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1. Repeated Episodes of Heroin Cause Enduring Alterations of Circadian Activity in Protracted Abstinence

Author: Luis Stinus, Martine Cador, and Stephanie Caille
Subjects: opiate, dependence, protracted abstinence, circadian activity, rats, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: Opiate withdrawal is followed by a protracted abstinence syndrome consisting of craving and physiological changes. However, few studies have been dedicated to both the characterization and understanding of these long-term alterations in post-dependent subjects. The aim of the present study was to develop an opiate dependence model, which induces long-lasting behavioral changes in abstinent rats. Here, we first compared the effects of several protocols for the induction of opiate dependence (morphine pellets, repeated morphine or heroin injections) on the subsequent response to heroin challenges (0.25 mg/kg) at different time points during abstinence (3, 6, 9 and 18 weeks). In a second set of experiments, rats were exposed to increasing doses of heroin and subsequently monitored for general circadian activity up to 20 weeks of abstinence. Results show that heroin injections rather than the other methods of opiate administration have long-term consequences on rats’ sensitivity to heroin with its psychostimulant effects persisting up to 18 weeks of abstinence. Moreover, intermittent episodes of heroin dependence rather than a single exposure produce enduring alteration of the basal circadian activity both upon heroin cessation and protracted abstinence. Altogether, these findings suggest that the induction of heroin dependence through intermittent increasing heroin injections is the optimal method to model long-term behavioral alterations during protracted abstinence in rats. This animal model would be useful in further characterizing long-lasting changes in post-dependent subjects to help understand the prolonged vulnerability to relapse.
Published: 2012
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2. Withdrawal Syndromes

Author: Martine Cador, Stéphanie Caillé, and Luis Stinus
Published: 2015

3. Monoamine oxidase A rather than monoamine oxidase B inhibition increases nicotine reinforcement in rats

Author: Loren H. Parsons, George F. Koob, Marc R. Azar, Luis Stinus, Martine Cador, Karine Guillem, and Caroline Vouillac
Subjects: Male, Nicotine, Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors, Reinforcement Schedule, Time Factors, Hydrochloride, Monoamine oxidase, Self Administration, Stimulation, Motor Activity, Pharmacology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Clorgyline, medicine, Animals, Drug Interactions, Nicotinic Agonists, Rats, Wistar, Cotinine, Monoamine Oxidase, Analysis of Variance, Behavior, Animal, biology, General Neuroscience, Selegiline, Rats, chemistry, biology.protein, Monoamine oxidase B, Monoamine oxidase A, Psychology, Reinforcement, Psychology, medicine.drug
Abstract: Although nicotine is considered to be responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco, growing evidence underlines the importance of non-nicotine components in smoking reinforcement. It has been shown that tobacco smoke contains monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B inhibitors and decreases MAO-A and MAO-B activity in smokers. Here, we investigated the effects of clorgyline hydrochloride (irreversible MAO-A inhibitor; 2 mg/kg/day), selegiline (irreversible MAO-B inhibitor; 4 mg/kg) and the beta-carboline norharmane hydrochloride (reversible MAO-B inhibitor; 5 mg/kg/day) treatments on nicotine self-administration (30 microg/kg/infusion, free base) in rats. Independent of the responsiveness to novelty and locomotor activity stimulation, only clorgyline hydrochloride treatment increased the intake of nicotine in a fixed-ratio schedule (FR5) of reinforcement. When a progressive-ratio schedule was implemented, both clorgyline hydrochloride and norharmane hydrochloride treatments potentiated the reinforcing effects of nicotine, whereas selegiline had no effect. Taken together, these results indicate that MAO-A inhibition interacts with nicotine to enhance its rewarding effects in rats and suggest that other compounds present in tobacco, such as beta-carboline, may also play an important role in sustaining smoking behavior in humans.
Published: 2006

4. Neurobiological Mechanisms of Opiate Withdrawal

Author: Rafael Maldonado, Luis Stinus, George F. Koob, Rafael Maldonado, Luis Stinus, and George F. Koob
Subjects: Neurosciences, Pharmacology
Abstract: Some general aspects of opiate dependence are described in a first section including a brief historical description and an explanation of the different models currently used to investigate opiate dependence. The neurobiological bases of opiate withdrawal are detailed in a second section, which particularly emphasizes the neurophysiological adaptative changes, the processes of homologous and heterologous regulation, and the role played by different brain structures and several endogenous peptides acting as antiopiates. The last part reports several basic aspects more directly related to the clinical perspectives of opiate dependence, such as the new expectations in the treatment of opiate withdrawal or the relationships between sensitization, tolerance and withdrawal.
Published: 2013

5. Chronic interferon-α potentiates latent inhibition in rats

Author: Glyn Goodall, Ingrid Bethus, and Luis Stinus
Subjects: Male, Sucrose, medicine.medical_specialty, Microdialysis, Time Factors, Striatum, Motor Activity, Stimulus (physiology), Nucleus accumbens, Drug Administration Schedule, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Behavioral Neuroscience, Latent inhibition, Dopamine, Internal medicine, Conditioning, Psychological, medicine, Animals, Immunologic Factors, Behavior, Animal, Chemistry, Interferon-alpha, Classical conditioning, Neural Inhibition, Rats, Endocrinology, Taste aversion, Neuroscience, medicine.drug
Abstract: Several recent reports based on microdialysis have shown that repeated injections of IFN-alpha induce reduced dopamine (DA) activity in the rodent brain, and specifically within the striatum. This mesolimbic DA system is thought to play a central role in controlling latent inhibition (LI), which refers to the phenomenon in which conditioning proceeds more slowly to an irrelevant pre-exposed (PE) stimulus. The purpose of the present experiment was to evaluate whether chronic treatment with IFN-alpha may induce similar effects on LI as other DA-depleting manipulations. Rats were injected daily, for 24 days either with 10(4)IU IFN-alpha or vehicle, while monitoring their locomotor activity in photocell cages. No changes in locomotor activity, either during the acute period after the first injection, or progressively over the chronic period were observed. LI was then evaluated in these rats with a Conditioned Taste Aversion (CTA) paradigm. Half of each group of rats were pre-exposed to the 5% sucrose Conditioned Stimulus (CS) for 30 min on three successive days before the conditioning session in which the 30 min access to the 5% sucrose solution was followed by a 0.15M injection of 127 mg/kg LiCl. Two test sessions, in which rats were given a choice between the 5% sucrose solution and water, were given 48 and 72 h after the conditioning session. The results showed moderate LI in the control group, which was considerably potentiated in the IFN-alpha group despite the absence of any change in locomotor activity. These results are interpreted as providing indirect support for the theory that suggests that LI depends on DA activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc).
Published: 2003

6. In the rat forced swimming test, chronic but not subacute administration of dual 5-HT/NA antidepressant treatments may produce greater effects than selective drugs

