female Wistar rats. Finally, the diuretic, hypotensive and antioxidant properties of ESLD (30, 100, 300 mg/kg) were evaluated after acute and prolonged treatment and the role of angiotensin converting enzyme, aldosterone, vasopressin, and nitric oxide in these effects was investigated. Results Analyses performed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that the main secondary metabolites present in ESLD were flavonol O-glycosides and flavone C-glycosides. Acute and prolonged treatment with ESLD was able to expressively increase urinary volume and electrolyte excretion. Mean blood pressure and systolic blood pressure were also significantly reduced after acute treatment. Moreover, treatment with ESLD was able to reduce thiobarbituric acid reactive species and increase serum nitrate levels. Conclusion The data obtained showed that ESLD has an important diuretic and hypotensive effect, which is probably dependent on the reduction of oxidative stress and increased bioavailability of nitric oxide.

Complementary techniques such as enrichment plantations are used in increasing the diversity of understory of forests undergoing restoration. The choice of suitable species and the development of strategies capable of enhancing the initial establishment of seedlings are crucial for its success. Thus, we aimed to characterize the performance of five native tree species in an enrichment plantation in the extreme south of the Atlantic Forest Biome and identify the effects of substrate volume used in the production of seedlings and Trichoderma spp. inoculation on survival, initial growth, and physiology of planted species. The species used were Cabralea canjerana, Cedrela fissilis, Cordia trichotoma, Erythrina cristagalli, and Luehea divaricata. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme, and the factors are types of containers used in the production of seedlings (180 cm polypropylene tubes and 1500 cm3 polyethylene bags) and three inoculants (control, Trichoderma asperelloides, and Trichoderma harzianum). The seedlings were planted between the lines of mixed plants, in a randomized block design with four replicates. We evaluated survival, the increase in height and diameter of collected seedlings, content of photosynthetic pigments, and the fluorescence of chlorophyll a. The studied species showed satisfactory survival and growth rates at 15 months after planting, indicating that it is able to affect enrichment plantations in areas undergoing restoration in the extreme south of the Atlantic Forest Biome. In enrichment practices, the survival and morphophysiological aspects of the species evaluated were not affected by type of container, suggesting a 180 cm3 polypropylene tube for seedling production. The use of T. asperelloides benefits the physiology and growth of C. canjerana, C. fissilis, and C. trichoma, and is an important tool for enhancing its development in fields.

The aim of this study was to understand the structure of the arboreal community from riparian wood remainders at the Taquari river, in the Taquari-Antas river drainage basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 263 sampling units (SUs) of 100 m2 along transects parallel to the river were established. Height and girth measurements were taken at every SU for individuals with a breast-height girth ≥ 20 cm. Absolute and relative parameters for frequency, density, and dominance were defined, as well as the importance value index (IVI). The diversity was estimated by the Shannon (H’) and Pielou equitability (J) indexes. The similarity between fragments was assessed by clustering and principal coordinates analysis, considering the IVI and species abundance values, respectively. Were sampled 3.995 individuals, 112 species, and 39 botanical families were sampled. The absolute density was estimated at 1483 ind/ha. As to IVI, Luehea divaricata Mart. and Zucc. came first, followed by Terminalia australis Cambess. and Lonchocarpus nitidus (Vogel) Benth. Morus nigra L., an exotic invasive species, occurred in all remainders and ranked ninth in terms of IVI. The diversity was measured at H’: 3.78 nats/ind and J: 0.80. The fragments that are geographically closer and suffer direct influence from flooding present a greater similarity among each other. Despite the presence of exotic species, the riparian woodland remainders at Taquari river present high rates of floristic diversity, revealing the need for the adoption of urgent measures for their preservation. The differences between the remainders show that the knowledge of nearby remainders is required for the implementation of rescue projects.

The species, Luehea divaricata offers great ecological and timber potential in addition to a wide geographic distribution, although there are few studies comparing seedling production in the nursery with its development in the field. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the performance of L. divaricata seedlings produced in different substrates in the nursery, as well as verify if the results obtained influence survival and growth after planting in the field. The seedlings were produced with four different substrate formulations (T1: 100% peat-based commercial substrate (Peat); T2: 80% peat and 20% carbonized rice husk (CRH); T3: 60% peat and 40% CRH; T4: 40% peat and 60% CRH). In the nurseries, at 202 days after sowing, the height, stem base diameter, aerial dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass and Dickson quality index were evaluated. After the seedlings were planted in the field, their survival, height growth and stem base diameter were monitored. L. divaricata seedlings produced with up to 40% CRH mixed with peat-based commercial substrate can present adequate growth in the field, although improved performance may occur with even 20% CRH. It should be noted that the growth response of L. divaricata seedlings in the nursery is more efficient when associated with the performance of the seedlings in the field. Key words: Native species, carbonized rice husk, initial growth after planting, substrate.

