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BackgroundThere are increasing initiatives to reduce mental illness stigma among primary care providers (PCPs) being trained in mental health services. However, there is a gap in understanding how stigma reduction initiatives for PCPs produce changes in attitudes and clinical practices. We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial of a stigma reduction intervention in Nepal: REducing Stigma among HealthcAre Providers (RESHAPE). In a previous analysis of this pilot, we described differences in stigmatizing attitudes and clinical behaviors between PCPs receiving a standard mental health training (mental health Gap Action Program, mhGAP) vs. those receiving an mhGAP plus RESHAPE training. The goal of this analysis is to use qualitative interview data to explain the quantitative differences in stigma outcomes identified between the trial arms.MethodsPCPs were randomized to either standard mental health training using mhGAP led by mental health specialists or the experimental condition (RESHAPE) in which service users living with mental illness shared photographic recovery narratives and participated in facilitated social contact. Qualitative interviews were conducted with PCPs five months post-training (n = 8, standard mhGAP training; n = 20, RESHAPE). Stigmatizing attitudes and clinical practices before and after training were qualitatively explored to identify mechanisms of change.ResultsPCPs in both training arms described changes in knowledge, skills, and confidence in providing mental healthcare. PCPs in both arms described a positive feedback loop, in which discussing mental health with patients encouraged more patients to seek treatment and open up about their illness, which demonstrated for PCPs that mental illness can be treated and boosted their clinical confidence. Importantly, PCPs in the RESHAPE arm were more likely to describe a willingness to treat mental health patients and attributed this in part to social contact with service users during the training.ConclusionsOur qualitative research identified testable mechanisms of action for stigma reduction and improving clinical behavior: specifically, recovery stories from service users and social engagement led to greater willingness to engage with patients about mental illness, triggering a feedback loop of more positive experiences with patients who benefit from mental healthcare, which further reinforces willingness to deliver mental healthcare. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT02793271.

There is increasing evidence supporting the effectiveness of psychological interventions in low- and middle-income countries. However, primary care providers (PCPs) may prefer treating patients with medication. A secondary exploratory analysis of a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate psychological vs. pharmacological treatment preferences among PCPs. Thirty-four health facilities, including 205 PCPs, participated in the study, with PCPs in 17 facilities assigned to a standard version of the mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) training delivered by mental health specialists. PCPs in the other 17 facilities received mhGAP instruction delivered by specialists and people with lived experience of mental illness (PWLE), using a training strategy entitled Reducing Stigma among HealthcAre ProvidErs (RESHAPE). Pre- and post- intervention attitudes were measured through quantitative and qualitative tools. Qualitative interviews with 49 participants revealed that PCPs in both arms endorsed counseling's benefits and collaboration within the health system to provide counseling. In the RESHAPE arm, PCPs were more likely to increase endorsement of statements such as "depression improves without medication" (F = 9.83, p < 0.001), "not all people with depression must be treated with antidepressants" (χ2 = 17.62, p < 0.001), and "providing counseling to people who have alcohol abuse problems is effective" (χ2 = 26.20, p < 0.001). These mixed-method secondary findings from a pilot trial suggest that in-person participation of PWLE in training PCPs may not only reduce stigma but also increase PCPs' support of psychological interventions. This requires further investigation in a full-scale trial.

In humanitarian settings, mental health and psychosocial support services (MHPSS) are often delivered in group-based formats. Group interventions enable providers to reach more individuals when resources and technical expertise are limited. Group-based programs also foster social support, empathy, and collective problem-solving among the participants. To remedy the current lack of tools available to assess the group facilitation competencies of individuals delivering group-based MHPSS, we made it our objective to develop such a tool. Our approach, which focused on adults, complimented a similar initiative underway for children and adolescents. We reviewed MHPSS manuals to identify key group facilitation competencies, which include developing and reviewing group ground rules, facilitating participation among all group members, fostering empathy between members, encouraging collaborative problem-solving, addressing barriers to attendance, time management, and ensuring group confidentiality. We then developed the Group Facilitation Assessment of Competencies (GroupACT) Tool. The GroupACT is a structured observational tool for assessing these competencies during standardized role-plays with actor clients, or in vivo during the delivery of group sessions with actual clients. We conclude this article with guidance for using the GroupACT to assess facilitators' competencies in providing group-based MHPSS in the health, education, protection, and other sectors in humanitarian settings.