Author: Luis Stinus, Manuel Bouvard, and Jean-Philippe Rénéric
Subjects: Cyclopropanes, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Mirtazapine, Mianserin, Motor Activity, Pharmacology, Clonidine, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Norepinephrine, Behavioral Neuroscience, Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-2, Fluoxetine, Desipramine, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Swimming, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, Behavior, Animal, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Depression, Chemistry, Milnacipran, Drug Synergism, Rats, Endocrinology, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation, Antidepressant, Serotonin, Adrenergic alpha-Agonists, human activities, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, medicine.drug, Behavioural despair test
Abstract: The rat forced swimming test (FST) distinguishes selective serotonin (5-HT) and selective noradrenaline (NA) reuptake-inhibitors, which respectively increase swimming and climbing behaviours. However, NA-system-mediated inhibition of 5-HT-induced swimming prevents dual 5-HT/NA reuptake-inhibition to produce concurrently climbing with swimming. Since adaptative neurochemical processes occur in the treatment of depression, we examined the influence of long-term antidepressant treatment on these interactions. Methods: (1) Selective [fluoxetine: 10 mg/kg; desipramine: 10 mg/kg] and non-selective [milnacipran: 40 mg/kg; mirtazapine: 20 mg/kg] antidepressants were administered subacutely (3inj) and chronically (17inj) over 16 days. (2) A subacute fluoxetine-desipramine combination (10–10 mg/kg) was administered in rats that were pre-treated with chronic-desipramine (10 mg/kg per day, 14 days). (3) NA-system-mediated interactions were further examined by combining the α2-receptor agonist clonidine (5, 10, 20, 200 μg/kg) with 10 mg/kg fluoxetine. Results: (1) Long-term treatment with either fluoxetine or desipramine does not modify the behavioural response produced by their subacute administration. (2) In contrast, whereas subacute-milnacipran increases climbing solely, chronic-milnacipran produces greater anti-immobility effects and increases both climbing and swimming behaviours. Similarly, the fluoxetine-desipramine combination produces climbing solely, but increases both climbing and swimming behaviours in animals pre-treated with chronic-desipramine. Chronic but not subacute-mirtazapine increases swimming behaviour. (3) clonidine dose-dependently antagonizes fluoxetine-induced anti-immobility effects and swimming behaviour. Conclusions: Chronic enhancement of NA-transmission alters NA-system-mediated inhibition of 5-HT-induced behaviour in the FST, which may involve α2-receptors.
Published: 2002

7. Neural correlates of the motivational and somatic components of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal

Author: Catherine Le Moine, Martine Cador, François Frenois, Stéphanie Caillé, and Luis Stinus
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Kindling, General Neuroscience, Dopaminergic, Hippocampus, (+)-Naloxone, Amygdala, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Extended amygdala, Internal medicine, medicine, Morphine, Psychology, Basolateral amygdala, medicine.drug
Abstract: In morphine-dependent rats, low naloxone doses have been shown to induce conditioned place aversion, which reflects the negative motivational component of opiate withdrawal. In contrast, higher naloxone doses are able to induce a 'full' withdrawal syndrome, including overt somatic signs. The c-fos gene is commonly used as a marker of neuronal reactivity to map the neural substrates that are recruited by various stimuli. Using in situ hybridization, we have analysed in the brain of morphine-dependent rats the effects of acute withdrawal syndrome precipitated by increasing naloxone doses on c-fos mRNA expression. Morphine dependence was induced by subcutaneous implantation of slow-release morphine pellets for 6 days and withdrawal was precipitated by increasing naloxone doses inducing the motivational (7.5 and 15 micro g/kg) and somatic (30 and 120 micro g/kg) components of withdrawal. Our mapping study revealed a dissociation between a set of brain structures (extended amygdala, lateral septal nucleus, basolateral amygdala and field CA1 of the hippocampus) which exhibited c-fos mRNA dose-dependent variations from the lowest naloxone doses, and many other structures (dopaminergic and noradrenergic nuclei, motor striatal areas, hypothalamic nuclei and periaqueductal grey) which were less sensitive and recruited only by the higher doses. In addition, we found opposite dose-dependent variations of c-fos gene expression within the central (increase) and the basolateral (decrease) amygdala after acute morphine withdrawal. Altogether, these results emphasize that limbic structures of the extended amygdala along with the lateral septal nucleus, the basolateral amygdala and CA1 could specifically mediate the negative motivational component of opiate withdrawal.
Published: 2002

8. Central 5-HT4 receptors and dopamine-dependent motor behaviors: Searching for a functional role

Author: Luigi Cervo, Philippe De Deurwaerdère, Luis Stinus, and Umberto Spampinato
Subjects: Central Nervous System, Male, Narcotics, Agonist, medicine.medical_specialty, Indoles, Apomorphine, medicine.drug_class, Dopamine, Clinical Biochemistry, Nigrostriatal pathway, Motor Activity, Catalepsy, Toxicology, Biochemistry, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Behavioral Neuroscience, Internal medicine, medicine, Haloperidol, Animals, Biological Psychiatry, 5-HT receptor, Injections, Intraventricular, Pharmacology, 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, Sulfonamides, Morphine, Chemistry, medicine.disease, Rats, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Stereotypy (non-human), medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Receptors, Serotonin, Dopamine Agonists, Dopamine Antagonists, Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT4, Serotonin Antagonists, Stereotyped Behavior, medicine.drug
Abstract: In this study, we evaluated the role of central 5-HT(4) receptors in the control of motor behaviors related to change of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) transmission, namely, stereotyped behavior and catalepsy in rats. Indeed, given that 5-HT(4) receptors indirectly modulate nigrostriatal DA neuron activity, we hypothesized that these receptors would regulate nigrostriatal DA transmission in the basal ganglia, and consequently, associated motor responses. Stereotypy was induced either by an acute administration of apomorphine (0.3 and 1.5 mg/kg sc), or by a single morphine administration (15 mg/kg sc) in chronically morphine-treated (15 mg/kg sc, twice daily for 10 days) rats. Catalepsy was induced by the typical neuroleptic haloperidol (HAL; 1 mg/kg sc). The selective 5-HT(4) antagonist, GR 125487 (1 mg/kg ip), modified neither apomorphine- nor morphine-induced stereotypy. HAL-induced catalepsy, while reduced by the systemic administration of the 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg/kg sc), was insensitive to GR 125487, systemically (1, 3, 10 mg/kg ip) or locally (20 and 40 nmol/20 microl) administered into the third ventricle. Also, HAL-induced catalepsy was not affected by the selective 5-HT(4) antagonist GR 113808 (3 mg/kg ip). The obtained results indicate that 5-HT(4) receptor antagonism does not modulate motor behaviors related to change of striatal DA transmission.
Published: 2002

9. Idazoxan and 8-OH-DPAT Modify the Behavioral Effects Induced by Either NA, or 5-HT, or Dual NA/5-HT Reuptake Inhibition in the Rat Forced Swimming Test

Author: Jean Philippe Rénéric, Manuel Bouvard, and Luis Stinus
Subjects: Cyclopropanes, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Motor Activity, Pharmacology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Idazoxan, Fluoxetine, Desipramine, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Drug Interactions, Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists, 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, Behavior, Animal, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Chemistry, 8-OH-DPAT, Milnacipran, Rats, Serotonin Receptor Agonists, Psychiatry and Mental health, Endocrinology, Antidepressant, Serotonin, Reuptake inhibitor, human activities, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, medicine.drug, Behavioural despair test
Abstract: The rat forced swimming test (FST) predicts the efficacy of antidepressants, which decrease immobility duration in the test, and can distinguish selective serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) reuptake inhibitors, which, respectively, increase swimming and climbing behaviors. However, dual 5-HT and NA reuptake-inhibition produces climbing behavior solely, thereby suggesting with other data that the NA-system mediates inhibiting interactions on 5-HT-induced swimming in the FST. Since alpha(2)-adrenoreceptors and 5-HT(1A)-receptors have important regulatory functions and are involved in 5-HT/NA interactions, we examined whether the alpha(2)-receptor-antagonist idazoxan and the 5-HT(1A)-receptor-agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) would modify the behavioral pattern induced in the FST by either selective or non-selective antidepressant treatments. The rats were treated subacutely (3 injections IP over 48 h) with: (a) idazoxan (0.5-10 mg/kg) alone, and in combination with desipramine (10 mg/kg), or desipramine + fluoxetine (10/10 mg/kg), or the dual serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake-inhibitor milnacipran (20 mg/kg). (b) 8-OH-DPAT (0.25-1 mg/kg) alone, and in combination with either desipramine (10 mg/kg) or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg). The results indicated: (a) Idazoxan (0.5, 5, 10 mg/kg) produced no anti-immobility effects per se in the FST, antagonized the effects of the NA-reuptake-inhibitor desipramine, and allowed desipramine + fluoxetine, as well as milnacipran, to increase swimming behavior. (b) 8-OH-DPAT produced non-significant effects per se, potentiated desipramine-induced antidepressant-like effects on immobility and climbing, and both antagonized swimming and produced climbing behavior in combination with fluoxetine. Our data support clinical trials suggesting that alpha(2)-receptor-antagonists and 5-HT(1A)-receptor-agonists may be of interest in augmentation strategies for antidepressant treatments. The scoring of active behaviors in the FST appears to be an interesting tool for studying 5-HT/NA interactions induced by antidepressants, as well as for the testing of augmentation strategies.
Published: 2001