Submitted by Sheila MONTEIRO (sheila.monteiro@ufma.br) on 2019-11-12T20:22:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ADIEL-LINS.pdf: 2140612 bytes, checksum: bc9594ce81250e323cbc7cf2312416a5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-12T20:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADIEL-LINS.pdf: 2140612 bytes, checksum: bc9594ce81250e323cbc7cf2312416a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-04-15 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão - FAPEMA Luehea divaricata popularly known as horse whip is used in folk medicine, however studies evaluating the pharmacological activity of this plant species are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the hydroalcoholic bark extract of Luehea divaricata (EHLd). The anti-oxidant effect of EHLd was evaluated by the DPPH method and Raw 264.7 cell cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT (methyltiazole tetrazolium) method as well as its anti-inflammatory effect which was evaluated by NO and gene expression of IL-1β and IL-6 by Griess and real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) methods, respectively. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect of EHLd has also been evaluated in mice with acute lung injury (APD). Forty-eight Swiss mice (05 groups) received oral pretreatment with either EHLd (50 mg / kg, 100mg / kg and 250mg / kg) or saline (1mL / kg) and were induced one hour after APD by intranasal LPS instillation (30,000UE / 10μg / 50μL / animal). After 24h, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), whole blood (TS) and organs were collected for analysis. Total and differential leukocyte count from both lavage and blood, IL-1β and IL-6 gene expression by lung RT-qPCR were analyzed and histological analysis of the lungs, kidneys and liver was performed. Through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the EHLd showed as major peaks the substances Rhoifolin, Isorhoifolin, Naringin, Kaempferol - 3 - caffeoyl glucoside 7 - 0 Glucoside, and Nuzhenide. EHLd, at a concentration of 250μg / mL, showed anti-oxidant effect by capturing 55% of free radicals. EHLd showed low cytotoxicity at all concentrations tested from 50μg / mL to 250 μg / mL (p

The objective of the present research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of Luehea divaricata minicuttings under two different cultivation periods in a greenhouse environment. The minicuttings were immersed in a hydroethanolic solution containing IBA. All minicuttings survived after 30 and 60 days of cultivation. Root formation at 30 days of cultivation with 1000 mg L-1 of IBA was 91.7%, the same rate as that observed with 4000 mg L-1. At the 1000 mg L-1 concentration, the number of roots was the greatest among all treatments, with 8.42 roots per minicutting after 30 days of cultivation. After 30 days of cultivation, the formation and number of roots with the use of 1000 mg L-1 of IBA in the “pulse” treatment produced the best outcome results, allowing the plants to spend less time in a greenhouse at a reduced concentration of auxin when compared with other treatments. However, to obtain higher averages of secondary root formation, root length, and number of leaves, it is necessary to increase the cultivation period to 60 days. RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) em dois períodos de cultivo em casa de vegetação sobre o enraizamento de miniestacas de Luehea divaricata. As miniestacas foram imersas por 10s em solução hidroetanólica contendo AIB. Todas as miniestacas sobreviveram tanto após 30 como 60 dias de cultivo. A formação de raízes aos 30 dias com 1000 mg L-1 de AIB foi de 91,7%, mesma média observada com 4000 mg L-1. Em relação ao número de raízes, novamente a concentração 1000 mg L-1destacou-se em relação às demais concentrações, e já aos 30 dias de cultivo houve 8,42 raízes por miniestaca. Aos 30 dias de cultivo, a formação e o número de raízes na presença de 1000 mg L-1 de AIB em tratamento “pulse” já produz resultados satisfatórios, permitindo que as plantas permaneçam menor tempo em casa de vegetação utilizando-se uma concentração reduzida de auxina, comparativamente àquelas que foram testadas. No entanto, para obter maiores médias de formação de raízes secundárias, comprimento das raízes e número de folhas é necessário prolongar o cultivo pelo período de 60 dias.

The grazing behavior practice by bovines can be positive or negatively influenced by the pasture structure where the animal is inserted. Several factors determine the pasture structure and the presence of weeds is considered one of the most important. This study aimed to assess the effect of species with and without stiff structures over the grazing behavior of bovines in pasture areas. The experimental design was a split block design with four replications, in which treatments were arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial design: four weed species (Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, Cnidoscolus urens, Dasyphyllum brasiliensis, and Luehea divaricata) associated with three proximity strips of weeds: 0-50, 50-100, and 100-150 cm in relation to the main stem of the studied weed. Forage intake by animals was measured by determining the real forage offers at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 15 days after the beginning of animal grazing (DAP). The presence of noxious shrubs influenced bovine grazing behavior. The influence on the intake is most evident in the presence of plants that promote animal discomfort. The species Z. rhoifolium, C. urens, and D. brasiliensis were the weeds with the greatest influence on feed access among the species that have stiff structures. The negative influence on grazing behavior is higher in the proximity strip closest to the plant, i.e. 0-50 cm from the main stem of the weed. RESUMO: O hábito de pastejo praticado pelos bovinos pode ser positiva ou negativamente influenciado pela estrutura da pastagem onde esse animal está inserido. Vários são os fatores que determinam a estrutura da pastagem, e a presença de plantas daninhas pode ser considerada um dos principais. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de espécies com e sem estruturas contundentes sobre o comportamento de pastejo de bovinos em áreas de pastagens. O experimento foi conduzido em faixa no delineamento de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições, onde os tratamentos foram dispostos em faixas 4 x 3: quatro espécies de plantas daninhas (Zanthoxylum rhoifolium, Cnidoscolus urens, Dasyphyllum brasiliensis e Luehea divaricata) associados a três faixas de proximidade das plantas daninhas: 0-50, 50-100 e 100-150 cm de distância em relação ao caule principal da planta daninha estudada. O consumo de forragem pelos animais foi mensurado determinando-se a oferta real de forragem aos 0, 3, 6, 9 e 15 dias após o início de pastejo animal (DAP). A presença de arbustos nocivos influencia o comportamento de pastejo de bovinos. A influência no consumo é mais evidente quando existem plantas que promovem desconforto animal. Z. rhoifolium, C. urens e D. brasiliensis e foram as daninhas de maior influência negativa sobre o acesso ao alimento entre as espécies que possuem unidades contundentes. A influência negativa no pastejo é maior na faixa mais próxima à planta, ou seja, 0-50 cm de distância do caule principal da daninha.

