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El presente estudio muestra la utilización de Mapas Cognitivos Borrosos para la formulación de caso y como herramienta facilitadora del proceso de cambio en psicoterapia. Desde la línea constructivista se aborda el caso de un hombre de 55 años (Henry) que muestra dificultades en las relaciones socio-afectivas, evita todo tipo de conflicto y su rigidez en la convivencia familiar le provoca estallidos de ira. Se utilizó un diseño de caso único siguiendo el formato de conceptualización de caso según el Mapa Cognitivo Borroso de Formación y Resolución de Problemas Humanos. En la base metodológica se utiliza la Técnica de Rejilla, la Rejilla de Implicaciones y el software GridFCM como procedimiento de obtención del Mapa Cognitivo Borroso. Los resultados muestran que incluir Mapas Cognitivos Borrosos en la formulación de casos facilita al paciente tener un rol más activo hacia el proceso de cambio, crear escenarios de simulación ofreciendo una imagen dinámica y causal de su Sistema de Significados Personales, aporta una retroalimentación del patrón del cambio tanto sincrónica como diacrónica y facilita la monitorización de las dinámicas de cambio.

El desarrollo de la psicología en Guatemala durante las últimas décadas se ha visto fortalecido por varios hitos en su historia como han sido los congresos, encuentros académicos y profesionales, colaboraciones internacionales y conferencias para nombrar algunos. Este número especial de nuestra revista da testimonio de uno de ellos. Gracias a la confianza, apoyo y mentoría de los grandes exponentes de las psicoterapias integrativas de América Latina y de la valiosa y comprometida colaboración de un comité organizador, pudo realizarse en Guatemala, de manera virtual con sólido apoyo tecnológico, el VIII Encuentro Latinoamericano de Psicoterapias Integrativas (ELAPSI). Si bien, el producto final fue de una excelente calidad académica, científica, profesional y sociocultural, también fue de inmenso valor el llegar a concretarlo. Desde el momento en que nos fue confiada la realización del mismo en el marco del VII Encuentro Latinoamericano que se llevó a cabo en Uruguay en 2018, sabíamos que estábamos abriendo brecha. Por primera vez, un ELAPSI sería realizado fuera de América del Sur, en donde históricamente se había congregado la comunidad académica y profesional de las psicoterapias integrativas. Por lo tanto, iniciar el proceso de organización implicaba no solo colocar a Guatemala en el mapa latinoamericano de la integración psicoterapéutica sino también consolidar un equipo organizador que representara las voces integrativas de las Américas particularmente de aquellos países donde hasta el momento estaban casi silenciadas. Los valores de solidaridad, apoyo, entusiasmo y compromiso se hicieron presentes para emprender una tarea que, aunque ambiciosa desde sus albores, fue apasionante.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. While the main systemic treatment option is anthracycline-containing chemotherapy, chemoresistance continues to be an obstacle to patient survival. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C (CPT1C) has been described as a poor-prognosis marker for several tumour types, as it favours tumour growth and hinders cells from entering senescence. At the molecular level, CPT1C has been associated with lipid metabolism regulation and important lipidome changes. Since plasma membrane (PM) rigidity has been associated with reduced drug uptake, we explored whether CPT1C expression could be involved in PM remodelling and drug chemoresistance. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) lipid analysis of PM-enriched fractions of MDA-MB-231 BC cells showed that CPT1C silencing increased PM phospholipid saturation, suggesting a rise in PM rigidity. Moreover, CPT1C silencing increased cell survival against doxorubicin (DOX) treatment in different BC cells due to reduced drug uptake. These findings, further complemented by ROC plotter analysis correlating lower CPT1C expression with a lower pathological complete response to anthracyclines in patients with more aggressive types of BC, suggest CPT1C as a novel predictive biomarker for BC chemotherapy., This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN) (PID2020-114953RB-C22 to N.C.) and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund, and the CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN) (Grant CB06/03/0001 to N.C.).