10. Mapping ofc-fosgene expression in the brain during morphine dependence and precipitated withdrawal, and phenotypic identification of the striatal neurons involved

Author: François Georges, Catherine Le Moine, and Luis Stinus
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, biology, Chemistry, General Neuroscience, Dopaminergic, Central nervous system, Striatum, In situ hybridization, Nucleus accumbens, c-Fos, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, nervous system, Dopamine receptor, Internal medicine, medicine, biology.protein, μ-opioid receptor, Neuroscience
Abstract: The c-fos gene is expressed in the central nervous system in response to various neuronal stimuli. Using in situ hybridization, we examined the effects of chronic morphine treatment and withdrawal on c-fos mRNA in the rat brain, and particularly within identified striatal neurons. Morphine dependence was induced by subcutaneous implantation of two pellets of morphine for 6 days and withdrawal was precipitated by administration of naltrexone. Placebo animals and morphine-dependent rats showed a very weak c-fos mRNA expression in all the structures studied. Our study emphasized the spatial variations in c-fos mRNA expression, and also revealed a peak expression of c-fos mRNA at 1 h after naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal in the projection areas of dopaminergic neurons, noradrenergic neurons and in several regions expressing opiate receptors. Interestingly, morphine withdrawal induces c-fos mRNA expression in the two efferent populations of the striatum (i.e. striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons) both in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. Moreover, the proportions of activated neurons during morphine withdrawal are different in the caudate putamen (mostly in striatopallidal neurons) and in the shell and core parts of the nucleus accumbens (mostly in striatonigral neurons). The activation of striatopallidal neurons suggests a predominant dopaminergic regulation on c-fos gene expression in the striatum during withdrawal. On the contrary, c-fos induction in striatonigral neurons during withdrawal seems to involve a more complex regulation like opioid-dopamine interactions via the mu opioid receptor and the D1 dopamine receptor coexpressed on this neuronal population or the implication of other neurotransmitter systems.
Published: 2000

11. Effects of SCH 23390, Raclopride, and Haloperidol on Morphine Withdrawal-Induced Aggression in Male Mice

Author: José Pinazo, Marta Rodríguez-Arias, José Miñarro, and Luis Stinus
Subjects: Male, Narcotics, medicine.medical_specialty, Narcotic Antagonists, Clinical Biochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, Biochemistry, Mice, Behavioral Neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dopamine, Internal medicine, Salicylamides, medicine, Haloperidol, Animals, Social Behavior, Biological Psychiatry, Raclopride, SCH-23390, Morphine, Naloxone, business.industry, Dopaminergic, Antagonist, Dopamine antagonist, Benzazepines, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Aggression, Endocrinology, chemistry, Dopamine Antagonists, business, Antipsychotic Agents, medicine.drug
Abstract: RODRIGUEZ-ARIAS, M., J. PINAZO, J. MINARRO AND L. STINUS. Effects of SCH 23390, raclopride, and haloperidol on morphine withdrawal-induced aggression in male mice. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 64(1) 123–130, 1999.—Dopamine seems to play a very important role in aggressive behavior observed in morphine withdrawal. The effect of SCH 23390 (0.5 mg/kg), raclopride (0.3 mg/kg), and haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) on morphine withdrawal-induced aggression has been studied in this work. Mice were rendered dependent by a daily injection of morphine (2.5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Three different experiments were carried out with the objective to evaluate the antiaggressive effect of the dopamine antagonists on: first, spontaneous morphine withdrawal; second, naloxone-induced withdrawal; and third, naloxone-induced withdrawal after previous administration of the neuroleptics. Thirty minutes after injection of the dopamine antagonists, experimental animals were confronted in a neutral area with anosmic, group-housed conspecifics (standard opponents), and aggression was evaluated by estimation of times allocated to 11 different behavioral categories. Morphine withdrawal produced an increase in aggressive behavior and a decrease in social and nonsocial behaviors. The three neuroleptics counteracted this aggression, but when SCH 23390 (selective D1 antagonist) and haloperidol (mixed D1/D2 antagonist) were administered in naloxone-induced withdrawal, the effect was greater in comparison to the spontaneous withdrawal. However, no changes were observed after raclopride administration (selective D2 antagonist). In conclusion, the alterations in the dopaminergic system produced by opiate withdrawal depend on the type of withdrawal produced, and this produces a change in the antiaggressive potency of the dopamine antagonists.
Published: 1999

12. Chronic morphine exposure and spontaneous withdrawal are associated with modifications of dopamine receptor and neuropeptide gene expression in the rat striatum

Author: C Le Moine, Bertrand Bloch, François Georges, and Luis Stinus
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Neuropeptide Gene, Chemistry, General Neuroscience, Dopaminergic, Dynorphin, Pharmacology, κ-opioid receptor, Endocrinology, Dopamine receptor D1, Opioid, Dopamine receptor, Internal medicine, Dopamine receptor D2, medicine, medicine.drug
Abstract: The influence of chronic morphine and spontaneous withdrawal on the expression of dopamine receptors and neuropeptide genes in the rat striatum was investigated. Morphine dependence was induced by subcutaneous implantation of two morphine pellets for 6 days. Rats were made abstinent by removal of the pellets 1, 2 or 3 days before they were killed. The mRNA levels coding for D1- and D2-dopamine receptors, dynorphin, preproenkephalin A and substance P were determined by quantitative in situ hybridization. The caudate putamen and the nucleus accumbens showed equivalent modifications in dopamine receptor and neuropeptide gene expression. After 6 days of morphine, a decrease in D2-dopamine receptor and neuropeptide mRNA levels was observed (-30%), but there was no change in D1-dopamine receptor mRNA. In abstinent rats, both D1- and D2-dopamine receptor mRNA levels were decreased 1 day after withdrawal (-30% compared with chronic morphine). In contrast, neuropeptide mRNA levels were unaffected when compared with those observed after 6 days of morphine. During the second and third day of withdrawal, there was a gradual return to the levels seen in the placebo-treated group, for both dopamine receptor and neuropeptide mRNAs. Phenotypical characterization of striatal neurons expressing mu and kappa opioid receptor mRNAs showed that, in striatonigral neurons, both mRNAs were colocalized with D1-receptor and Dyn mRNAs. Our results suggest that during morphine dependence, dopamine and morphine exert opposite effects on striatonigral neurons, and that effects occurring on striatopallidal neurons are under dopaminergic control. We also show that withdrawal is associated with a down regulation of the postsynaptic D1 and D2 receptors.
Published: 1999

13. Clonidine Blocks Acquisition But not Expression of Conditioned Opiate Withdrawal in Rats

Author: Gery Schulteis, Victoria B. Risbrough, Luis Stinus, and George F. Koob
Subjects: Male, Narcotics, Agonist, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.drug_class, Alpha (ethology), Pharmacology, Clonidine, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Naloxone, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Morphine, Conditioned place preference, Rats, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Analgesics, Opioid, Psychiatry and Mental health, Endocrinology, Toxicity, Conditioning, Operant, Conditioning, Psychology, Adrenergic alpha-Agonists, medicine.drug
Abstract: Previous studies in rodents have reported that clonidine, an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist, attenuated conditioned aversions to naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal when administered prior to each withdrawal conditioning episode. The current study was designed to determine whether clonidine could modify the expression of previously established conditioned place aversions and conditioned suppression of operant responding. Dose- and time-dependent effects of clonidine on activity and suppression of operant responding for food identified appropriate treatment parameters for subsequent studies in which rats rendered dependent on opiates through implantation of morphine pellets were tested for: (1) conditioned place aversion; and (2) conditioned suppression of operant responding for food (fixed ratio-15 schedule), in a paradigm wherein rats received four pairings of naloxone with a distinct tone and odor stimulus. Clonidine dose-dependently blocked the acquisition of both conditioned behaviors when administered prior to naloxone on each conditioning trial, but was ineffective in blocking the expression of these conditioned withdrawal signs when administered prior to the test session.
Published: 1998