La Luehea divaricata Mart. conocida popularmente en el Paraguay como "ka´aovetî o ka´aovetîpytâ", es una planta nativa de la región utilizada como fitoterápico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de investigar el efecto protector del extracto acuoso de las hojas de L. divaricata frente al quimioterápico ciclofosfamida, en médula ósea de ratones. Los animales fueron divididos en 4 grupos de 5 animales cada uno; el Grupo I, control negativo, que recibió 200 µL de agua, vía oral; el Grupo II, que recibió 200 µL del extracto acuoso de L. divaricata; el Grupo III, que recibió 200 µL del extracto acuoso de L. divaricata y ciclofosfamida, 50 mg/Kg de peso de animal y el Grupo IV, fue el control positivo, recibió ciclofosfamida 50mg/Kg/peso de animal. El extracto acuoso de L. divaricata fue administrado por vía oral y el tratamiento se administró por 48h, la ciclofosfamida fue administrada por vía intraperitoneal 24h antes del sacrifico del animal .Se extrajo la médula ósea de los animales y se realizó el ensayo de micronúcleo en todas las muestras. Los resultados indicaron que el extracto acuoso de L. divaricata no presentó actividad mutagénica, cuando combinado con el agente mutagénico induce una reducción de hasta 49% en la frecuencia de micronúcleos, al ser comparado con el tratamiento con ciclofosfamida, sugiriendo un potencial efecto protector frente a agentes tóxicos

Popularly known as “açoita-cavalo” (whips-horse), Luehea species (Malvaceae-Tilioideae) are native to America and are used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, antiseptic, expectorant, and depurative and against skin infections. Although there are studies showing the chemical constituents of some species, the active substances have not been properly identified. A systematic study was carried out through a computer search of data on CAPES journals, SciELO, ISI Bireme, PubMed, ScienceDirect, ScienceDomain Medline, and Google Scholar from published articles using key words: Luehea, açoita-cavalo, and Malvaceae. Luehea divaricata was the species with the highest number of studies observed. Triterpenes (9), flavonoids (6), and steroids (4), including saponins, organic acids (4), and one lignan, are the main types of secondary metabolites registered and the most cited flavonoids were rutin and quercetin and among triterpenes there was maslinic acid, which might be associated with the popular indication of its anti-inflammatory action. The vitexin, a C-glycosylated flavone, isolated from three different species, is cited as a possible taxonomic marker of the genus. Studies confirm in part the medicinal uses of plants named as “açoita-cavalo” species. Some pharmacological activities, not assigned to the species of the genus Luehea by populations, were observed in laboratory experiments.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the structure (horizontal and vertical) of a Deciduous Forest, located between the municipalities of Piratuba and Ipira (SC). 14.000 m2 of tree communities were analyzed, sub- divided into 14 plots of 10 x 100 m, where all individuals with DBH equal to or greater than 4.0 cm were sampled and identified. For natural regeneration were sampled 560 m2, divided into 14 plots of 10 x 4 m. In the tree strata were sampled 2.125 individuals belonging to 34 families, 80 genera and 113 species with a total density of 1.517 ind.ha-1. Natural regeneration were sampled 196 individuals belonging to 24 families and 49 species with a total density of 3.500 ind. ha-1. Luehea divaricata Mart., Actinostemon concolor (Spreng) Müll. Arg. and Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan had of value of increased importance (7,1%, 7,0 % and 5,3%, respectively). Actinostemon concolor got high value Relative Natural Regeneration (18,1%). The low percentage of natural regeneration of species as Luehea divaricata and Parapiptadenia rigida, respectively 3,7% and 1,5%, typical of EDF , may represent a maintenance commitment in the community. The study revealed the presence of exotic species with invasive potential, as Hovenia dulcis Thumb. These facts point to the importance of the adoption of management measures, since the forest fragment studied is advancing successional terms, however, anthropogenic interference with signals in the floristic composition. These facts point to the importance of the adoption of management measures, since the forest fragment studied is suffering anthropogenic impact, influencing the ecological succession mechanisms. RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a estrutura (horizontal e vertical) de um trecho de Floresta Estacional Decidual, localizado entre os municípios de Piratuba e Ipira (SC). Foram analisados 14.000 m2 do estrato arbóreo, sub-divididos em 14 parcelas de 10 x 100 m, onde todos os indivíduos com DAP igual ou maior que 4,0 cm foram amostrados e identificados. Para regeneração natural foram amostrados 560 m2, subdivididos em 14 parcelas de 10 x 4 m. No estrato arbóreo foram amostrados 2.125 indivíduos, pertencentes a 34 famílias, 80 gêneros e 113 espécies, com densidade total de 1.517 ind.ha-1. Na regeneração natural foram amostrados 196 indivíduos, distribuídos em 24 famílias e 49 espécies, com densidade total de 3.500 plântulas.ha-1. Luehea divaricata Mart., Actinostemon concolor (Spreng.) Müll. Arg. e Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan apresentaram os maiores Valores de Importância Ampliados (7,1%, 7,0% e 5,3%, respectivamente). Actinostemon concolor obteve elevado valor de Regeneração Natural Relativa (18,1%). O baixo percentual na regeneração natural de espécies como Luehea divaricata e Parapiptadenia rigida, respectivamente 3,7% e 1,5%, típicas das FED, pode representar um comprometimento de manutenção na comunidade. O estudo revelou a presença de espécies exóticas com potencial invasor, como a Hovenia dulcis Thumb. Esses fatos apontam para importância da adoção de medidas de manejo, uma vez que o fragmento florestal estudado encontra-se sofrendo interferência antrópica, influenciando nos mecanismos de sucessão ecológica.