En el actual ecosistema digital, los contenidos y prácticas que generan redes sociales como YouTube o Instagram han facilitado la emergencia de un tipo de influencer o (micro)celebridad que, además de generar negocio (Vizcaíno-Verdú, De-Casas-Moreno & Ignacio Aguaded, 2019), ofrece unos modelos de autenticidad y estilos de vida, unas narrativas y unas influencias entre las generaciones Millennials y Centennials que requieren ser analizadas desde la percepción de los propios jóvenes usuarios. Para ello presentamos parte de los resultados de una investigación inédita de metodología mixta realizada en España que ha recogido las opiniones de adolescentes y jóvenes (12-18 años) de las Comunidades Autónomas de Catalunya, Baleares y Euskadi a partir de una muestra de 2.749 cuestionarios y nueve focus group durante el 2021, incluyendo el período afectado por la Covid19. Los resultados permiten observar qué plataformas prefieren, los motivos de preferencia, su aceptación o rechazo de determinados elementos comunicativos, sean tecnológicos, conectivos o discursivos, así como las características que parecen crear tendencia y favorecen su engagement hacia los influencers que prefieren.

This paper presents an innovative procedure for deriving both Fuzzy Cognitive Maps and Behavior Over Time Graphsfrom Personal Construct Psychology’s Repertory Grids, via the intermediate step of eliciting an adaptation of Bipolar Implications Grids. This makes it possible to have a functional as well as structural model of the Personal Construct System and to test and simulate its anticipated dynamics in hypothetical scenarios, as well as to understand more fully its systemic properties. The paper focuses on the procedure itself, and it is illustrated by means of a case study so as to highlight its significant implications for psychotherapy research and practice.

Implementing healthy lifestyle habits can take a great effort and sticking to such prescriptions is complicated. Failure rates amongst people seeking to adopt a healthier diet are estimated to be around 80%. Exploring the network of meanings that an individual associates with adopting habits such as healthy eating, maintaining the correct weight, and practising physical exercise can reveal the inconsistencies, obstacles, or psychological conflicts that hinder change and target-achievement. Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) can be of great utility in this task as they allow us to explore the structure of the personal meaning system of an individual as well as determine any obstacles and simulate hypothetical scenarios that project its future evolution. This can help to identify the foci of cognitive conflicts that hinder the adoption of healthy habits and establish more effective personalised intervention programmes that make it easier to maintain these habits.

Article first published online: August 26, 2021 Following the global outbreak of COVID-19 in March 2020, individuals report psychological distress associated with the “new normal”—social distancing, financial hardships, and increased responsibilities while working from home. Given the interpersonal nature of stress and coping responses between romantic partners, based on the systemic transactional model this study posits that perceived partner dyadic coping may be an important moderator between experiences of COVID-19 psychological distress and relationship quality. To examine these associations, self-report data from 14,020 people across 27 countries were collected during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic (March–July, 2020). It was hypothesized that higher symptoms of psychological distress would be reported post-COVID-19 compared to pre-COVID-19 restrictions (Hypothesis 1), reports of post-COVID-19 psychological distress would be negatively associated with relationship quality (Hypothesis 2), and perceived partner DC would moderate these associations (Hypothesis 3). While hypotheses were generally supported, results also showed interesting between-country variability. Limitations and future directions are presented.

La actividad narrativa ha constituido una estructura integral para la organización y construcción de significados de la experiencia humana. El presente estudio tiene dos objetivos principales vinculados a la actividad narrativa. El primer objetivo es la comprensión del proceso humano de construcción de significado. Para lograr este objetivo, analizamos cómo las narrativas se entienden a partir de los tres enfoques principales que los han examinado, el enfoque constructivista, el enfoque sistémico y el enfoque cognitivo. Por último, situamos nuestro estudio en el enfoque integrador que es el constructivismo relacional. Un segundo objetivo de nuestro estudio es contrastar la aplicabilidad y relevancia psicoterapéutica de la Rejilla de Evaluación Narrativa, una propuesta innovadora y pionera. Se propuso por primera vez por Botella y Gámiz (2011), en su estudio se utilizó para comparar pacientes con éxito terapéutico y pacientes sin éxito. Este estudio pretende contrastar y extender sus resultados, aumentando la muestra analizada y centrándose en el motivo de demanda del cliente.

