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We analyze the connection between two perspectives when defining fuzzy sets: the viewpoint of mappings and the viewpoint of families of level cuts. This analysis is mathematically supported by the framework of a categorical adjunction, which serves as a dictionary between these two perspectives. We prove that hesitant fuzzy sets and gradual sets are strongly related through this connection. This allows concepts and operations to be transferred from one class to the other, and vice versa. Concretely, as an application, we provide lattice operations on gradual sets, compatible with Zadeh’s max-min operations on fuzzy sets, when considering them as families of level cuts. We discuss the well-known representation theorem for fuzzy sets within this framework, and we show that the representation of fuzzy sets as gradual sets depends on the chosen embedding of fuzzy sets as hesitant fuzzy sets. Hence, distinct embeddings yield diverse representations of fuzzy sets as collections of subsets. Furthermore, we extend this methodology to include other classes of extended fuzzy sets. As a consequence, a representation theorem for interval-valued fuzzy sets is provided.

Global biodiversity is negatively affected by anthropogenic climate change. As species distributions shift due to increasing temperatures and precipitation fluctuations, many species face the risk of extinction. In this study, we explore the expected trend for plant species distributions in Central America and southern Mexico under two alternative Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) portraying moderate (RCP4.5) and severe (RCP8.5) increases in greenhouse gas emissions, combined with two species dispersal assumptions (limited and unlimited), for the 2061-2080 climate forecast. Using an ensemble approach employing three techniques to generate species distribution models, we classified 1924 plant species from the region's (sub)tropical forests according to IUCN Red List categories. To infer the spatial and taxonomic distribution of species' vulnerability under each scenario, we calculated the proportion of species in a threat category (Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered) at a pixel resolution of 30 arc seconds and by family. Our results show a high proportion (58-67%) of threatened species among the four experimental scenarios, with the highest proportion under RCP8.5 and limited dispersal. Threatened species were concentrated in montane areas and avoided lowland areas where conditions are likely to be increasingly inhospitable. Annual precipitation and diurnal temperature range were the main drivers of species' relative vulnerability. Our approach identifies strategic montane areas and taxa of conservation concern that merit urgent inclusion in management plans to improve climatic resilience in the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot. Such information is necessary to develop policies that prioritize vulnerable elements and mitigate threats to biodiversity under climate change.

Abstract Elevational gradients are characterized by major shifts in environmental conditions, reflected through changes in climatic and soil variables. These shifts strongly impact the composition, community structure and specific functional traits of vegetation. Vegetation, in turn, influences soil properties through litter input, root growth and the release of root exudates, thereby influencing soil microbial and faunal communities. Here, we report and briefly describe data of soil and underlying bedrock physical and chemical properties, climatic variables, plant community composition and species abundance, soil microbial diversity and macro and mesofaunal abundance and diversity. Data are provided for 6 elevations (3400–4600 m) ranging from pine forest to alpine prairie. We focused on soil biophysical properties beneath several keystone or community-structuring plant species with different growth forms: (1) tree (Pinus hartwegii Lindl.); shrub (Oxylobus arbutifolius (Kunth) A. Gray and Chionolaena lavandulifolia (Kunth ex Kunth) Benth. & Hook.f. ex B.D.Jacks.); and (3) herb (Lupinus montanus Kunth and Senecio roseus Sch.Bip.). These data are useful for understanding how shifts in abiotic conditions and vegetation communities along an elevational gradient affect soil ecosystem services such as water infiltration, soil aggregation and carbon (C) storage, and modify soil biodiversity. The collected data also provide useful information to understand how alpine vegetation, soil macro- and meso-fauna, and soil bacterial communities may shift under a climate change scenario.