14. Opposite Change ofIn VivoDopamine Release in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens and Striatum That Follows Electrical Stimulation of Dorsal Raphe Nucleus: Role of 5-HT3Receptors

Author: Umberto Spampinato, Philippe De Deurwaerdère, and Luis Stinus
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Dopamine, 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine, Stimulation, Striatum, Nucleus accumbens, Nucleus Accumbens, Article, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dorsal raphe nucleus, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Biogenic Monoamines, Chemistry, General Neuroscience, Fenclonine, Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, Corpus Striatum, Electric Stimulation, Rats, Endocrinology, nervous system, Receptors, Serotonin, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid, Raphe Nuclei, Serotonin Antagonists, Serotonin, Extracellular Space, Raphe nuclei, medicine.drug
Abstract: In the present study we investigate, using in vivo microdialysis, the involvement of central 5-HT3 receptors in the effect of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) electrical stimulation on dopamine (DA), 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) extracellular levels monitored in the nucleus accumbens and the striatum of halothane-anesthetized rats. DRN stimulation (300 microA, 1 msec at 3, 5, 10, and 20 Hz for 15 min) induced a frequency-dependent increase of accumbal DA release and a concomitant reduction of DA release in the ipsilateral striatum at 20 Hz. In both structures DOPAC and 5-HIAA dialysate contents were enhanced in a frequency-dependent manner. Central serotonin (5-HT) depletion, induced by intra-raphe injections of 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine neurotoxin, abolished the effect of 20 Hz DRN stimulation on DA, DOPAC, and 5-HIAA extracellular levels in both regions. The 5-HT synthesis inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine (3 x 400 mg/kg, i.p., for 3 d), although preventing the effect on DA release, failed to modify significantly the effect of 20 Hz DRN stimulation on DOPAC and 5-HIAA outflow in both structures. Ondansetron (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) and (S)-zacopride (0.1 mg/kg), two 5-HT3 antagonists, significantly impaired the increase of accumbal DA release induced by 20 Hz DRN stimulation but did not affect either the decrease of striatal DA release or the increase in DOPAC outflow in both structures. These results indicate that an enhancement of central 5-HT transmission induced by DRN stimulation differentially affects striatal and accumbal DA release and that endogenous 5-HT, via its action on 5-HT3 receptors, exerts a facilitatory control restricted to the mesoaccumbal DA pathway.
Published: 1998

15. Substance dependence as a compulsive behavior

Author: A. Carrera, Athina Markou, Friedbert Weiss, Charles J. Heyser, Gery Schulteis, Luis Stinus, Carmen Maldonado-Irizarry, Lisa H. Gold, Ruth Weissenborn, John R. Walker, George F. Koob, M. Rocio, Amanda J. Roberts, and Loren H. Parsons
Subjects: Serotonin, 050103 clinical psychology, Substance-Related Disorders, Dopamine, media_common.quotation_subject, Neurochemical, medicine, Animals, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Pharmacology (medical), 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Reinforcement, media_common, Pharmacology, Substance dependence, Addiction, 05 social sciences, Self-control, medicine.disease, Psychological dependence, Rats, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Substance abuse, Disease Models, Animal, Psychiatry and Mental health, Compulsive behavior, Compulsive Behavior, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Clinical psychology, Cognitive psychology
Abstract: A compulsion to take a drug combined with a loss of control in limiting intake is the defining feature of substance dependence or addiction, and is the conceptual framework for the criteria of substance dependence or addiction outlined by the World Health Organization and the American Psychiatric Association. However, defining exactly what constitutes loss of control and compulsive drug taking at the level of animal models is a daunting task, and it is clear that no validated animal model exists for the whole syndrome of addiction. The present discussion redefines loss of control as a narrowing of the behavioral repertoire toward drug-seeking behavior and suggests that there are many sources of reinforcement that contribute to this behavioral focus on drug seeking. Evidence is presented demonstrating separate animal models for many of these sources of reinforcement as well as for most of the criteria for substance dependence. Evidence is also presented showing that the brain neurochemical systems involved in processing drug reward are altered by chronic drug exposure to contribute additional sources of reinforcement. Challenges for the future involve not only elucidation of the neurobiological substrates of the different behavioral components of addiction, but better animal models of these components with which to effect such studies.
Published: 1998

16. Continuous Quantitative Monitoring of Spontaneous Opiate Withdrawal: Locomotor Activity and Sleep Disorders

Author: Patrick Karasinski, Luis Stinus, Claude Robert, and Aymé Limoge
Subjects: Sleep Wake Disorders, Time Factors, media_common.quotation_subject, Clinical Biochemistry, Motor Activity, Electroencephalography, Nocturnal, Toxicology, Biochemistry, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Behavioral Neuroscience, medicine, Animals, Circadian rhythm, Biological Psychiatry, media_common, Pharmacology, Analysis of Variance, Sleep disorder, Morphine, medicine.diagnostic_test, Abstinence, medicine.disease, Drug Abstinence, Circadian Rhythm, Rats, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Analgesics, Opioid, Anesthesia, Drug Monitoring, Opiate, Psychology, medicine.drug
Abstract: The time course of drug abstinence is not readily amenable to examination using intermittent observations, because abstinence is known to interfere with circadian rhythms of general activity. Accordingly, we propose a model for continuous assessment of spontaneous withdrawal without any intervention by the investigator. This model is based on the automatic recording of locomotor activity. Experiments were performed in rectangular activity cages equiped with two infrared photoelectric cells. In a parallel experiment, to confirm the locomotor activity effects, continuous monitoring of EEG activities was achieved from two cortical and one reference electrodes. Morphine dependence was induced by intraperitoneal injections of increasing doses of morphine twice daily for 10 days (from 5 up to 90 mg/kg). Behavioral and EEG activities were recorded for 8 to 10 days following the last injection of morphine. Although control rats displayed a typical locomotor activity pattern characterized by nocturnal hyperactivity that was markedly reduced during the light phase, opiate abstinent rats developed a constant motor activity during the first 3 or 4 postinjection days and that was associated with a drastic reduction of overall rapid eye movment sleep (REM) and non-REM sleep and with an increase of waking (W). Although morphine-abstinent rats slowly resumed a normal circadian cycle after the fourth day in terms of horizontal activity, REMS, NREMS and W, long-term effects were revealed by the permanent motor instability recorded during both the light and the dark phases when the total amount of photocell counts was considered, and by the perturbation of the circadian rhythm of the ratio of REM sleep to total sleep time. Automatic continuous recording of total motor behavior appears to be a useful index with which to follow, over an extended period of time, the acute and long-term consequences of opiate abstinence. Therefore, long-term withdrawal-induced changes in activity could be a suitable model for the validation of antiabstinence therapies.
Published: 1998