BackgroundMental illnesses are the largest contributors to the global burden of non-communicable diseases. However, there is extremely limited access to high quality, culturally-sensitive, and contextually-appropriate mental healthcare services. This situation persists despite the availability of interventions with proven efficacy to improve patient outcomes. A partnerships network is necessary for successful program adaptation and implementation.Partnerships networkWe describe our partnerships network as a case example that addresses challenges in delivering mental healthcare and which can serve as a model for similar settings. Our perspectives are informed from integrating mental healthcare services within a rural public hospital in Nepal. Our approach includes training and supervising generalist health workers by off-site psychiatrists. This is made possible by complementing the strengths and weaknesses of the various groups involved: the public sector, a non-profit organization that provides general healthcare services and one that specializes in mental health, a community advisory board, academic centers in high- and low-income countries, and bicultural professionals from the diaspora community.ConclusionsWe propose a partnerships model to assist implementation of promising programs to expand access to mental healthcare in low- resource settings. We describe the success and limitations of our current partners in a mental health program in rural Nepal.

BackgroundCollaborations among researchers, clinicians, and individuals with mental illness from high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are crucial to produce research, interventions, and policies that are relevant, feasible, and ethical. However, global mental health and cultural psychiatry research publications have been dominated by HIC investigators.ObjectiveThe aim of this review was to present recommendations for collaborative writing with a focus on early career investigators researchers in HICs and LMICs.MethodsA workshop was conducted with HIC and LMIC investigators in Nepal to discuss lessons learned for collaborative writing. The researchers had experience in cross-cultural psychiatric epidemiology, health services research, randomized controlled trials, and projects with war and disaster-affected populations in complex humanitarian emergencies including child soldiers and refugees. Additional lessons learned were contributed from researchers engaged in similar collaborations in Haiti.FindingsA step-by-step process for collaborative writing was developed.ConclusionsHIC and LMIC writing collaborations will encourage accurate, ethical, and contextually grounded publications to foster understanding and facilitate reduction of the global burden of mental illness.

Introduction: The COVID‐19 pandemic has propelled a global paradigm shift in how psychological support is delivered. Remote delivery, through phone and video calls, is now commonplace around the world. However, most adoption of remote delivery methods is occurring without any formal training to ensure safe and effective care. Objective: The purpose of this applied qualitative study was to determine practitioners' experiences of rapidly adapting to deliver psychological support remotely during COVID‐19. Design: We used a pragmatic paradigm and applied approach to gain perspectives related to the feasibility and perceived usefulness of synchronous remote psychological support, including views on how practitioners can be prepared. Methods: Key informant interviews were conducted remotely with 27 specialist and non‐specialist practitioners in Nepal, Perú and the USA. Interviewees were identified through purposeful sampling. Data were analysed using framework analysis. Results: Respondents revealed three key themes: (i) Remote delivery of psychological support raises unique safety concerns and interference with care, (ii) Remote delivery enhances skills and expands opportunities for delivery of psychological support to new populations, and (iii) New training approaches are needed to prepare specialist and non‐specialist practitioners to deliver psychological support remotely. Conclusions: Remote psychological support is feasible and useful for practitioners, including non‐specialists, in diverse global settings. Simulated remote role plays may be a scalable method for ensuring competency in safe and effective remotely‐delivered care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience of grief varies across different cultures and contexts. Women in Nepal who lose their husbands confront discrimination, social isolation, and abuse that influence their experience of grief. Through eight focus group discussions with Nepali widows, we elicited socially sanctioned grief reactions and local idioms used to describe common cognitive, behavioral, and emotional symptoms of grief. Accordingly, modifications to an existing instrument for Prolonged Grief Disorder, the PG-13, are suggested to capture grief symptoms as experienced by Nepali widows. Items in the PG-13 were translated to colloquial Nepali and adapted to maintain