ResumenEste trabajo aborda posibles respuestas a algunas de las preguntas que desconciertan en referencia al estatus de la investigación en psicoterapia, particularmente desde una llamada a revisar la inadecuación de una metáfora raíz con fuertes vínculos con el modelo médico. Concretamente se centra en los debates sobre (a) la proliferación de prácticas psicoterapéuticas, (b) la ausencia de eficacia diferencial significativa y (c) los criterios de demarcación entre terapias y pseudoterapias.AbstractThis paper addresses possible answers to some of the puzzling questions regarding the status of psychotherapy research, particularly from a call to question the inadequacy of a root metaphor with strong links to the medical model. Specifically, it focuses on the debates on (a) the proliferation of psychotherapeutic practices, (b) the absence of significant differential efficacy and (c) the demarcation criteria between therapies and pseudotherapies

Este trabajo se centra en una revisión del estado de la cuestión en integración en psicoterapia así como de sus principales controversias en cuanto a las objeciones a la falta de eficacia diferencial y a la supuesta inespecificidad de los factores comunes.

Unlike petroleum diesel, the chemical structure of biodiesel makes it prone to oxidation during long-term storage, thus involving fuel quality deterioration. Therefore, the addition of antioxidants is usually required to meet the quality standards for biodiesel commercialization. Synthetic sterically-hindered phenols have been usually employed for this purpose as free radical scavenging antioxidants. However, naturally occurring phenolics are also available, for example, in the bio-oil produced in the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. In this work, the antioxidant potential of extracted fractions of lignocellulosic bio-oil has been evaluated. Different organic solvents were tested as extraction agents, acetate esters being the best ones for incorporating bio-oil antioxidant compounds into biodiesel. In the best case, the incorporation of a small concentration of bio-oil compounds (

Work stress is a major contributor to absenteeism and reduced work productivity. A randomised and controlled study in employee-volunteers (with Perceived Stress Scale [PSS-14]>22) was performed to assess a mindfulness program based on brief integrated mindfulness practices (M-PBI) with the aim of reducing stress in the workplace. The PSS-14 of the employees before and after 8-weeks M-PBI program, as well as after a 20-week follow-up, was assessed (primary endpoint). The employees also carried the following questionnaires (secondary endpoints): Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Experiences Questionnaire-Decentering (EQ-D), and Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS). Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was measured during each session in a subgroup of employees (n = 10) of the interventional group randomly selected. A total of 40 employees (77.5% female median [SD] age of 36.6 [5.6] years) took part in this study: 21 and 19 in the intervention and control group, respectively. No differences in baseline characteristics were encountered between the groups. Results show a significant decrease in stress and increase in mindfulness over time in the intervention group (PSS-14 and FFMQ; p

El objetivo de este estudio es valorar los primeros resultados del programa de mindfulness basado en prácticas breves integradas (M-PBI) en cuanto a su efecto sobre la capacidad de mindfulness (mediante el Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, FFMQ), descentramiento (Experiences Questionnaire-Decentering, EQ-D) y síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés (Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, DASS-21). Se incluyeron 74 participantes y la totalidad finalizaron el estudio. La media de edad fue de 38.9 años (DE = 9), el 74.3% fueron mujeres y el 87% estaban laboralmente en activo. Las puntuaciones medias del FFMQ y EQ-D aumentaron significativamente y las del DASS-21 disminuyeron de forma también significativa en la medición post-entrenamiento vs. pre-entrenamiento (p

Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre los logros y retos de las intervenciones psicológicas basadas en mindfulness desde una perspectiva psicoterapéutica, es decir, considerándolas formas de intervención psicoterapéutica. Además se abordan desde la perspectiva del constructivismo relacional, es decir desde la visión de que la construcción de significado a partir de la experiencia es un logro lingüístico, relacional y narrativo. Por último, el tema se enfoca desde una actitud integradora de la práctica y conceptualización de la psicoterapia.