17. Nicotine Dependence and Its Treatment

Author: Marilyn E. Carroll, Per Andrén, Samuel G. Siris, E. R. Kloet, Markus Rudin, Martine Cador, A. Leslie Morrow, Tara L. White, Luis De Lecea, Daniel Bertrand, D. Warren Spence, Linda A. Dykstra, Gregory D. Stewart, Richard Green, Peter J. Tyrer, Jaime M. Monti, Stephen Stahl, Patrick M. Sexton, Per Svenningsson, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Caroline Cohen, Megan M. Dahmen, Daniel Monti, Thomas Mueggler, Peter Riederer, Christof Baltes, Ben J. Harrison, Marc Turiault, Charles J. Heyser, Greg A. Gerhardt, Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Trevor W. Robbins, Heleen B. M. Boos, Brian E. Leonard, Malcolm Lader, Luis Stinus, Lance Richard McMahon, Jaanus Harro, Michael Minzenberg, Paul B. S. Clarke, Patrizia Porcu, Arthur Christopoulos, Christos Pantelis, Theodora Duka, Barbara J. Mason, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Stephen C. Fowler, Peter Verheart, Shelby Freedman Harris, Jelena Nesic, Siegfried Hoyer, Shimon Amir, J. M. Bessa, E. C. Warburton, Maxine L. Stitzer, Stéphanie Caillé, Christoph Correll, R. H. De Rijk, Seiya Miyamoto, Michael J. Kuhar, Anne Jackson, James F. Leckman, R. Andrew Chambers, N. Sousa, Michael J. Thorpy, Lynette Daws, Milton Kramer, Mohammed Shoaib, Sharon Morein-Zamir, A. Richard Green, Paul Newhouse, Richard Depue, Michael Bloch, Sheldon Preskorn, Heather Wilkins, Peter A. Santi, Wiepke Cahn, Ian Stolerman, A. Claudio Cuello, Robert L. Balster, Osborne F. X. Almeida, Sharon Walsh, Guy Griebel, Stephen B. Dunnett, Alfonso Abizaid, Lynette C. Daws, Alex Hofer, Maria Isabel Colado, Becky Kinkead, Anne M. Andrews, Lucy C. Guillory, Jana Lincoln, Charles B. Nemeroff, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Susan Jones, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Linda P. Spear, Meghan M. Grady, Roshan Cools, Hans Rollema, Barbara J. Sahakian, H. D. Postma, and Raymond S. Hurst
Subjects: business.industry, Medicine, Pharmacology, business, Nicotine dependence, medicine.disease
Published: 2013

18. Ethopharmacological analysis of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats: a newly-developed 'etho-score'

Author: Martine Cador, E Fdez Espejo, and Luis Stinus
Subjects: Male, Narcotics, medicine.medical_specialty, Narcotic Antagonists, medicine.medical_treatment, (+)-Naloxone, medicine.disease_cause, Placebo, Jumping, Weight loss, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Cluster Analysis, Rats, Wistar, Saline, Mastication, Drug Implants, Pharmacology, Behavior, Animal, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Morphine, Naloxone, Body Weight, Opiate Withdrawal Syndrome, Rats, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Endocrinology, Anesthesia, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Morphine Dependence, medicine.drug
Abstract: The intensity of opiate withdrawal syndrome in rats is usually quantified on the basis of selected physical signs or global scores. However, the selection criteria of signs and scores have not been subjected to an ethological discussion, hence they appear to be somewhat arbitrary. The objectives of this study were thus: i) to analyse the rat's behaviour during the naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal syndrome, ii) to evaluate the validity of classic methods, and iii) to design a new "etho-score". Ten rats were implanted with morphine pellets (75 mg x 2, SC), all receiving different naloxone doses following a within-subject design (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 mg/kg SC). Twenty unexperienced rats and 20 with placebo pellets were injected with either saline or naloxone. Behaviour was videotaped and later analysed by computer-based ethological techniques. The ethogram encompassed 16 patterns displayed by rats during morphine withdrawal. Frequency, duration and latency of each pattern was measured, and a cluster analysis allowed discerning the structure of behaviour. Several physical signs and the Gellert-Holtzman score were also evaluated. The data revealed that writhing responses linearly changed in a dose-related fashion, and mastication was also enhanced after naloxone. Wet-dog shakes and jumping changed following an U-shaped curve. Significant changes in weight loss were found to be dose-dependent, and highly correlated to diarrhea. Learning effects were found to reliably affect exploration, writhing responses and some physical signs. The Gellert-Holtzman score was gradually enhanced after naloxone, being affected by learning as well. Naloxone affected lying and self-care responses in placebo rats. To sum up, the data indicated that: i) classic signs are useful, although most of them are disrupted by high naloxone or affected by learning effects, ii) the Gellert-Holtzman score was validated in this study, and iii) mastication and weight loss are good indicators of naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal, representing the basis of an "etho-score" which is herein proposed.
Published: 1995

19. Amphetamine-induced conditioned activity in rats: Comparison with novelty-induced activity and role of the basolateral amygdala

Author: Serge H. Ahmed, Martine Cador, Michel Le Moal, and Luis Stinus
Subjects: Male, Brain Mapping, Motivation, Dextroamphetamine, Injections, Subcutaneous, Conditioning, Classical, Association Learning, Motor Activity, Social Environment, Rats, Behavioral Neuroscience, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Arousal, Habituation, Psychophysiologic
Abstract: A within-subject design was used to investigate the behavioral and neural basis of the conditioned activity induced by amphetamine in male Wistar rats. In this design, conditioned activity was inferred when the activity of a given rat following a vehicle injection was greater in its amphetamine-paired environment (CS+) than in its vehicle-paired environment (CS-). Conditioned activity (a) did not change in magnitude with the number of conditioning sessions, (b) did not differ from the level of activity recorded during the first exposure to the CS- (novelty), (c) had an extinction rate that was similar to the rate of habituation to the CS-, and (d) was not impaired by a bilateral excitotoxic lesion of the basolateral amygdala. Results are discussed in light of the incentive conditioning and habituation theories of conditioned activity.
Published: 1995

20. Acute and chronic amphetamine treatments differently regulate neuropeptide messenger RNA levels and Fos immunoreactivity in rat striatal neurons

Author: Elisabeth Normand, Martine Cador, Mohamed Jaber, Luis Stinus, Brigitte Dumartin, and Bertrand Bloch
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase, Neuropeptide, Substance P, Dynorphin, In situ hybridization, Motor Activity, Biology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Dopamine, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, RNA, Messenger, Amphetamine, In Situ Hybridization, Neurons, Messenger RNA, General Neuroscience, Neuropeptides, Immunohistochemistry, Stimulation, Chemical, Rats, Neostriatum, Phenotype, Endocrinology, chemistry, Dopamine receptor, Stereotyped Behavior, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, medicine.drug
Abstract: Repeated administration of amphetamine results in the well known phenomenon of reverse tolerance or sensitization. However, little is known about cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying acute versus chronic response to amphetamine. In this paper, we investigated the effects of acute (1.5 or 5 mg/kg) and chronic (5 mg/kg/day for 14 days) amphetamine treatment on locomotor activity, stereotypy, Fos immunoreactivity and messenger RNA levels of molecules implicated in dopamine transmission in the rat striatum and substantia nigra. In agreement with other studies, acute amphetamine induced a dose dependent increase in locomotor activity and stereotypy. Also, a comparison between the behavior observed after the first injection and the last injection of amphetamine in chronically treated rats showed sensitization as demonstrated by a higher rating of stereotypy. We have found that acute and chronic amphetamine treatments differently modulate the activity of several output neurons. A double labeling procedure with Fos immunohistochemistry coupled with in situ hybridization demonstrated that acute amphetamine treatment induces Fos immunoreactivity predominantly in striatal neurons expressing substance P messenger RNA (77.07 ± 1.42%). Only 32.6 ± 2.07% of Fos immunoreactive neurons expressed preproenkephalin A messenger RNA. In chronic amphetamine treated rats, 56.21 ± 1.32% of the Fos immunoreactive neurons expressed substance P messenger RNA while 52.12 ± 1.84% expressed preproenkephalin A messenger RNA. Statistical analysis revealed that this difference is mainly due to a decrease in the density of substance P immunoreactive neurons in chronically treated rats in comparison to acute. Amphetamine treatments induced Fos immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra in non-dopamine neurons. As measured by quantitative in situ hybridization, acute amphetamine induced an increase in substance P, preproenkephalin A and dynorphin messenger RNA levels (+23 ± 0.05%, +45 ± 0.07% and +24 ± 0.05%, respectively). No difference in these increases was observed in relation with the dose injected (1.5 or 5 mg/kg). Chronic amphetamine treatment enhanced only substance P and dynorphin messenger RNA levels (+23 ± 0.04% and +42 ± 0.04%, respectively). Neither acute nor chronic amphetamine treatment had any effects on D 1 or D 2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA levels. Our main conclusions are: (1) in acutely treated rats Fos is essentially expressed by substance P neurons; (2) in chronically treated rats, Fos immunoreactivity is expressed by the two efferent striatal populations (i.e. preproenkephalin A and substance P neurons) and the number of Fos immunoreactive neurons is reduced as compared with acute; (3) neuropeptide messenger RNA levels, but not dopamine receptor messenger RNAs, are affected in the response to acute or chronic treatment with amphetamine.
Published: 1995