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar três tratamentos de restauração florestal em uma área com elevação periódica do lençol freático, no Corredor de Biodiversidade Santa Maria, localizado entre os municípios de Santa Terezinha de Itaipu e São Miguel do Iguaçu-PR. Os tratamentos foram: controle, adubação verde e solarização do solo. Foi realizado o acompanhamento mensal da mortalidade e desenvolvimento de 12 espécies arbóreas nativas da região e a persistência de duas espécies invasoras presentes na área, Megathyrsus maximus (capim-colonião) e Cyperus rotundus (tiririca). Além disso, avaliou-se as alterações promovidas no solo por meio de três coletas durante o experimento. Após um ano, os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas sobre as avaliações realizadas. A mortalidade foi mais acentuada em janeiro (12,08%), com maior percentual para Cabralea canjerana (canjarana) e menor para Luehea divaricata (açoita-cavalo). Sobre o desenvolvimento das mudas, houve maior crescimento para: Sapium glandulatum (leiteiro-do-banhado), Croton urucurana (sangra-d'água) e Luehea divaricata, com acréscimos mensais em diâmetro de 3,66 mm a 4,12mm, e em altura de 12,39 cm a 17,02 cm. Em relação à massa seca do capim-colonião e tiririca em todos os tratamentos, os maiores valores foram verificados em janeiro (94,14 g m-2) e fevereiro (132,76 g m-2), mantendo-se baixos ao longo do experimento. Por meio das análises de solo, foi possível observar que os tratamentos não apresentaram diferenças significativas, contudo, as alterações físicas e químicas do solo mostraram-se sensíveis ao manejo das espécies invasoras, podendo levar a novas modificações durante o desenvolvimento das mudas. ABSTRACT It was aimed to evaluate three treatments for forest restoration in an area with periodic elevation of the groundwater, in the Corredor de Biodiversidade Santa Maria, located between the cities of Santa Teresinha de Itaipu and São Miguel do Iguaçu, in Paraná state. The treatments were: control, green manure and soil solarization. It was performed a monthly monitoring of mortality and development of 12 tree native species of the region and the persistence of two invasive species present in the area, Megathyrsus maximus (coloniao grass) and Cyperus rotundus (coco grass). Furthermore, it was evaluated the changes introduced in the soil by three soil samples during the experiment. After over a year of assessment, the treatments showed no statistically significant differences on the evaluations. The mortality was more pronounced in January (12.08%), with a higher percentage for Cabralea canjerana (canjarana) and lower for Luehea divaricata (açoita-cavalo). About the seedlings development, growth was higher for: Sapium glandulatum (leiteiro-do-banhado), Croton urucurana (sangra-d'água) and Luehea divaricata, with monthly increases in diameter of 3.66 mm to 4.12 mm, and height of 12.39 cm to 17.02 cm. Regarding the dry mass of 'colonião' grass and coco grass (nutsedge) in all treatments, the highest values were found in January (94.14 g m-2) and February (132.76 g m-2), remaining low throughout the experiment. Through soil analyzes, it was observed that treatments showed no significant differences, however, the physical and chemical changes in the soil were sensitive to the invasive species management, which may lead to new modifications during the growth of seedlings.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes substratos na germinação de sementes e emergência de plântulas de Luehea divaricata. O estudo foi realizado no Viveiro Florestal, DCFL, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - RS. Os frutos foram coletados de oito árvores matrizes, no Morro do Cerrito, Santa Maria, em julho de 2008. Após o beneficiamento, as sementes permaneceram armazenadas em câmara fria, dentro de sacos de papel, por 4 meses, para o estudo de emergência de plântulas, e por 7 meses para a avaliação da germinação de sementes. Foram avaliados cinco substratos para germinação (T1: Rolo de papel; T2: Sobre papel mata-borrão; T3: Entre papel mata-borrão; T4: Sobre areia; T5: Sobre vermiculita) com quatro repetições, e quatro tratamentos para emergência (T1: 100% turfa; T2: 80% turfa e 20% casca de arroz carbonizada; T3: 60% turfa e 40% casca de arroz carbonizada; T4: 40% turfa e 60% casca de arroz carbonizada) com cinco repetições. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Foram analisadas as variáveis germinação (G), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e tempo médio de germinação (TMG) em laboratório e, para emergência, foi analisado o percentual de emergência (E), índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) e tempo médio de emergência (TME) em viveiro. O início da germinação ocorreu no 6° dia, podendo a primeira contagem ser realizada aos 18 dias e as avaliações serem encerradas aos 35 dias após a instalação do experimento. Além disso, o substrato sobre vermiculita (T5) apresentou os percentuais mais altos de G e IVG, correspondendo a 42% e 0,678, respectivamente, enquanto que o T2 apresentou o menor TMG (14,80 dias). A emergência de plântulas teve início aos 21 dias após a semeadura, sendo finalizada aos 70 dias. Os tratamentos T1 e T2 apresentaram os maiores valores de E, 84,37%, 91,87%, respectivamente, diferindo estatisticamente de T3 e T4. Além disso, o tratamento T2 também apresentou os melhores valores de IVE (0,98) e TME (33,54 dias). Portanto, para germinação de sementes é indicado o substrato sobre vermiculita, e para emergência de plântulas, o substrato composto pela mistura de 80% turfa e 20% casca de arroz carbonizada.