Scene graph generation from images is a task of great interest to applications such as robotics, because graphs are the main way to represent knowledge about the world and regulate human-robot interactions in tasks such as Visual Question Answering (VQA). Unfortunately, its corresponding area of machine learning is still relatively in its infancy, and the solutions currently offered do not specialize well in concrete usage scenarios. Specifically, they do not take existing “expert” knowledge about the domain world into account; and that might indeed be necessary in order to provide the level of reliability demanded by the use case scenarios. In this paper, we propose an initial approximation to a framework called Ontology-Guided Scene Graph Generation (OG-SGG), that can improve the performance of an existing machine learning based scene graph generator using prior knowledge supplied in the form of an ontology (specifically, using the axioms defined within); and we present results evaluated on a specific scenario founded in telepresence robotics. These results show quantitative and qualitative improvements in the generated scene graphs.

La Oratio pro memoria de N. Mameranus es un alegato en defensa de la memoria expuesto en el contexto de las orationes quodlibeticae que se celebraron en 1560 en la Universidad de Lovaina. Mameranus critica la práctica consistente en leer los discursos por escrito. A este chartaceus et sedentarius orator Mameranus no lo considera digno de llamarse orador. El principal argumento en contra de la lectura estriba en el tedio que provoca en el auditorio y la incapacidad de mover los afectos de los oyentes. Propone que se restablezca la memoria como parte esencial de la práctica oratoria.

Abstract Objectives Altitude integrates changes in environmental conditions that determine shifts in vegetation, including temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and edaphogenetic processes. In turn, vegetation alters soil biophysical properties through litter input, root growth, microbial and macrofaunal interactions. The belowground traits of plant communities modify soil processes in different ways, but it is not known how root traits influence soil biota at the community level. We collected data to investigate how elevation affects belowground community traits and soil microbial and faunal communities. This dataset comprises data from a temperate climate in France and a twin study was performed in a tropical zone in Mexico. Data description The paper describes soil physical and chemical properties, climatic variables, plant community composition and species abundance, plant community traits, soil microbial functional diversity and macrofaunal abundance and diversity. Data are provided for six elevations (1400–2400 m) ranging from montane forest to alpine prairie. We focused on soil biophysical properties beneath three dominant plant species that structure local vegetation. These data are useful for understanding how shifts in vegetation communities affect belowground processes, such as water infiltration, soil aggregation and carbon storage. Data will also help researchers understand how plant communities adjust to a changing climate/environment.

Three stages can be distinguished in the history of the printed text of Iacobus Publicius’s Ars memorativa. The first one comprises two volumes published in Toulouse and Paris, around 1477. The same stage in the composition of the text is also to be found in a later edition (around 1489). Two versions have been preserved of the second stage of the text: the version that is possibly earlier in time (around 1481) lacks tituli and even omits the author’s name. It also contains several engravings, all of them with moving parts, representing the combination of imagines and literae reales. The second version of this second stage was published in Venice in 1482 at the Ratdolt printing press. The Ars memorativa was associated with two rhetorical treatises (Institutiones oratoriae and Ars epistolandi), and the resulting volume was published under the generic title Oratoriae artis epitomata. This version includes a mnemonic alphabet that largely coincides with the one presented in the 1481 version, although now almost all images are fixed. Regarding the text, the main novelty is a profound rearrangement of the contents throughout all the books. The last stage (1485, by Ratdolt) wants to achieve two aims: put the three books on the same level despite having been clearly in favour of the first one before, and homogenize the content of each of the three books. The result is a well-balanced work from a doctrinal point of view and an interesting one from the editorial, which both surely explain much of its success.

We present a novel implementation of a Rock-Paper-Scissors (RPS) game interaction with a social robot. The framework is tailored to be computationally lightweight, as well as entertaining and visually appealing through collaboration with designers and animators. The fundamental gesture recognition pipeline employs a Leap motion device and two separate machine learning architectures to evaluate kinematic hand data on-the-fly. The first architecture is used to recognize and segment human motion activity in order to initialize the RPS play, and the second architecture is used to classify hand gestures into rock, paper or scissors. The employed tabletop robot interacts in the RPS play through unique animated gestural movements and vocalizations designed by animators which communicate the robot's choices as well as cognitive reflection on winning, losing and draw states. Performance of both learning architectures is carefully evaluated with respect to accuracy, reliability and run time performance under different feature and classifier types. Moreover, we assess our system during an interactive RPS play between robot and human. Experimental results show that the proposed system is robust to user variations and play style in real environment conditions. As such, it offers a powerful application for the subsequent exploration of social human-machine interaction.