21. Social deprivation enhances the vulnerability of male Wistar rats to stressor- and amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization

Author: Serge H. Ahmed, M. Le Moal, Martine Cador, and Luis Stinus
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Light, Stimulation, Environment, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Social isolation, Amphetamine, Psychiatry, Sensitization, Pharmacology, Psychomotor learning, Behavior, Animal, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Stressor, Darkness, medicine.disease, Privation, Rats, medicine.anatomical_structure, Social deprivation, Endocrinology, Social Isolation, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Stress, Psychological, medicine.drug
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of experimential factors on the vulnerability of rats to develop amphetamine (AMPH)- and stressor-induced behavioral sensitization. Young male Wistar rats with previous social experience were isolated from their peers for 2 weeks. 1) The effect of this short-lasting social deprivation were: a) a reduced tendency to explore a fearful environment; b) a prolonged exploratory activity in response to a novel but little fearful environment; and c) a dose-dependent increase in the psychomotor stimulation induced by systemic AMPH injection. 2) After repeated AMPH injections (injection every other day for 10 days), isolated rats exhibited behavioral sensitization at lower doses (0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg) than those required for group-housed rats (1 mg/kg). 3) After being submitted to a repeated stressor (3, 7 or 14 footshock sessions, with 2 days between sessions), the isolated rats exhibited a greater increase in the behavioral responsivity to a subsequent AMPH challenge (1 mg/kg) than did the group-housed rats regardless of the number of stress sessions. In conclusion, these results suggest that experiential factors such as privation of contact with peers (social isolation) may make rats more vulnerable to the long-term repercussions of chronic environmental and pharmacological challenges.
Published: 1995

22. Repeated Episodes of Heroin Cause Enduring Alterations of Circadian Activity in Protracted Abstinence

Author: Stéphanie Caillé, Luis Stinus, and Martine Cador
Subjects: media_common.quotation_subject, Craving, Article, lcsh:RC321-571, Heroin, mental disorders, medicine, circadian activity, Circadian rhythm, lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Opiate dependence, media_common, Protracted abstinence, business.industry, General Neuroscience, dependence, Abstinence, opiate, rats, Anesthesia, Morphine, Opiate, medicine.symptom, protracted abstinence, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Opiate withdrawal is followed by a protracted abstinence syndrome consisting of craving and physiological changes. However, few studies have been dedicated to both the characterization and understanding of these long-term alterations in post-dependent subjects. The aim of the present study was to develop an opiate dependence model, which induces long-lasting behavioral changes in abstinent rats. Here, we first compared the effects of several protocols for the induction of opiate dependence (morphine pellets, repeated morphine or heroin injections) on the subsequent response to heroin challenges (0.25 mg/kg) at different time points during abstinence (3, 6, 9 and 18 weeks). In a second set of experiments, rats were exposed to increasing doses of heroin and subsequently monitored for general circadian activity up to 20 weeks of abstinence. Results show that heroin injections rather than the other methods of opiate administration have long-term consequences on rats' sensitivity to heroin with its psychostimulant effects persisting up to 18 weeks of abstinence. Moreover, intermittent episodes of heroin dependence rather than a single exposure produce enduring alteration of the basal circadian activity both upon heroin cessation and protracted abstinence. Altogether, these findings suggest that the induction of heroin dependence through intermittent increasing heroin injections is the optimal method to model long-term behavioral alterations during protracted abstinence in rats. This animal model would be useful in further characterizing long-lasting changes in post-dependent subjects to help understand the prolonged vulnerability to relapse.
Published: 2012
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23. Prolonged tolerance, dependence and abstinence following subcutaneous morphine pellet implantation in the rat

Author: Charles E. Inturrisi, Lisa H. Gold, Luis Stinus, and George F. Koob
Subjects: Male, Substance-Related Disorders, Injections, Subcutaneous, media_common.quotation_subject, Physical dependence, (+)-Naloxone, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Drug tolerance, medicine, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Pain Measurement, media_common, Drug Implants, Pharmacology, Morphine, Naloxone, Narcotic antagonist, business.industry, Drug Tolerance, Abstinence, Rats, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Disease Models, Animal, Abstinence Syndrome, Delayed-Action Preparations, Anesthesia, Analgesia, medicine.symptom, Opiate, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Opiate withdrawal is a common occurrence in human opiate addicts that is no life threatening but is hypothesized to be a significant factor which may contribute to drug taking behavior in these opiate dependent individuals. The purpose of this study was to compare the time course for the development of tolerance, dependence and abstinence using a rat model. Rats were made dependent by implantation of 2 morphine pellets s.c. (75 mg morphine base). Morphine implanted rats exhibited analgesia as measured in a tail-dip assay, for up to 12 h post-implant after which the development of tolerance resulted in tail-flick latencies returning to the level of control rats. Withdrawal was evaluated by injection of the opiate antagonist, naloxone (1 mg/kg s.c.). Rating of the abstinence syndrome revealed significant withdrawal signs by 3 h post-implant which became increasingly intense up to 24 h post-implant. Withdrawal could be precipitated for at least 13 days post-implant, while by 18 days post-implant almost no abstinence signs were observed. Plasma morphine levels following implantation of 2 pellets remained relatively stable from 3-12 days post-implantation. These results further extend the characterization of opiate abstinence following subcutaneous pellet implantation. These results also suggest that opiate abstinence develops within the first 24 h and follows the time course of the development of tolerance. The characterization of the evolution of opiate tolerance, physical dependence and abstinence under similar experimental conditions is critical to the design of future studies to examine the neural bases for these phenomena.
Published: 1994

24. Modeling Nicotine Addiction in Rats

Author: Kelly J. Clemens, Martine Cador, Luis Stinus, and Stéphanie Caillé
Subjects: Drug, education.field_of_study, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Addiction, Population, Craving, Nicotine Addiction, Nicotine, medicine, medicine.symptom, education, business, Clinical psychology, media_common, medicine.drug
Abstract: Among the human population, 15% of drug users develop a pathological drug addiction. This figure increases substantially with nicotine, whereby more than 30% of those who try smoking develop a nicotine addiction. Drug addiction is characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors (craving), and loss of control over intake despite impairment in health, social, and occupational functions. This behavior can be accurately modeled in the rat using an intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm. Initial attempts at establishing nicotine self-administration had been problematic, yet in recent times increasingly reliable models of nicotine self-administration have been developed. The present article reviews different characteristics of the nicotine IVSA model that has been developed to examine nicotine reinforcing and motivational properties in rats.
Published: 2011