RESUMO Considerando os diferentes usos etnofarmacológicos apresentados pela planta Luehea divaricata, realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar as atividades antinociceptiva e antinflamatória do extrato etanólico de suas folhas, em modelo animal, nas dosagens de 20, 40, 80 e 160 mg/Kg, por via oral. Foram realizados os seguintes testes: contorções abdominais induzidas pelo acido acético, placa quente, formalina e edema de pata induzido por carragenina. Foram utilizados camundongos Swiss (20-25 g) para os três primeiros testes e ratos Wistar (180-250 g), para o último, divididos em seis grupos de oito animais, totalizando 48 animais em cada parâmetro de avaliação. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pela análise de variância a 5% de probabilidade, para verificar quais os tratamentos que diferiram entre si, e estes foram submetidos aos testes de Kruskall-Wallis e Student-Newman-Keuls. O extrato etanólico das folhas de L. divaricata (EEtOH-Ld), nas diferentes doses estudadas, apresentou significativa atividade antinociceptiva sobre a dor induzida quimicamente por injeções intraperitoneal de acido acético e intraplantar de formalina. Na dosagem de 160 mg/Kg, esse extrato apresentou ação analgésica central, aos 120 minutos de observação, no teste de placa quente e reduziu o edema de pata induzido pela administração de carragenina, uma hora após a administração do agente inflamatório, semelhante ao efeito produzido pelo fármaco padrão. ABSTRACT Considering the different ethnopharmacological uses submitted by the plant Luehea divaricata, this study took place in order to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of the leaves in an animal model, the dosages of 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg by oral intake. The following tests were performed: writhing induced by acetic acid, hot plate, formalin, and paw edema induced by carrageenan. Swiss mice (20-25 g) were used for the first three tests and Wistar rats (180-250 g) for the last, divided into six groups, each of eight animals, totaling 48 animals for each assessment parameter. The results were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance at 5% probability to verify which treatments differ, and these were tested by Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls. The ethanol extract of L. divaricataleaves (EEtOH-Ld) at the different studied doses showed significant antinociceptive activity on chemically induced pain by intraperitoneal injections of acetic acid and intraplantar formalin. At a dosage of 160 mg/kg, this extract showed a central analgesic action after 120 minutes of observation in the hot plate test and reduced action in the paw edema induced by carrageenan one hour after the administration of the inflammatory agent, similar to the effect produced by the standard drug.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Luehea divaricata, popularly known in Brazil as “acoita-cavalo”, has been widely explored by different ethnic groups native to Brazil to treat different pathologic conditions, including inflammatory pain. However, no report could be found on the effect that extract of L. divaricata has on neuropathic pain. This is an important topic because convergent and divergent mechanisms underlie inflammatory vs. neuropathic pain indicate that there may not always be a clear mechanistic delineation between these two conditions. Aim of the study The study aimed to determine antioxidant activity and macronutrient composition of aqueous extract from leaves of L. divaricata, and the effect of oral administration on nociception in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve-induced neuropathic pain, one of the most commonly employed animal models of neuropathic pain. Materials and methods The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by total phenolic content and DPPH, ABTS●+ and ORAC methods. Vitexin was determined by HPLC to show that the composition of the extract of the present study is similar to that used in previous studies with this genus. Total sugar and sucrose concentrations were assessed by the anthrone method, while glucose and triacilglycerides were determined using commercially available kits. Fructose concentration was calculated from values for total sugars, glucose and sucrose. Total protein was determined by Bradford assay. The effect on DNA strand breaking was investigated by inhibition of strand breaking of supercoiled DNA by hydroxyl radical. The antinociceptive effects of aqueous extract (100, 300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg, i.g.) were evaluated on thermal and mechanical thresholds for neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. We also compared the antinociceptive effect of the extract (500 mg/kg, i.g.) with that induced by gabapentin (50 mg/kg, i.g.), a first-line clinical treatment for neuropathic pain. The effect of co-administration of extract (500 mg/kg, i.g.) and low-dose gabapentin (30 mg/kg, i.g.) was also assessed. In addition, the effect of the extract on body weight, and blood and hepatic parameters were investigated to reveal possible side effects of treatment. Results The extract showed high content of total phenol; good reducing capacity for DPPH, ABTS●+ and ORAC assays; presence of vitexin; and a high capacity to inhibit strand breaking of supercoiled DNA. The predominant sugar was sucrose, followed by glucose and fructose. Total protein was greater than triacylglycerides, with the latter being present in a trace amount in the extract. The extract increased the thermal and mechanical thresholds, which was reduced by CCI. The antinociceptive effect was comparable to gabapentin and was also found after co-administration of extract and low-dose gabapentin. No significant change was found in body weight and blood and hepatic indicators after extract treatment. Conclusions Aqueous extract from L. divaricata leaves was as effective as gabapentin at attenuating CCI-induced neuropathic pain, indicating for first time the therapeutic potential of this species for this type of pain.

The quantification of the hydric necessity for production of qualified seedlings is of extremely importance, and the substrate is a mediator of such influence. However, few studies are carried out in this context and, mainly, with native species as Luehea divaricata Mart. et Zucc., which presents elevated wood potential and for restoration of riparian forests. Thus, the work consisted in evaluating different substrates and irrigation schemes, in the survival and growing of seedlings, characterizing the hydric demand of the species, using factorial scheme composed by four formulations of substrate (100T: 100% turf (peat); 80T: 80% peat and 20% carbonized rice husk - CRH; 60T: 60% peat and 40% CRH; 40T: 40% peat and 60% CRH) and six irrigation schemes. Variables of survival, height, stem diameter, production of aerial dry mass, root and total, leaf area and Dickson Quality Index were evaluated. We observed elevated survival, height, stem diameter, aerial dry mass and leaf area in irrigation of 16 mm day-1, combined with the substrates 100T and 80T. The dry masses and Dickson Quality Index, independent of the irrigation scheme, reflected in a greater carbon accumulation. Thus, we concluded that the substrates based on peat, mixed with until 20% of CRH provide a greater seedling growth, making them available to the hardening and expedition more quickly, when associated to the irrigation scheme of 16 mm day-1. Luehea divaricata is a native species that can be considered with high hydric demand during the phase of seedling production.