Resumen Analizamos la Epístola con la que Alfonso Polo dedica a Pedro de Ribera en su edición del Super secundum librum Regum de Alfonso de Madrigal, ‘el Tostado’ (1529). La epístola contiene pasajes tomados de un amplio catálogo de autores, como Leonardo Bruni, Nicola Perotti, Filipo Beroaldo, Pietro Albignano, Celso Hugo, Johannes Host von Romberch y Eneas Silvio Piccolomini. Alfonso Polo pone cuidado en la conexión entre los diferentes pasajes que copia con el propósito de que resulte un texto coherente y homogéneo. La importancia de la epístola estriba fundamentalmente en los datos que aporta para conocer la peripecia editorial de las obras de Pedro de Ribera en las imprentas venecianas.Palabras clave: Alfonso Polo, Pedro de Ribera, El Tostado, epístola dedicatoria. Abstract We analyze the epistle that Alfonso Polo dedicated to Pedro de Ribera in his edition of Super secundum librum Regum of Alfonso de Madrigal, 'El Tostado' (1529). This epistle contains passages taken from a wide range of authors, such as Leonardo Bruni, Nicola Perotti, Filipo Beroaldo, Pietro Albignano, Celso Hugo, Johannes Host von Romberch and Eneas Silvio Piccolomini. Alfonso Polo puts care in the connection between the different passages he copies for the purpose of a coherent and homogeneous text. The importance of the epistle lies mainly in data provided to learn the publishing adventure of Pedro de Ribera’s works in the Venetian printers.Keywords: Alfonso Polo, Pedro de Ribera, El Tostado, dedicatory epistle. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6128-871X

The emergence and development of cognitive strategies for the transition from exploratory actions towards intentional problem-solving in children is a key question for the understanding of the development of human cognition. Researchers in developmental psychology have studied cognitive strategies and have highlighted the catalytic role of the social environment. However, it is not yet adequately understood how this capacity emerges and develops in biological systems when they perform a problem-solving task in collaboration with a robotic social agent. This paper presents an empirical study in a human-robot interaction (HRI) setting which investigates children's problem-solving from a developmental perspective. In order to theoretically conceptualize children's developmental process of problem-solving in HRI context, we use principles based on the intuitive theory and we take into consideration existing research on executive functions with a focus on inhibitory control. We considered the paradigm of the Tower of Hanoi and we conducted an HRI behavioral experiment to evaluate task performance. We designed two types of robot interventions, “voluntary” and “turn-taking”—manipulating exclusively the timing of the intervention. Our results indicate that the children who participated in the voluntary interaction setting showed a better performance in the problem solving activity during the evaluation session despite their large variability in the frequency of self-initiated interactions with the robot. Additionally, we present a detailed description of the problem-solving trajectory for a representative single case-study, which reveals specific developmental patterns in the context of the specific task. Implications and future work are discussed regarding the development of intelligent robotic systems that allow child-initiated interaction as well as targeted and not constant robot interventions.

A theoretical and methodological model is proposed. It is made up of three areas of study –the general institutional profile, the musical institutional profile and the evaluating judgment. On this basis, the process of permanency and change of 32 symphonic works is analyzed, in terms of their circulation, preservation, reception and valuation. These works were written between 1922 and 1952 by the Chilean composers Próspero Bisquertt (1881-1959), Domingo Santa Cruz (1899-1987), Jorge Urrutia (1903-1981), and René Amengual (1911-1954). Two paradigms are taken as a reference for the analysis –the mono-institutional and the multi-institutional. The first one is related to the period of supremacy of the University of Chile up to the beginnings of the 1970’s. The second one considers the growing importance that, starting in the 1970’s and 1980’s, other state and private universities along with other artistic institutions take in terms of sponsoring the musical activity in Chile. A period of crisis of the University of Chile is identified, starting in the late 1970’s because of the drastic changes imposed by the military dictatorship after 1973.