ResumenEste trabajo compara 30 pacientes con buen resultado terapéutico con 30 con un mal resultado terapéutico en términos de la distribución diferencial de (1) variables iniciales (2) variables de proceso y resultado y (3) variables narrativas. Los resultados indicaron que el funcionamiento psicosocial, la motivación, los síntomas pre-terapia, la alianza terapéutica, el número total de sesiones de terapia, la reducción total de los síntomas pre-post y la media de puntuación de la alianza de trabajo total en las sesiones de 3, 4 y 8 discriminaron entre ambos grupos. Los resultados también mostraron que casi todas las variables narrativas, excepto algunas de ellas discriminaron los clientes de buen resultado de los de mal resultado desde el principio, punto medio y fase final de su proceso terapéutico. Estos resultados se discuten en función de su relevancia para la práctica clínica.AbstractThis paper compares 30 patients with good therapeutic outcome to 30 with poor therapeutic outcome in terms of the differential distribution of (1) Intake Variables (2) Outcome and Process Variables, and (3) Narrative Variables. Results indicated that psychosocial functioning, motivation, pre-therapy symptoms, Working Alliance, total number of therapy sessions, total pre-post symptom reduction, and mean scoring for total working alliance in sessions 3, 4, and 8 discriminated between both groups. Results also showed that almost all narrative variables except some of them discriminated good outcome clients from poor outcome ones from the beginning, midpoint and final stage of their therapeutic process. These results are discussed according to their relevance for clinical practice.

We analyse the levels of motivation for therapy, as well as explore if there are significant differences between the group of clients who drop-out from therapy and those who continue. Is there a relation between the different dimensions of motivation and the way the client perceive the therapeutic environment? 39 dyads of therapist and clients from Portugal participated. The Client motivation for therapy scale, adapted from Pelletier, Tucson and Haddad (1997) and the modified HCCQ from Williams, McGregor, King, Nelson and Glasgow (2005) were administered to the clients in 1 st , 3 rd , 5 th and 8 th session. Significant differences in the intrinsic motivation and amotivation dimension and no significant differences were found, between those who give up/continue psychotherapy ( p >.05). Nevertheless it was found a positive significant correlation ( r s =.467) between the level of perception of the therapeutic environment and integrated motivation, as well as a negative correlation with amotivation ( r s =.521), that is to say, the better the perception of the therapeutic environment, more motivated they are for therapy. Keywords: motivation, psychotherapy, clients, therapeutic environment

This paper examines the concept of allegiance effects in psychotherapy research from a constructivist approach. After considering their role in outcome and process research, a constructivist explanation of them is proposed. It is also suggested that traditional ways to control them, while necessary and sound, may not be enough. Alternatively, a call for methodological pluralism in psychotherapy research is made, especially regarding the inclusion of qualitative, hermeneutic, phenomenological and discovery oriented case studies that privilege the voice of clients and not only the researchers favoured constructs.

Rhythm and drumming have not been explored systematically from a constructivist or a personal construct theoretical approach. This article is an exploration of the bridges between constructivism and drumming in terms of the interrelated processes of listening outwardly, listening inwardly, and the actual motoric action of playing. Listening outwardly is approached from the constructivist notion of validation and/or invalidation of anticipations. Listening inwardly is related to the bodily base of rhythm perception. Playing drums is discussed particularly in relation to the emotional expressivity of drumming. The article ends with some personal reflections.

El concepto de conciencia plena (Mindfulness) que ha emergido recientemente en el ámbito anglosajón remite a un estado particular de conciencia promovido por las técnicas meditativas orientales. En este artículo se revisan las conceptualizaciones teóricas de la conciencia plena en el ámbito de la psicoterapia atendiendo a sus componentes, instrumentos de evaluación y mecanismos de acción. Se resumen también las características generales de cinco enfoques psicoterapéuticos que incorporan la conciencia plena: la Reducción de Estrés Basada en la Conciencia Plena (MBSR), la Terapia Cognitiva Basada en la Conciencia Plena (MBCT), la Terapia Dialéctica Conductual (DBT), la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso (ACT) y la Terapia Breve Relacional (BRT). Finalmente, se detallan las aplicaciones clínicas de estos enfoques.