25. Dementias and Other Amnestic Disorders

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

26. Mirtazapine

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

27. (–)-1-Methyl-2-(3-Pyridyl)Pyrrolidine

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

28. Discriminative-Cue-Induced Reinstatement

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

29. Ropinirole

Author: Stan Floresco, Robert Kessler, Ronald L. Cowan, Mark Slifstein, Andrea Cipriani, John Geddes, Tooru M. Mizuno, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, Michael J. Thorpy, Shelby Freedman Harris, D. Warren Spence, Harriet de Wit, Galen R. Wenger, David V. Sheehan, Kathy H. Sheehan, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Klaus A. Miczek, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Susan Jones, Josee E. Leysen, Xavier Langlois, Lieve Heylen, Adriaan A. Lammertsma, Hilde Lavreysen, John Atack, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D. Stewart, Patrick M. Sexton, Iván Izquierdo, Lia R. Bevilaqua, Martin Cammarota, Lukas Pezawas, Francis C. Colpaert, Mischa de Rover, Sander Nieuwenhuis, Sarah H. Heil, Stacey C. Sigmon, Stephen T. Higgins, Roy Wise, Paul B. S. Clarke, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sunila G. Nair, Yavin Shaham, John R. Mantsch, Alan J. Budney, David S. Baldwin, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi A. Fineberg, Helen J. Cassaday, Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Thomas Steckler, Ennio Esposito, Roberto William Invernizzi, Matthew I. Palmatier, Rick A. Bevins, Craig A. Erickson, David J. Posey, Kelly Blankenship, Kimberly A. Stigler, Christopher J. McDougle, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Michael J. Kuhar, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Sara Tomlinson, Glen B. Baker, Stephen C. Fowler, Peter J. Flor, Inga D. Neumann, Joseph H. Friedman, Britta Hahn, Bernard Le Foll, Grasielle C. Kincheski, Leandro J. Bertoglio, Antonio Pádua Carobrez, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Marlene Dobkin de Rios, Charles S. Grob, Theodora Duka, Linda Lundström, Silvia Gatti McArthur, Will Spooren, Trevor W. Robbins, Jos Prickaerts, and Peter H. Boeijinga
Published: 2010

30. Drug Occasion Setter

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

31. Multiple-Unit Spiking Activity

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

32. Memory Persistence

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

33. Oxytocin

Author: Tooru M. Mizuno, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, Naomi A. Fineberg, Michael H. Bloch, James F. Leckman, Rick A. Bevins, Matthew I. Palmatier, Cécile Viollet, Jacques Epelbaum, Daniel Hoyer, Istvan Bitter, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Andrea Bari, Catherine Belzung, Brian L. Odlaug, Jon E. Grant, Marc N. Branch, David S. Tait, Verity J. Brown, David C. S. Roberts, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Linda Dykstra, Annemarie Unger, Gabriele Fischer, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Luis de Lecea, Jason C. G. Halford, Gorkem Yararbas, Sakire Pogun, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, Helen J. Cassaday, Trevor W. Robbins, Lance R. McMahon, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Paul D. Callaghan, Iain S. McGregor, and Murray R. Thompson
Published: 2010

34. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subtypes

Author: Anne M Andrews, Greg A Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Mohammed Shoaib, Barbara J Mason, Charles J Heyser, Luis De Lecea, Robert L Balster, Sharon Walsh, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Sheldon Preskorn, Roshan Cools, Maria Isabel Colado, Richard Green, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Samuel G. Siris, Seiya Miyamoto, Alex Hofer, Linda P Spear, A. Claudio Cuello, A. Leslie Morrow, Patrizia Porcu, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B M Boos, H D Postma, R. H. De Rijk, E. R Kloet, Sharon Morein-Zamir, Barbara J Sahakian, J. M. Bessa, Osborne F. X. Almeida, N. Sousa, R. Andrew Chambers, Caroline Cohen, Marc Turiault, Guy Griebel, Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Jaanus Harro, Peter Verheart, Per Svenningsson, Per Andrén, Kenneth J. Rhodes, A. Richard Green, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lucy C. Guillory, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, Stephen B. Dunnett, Michael J Kuhar, Lynette Daws, Stephen Stahl, Meghan M Grady, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D Stewart, Patrick M Sexton, Jelena Nesic, Theodora Duka, Paul B.S. Clarke, Maxine L. Stitzer, Raymond S. Hurst, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance Richard McMahon, Trevor W. Robbins, A Leslie Morrow, Charles B Nemeroff, Lucy C Guillory, Stephen C Fowler, Jaime M. Monti, Daniel Monti, Malcolm Lader, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, Michael J Thorpy, Shelby Freedman Harris, D Warren Spence, Peter J Tyrer, Linda A Dykstra, Brian E. Leonard, E C Warburton, Michael Minzenberg, Ian Stolerman, Anne Jackson, Susan Jones, Ben J Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Tara L White, Richard Depue, Michael Bloch, James F Leckman, and Christoph Correll
Published: 2010

35. Mental Disorders

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

36. Neurogenesis

Author: Anne M Andrews, Greg A Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Mohammed Shoaib, Barbara J Mason, Charles J Heyser, Luis De Lecea, Robert L Balster, Sharon Walsh, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Sheldon Preskorn, Roshan Cools, Maria Isabel Colado, Richard Green, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Samuel G. Siris, Seiya Miyamoto, Alex Hofer, Linda P Spear, A. Claudio Cuello, A. Leslie Morrow, Patrizia Porcu, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B M Boos, H D Postma, R. H. De Rijk, E. R Kloet, Sharon Morein-Zamir, Barbara J Sahakian, J. M. Bessa, Osborne F. X. Almeida, N. Sousa, R. Andrew Chambers, Caroline Cohen, Marc Turiault, Guy Griebel, Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Jaanus Harro, Peter Verheart, Per Svenningsson, Per Andrén, Kenneth J. Rhodes, A. Richard Green, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lucy C. Guillory, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, Stephen B. Dunnett, Michael J Kuhar, Lynette Daws, Stephen Stahl, Meghan M Grady, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D Stewart, Patrick M Sexton, Jelena Nesic, Theodora Duka, Paul B.S. Clarke, Maxine L. Stitzer, Raymond S. Hurst, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance Richard McMahon, Trevor W. Robbins, A Leslie Morrow, Charles B Nemeroff, Lucy C Guillory, Stephen C Fowler, Jaime M. Monti, Daniel Monti, Malcolm Lader, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, Michael J Thorpy, Shelby Freedman Harris, D Warren Spence, Peter J Tyrer, Linda A Dykstra, Brian E. Leonard, E C Warburton, Michael Minzenberg, Ian Stolerman, Anne Jackson, Susan Jones, Ben J Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Tara L White, Richard Depue, Michael Bloch, James F Leckman, and Christoph Correll
Published: 2010

37. Mood Stabilizers

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

38. MR Image Analysis

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

39. Neuroendocrine Markers for Drug Action

Author: Anne M Andrews, Greg A Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Mohammed Shoaib, Barbara J Mason, Charles J Heyser, Luis De Lecea, Robert L Balster, Sharon Walsh, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Sheldon Preskorn, Roshan Cools, Maria Isabel Colado, Richard Green, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Samuel G. Siris, Seiya Miyamoto, Alex Hofer, Linda P Spear, A. Claudio Cuello, A. Leslie Morrow, Patrizia Porcu, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B M Boos, H D Postma, R. H. De Rijk, E. R Kloet, Sharon Morein-Zamir, Barbara J Sahakian, J. M. Bessa, Osborne F. X. Almeida, N. Sousa, R. Andrew Chambers, Caroline Cohen, Marc Turiault, Guy Griebel, Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Jaanus Harro, Peter Verheart, Per Svenningsson, Per Andrén, Kenneth J. Rhodes, A. Richard Green, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lucy C. Guillory, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, Stephen B. Dunnett, Michael J Kuhar, Lynette Daws, Stephen Stahl, Meghan M Grady, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D Stewart, Patrick M Sexton, Jelena Nesic, Theodora Duka, Paul B.S. Clarke, Maxine L. Stitzer, Raymond S. Hurst, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance Richard McMahon, Trevor W. Robbins, A Leslie Morrow, Charles B Nemeroff, Lucy C Guillory, Stephen C Fowler, Jaime M. Monti, Daniel Monti, Malcolm Lader, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, Michael J Thorpy, Shelby Freedman Harris, D Warren Spence, Peter J Tyrer, Linda A Dykstra, Brian E. Leonard, E C Warburton, Michael Minzenberg, Ian Stolerman, Anne Jackson, Susan Jones, Ben J Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Tara L White, Richard Depue, Michael Bloch, James F Leckman, and Christoph Correll
Published: 2010