The purpose of this article is the discussion of two pioneer orchestral works written by Enrique Soro (1884-1954) (Grand Concerto in D major for piano and orchestra, 1918; and Grand Romantic Symphony in A major, 1921) and one by Luigi Stefano Giarda (1868-1952) (Beyond Death, symphonic poem, op. 131, 1922), in terms of their communication, circulation and reception during two consecutive periods of the history of Chilean music, spanning between 1918-1923 and 1928-1950, within the framework of power as handled by music institutions. This amounts to a methodological proposal to study art music both as a historical and a social practice.

Exploration of spatial processes, such as radioactivity or temperature is a fundamental task in many robotic applications. In the literature, robotic exploration is mainly carried out for applications where the environment is a priori known. However, for most real life applications this assumption often does not hold, specifically for disaster scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel integrated strategy that allows a robot to explore a spatial process of interest in an unknown environment. To this end, we build upon two major blocks. First, we propose the use of GP to model the spatial process of interest, and process entropy to drive the exploration. Second, we employ registration algorithms for robot mapping and localization, and frontier-based exploration to explore the environment. However, map and process exploration can be conflicting goals. Our integrated strategy fuses the two aforementioned blocks through a trade-off between process and map exploration. We carry out extensive evaluations of our algorithm in simulated environments with respect to different baselines and environment setups using simulated GP data as a process at hand. Additionally, we perform experimental verification with a mobile holonomic robot exploring a simulated process in an unknown labyrinth environment. Demonstrated results show that our integrated strategy outperforms both frontier-based and GP entropy-driven exploration strategies.

Information gathering (IG) algorithms aim to intelligently select the mobile robotic sensor actions required to efficiently obtain an accurate reconstruction of a physical process, such as an occupancy map, a wind field, or a magnetic field. Recently, multiple IG algorithms that benefit from multi-robot cooperation have been proposed in the literature. Most of these algorithms employ discretization of the state and action spaces, which makes them computationally intractable for robotic systems with complex dynamics. Moreover, they cannot deal with inter-robot restrictions such as collision avoidance or communication constraints. This paper presents a novel approach for multi-robot information gathering (MR-IG) that tackles the two aforementioned restrictions: (i) discretization of robot’s state space, and (ii) dealing with inter-robot constraints. Here we propose an algorithm that employs: (i) an underlying model of the physical process of interest, (ii) sampling-based planners to plan paths in a continuous domain, and (iii) a distributed decision-making algorithm to enable multi-robot coordination. In particular, we use the max-sum algorithm for distributed decision-making by defining an information-theoretic utility function. This function maximizes IG, while fulfilling inter-robot communication and collision avoidance constraints. We validate our proposed approach in simulations, and in a field experiment where three quadcopters explore a simulated wind field. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability with respect to the number of robots of our approach.

Rapidly exploring random trees (RRTs) have been proven to be efficient for planning in environments populated with obstacles. These methods perform a uniform sampling of the state space, which is needed to guarantee the algorithm’s completeness but does not necessarily lead to the most efficient solution. In previous works it has been shown that the use of heuristics to modify the sampling strategy could incur an improvement in the algorithm performance. However, these heuristics only apply to solve the shortest path-planning problem. Here we propose a framework that allows us to incorporate arbitrary heuristics to modify the sampling strategy according to the user requirements. This framework is based on ‘learning from experience’. Specifically, we introduce a utility function that takes the contribution of the samples to the tree construction into account; sampling at locations of increased utility then becomes more frequent. The idea is realized by introducing an ant colony optimization concept in the RRT/RRT* algorithm and defining a novel utility function that permits trading off exploitation versus exploration of the state space. We also extend the algorithm to allow an anytime implementation. The scheme is validated with three scenarios: one populated with multiple rectangular obstacles, one consisting of a single narrow passage and a maze-like environment. We evaluate its performance in terms of the cost and time to find the first path, and in terms of the evolution of the path quality with the number of iterations. It is shown that the proposed algorithm greatly outperforms state-of-the-art RRT and RRT* algorithms.