This paper presents a commentary on the contributions to this special edition of the EJCP on using clinical outcomes in routine evaluation. Some of the contributing authors’ main ideas in the papers are compared and contrasted with our own research results after six years of using the CORE System as a routine evaluation protocol.

Traumatic life events have the power to disrupt those self-narratives with which people order their life experience, by challenging their organization, promoting the development of problem-dominated identities, and fostering dissociation of aspects of the experience in a way that precludes its integration. We briefly consider these processes at levels ranging from the biogenetic, through the personal-agentic, to the dyadic-relational, and ultimately to cultural-linguistic levels of narrative structure, and then present the results of a grounded theory analysis of psychotherapy to reveal the pragmatic and rhetorical strategies by which it counters such disruption. Results suggest the means by which a client and therapist collaborate to help the former reconstruct the meaning of her mother's suicide, ultimately moving toward greater coherence and hopefulness in the narration of her life.

Our review critically presents the main achievements, advantages, and limitations of oxime palladacycles as high-turnover catalysts for Heck, as well as homo- and cross-coupling reactions such as Suzuki–Miyaura, Stille, Ullmann-type, Cassar–Heck–Sonogashira, sila-Sonogashira, Glaser-type, Hiyama, and alkoxycarbonylation reactions. New developments in this area are reviewed from a mechanistic and synthetic point of view. The role of oxime palladacycles as a source of highly active zero-valent palladium species is also discussed. © 2006 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 6: 117–132; 2006: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20077

A dimeric 4-hydroxyacetophenone oxime-derived palladacycle has been used as a very efficient precatalyst for the chemoselective arylation of acrolein diethyl acetal to give either cinnamaldehyde derivatives or 3-arylpropanoate esters by proper choice of the reaction conditions. The synthesis of cinnamaldehyde derivatives can be performed by Heck reaction of acrolein diethyl acetal with iodo-, bromo- or chloroarenes in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) using K2CO3 as base at 120 °C and tetra-n-butylammonium acetate (TBAA) and KCl as additives, followed by acid workup. In the case of 3-arylpropanoate esters the corresponding arylation of acrolein diethyl acetal with iodoarenes can be performed at 90 °C in aqueous DMA using (dicylohexyl)methylamine as base, whereas for bromoarenes the reaction has to be performed at 120 °C using tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) as additive. Alternatively, this process can be performed under microwave irradiation. These couplings take place in good yields and with lower catalyst loading than with palladium(II) acetate as well as in shorter reaction times and with lower excess of acrolein diethyl acetal.

1-(2-Iodophenyl)-3-p-tolylurea (1) reacts with Pd(dba)2 ([Pd2(dba)3]·dba; dba = dibenzylideneacetone) in the presence of the appropriate ligands to give the ortho-palladated arylureas [Pd{C6H4NHC(O...

Optimized reaction conditions for the mono- and beta,beta-diarylation of electron-deficient alkenes in aqueous media catalyzed either by a p-hydroxyacetophenone oxime-derived palladacycle or by palladium(II) acetate under phosphine-free conditions and in the presence of (dicyclohexyl)methylamine as base are described. Regioselective monoarylation of unsubstituted and substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds takes place with aryl iodides at 120 degrees C in water. Aqueous N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (TBAB) as additive, and the palladacycle as catalyst are the most efficient conditions for the coupling with aryl bromides, good stereoselectivities being also obtained in the arylation of crotonates and itaconates, whereas cinnamic derivatives afford lower steroselectivity, with the exception of cinnamic acid and nitrile. beta,beta-Diarylation of unsubstituted alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds can be controlled by using higher loading of the palladacycle and can be performed in refluxing water for aryl iodides, whereas DMA must be used for aryl bromides. Microwave irradiation can be used in the monoarylation of tert-butyl acrylate with aryl iodides in water or the coupling between ethyl cinnamate and aryl bromides in aqueous DMA.