Submitted by Alison Souza (alisonsouza@ufgd.edu.br) on 2019-03-28T21:43:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CleideAdrianeSignorTirloni.pdf: 6603867 bytes, checksum: 633df5bb39c9e666378db07f5f0c79b7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-28T21:43:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CleideAdrianeSignorTirloni.pdf: 6603867 bytes, checksum: 633df5bb39c9e666378db07f5f0c79b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-11 As doenças cardiovasculares estão entre as principais causas de mortes no mundo e as plantas medicinais podem ser alternativas viáveis para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos para o controle destas doenças. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as espécies medicinais Acanthospermum hispidum, Luehea divaricata e Talisia esculenta, utilizadas popularmente na região do Pantanal sul-mato-grossense, para o tratamento de doenças que afetam o sistema cardiovascular e renal. Primeiramente realizamos uma avaliação morfológica e histoquímica para identificar adequadamente as três espécies em estudo. Após devidamente identificadas, foram coletadas as partes aéreas da A. hispidum e as folhas da L. divaricata e T. esculenta. Infusões (100 g/1000 mL água filtrada) foram preparadas com as três espécies, os infusos foram filtrados e tratados com etanol, o sobrenadante etanólico (ES) foi utilizado. Os extratos purificados da A. hispidum (ESAH), L. divaricata (ESLD) e T. esculenta (ESTE) foram analisados fitoquímicamente. Todos os extratos apresentaram compostos fenólicos. Estudos de toxicidade foram conduzidos com ratos da linhagem Wistar (machos e fêmeas). Diferentes grupos de animais receberam 5, 50, 300 e 2000 mg/kg (dose única, v.o.) dos extratos ou água filtrada (5 mL/100g). No 15° dia o experimento foi encerrado e amostras de sangue e tecidos foram obtidas para análises bioquímicas e histológicas. Nenhum extrato promoveu sinais de toxicidade, então estudos farmacológicos foram conduzidos. Primeiramente verificamos os possíveis efeitos diuréticos em diferentes grupos de ratos após tratamento com diferentes doses dos três extratos (30, 100 e 300 mg/kg, v.o.). Após 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 24 horas (tratamento agudo) ou diariamente por sete dias (tratamento prolongado) o volume urinário foi determinado. Adicionalmente, nas amostras de urina resultante, o sódio, o potássio, o cloreto, o pH e a densidade foram mensurados. Baseado nos resultados da diurese aguda, somente o ESLD foi avaliado por sete dias. Em um segundo momento, analisamos os efeitos dos três extratos sobre a pressão arterial siastólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), pressão arterial média (PAM) e taxa cardíaca (batimentos por minuto- BPM) em ratos normotensos. Para isto, os animais foram anestesiados com cetamina/xilasina (100/20 mg/kg, i.m.) e um cateter de polietileno foi introduzido na artéria carotídea direita. Em seguida, realizamos a medida da pressão arterial (PA). Os extratos, nas mesmas doses da diurese, foram administrados diretamente no duodeno dos animais. Hidroclorotiazida (HCTZ 25 mg/kg) e água filtrada (5 mL/kg) foram utilizados como controle. O ESAH não apresentou atividade diurética, entretanto apresentou atividade hipotensora (reduziu a PAS e a PAM na dose de 30 mg/kg). A partir destes dados, investigamos o papel do óxido nítrico (ON), das prostaciclinas (PGI2) e o envolvimento dos canais de potássio (K + ) nesta atividade. Diferentes grupos de ratos foram infundidos continuamente pela veia femoral com L-NAME (7 mg/kg/min., inibidor não seletivo da óxido nítrico sintase), indometacina (3 mg/kg/min., inibidor não seletivo das cicloxigenases), azul de metileno (150 nmol/kg/min., inibidor da glanilato ciclase) ou TEA (400 µmol/kg/min., inibidor não seletivo dos canais de K + sensíveis ao Ca + ). Em seguida, administrou-se o ESAH (30 mg/kg, i.d.). Constatamos que a via do ON estava envolvida na atividade hipotensora do ESAH, como também os canais de K + sensíveis ao Ca + . O ESLD apresentou atividade diurética, salurética e hipotensora nos tratamentos agudos e as duas primeiras atividades se mantiveram por sete dias. A partir destes resultados realizamos o fracionamento deste extrato com solventes de diferentes polaridades. O ESLD (15 g.) foi solubilizado em água (500 mL) e fracionado sequencialmente com clorofórmio, butanol e acetato de etila gerando as frações ChloroFr, ButFr e AceFr, respectivamente. O resíduo aquoso gerou a fração aquosa (AqueFr). Estas frações foram avaliadas quanto aos efeitos diuréticos e hipotensores agudos. As frações AceFr (6 mg/kg), AqueFr (128 mg/kg) e ButFr (65 mg/kg) apresentaram atividade diurética após 24 horas, as duas últimas frações foram também hipotensoras, sendo que a ButFr apresentou também atividade salurética. Então, investigamos o envolvimento do ON e das PGI2 na atividade diurética da ButFr. Diferentes grupos de animais receberam, uma hora antes, L-NAME (60 mg/kg, v.o.) e indometacina (5 mg/kg, v.o). Em seguida, foram tratados com ButFr (65 mg/kg, v.o.). O volume urinário foi mensurado após 8 e 24 horas. As duas vias estavam envolvidas com a atividade diurética desta fração. Avaliamos também se o efeito diurético, salurético e hipotensor da ButFr (65 mg/kg, v.o) se manteriam após tratamento prolongado (diariamente por sete dias), o que também se confirmou. Apoiados nestes dados, analisamos esta fração em órgãos isolados. Para isto, ratos foram anestesiados e seus leitos mesentéricos e seus rins foram retirados e perfundidos com solução adequada, em seguida a PA destes órgãos foi analisada. Após a estabilização da PA, os órgãos receberam diferentes concentrações da ButFr. As concentrações mais efetivas da ButFr (0,01; 0,03 e 0,1 mg) foram analisadas quanto ao envolvimento do ON e das PGI2 nas atividades diuréticas e hipotensoras apresentadas. Retiramos novos órgãos e perfundimos com os inibidores L-NAME (100 µmol) e indometacina (1 µmol), em seguida administramos as diferentes concentrações da ButFr. Observamos que as duas vias estavam envolvidas. E por fim, como a AqueFr (128 mg/kg) apresentou uma atividade hipotensora nos estudos anteriores, traçamos um perfil fitoquímico da mesma e identificamos a isovitexina como seu principal metabólito. Analisamos o efeito