Information gathering (IG) algorithms aim to intelligently select a mobile sensor actions required to efficiently obtain an accurate reconstruction of a physical process, such as an occupancy map, or a magnetic field. Many recent works have proposed algorithms for IG that employ Gaussian processes (GPs) as underlying model of the process. However, most algorithms discretize the state space, which makes them computationally intractable for robotic systems with complex dynamics. Moreover, they are not suited for online information gathering tasks as they assume prior knowledge about GP parameters. This paper presents a novel approach that tackles the two aforementioned issues. Specifically, our approach includes two intertwined steps: (i) a Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree (RRT) search that allows a robot to identify unvisited locations, and to learn the GP parameters, and (ii) an RRT*-based informative path planning that guides the robot towards those locations by maximizing the information gathered while minimizing path cost. The combination of the two steps allows an online realization of the algorithm, while eliminating the need for discretization. We demonstrate that our proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art both in simulations, and in a lab experiment in which a ground-based robot explores the magnetic field intensity within an indoor environment populated with obstacles.

Sobre la base de los conceptos de "sociabilidad" e "institución" este trabajo considera el importante aporte que Carmen Luisa Letelier Valdés ha realizado en pro de la comunicación de la música chilena, tanto en Chile como en el extranjero, y por la vida musical del país.This article deals with the important contribution that Carmen Luisa Letelier-Valdés has made to the communication ofChilean music both in Chile and abroad as well as her important rôle in Chilean musical life. The study is based on the concepts of"sociability" and "institution".

This paper presents a novel system for automatic forest-fire measurement using cameras distributed at ground stations and mounted on Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). It can obtain geometrical measurements of forest fires in real-time such as the location and shape of the fire front, flame height and rate of spread, among others. Measurement of forest fires is a challenging problem that is affected by numerous potential sources of error. The proposed system addresses them by exploiting the complementarities between infrared and visual cameras located at different ground locations together with others onboard Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The system applies image processing and geo-location techniques to obtain forest-fire measurements individually from each camera and then integrates the results from all the cameras using statistical data fusion techniques. The proposed system has been extensively tested and validated in close-to-operational conditions in field fire experiments with controlled safety conditions carried out in Portugal and Spain from 2001 to 2006.

Durante el período comprendido entre 1810 y 1855, en Chile la creación musical escrita por mujeres quedó absolutamente fuera del ámbito público. Por otra parte, en el período comprendido entre 1856 y 1869 dieciocho mujeres hicieron circular públicamente su obra, a las que se agregan otras tres mujeres que lo hicieron de manera anónima, hasta alcanzar un total de 39 obras publicadas. El objetivo prioritario del presente trabajo es explorar este proceso en cuanto a sus características principales y sus causas dentro de la sociedad civil chilena de la época. Dos factores son determinantes. Uno es el desarrollo de la educación sistemática de la mujer de la alta sociedad chilena, en la que el aprendizaje de la músicajugó un papel clave. El otro factor es el desarrollo de la edición impresa y la distribución pública de la música que se produce en Chile a contar de la década de 1850, especialmente en los estratos altos de la sociedad de la época. Las compositoras, objeto de este estudio, se clasifican en tres grandes grupos, de acuerdo a las temáticas de la música que revelan o sugieren sus títulos, los propósitos de la publicación de la música, la vinculación de las creadoras con otras facetas de la música tales como la enseñanza y la interpretación y la asiduidad en el cultivo de la creación musical de acuerdo al número de obras publicadas en Chile. Todo el proceso transcurre en el momento que la sociedad civil se constituye, desde mediados del siglo XIX, como un componente independiente de la sociedad del país.During the period ranging between the years 1810 and 1855 in Chile, music compositions written by women almost never circulated in public. On the other hand, during the period ranging between the years 1856 and 1869, eighteen women had their works circulating in public, whereas three other women published their works anonymously. In all, no less than 39 works composed by women were published during this period. The main goal of this article is to explore this process as regards its main features and the causes within the Chilean civil society of the period. Two factors loom large as determinant. One is the developing of systematic education among women of the Chilean higher class, in which the study of music played a key role. The other factor has to do with the developing of music printing and the public distribution of music in Chile as of the decade of the 1850's, especially among the higher class. Women composers studied in this article are classified into three main groups, according to the subjects revealed or suggested by the titles of the works, the purpose of publishing the music, the relationship of the composers with such other areas of music as teaching and performance, and the assiduity in cultivating composition as revealed by the number of works published in Chile. This process occurs at a time when civil society becomes, as of the mid 19th century, an independent part of the Chilean society at large.