Este artículo presenta una aproximación a los efectos terapéuticos de la relación terapeuta-paciente (y más concretamente de la alianza terapéutica) desde los conocimientos científicos actuales sobre la influencia de las relaciones de apego en la neurobiología de la autorregulación afectiva.

Verniere, C., Perrier, X., Dubois, C., Dubois, A., Botella, L., Chabrier, C., Bove, J. M., and Duran Vila, N. 2004. Citrus viroids: Symptom expression and effect on vegetative growth and yield of clementine trees grafted on trifoliate orange. Plant Dis. 88:1189-1197. Citrus are natural hosts of five viroid species: Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd), Citrus bent leaf viroid (CBLVd), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd), Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), and Citrus viroid IV (CVd-IV). CEVd and specific sequence variants of HSVd are the causal agents of the wellknown diseases of citrus, exocortis and cachexia. Other viroids have been found to induce different degrees of stunting. Since commercial citrus trees are commonly infected with mixtures of these viroids, only limited information is available on their effect in species other than Etrog citron. A field assay was conducted to establish the effect of each viroid on Commune clementine trees grafted on Pomeroy trifoliate orange. Infected trees were periodically monitored over a 12-year period (1990 to 2002) for symptom expression, growth, and fruit yield. Only CEVd caused bark scaling on the trifoliate orange rootstock and marked dwarfing, both characteristic of exocortis disease as initially described. In addition, very conspicuous bumps were observed in the wood of the rootstock after removing the bark. Only those HSVd variants, previously characterized as pathogenic in several cachexia-sensitive species, induced pits and gum deposits characteristic of this disease in the clementine scion. Bark cracking symptoms on the trifoliate orange rootstock were also observed. They were associated with CVd-IV, HSVd, or CEVd infection, but in the latter, they were only clearly observed in trees that showed mild scaling. Other abnormalities (deep pits, crests, and gummy pits) were not associated with viroid infection. No specific symptoms resulted from infection with CBLVd and CVd-III. HSVd, CVdIV, and CBLVd had little or no effect in growth and yield, whereas CEVd and CVd-III caused a significant reduction of growth and yield, which became more pronounced over time with CEVd infection. Yield reduction was associated mainly with loss of production of large fruits. In general, there was a good correlation between reduction in vegetative growth and yield.

Palladacycles 1 and 2, derived from 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone and 4-hydroxyacetophenone oximes, respectively, are very efficient and versatile pre-catalysts for a wide range of carbon-carbon bond coupling reactions such as, Mizoroki-Heck, Suzuki-Miyaura, Stille, Ullmann-type, Sonogashira, sila-Sonogashira, Glaser and acylation of alkynes under very low loading conditions in air and either in organic or aqueous solvents, employing reagent-grade chemicals. High yielding, general, and practical procedures for the palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck, Suzuki-Miyaura, Ullmann-type, Sonogashira and sila-Sonogashira reactions are described.

The mono and β,β-diarylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with electron-deficient and electron-rich aromatic iodides in water is described. These reactions are catalyzed by the p -hydroxyacetophenone oxime-derived palladacycle 1 by controlling the stoichiometry of the aryl iodide and the alkene as well as the loading of the palladium catalyst. This one-pot protocol is performed in refluxing water and (dicyclohexyl)methylamine as base under thermal or microwave conditions and in the absence of an inert atmosphere.

Palladacycles derived from phenone-oximes 1 are efficient precatalysts for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of arylboronic acids with aromatic and heteroaromatic bromides and chlorides under water reflux under aerobic conditions. Alternatively, the coupling can also be carried out at room temperature in methanol–water. Aryl bromides gave biaryls with TON up to 105 and TOF up to 7×104 h−1. Activated and deactivated aryl chlorides need the presence of TBAB for the couplings, showing slightly lower efficiency (TON up to 9000 and TOF up to 3850 h−1). C(sp2)C(sp3) bonds can also be formed by cross-coupling reactions of trimethylboroxine and butylboronic acid with aromatic bromides and chlorides under water reflux and of benzylic and allylic chlorides or acetates with arylboronic acids in acetone–water at room temperature.