da AqueFr e a isovitexina em leitos mesentéricos isolados de ratos e os mecanismos envolvidos na hipotensão. Pesquisamos o envolvimento do ON, PGI2 e dos canais de K + (sensíveis ao Ca + , à voltagem e ao ATP). Leitos mesentéricos foram isolados, perfundidos com os inibidores L-NAME (100 µmol), indometacina (1 µmol), KCl (40 mM), TEA (1 mM), 4-aminopiridina (10 µmol- inibidor dos canais de K + sensíveis à voltagem) e glibenclamida (10 µmol- inibidor seletivo dos canais de K + sensíveis ao ATP- Kir6.1) e administramos diferentes concentrações da AqueFr (0,01- 0,1 mg) e da isovitexina (100- 1000 nmol). Ambos os tratamentos apresentaram atividade hipotensora pela via do ON e por estimular os canais de K + sensíveis ao Ca + e ao ATP. E finalmente, o ESTE não apresentou atividade diurética significativa e nem atividade hipotensora. Avaliamos se ESTE apresentava atividade antioxidante in vitro através de sua capacidade de eliminar os radicais livres DPPH e de impedir a hemólise oxidativa ocasionada em eritrócitos humanos pelo 2,2-Azobis (2-amidinopropano) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Apesar de o ESTE não apresentar atividade diurética e hipotensora, demonstrou ter uma interessante atividade antioxidante. Desta forma, concluímos que a A. hispidum não foi diurética, porém apresentou atividade hipotensora, a L. divaricata apresentou atividade diurética, salurética e hipotensora e a T. esculenta não foi diurética nem hipotensora, entretanto apresentou atividade antioxidante. Os efeitos diuréticos e saluréticos da L. divaricata se mantiveram por sete dias. Suas frações AqueFr e ButFr também apresentaram atividade diurética e hipotensora, seus mecanismos de ação foram elucidados em órgãos isolados sendo que atuam pela via do ON e das PGI2, agindo em diferentes canais de K + . A L. divaricata apresentou melhores efeitos farmacológicos do que as outras duas espécies. Seus efeitos diuréticos e hipotensores corroboram o uso popular no Pantanal sul-mato-grossense podendo ser uma espécie potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos. Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide. Medicinal plants can be viable alternatives to the development of new drugs to control these diseases. The aim of this work was to investigate Acanthospermum hispidum, Luehea divaricata and Talisia esculenta, which are medicinal plants popularly used for the treatment of diseases affecting the cardiovascular and renal systems in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. First, we performed a morphological and histochemical evaluation to adequately identify the three species under study. After being properly identified, the aerial parts of A. hispidum and leaves of L. divaricata and T. esculenta were collected. By the infusion method (100 g/1000 mL filtered water) we prepared the crude extract with the aerial parts of A. hispidum and with the leaves of the L. divaricata e T. esculenta. Ethanol (PA) was used to purify the extract and the ethanolic supernatant (ES) was used for the tests. The phytochemical profile of the ESAH, ESLD e ESTE was revealed and all extracts presented phenolic compounds. Male and female Wistar rats were used for the pharmacological and acute toxicity studies. By the acute toxicity test, different groups of male and female rats received 5, 50, 300 e 2000 mg/kg (single dose, v.o.) of the three extracts or filtered water (5 mL/100g). On the 15 th day, blood and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histological analyzes. Extracts promoted no signs of toxicity and, therefore, pharmacological studies were conducted. First, we analyzed the diuretic effects in different groups of rats (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg, v.o.). After 4-24 hours (acute treatment) or daily for seven days (prolonged treatment) the urinary volume was determined. Furthermore, sodium, potassium, chloride, pH and density were measured in urine samples. In a second moment, we analyzed the effects of the three extracts on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in normotensive rats. For this, animals were anesthetized with ketamine/xilasin (100/20 mg/kg, i.m.). A polyethylene catheter was introduced into the right carotid artery, and blood pressure (BP) was then measured. The extracts, at the same doses of diuresis, were administered directly into the duodenum of animals. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ 25 mg/kg) and filtered water (5 mL/kg) were used as controls. ESAH did not induce diuresis, however, it presented hypotensive effect (reduced SBP and MAP at the dose of 30 mg/kg). Based on these results, we analyzed the role of nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin (PGI2) and K-channel involvement in this activity. Different groups of rats were continuously infused through the femoral vein with L-NAME (7 mg/kg/min, NO synthase inhibitor), indomethacin (3 mg/kg/min., a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor), methylene blue (150 nmol/kg/min, glanilate cyclase inhibitor) or TEA (400 μmol/kg/min., a non-selective calcium-sensitive K + channel bloker (KCa)). ESAH (30 mg/kg, i.d.) was then administered. We observed that the ON pathway was involved in the ESAH hypotensive activity, as well as the Ca + sensitive K + channels. ESTE showed no significant diuretic or hypotensive activity. We then evaluated if ESTE presented in vitro antioxidant activity through its ability to eliminate free radical DPPH and to prevent oxidative hemolysis caused in human erythrocytes by AAPH. Although ESTE presented no diuretic and hypotensive activity, it has been shown to have an interesting antioxidant activity. Finally, based on the initial results where ESLD presented diuretic, saluretic and hypotensive effects, and the first two activities were maintained for seven days, we performed the fractionation of this extract with solvents with different polarities. The ESLD (15 g.) was solubilized in water (500 mL) and sequentially fractionated with chloroform, butanol and ethyl acetate resulting in fractions ChloroFr, ButFr and AceFr, respectively. The aqueous residue generated the aqueous fraction (AqueFr). These fractions were evaluated for diuretic and acute hypotensive effects. The fractions Acefr (6 mg/kg), AqueFr (128 mg/kg) and ButFr (65 mg/kg) presented diuretic activity after 24 hours. The last two fractions were also hypotensive, besides the saluretic activity presented by ButFr. From this result, we investigated the involvement of ON and PGI2 in the diuretic activity of ButFr. Different groups of animals received, one hour earlier, L-NAME (60 mg/kg, v.o.) and indomethacin (5 mg/kg, v.o). They were then treated with ButFr (65 mg/kg, v.o.). Urinary volume was measured after 8 and 24 hours. The two pathways were involved with the diuretic activity of this fraction. We also investigated whether the diuretic, saluric and hypotensive effect (ButFr (65 mg/kg)) would be maintained after prolonged treatment (daily for seven days), which was also confirmed. Based on these data, we decided to analyze this fraction in isolated organs. For this, rats were anesthetized and their mesenteric beds and kidneys were removed and perfused with adequate solution and arterial pressure was measure. After stabilization of the arterial pressure, the organs received different concentrations of ButFr. The most effective concentrations of ButFr (0.01-0.1 mg) were analyzed for ON and PGI2 involvement in the diuretic and hypotensive activities presented. We perfused new beds and kidneys with the inhibitors L-NAME (100 μmol) and indomethacin (1 μmol) and then administered different concentrations of ButFr. Two paths were involved. Finally, since AqueFr (128 mg/kg) presented a hypotensive activity in previous studies, we elucidated its phytochemical profile and identified isovitexin as its main metabolite. We investigated AqueFr and isovitexin in mesenteric beds isolated from rats and the mechanisms involved in hypotension. We verified the involvement of ON, PGI2 and K + channels (sensitive to Ca + , voltage and ATP). We isolated the beds, perfused with the inhibitors L-NAME (100 μmol), indomethacin (1 μmol), KCl (40 mM, K + ), TEA (1 mM), 4-aminopyridine (10 μmol- a voltage-dependent (KV) K + channels bloker) and glibenclamide (10 μmol- a seletive Kir6.1 ATP-sensive K + channels bloker) and administered different concentrations of AqueFr (0.01-0.1 mg) and isovitexin (100-1000 nmol). Both treatments presented hypotensive activity via NO and stimulated K + channels sensitive to Ca + and ATP. Thus, we conclude that although A. hispidum was not diuretic, it had hypotensive activity, T. esculenta was neither diuretic nor hypotensive but presented antioxidant activity and L. divaricata presented diuretic, salinetic and hypotensive activity. The diuretic and saluretic effects of L. divaricata were maintained for seven days. Its fractions (AqueFr and ButFr) presented diuretic and hypotensive activity and the mechanisms of action were elucidated in isolated organs, acting through the ON and PGI2 pathways acting on different K + -channels. L. divaricata presented better pharmacological effects than the other two species and its diuretic and hypotensive effects corroborate the popular use in Pantanal. Therefore, it can be considered a potential species for the development of new drugs.

The structure and ultrastructure on floral nectaries of Heliocarpus popayanensis Kunth. and Luehea divaricata Mart (Malvaceae-Grewioideae) were investigated for the first time. The floral nectaries of the analysed species are structured (can be recognised macroscopically and microscopically) and of trichomatic type. Significant morphological differences were observed between the nectaries of perfect and pistillate flowers of H. popayanensis, as well as between nectaries of this species and those of the related species, Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. The volume of nectar produced in the perfect and pistillate flowers of H. popayanensis and in the perfect flowers of L. divaricata presents significant differences that could be related to the rewards offered to flower visitors. No differences were observed in ultrastructure features of the glandular trichomes between H. popayanensis and L. divaricata. Nectar accumulation occurs between the wall and the cuticle. The predominant floral visitors in perfect and pistillate flowers of H. popayanensis were bees, and less frequently flies; whereas for L. divaricata were wasps, bumblebees, butterflies and beetles. Our results support the inclusion of each genus in different tribes according to the recent tribal classification based on molecular and morphological data of the subfamily Grewioideae. Fil: Lattar, Elsa Clorinda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ecología. Cátedra de Morfología de Plantas Vasculares; Argentina Fil: Galati, Beatriz Gloria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Botánica General; Argentina Fil: Carrera, Constanza Soledad. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Ferrucci, María Silvia. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Ecología. Cátedra de Morfología de Plantas Vasculares; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; Argentina

Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. Accordingly, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) has been found to effectively produce HD-like symptoms.Luehea divaricata(L. divaricata), popularly known in Brazil as “açoita-cavalo,” may act as a neuroprotective agentin vitroandin vivo. We evaluated the hypothesis that the aqueous extract ofL. divaricatacould prevent behavioral and oxidative alterations induced by 3-NP in rats. 25 adult Wistar male rats were divided into 5 groups: (1) control, (2)L. divaricata(1000 mg/kg), (3) 3-NP, (4)L. divaricata(500 mg/kg) + 3-NP, and (5)L. divaricata(1000 mg/kg) + 3-NP. Groups 2, 4, and 5 receivedL. divaricatavia intragastric gavage daily for 10 days. Animals in groups 3, 4, and 5 received 20 mg/kg 3-NP daily from days 8–10. At day 10, parameters of locomotor activity and biochemical evaluations were performed. Indeed, rats treated with 3-NP showed decreased locomotor activity compared to controls. Additionally, 3-NP increased levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and decreased ratio of GSH/GSSG and acetylcholinesterase activity in cortex and/or striatum. Our results suggest that rats pretreated withL. divaricataprior to 3-NP treatment showed neuroprotective effects when compared to 3-NP treated controls, which may be due to its antioxidant properties.