In this article we explain the architecture for the environment and sensors that has been built for the European project URUS (Ubiquitous Networking Robotics in Urban Sites), a project whose objective is to develop an adaptable network robot architecture for cooperation between network robots and human beings and/or the environment in urban areas. The project goal is to deploy a team of robots in an urban area to give a set of services to a user community. This paper addresses the sensor architecture devised for URUS and the type of robots and sensors used, including environment sensors and sensors onboard the robots. Furthermore, we also explain how sensor fusion takes place to achieve urban outdoor execution of robotic services. Finally some results of the project related to the sensor network are highlighted.

This paper presents a method to increase the reliability of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) sensor Fault Detection and Identification (FDI) in a multi-UAV context. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) and inertial sensors are used for sensor FDI in each UAV. The method uses additional position estimations that augment individual UAV FDI system. These additional estimations are obtained using images from the same planar scene taken from two different UAVs. Since accuracy and noise level of the estimation depends on several factors, dynamic replanning of the multi-UAV team can be used to obtain a better estimation in case of faults caused by slow growing errors of absolute position estimation that cannot be detected by using local FDI in the UAVs. Experimental results with data from two real UAVs are also presented.

The present work includes the translation into Spanish and the critical edition of the chapters "On history" in the Rhetoricorum libri quinque of George of Trebizond. Numerous notes to the translation, as well as valuable indices and a brief introduction to the text are added, in which we have studied the main aspects of the rhetorical doctrine of Trebisond applied to the historiographic genre.

El trabajo aborda los inicios de la actividad de conciertos públicos en Chile, durante la década de 1820, que constituyen una proyección al ámbito público de la actividad musical privada en el salón burgués. Fundamental en este respecto es la Sociedad Filarmónica de Santiago que floreció entre 1826 y 1828, en la que le cupo un papel preponderante a la gran dama de la música chilena decimonónica, Isidora Zegers, junto a dos destacados músicos chilenos de la época, José Zapiola y Manuel Robles, y a una pléyade de músicos aficionados, entre los que se destacan mujeres de la alta sociedad de la época. Más que sólo un ideal estético, esta sociedad buscó impulsar el valor social de la música, especialmente entre la juventud. La música que se interpretaba provenía de una vertiente europea, sinfónica de cámara u operática. No incluyó la música de compositores residentes en el país. Además de los conciertos en sala de la Sociedad Filarmónica, surge hacia finales de la década de 1830 otro tipo de conciertos públicos, que consisten en la interpretación de música vocal o instrumental durante los entreactos de obras teatrales de carácter serio o cómico. Los impulsa en Chile el músico llegado de Argentina, Santiago (Vicente Tito) Massoni, siguiendo el modelo que se usaba en Buenos Aires, en los que había participado José Zapiola durante su estada en esa ciudad el año 1824This article deals with the beginning of the activity of public concerts in Chile during the decade of 1820, stemming from the music activity held privately in the bourgeois salon. A key role was played by the Sociedad Filarmónica in Santiago between 1826 and 1828 led by Isidora Zegers, the grand dame of nineteenth century music in Chile, along with José Zapiola and Manuel Robles, who were accompanied by a selected group of amateur musicians, most of them women of the Chilean high society. The mission of this society was fostering music activity not so much from an aesthetic standpoint but as a means of social interaction, especially among young people. The repertoire consisted of symphonic or chamber works of European origin as well as parts of operas. Music written by composers residing in Chile at the time was not included. Apart from the concert hall activity of the Sociedad Filarmónica, another type of public concert arose in the theater toward the end of the 1830's. It consisted of the performance of vocal or instrumental music during the intermissions between acts of serious or comic plays. Santiago (Vicente Tito) Massoni, a musician from Argentina, started this type of concert in Chile, following the practice then current in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in which José Zapiola had participated during his stay in Buenos Aires the year 1824