comprehensibility, acceptability, relevance, and completeness. Based on the grief-related issues reported in the focus group discussions, the addition of five new items and a new criterion to capture symptoms related to social discrimination are proposed. Widows perceived elevated symptoms one year after the loss to be problematic. It is thus recommended that the duration criterion in the original PG-13 be adjusted from at least six months to at least one year after the loss. These proposed modifications to the instrument should be validated through future psychometric testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Globally, 235 million people are impacted by humanitarian emergencies worldwide, presenting increased risk of experiencing a mental disorder. Our objective was to test the effectiveness of a brief group psychological treatment delivered by trained facilitators without prior professional mental health training in a disaster-prone setting. Methods and findings We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) from November 25, 2018 through September 30, 2019. Participants in both arms were assessed at baseline, midline (7 weeks post-baseline, which was approximately 1 week after treatment in the experimental arm), and endline (20 weeks post-baseline, which was approximately 3 months posttreatment). The intervention was Group Problem Management Plus (PM+), a psychological treatment of 5 weekly sessions, which was compared with enhanced usual care (EUC) consisting of a family psychoeducation meeting with a referral option to primary care providers trained in mental healthcare. The setting was 72 wards (geographic unit of clustering) in eastern Nepal, with 1 PM+ group per ward in the treatment arm. Wards were eligible if they were in disaster-prone regions and residents spoke Nepali. Wards were assigned to study arms based on covariate constrained randomization. Eligible participants were adult women and men 18 years of age and older who met screening criteria for psychological distress and functional impairment. Outcomes were measured at the participant level, with assessors blinded to group assignment. The primary outcome was psychological distress assessed with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Secondary outcomes included depression symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, 'heart-mind' problems, social support, somatic symptoms, and functional impairment. The hypothesized mediator was skill use aligned with the treatment's mechanisms of action. A total of 324 participants were enrolled in the control arm (36 wards) and 319 in the Group PM+ arm (36 wards). The overall sample (N = 611) had a median age of 45 years (range 18-91 years), 82% of participants were female, 50% had recently experienced a natural disaster, and 31% had a chronic physical illness. Endline assessments were completed by 302 participants in the control arm (36 wards) and 303 participants in the Group PM+ arm (36 wards). At the midline assessment (immediately after Group PM+ in the experimental arm), mean GHQ-12 total score was 2.7 units lower in Group PM+ compared to control (95% CI: 1.7, 3.7, p < 0.001), with standardized mean difference (SMD) of -0.4 (95% CI: -0.5, -0.2). At 3 months posttreatment (primary endpoint), mean GHQ-12 total score was 1.4 units lower in Group PM+ compared to control (95% CI: 0.3, 2.5, p = 0.014), with SMD of -0.2 (95% CI: -0.4, 0.0). Among the secondary outcomes, Group PM+ was associated with endline with a larger proportion attaining more than 50% reduction in depression symptoms (29.9% of Group PM+ arm versus 17.3% of control arm, risk ratio = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.4, p = 0.002). Fewer participants in the Group PM+ arm continued to have 'heart-mind' problems at endline (58.8%) compared to the control arm (69.4%), risk ratio = 0.8 (95% CI, 0.7, 1.0, p = 0.042). Group PM+ was not associated with lower PTSD symptoms or functional impairment. Use of psychosocial skills at midline was estimated to explain 31% of the PM+ effect on endline GHQ-12 scores. Adverse events in the control arm included 1 suicide death and 1 reportable incidence of domestic violence; in the Group PM+ arm, there was 1 death due to physical illness. Study limitations include lack of power to evaluate gender-specific effects, lack of long-term outcomes (e.g., 12 months posttreatment), and lack of cost-effectiveness information. Conclusions In this study, we found that a 5-session group psychological treatment delivered by nonspecialists modestly reduced psychological distress and depression symptoms in a setting prone to humanitarian emergencies. Benefits were partly explained by the degree of psychosocial skill use in daily life. To improve the treatment benefit, future implementation should focus on approaches to enhance skill use by PM+ participants. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03747055., Author(s): Mark J. D. Jordans 1,2, Brandon A. Kohrt 2,3,*, Manaswi Sangraula 2, Elizabeth L. Turner 4, Xueqi Wang 4, Pragya Shrestha 2, Renasha Ghimire 2, Edith van't Hof 5, [...]