40. Delusional Halitosis

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

41. Defensive Behaviors

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

42. Dimorphone

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

43. Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

44. Measurement of Receptor Signaling

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

45. Multi-Infarct Dementia

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

46. Memory-Storage Effect

Author: Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Thomas Steckler, Ben J. Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lawrence H. Price, Malcolm Lader, R. H. Belmaker, Joseph H. Friedman, Peter Verhaert, Per Svenningsson, Per E. Andrén, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Bart Ellenbroek, Trevor W. Robbins, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance R. McMahon, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Mary E. Cain, Michael T. Bardo, Sarah Morgan, Angus Mackay, Lucio Tremolizzo, Gessica Sala, Carlo Ferrarese, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Stephen M. Stahl, Meghan M. Grady, Theodora Duka, Rodrigo Andrade, Yesne Alici, William Breitbart, Debby Van Dam, Peter Paul De Deyn, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Tomek J. Banasikowski, Richard J. Beninger, Stefan Leucht, Kim Wolff, Elizabeth C. Warburton, Anne M. Andrews, Greg A. Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Johannes Mosbacher, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Ian P. Stolerman, Seiya Miyamoto, Iain S. McGregor, Murray R. Thompson, Paul D. Callaghan, Nachum Dafny, Bernard Le Foll, Albert Adell, Francesc Artigas, Roberto William Invernizzi, Ennio Esposito, Jelena Nesic, Josef Marksteiner, Irene Adelt, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Klaus A. Miczek, R. Hamish McAllister-Williams, Tomasz Schneider, Stephen B. Dunnett, Andrew Young, Michael Minzenberg, W. Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Andrew Holt, Darrell D. Mousseau, Glen B. Baker, Andreas Marneros, Guy M. Goodwin, Mohammed Shoaib, Mitul A. Mehta, Stephen C. Fowler, Joachim Liepert, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Josee E. Leysen, Ronald F. Mucha, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, and R. Andrew Chambers
Published: 2010

47. Opportunity Cost

Author: Tooru M. Mizuno, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, Naomi A. Fineberg, Michael H. Bloch, James F. Leckman, Rick A. Bevins, Matthew I. Palmatier, Cécile Viollet, Jacques Epelbaum, Daniel Hoyer, Istvan Bitter, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Andrea Bari, Catherine Belzung, Brian L. Odlaug, Jon E. Grant, Marc N. Branch, David S. Tait, Verity J. Brown, David C. S. Roberts, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Michael M. Morgan, MacDonald J. Christie, Linda Dykstra, Annemarie Unger, Gabriele Fischer, Giovanni Hernandez, Peter Shizgal, Luis de Lecea, Jason C. G. Halford, Gorkem Yararbas, Sakire Pogun, Holden D. Brown, Michael E. Ragozzino, Helen J. Cassaday, Trevor W. Robbins, Lance R. McMahon, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Paul D. Callaghan, Iain S. McGregor, and Murray R. Thompson
Published: 2010

48. DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

49. Deficit Symptoms Syndrome

Author: Nicola Simola, Micaela Morelli, Tooru Mizuno, Suzanne H. Mitchell, Harriet de Wit, H. Valerie Curran, Celia J. A. Morgan, Stephan G. Anagnostaras, Jennifer R Sage, Stephanie A Carmack, Lawrence H. Price, Grasielle C Kincheski, Leandro J Bertoglio, Antonio Padua Carobrez, Andrea Bari, Roshan Cools, Yogita Chudasama, Stefan Leucht, William Breitbart, Yesne Alici, Karl Mann, Falk Kiefer, Michael M Morgan, M J Christie, Istvan Bitter, Eileen M. Joyce, Jonathan P Roiser, Darren R Christensen, Warren K. Bickel, Kenneth J. Rhodes, Peter Paul De Deyn, Debby Van Dam, Darrel J. Pemberton, Johannes Mosbacher, Thomas Steckler, Alyson J Bond, Alex Hofer, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Irwin Lucki, Fadi T. Maalouf, David A. Brent, Fadi Maalouf, Huaiyu Yang, George I. Papakostas, Andrew Young, Gabriele Fischer, Annemarie Unger, Linda P Spear, Mohammed Shoaib, Emma Childs, Britta Hahn, Peter Boeijinga, Martine Cador, David S Tait, Verity J. Brown, David Baldwin, Yavin Shaham, Sunila G Nair, Matthew I Palmatier, Rick A Bevins, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Mark Geyer, Anthony Absalom, David Menon, Joseph Zohar, Stephen C Fowler, James Winslow, Kim Wolff, Bankole A. Johnson, Martina de Zwaan, Angela Roberts, Anthony R Isles, Lawrence S. Wilkinson, Rosa M M de Almeida, Klaus A. Miczek, Eric Nestler, Naheed (Max) Mirza, Bankole A Johnson, Joseph H Friedman, István Bitter, Michael Minzenberg, Ashwini Padhi, Naomi Fineberg, MacDonald J. Christie, Joris C. Verster, Bernard Le Foll, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Ronald F Mucha, Ian P. Stolerman, Richard W Foltin, Christoph Hiemke, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, John R Mantsch, Anthony L. Riley, Steve Kohut, Brian E. Leonard, R. Andrew Chambers, Gail Winger, Mei-Chuan Ko, James H Woods, Seiya Miyamoto, Thomas R. E. Barnes, Kieran O’Malley, and David J. Hellerstein
Published: 2010

50. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Author: Anne M Andrews, Greg A Gerhardt, Lynette C. Daws, Mohammed Shoaib, Barbara J Mason, Charles J Heyser, Luis De Lecea, Robert L Balster, Sharon Walsh, Megan M. Dahmen, Jana Lincoln, Sheldon Preskorn, Roshan Cools, Maria Isabel Colado, Richard Green, Luis Stinus, Stéphanie Caillé, Martine Cador, Marie-Louise G. Wadenberg, Samuel G. Siris, Seiya Miyamoto, Alex Hofer, Linda P Spear, A. Claudio Cuello, A. Leslie Morrow, Patrizia Porcu, Marilyn E Carroll, Peter A Santi, Daniel Bertrand, Hans Rollema, Raymond S Hurst, Peter Riederer, Siegfried Hoyer, Wiepke Cahn, Heleen B M Boos, H D Postma, R. H. De Rijk, E. R Kloet, Sharon Morein-Zamir, Barbara J Sahakian, J. M. Bessa, Osborne F. X. Almeida, N. Sousa, R. Andrew Chambers, Caroline Cohen, Marc Turiault, Guy Griebel, Wolfgang Fleischhacker, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Jaanus Harro, Peter Verheart, Per Svenningsson, Per Andrén, Kenneth J. Rhodes, A. Richard Green, Christof Baltes, Thomas Mueggler, Markus Rudin, Lucy C. Guillory, Becky Kinkead, Charles B. Nemeroff, Heleen B. M. Boos, H. D. Postma, Stephen B. Dunnett, Michael J Kuhar, Lynette Daws, Stephen Stahl, Meghan M Grady, Jean-Michel Scherrmann, Arthur Christopoulos, Gregory D Stewart, Patrick M Sexton, Jelena Nesic, Theodora Duka, Paul B.S. Clarke, Maxine L. Stitzer, Raymond S. Hurst, Paul Newhouse, Heather Wilkins, Lance Richard McMahon, Trevor W. Robbins, A Leslie Morrow, Charles B Nemeroff, Lucy C Guillory, Stephen C Fowler, Jaime M. Monti, Daniel Monti, Malcolm Lader, Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal, Milton Kramer, Michael J Thorpy, Shelby Freedman Harris, D Warren Spence, Peter J Tyrer, Linda A Dykstra, Brian E. Leonard, E C Warburton, Michael Minzenberg, Ian Stolerman, Anne Jackson, Susan Jones, Ben J Harrison, Christos Pantelis, Tara L White, Richard Depue, Michael Bloch, James F Leckman, and Christoph Correll
Published: 2010

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