El canon y el acto de canonizar forman parte de un juicio de valor aplicable a la música de arte europea, en una tripartición que involucra al creador, su obra y el impacto de la música en un receptor o público como resultado del proceso social de comunicación. Durante muchos años la música centroeuropea y su canon representó en Latinoamérica el lenguaje musical por excelencia, al cual se subordinaban todos los otros lenguajes musicales cultivados en el continente. El proceso de canonizar lo realizaba el musicólogo, el compositor o, más raramente, los intérpretes, de manera generalmente disociada. Con la conformación de una cultura de masas de base industrial en la década de los 50, característica de la así llamada modernidad latinoamericana, y el desarrollo masivo de la creatividad en la pluralidad de tradiciones musicales cultivadas en el continente, la música de arte no constituye hoy día el único posible referente canónico. Por el contrario, los referentes canónicos en Chile y Latinoamérica están, en muchos casos, fuera de la música de arte. Esto plantea un desafío formidable a la musicología, el cual debe ser abordado mediante la convergencia disciplinaria intra y extra musicológica, además de la generación de una crítica musicológica, que sirva de base para la formulación del juicio de valor, en que se interactúen el musicólogo, el compositor y el intérpretemusic, within a tripartition involving the composer, his work and the impact of music upon an audience as a result of the social process of music comunication. For many years the music from Central Europe and its canon was considered in Latin America as the musical language par excellence. All other musics were valued by the yardstick of European art music. The canonizing was carried out by musicologists, composers or less frequently by performers, usually in a totally unrelated manner. With the establishment of a mass culture in the fifties, typical of the so called Latin American modernity, and the massive thriving of creation within the various music traditions of Latin American culture, art music no longer is the only possible canonic reference. Quite to the contrary, canonic references in Chile and Latin America after 1950 frequently have nothing to do with art music. This poses a great challenge to musicology, which must be tackled by crossing both musicological and non musicological disciplines. Besides, a musicological critique should be developed, as the basis for the value judgement, involving musicologists, composers and performers

El presente estudio refiere la importancia de implantar la prevención de riesgos laborales (PRL) como parte de la responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC), bajo el criterio de que toda organización debe cumplir con la legislación vigente sin descuidar sus responsabilidades más directas relacionadas con su recurso humano como fuerza de trabajo e imagen institucional. El objetivo fue determinar la PRL en las Prácticas de RSC en una empresa del Ecuador. La metodología se fundamentó en un diseño de investigación cualitativa, con la metodología del tipo análisis de caso en profundidad, con investigación retrospectiva, basado en los criterios de suficiencia y adecuación de datos. Los resultados de la RSC y la PRL, al implantarse conjuntamente producen potenciación sinérgica, mejoramiento continuo. Se considera como punto de partida el cumplimiento de la legislación vigente, la sostenibilidad, mejores condiciones de trabajo, revisión periódica de cumplimiento, alcance a toda la organización y beneficios económico, social y ambiental. Las conclusiones indican empresas con más de dos años de funcionamiento, deben implementar legalmente el sistema de PRL y de RSC la ISO 26000 (Norma NTE INEN-ISO 26000:2011 Guía de RSC, prácticas laborales - trabajo, seguridad y salud-).