Problem Underutilization of mental health services is a major barrier to reducing the burden of disease attributable to mental, neurological and substance-use disorders. Primary care-based screening to detect people with mental disorders misses people not frequently visiting health-care facilities or who lack access to services. Approach In two districts In Nepal, we trained lay community informants to use a tool to detect people with mental, neurological and substance-use disorders during routine community service. The community informant detection tool consists of vignettes, which are sensitive to the context, and pictures that are easy to understand for low literacy populations. Informants referred people they identified using the tool to health-care facilities. Three weeks after detection, people were interviewed by trained research assistants to assess their help-seeking behaviour and whether they received any treatment. Local setting Decentralized mental health services are scarce in Nepal and few people with mental disorders are seeking care. Relevant changes Out of the 509 people identified through the community informant detection tool, two-thirds (67%; 341) accessed health services and 77% (264) of those individuals initiated mental health treatment. People in the rural Pyuthan district (208 out of 268) were more likely to access health care than those living in Chitwan district (133 out of 241). Lessons learnt The Introduction of the tool increased the utilization of mental health services in a low-income country with few health resources. The tool seems beneficial in rural settings, where communities are close-knit and community informants are familiar with those in need of mental health services. Probleme La sous-utilisation des services de sante mentale est un obstacle majeur a la reduction de la charge de morbidite attribuable aux troubles mentaux, neurologiques et associes a la toxicomanie. Le depistage des troubles mentaux lors des soins primaires ne permet pas de les detecter chez les personnes qui viennent rarement en consultation dans des etablissements de.soins ou qui n'ont pas acces a ees services. Approche Dans deux districts du Nepal, nous avons forme des informateurs de la communaute non professionnels a l'utilisation d'un outil permettant de detecter les personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux, neurologlques et associes a la toxlcomanle lors de services ordinaires dans la communaute. Cet outil comprenalt des scenarios adaptes a differents contextes et des images facilementcomprehensibles par des populations peu alphabetisees. Les informateurs ont oriente les personnes reperees a l'aide de cet outil vers des etablissements de sante. Trois semaines plus tard, ces personnes ont ete interrogees par des assistants de recherche formes afin devaluer leur demande de soins et de savoir si elles avaient recu un traltement. Environnement local II existe peu de services de sante mentale decentralises au Nepal et peu de personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux ont recours a des soins. Changements significatifs Sur les 509 personnes reperees grace a l'outil de deplstage par des informateurs de la communaute, deux tiers (67%; 341) ont accede a des services de sante et 77% (264) ont commence un traitement pour leurs troubles mentaux. Les habitants du district rural de Pyuthan (208 sur 268) etaient plus nombreux a acceder aux soins que ceux du district de Chitwan (133 sur 241). Lecons tirees L'introduction de l'outil a permis d'augmenter le recours aux services de sante mentale dans un pays a faible revenu disposant de peu de ressources en matiere de sante. Cet outil semble benefique en milieu rural, ou lescommunautes sonttres uniesetou les informateurs connaissent les personnes qui ont besoin de services de sante mentale. Situacion La Infrautilizacion de servicios de salud mental es un gran impedimento para reducir la carga de enfermedades atribuibles a trastornos mentales, neurologicos y por consumo de sustancias. Los examenes basados en atencion primaria para detectar personas con trastornos mentales no incluyen a las personas que no visitan centros de salud frecuentemente o que no tienen acceso a los servicios. Enfoque En dos distritos de Nepal, se formo a informantes comunitarios no profesionales para el uso de una herramienta que detecta a personas con trastornos mentales, neurologicos y del uso de sustancias durante un servicio comunitario rutinario. La herramienta de deteccion de los informantes comunitarios consiste de vinetas, que dependen del contexto, e imagenes faciles de entender para poblaciones con un nivel de alfabetizacion bajo. Los informantes enviaron a las personas identificadas con la herramienta a centros sanitarios. Tres semanas despues de la deteccion, asistentes de investigacion con formacion entrevistaron a estas personas para evaluar su comportamiento de busqueda de ayuda y si recibieron algun tratamiento. Marco regional Los servicios de salud mental descentralizados son muy escasos en Nepal y pocas personas con trastornos mentales buscan atencion. Cambios importantes De las 509 personas identificadas con la herramienta de deteccion de los Informantes comunitarios, dos tercios (67%; 341) accedieron a servicios sanitarios y el 77% (264) de dichos individuos inicio un tratamiento de salud mental. Las personas del distrito rural de Pyuthan (208 de 268) tuvieron mas posibilidades de acceder a atencion sanitaria que los que vivian en el distrito de Chitwan (133 de 241). Lecciones aprendidas La introduccion de la herramienta aumento el uso de servicios de salud mental en un pais con ingresos bajos y escasos recursos sanitarios. La herramienta parece ser beneficiosa en zonas rurales, donde las comunidades estan muy cohesionadas y los informantes comunitarios estan familiarizados con las personas que necesitan servicios de salud mental., Introduction Globally, underutilization of mental health services is a major barrier to reducing the burden of disease attributable to mental, neurological and substance-use disorders. (1) Service underutilization has been attributable [...]