En este artículo presentamos el caso de Sandra que acude a terapia veintiséis años después de que su madre se suicidara. Con la finalidad de acercarnos a cómo esta cliente elaboró el duelo hemos llevado a cabo un análisis pragmático-retórico de su proceso psicoterapéutico presentando fragmentos de las transcripciones de psicoterapia como ilustración de cada uno de los mecanismos descritos. Desde el constructivismo relacional, la terapia, ayuda a los clientes a cambiar de posición respecto de los problemas y discursos que les constriñen; en este caso, la cliente pasa de sufrir los efectos consecuentes a la muerte de su madre como algo que se manifiesta a su libre albedrío, sin su control y que le produce malestar para pasar a ocupar la posición de alguien que los controla, comprende y elabora hasta que se permite cerrar ese capítulo de su vida para iniciar uno de nuevo.

This paper presents our understanding of narrative therapy from a relational constructivist approach, as a way to further develop the dialogue between contemporary constructivist theories and social constructionist approaches. In the first section the ten main assumptions of relational constructivism are discussed. In the second, a case study is presented in order to illustrate our therapeutic use of these assumptions.

This article presents a new mathematical method (the Structural Quadrants Method) for the assessment of construct system complexity via the repertory grid. The Structural Quadrants Method (SQM) is presented step by step, and its sensitivity to grid structure is illustrated by applying it to five case studies. A validational study demonstrating the discriminative power of the SQM and comparing it to traditional measures is included. Results indicate that the SQM discriminates between a group of 11 experts and one of 11 novices in terms of grid complexity as expected (i.e., detecting high degrees of differentiation and integration in the experts' grids and low degrees of differentiation and integration in the novices' grids). The discriminative power of the SQM is unparalleled by the traditional measures of grid structure compared in this article. The article ends with a section on the distinctive advantages of the SQM and some suggestions for future research.

Este artículo trata de la influencia que han ejercido los planteamientos posmodernos propios del contexto cultural contemporáneo sobre las dos orientaciones psicoterapéuticas en las que parecen haber tenido más eco: las terapias sistémicas y las terapias cognitivas. Presenta, asímismo, el posicionamiento de los autores, enmarcado en las tradiciones constructivista, construccionista, narrativa y discursiva.

Este artículo aborda los retos que plantea la denominada condición posmoderna contemporánea a la psicoterapia como ámbito científico aplicado desde la perspectiva de sus cien años de historia. Tras una breve revisión de los principales modelos psicoterapéuticos desde una perspectiva estilísitica y sociocultural, se presenta un intento de definición del término posmodernidad así como una advertencia ante las posibles implicaciones ambivalentes que puede llegar a plantear la noción de una psicoterapia posmoderna. Finalmente, desde una perspectiva afirmativa, se ofrece un esbozo de lo que podrían ser los retos más significativos que la posmodernidad plantea a la psicoterapia vista desde sus cien años de historia como disciplina.

We discuss a constructivist model of epistemic development based on the notion of increased complexity. This model proposes that as cognitive complexity increases by means of cycles of validation and invalidation, personal epistemic assumptions shift from positivism to constructivism, and preferred worldviews shift from mechanism to organicism—as defined by Pepper's (1942) taxonomy of world hypotheses. We report two studies in which we found, as predicted, a significant relationship among overall cognitive complexity, constructivist epistemic assumptions, and an organicist worldview. However, our attempt to discriminate the effects of the two theoretical dimensions of cognitive complexity (differentiation and integration) was not successful. Our data also indicate a dichotomy of ways of knowing: One is characterized by cognitive simplicity, objectvist epistemic assumptions, and a mechanistic/formistic worldview; the other is characterized by cognitive complexity, constructivist epistemic assumpti...