Background: In situations of ongoing violence, childhood psychosocial and mental health problems require care. However, resources and evidence for adequate interventions are scarce for children in low- and middle-income countries. This study evaluated a school-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected, rural Nepal. Methods: A cluster randomized controlled trial was used to evaluate changes on a range of indicators, including psychiatric symptoms (depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder), psychological difficulties, resilience indicators (hope, prosocial behavior) and function impairment. Children (n = 325) (mean age = 12.7, SD = 1.04, range 11-14 years) with elevated psychosocial distress were allocated to a treatment or waitlist group. Results: Comparisons of crude change scores showed significant between-group differences on several outcome indicators, with moderate effect sizes (Cohen d = 0.41 to 0.58). After correcting for nested variance within schools, no evidence for treatment effects was found on any outcome variable. Additional analyses showed gender effects for treatment on prosocial behavior (mean change difference: 2.70; 95% CI, 0.97 to 4.44), psychological difficulties (-2.19; 95% CI, -3.82 to -0.56), and aggression (-4.42; 95% CI, -6.16 to -2.67). An age effect for treatment was found for hope (0.90; 95% CI, -1.54 to -0.26). Conclusions: A school-based psychosocial intervention demonstrated moderate short-term beneficial effects for improving social-behavioral and resilience indicators among subgroups of children exposed to armed conflict. The intervention reduced psychological difficulties and aggression among boys, increased prosocial behavior among girls, and increased hope for older children. The intervention did not result in reduction of psychiatric symptoms.

Background In low-income countries, care for people with mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders is largely absent, especially in rural settings. To increase treatment coverage, integration of mental health services into community and primary healthcare settings is recommended. While this strategy is being rolled out globally, rigorous evaluation of outcomes at each stage of the service delivery pathway from detection to treatment initiation to individual outcomes of care has been missing. Methods and findings A combination of methods were employed to evaluate the impact of a district mental healthcare plan for depression, psychosis, alcohol use disorder (AUD), and epilepsy as part of the Programme for Improving Mental Health Care (PRIME) in Chitwan District, Nepal. We evaluated 4 components of the service delivery pathway: (1) contact coverage of primary care mental health services, evaluated through a community study (N = 3,482 combined for all waves of community surveys) and through service utilisation data (N = 727); (2) detection of mental illness among participants presenting in primary care facilities, evaluated through a facility study (N = 3,627 combined for all waves of facility surveys); (3) initiation of minimally adequate treatment after diagnosis, evaluated through the same facility study; and (4) treatment outcomes of patients receiving primary-care-based mental health services, evaluated through cohort studies (total N = 449 depression, N = 137; AUD, N = 175; psychosis, N = 95; epilepsy, N = 42). The lack of structured diagnostic assessments (instead of screening tools), the relatively small sample size for some study components, and the uncontrolled nature of the study are among the limitations to be noted. All data collection took place between 15 January 2013 and 15 February 2017. Contact coverage increased 7.5% for AUD (from 0% at baseline), 12.2% for depression (from 0%), 11.7% for epilepsy (from 1.3%), and 50.2% for psychosis (from 3.2%) when using service utilisation data over 12 months; community survey results did not reveal significant changes over time. Health worker detection of depression increased by 15.7% (from 8.9% to 24.6%) 6 months after training, and 10.3% (from 8.9% to 19.2%) 24 months after training; for AUD the increase was 58.9% (from 1.1% to 60.0%) and 11.0% (from 1.1% to 12.1%) for 6 months and 24 months, respectively. Provision of minimally adequate treatment subsequent to diagnosis for depression was 93.9% at 6 months and 66.7% at 24 months; for AUD these values were 95.1% and 75.0%, respectively. Changes in treatment outcomes demonstrated small to moderate effect sizes (9.7-point reduction [d = 0.34] in AUD symptoms, 6.4-point reduction [d = 0.43] in psychosis symptoms, 7.2-point reduction [d = 0.58] in depression symptoms) at 12 months post-treatment. Conclusions These combined results make a promising case for the feasibility and impact of community- and primary-care-based services delivered through an integrated district mental healthcare plan in reducing the treatment gap and increasing effective coverage for MNS disorders. While the integrated mental healthcare approach does lead to apparent benefits in most of the outcome metrics, there are still significant areas that require further attention (e.g., no change in community-level contact coverage, attrition in AUD detection rates over time, and relatively low detection rates for depression)., Author(s): Mark J. D. Jordans 1,2,*, Nagendra P. Luitel 2, Brandon A. Kohrt 2,3, Sujit D. Rathod 4, Emily C. Garman 5, Mary De Silva 6, Ivan H. Komproe 7,8, [...]