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O estresse calórico em bovinos de leite pode comprometer diversas funções fisiológicas, incluindo produção de leite, reprodução e função imunológica. Os objetivos deste estudo foram correlacionar a temperatura da superfície corporal (TSC) e a temperatura retal (TR) de vacas leiteiras usando um termômetro digital a laser infravermelho, bem como determinar a emissividade ideal. Dez vacas leiteiras foram mantidas em área coberta por três dias consecutivos. As medidas de TSC e TR foram realizadas às 8h, 13h e 16h, todos os dias. As leituras térmicas foram feitas em quatro localizações anatômicas distintas: face, caixa torácica, garupa e glândula mamária nas emissividades de 0,95 e 0,50. As temperaturas e localizações anatômicas das medidas térmicas foram avaliadas por ANOVA e as médias foram comparadas usando o Teste Tukey a 5%. Emissividade em 0,50 não estabeleceu correlação significativa (P>0,05) entre TSC e TR, enquanto uma correlação significativa (P0.05) correlation between BST and RT, while a significant correlation (P

Com a evolução da seleção genética em bovinos leiteiros a partir do século XX, o desenvolvimento de glândula mamária, aumento da capacidade digestiva e respiratória começaram a ser selecionados em vacas leiteiras, com um consequente acréscimo de peso corporal e de capacidade produtiva. Esta seleção não teve a correspondência para qualidade dos cascos e membros, a fim de suportarem um maior peso e também as condições desfavoráveis do confinamento para a qualidade do casco. Com isso, problemas relacionados aos membros dos bovinos adquiriram importância crescente na bovinocultura. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de apresentar dados sobre a prevalência de afecções podais e graus de claudicação de vacas em lactação da raça Jersey, mantidas em sistemas de confinamento “free-stall”. Foram avaliados 40 animais, entre eles 20 primíparas e 20 multíparas, em lactação, na cidade de Carambeí - Paraná. Primeiramente foi realizada a análise do escore de claudicação individual, e após foi realizado o exame clínico específico com o intuito de verificar a presença de lesões. Nas vacas primíparas foram observadas, 256 lesões podais (a média 12,8 lesões/vaca) e as lesões prevalentes foram: erosão de talão, erosão axial e doença de linha branca. Por outro lado, em vacas multíparas, a média de lesões/vaca foi de 15,3 e as lesões prevalentes foram: erosão de talão, erosão axial e úlcera de sola. Todos os animais apresentaram lesões podais, mas somente 33% apresentaram claudicação. Dentre as vacas primíparas, 10% apresentaram certo grau de claudicação, já em vacas multíparas, 55% dos animais claudicavam.

Através deste estudo analisou-se as soluções de formalina, diluídas na concentração de 5%, em pedilúvios de bovinos leiteiros, em lactação, mantidos em sistemas de produção “free stall” em duas propriedades leiteiras, localizadas na cidade de Arapoti no Estado do Paraná. Foram mensurados o pH, a temperatura e o volume em dois momentos, antes e após a passagem de cada lote de animais totalizando na propriedade “A” 110 mensurações e 138 na propriedade “B”.

Brucella ovis is the causative agent of ovine brucellosis, which is an important infectious disease in sheep farming worldwide and is responsible for economic losses because of its negative effect on the reproductive system of rams and ewes. Serologic tests are the main tools for detection of infection; however, these tests commonly yield a high frequency of false-negative results. We compared 2 serologic tests, agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and ELISA, for the detection of anti– B. ovis antibodies in naturally infected sheep. Of the 728 serum samples analyzed, 0.3% were positive by AGID and 9.2% by ELISA. Positive results were obtained for different animals and flocks. There was no statistical difference between the detection frequency of the 2 methods ( p = 0.674), and the kappa test indicated low concordance (κ = 0.005). The lack of agreement between results obtained using AGID and ELISA, associated with the absence of clinical signs, makes it difficult to detect ovine brucellosis efficiently, and demonstrates the need for effective tests for the definitive detection of B. ovis infection.

A leptospirose é uma zoonose causada por uma bactéria do gênero Leptospira. Trata-se de uma enfermidade infecciosa de distribuição mundial, de ocorrência maior em países de clima tropical e subtropical, principalmente, nos períodos mais chuvosos, quando existem condições ambientais, que aumentam a sobrevivência da bactéria no ambiente. Esta enfermidade acomete os seres humano e, praticamente, todos os animais domésticos e selvagens, que podem se tornar portadores e contribuírem para a disseminação do micro-organismo na natureza. Nos ovinos, a enfermidade pode provocar falhas reprodutivas e abortamentos, morte de cordeiros, inanição, infecção grave, febre e insuficiência hepática e/ou renal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar importantes aspectos sobre a leptospirose em ovinos, abordando sobre o histórico, etiologia, epidemiologia, patogenia, sinais clínicos, diagnóstico, tratamento, controle e prevenção. Foram lidos 58 trabalhos publicados, a busca ocorreu através de portais indexadores e livros, que citam como descritores as palavras: lepstospiras em animais, Leptospiras em ovinos, sorovares de Leptospiras, leptospirose em ovinos. A compreensão de todos os fatores envolvidos na leptospirose em ovinos é uma condição fundamental para a adoção de medidas estratégicas médicas e epidemiológicas, que possibilitem o controle e a prevenção da doença nos rebanhos, evitando assim queda na produtividade e redução dos prejuízos econômicos. Palavras-chave: Leptospira spp. MAT Zoonoses. Abstract Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by a bacterium of the genus Leptospira. It is an infectious disease worldwidely distributed, occurring more frequently in countries with tropical and subtropical climates, especially in the rainiest periods, when there are environmental conditions that increase the bacteria survival in the environment. This disease affects humans and most of the domestic and wild animals, which can become carriers and contribute to the microorganism spread in nature. In sheep, the disease can cause reproductive failures and miscarriages, lamb death, starvation, severe infection, fever and liver and / or kidney failure. This work aimed to review important aspects about leptospirosis in sheep, addressing the history, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention. 58 published works were read, the search was performed through indexing portals and books that mention the words as descriptors: leptospirae in animals, leptospirae in sheep, serovars of leptospirae, leptospirosis in sheep. Understanding all the factors involved in leptospirosis in sheep is a fundamental condition for the adoption of strategic medical and epidemiological measures that enable the disease control and prevention in herds, thus avoiding a fall in productivity and a reduction in economic losses. Keywords: Leptospira spp. MAT. Zoonosis.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the biological control of nematodes in young ewes receiving the fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34) orally. T...

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características de desempenho, carcaça e qualidade da carne de borregas terminadas em dois sistemas: com suas mães no sistema de creep feeding e confinadas após o desmame. Dezesseis borregas mestiças Texel x Hampshire Down foram divididas em dois tratamentos: borregas com suas mães, alimentadas em creep feed ou desmamadas e confinadas. A dieta oferecida aos dois tratamentos consistiu em 420 g kg-1 de volumoso (cana-de-açúcar) e 580 g kg-1 de concentrado, com adição de 70 g kg-1 de glicerina bruta na matéria seca da dieta. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no início e no final do período experimental para avaliar a glicemia. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram peso vivo médio de 28 kg. Os animais terminados no sistema creep feeding apresentaram maior nível de glicose plasmática. Os valores médios obtidos para as características de peso e rendimento de carcaça foram maiores para os animais criados no sistema creep feeding. Em geral, as variáveis de composição química e características da carne dos animais não diferiram entre os sistemas de terminação, exceto o valor do pH e a capacidade de retenção de água. As características de desempenho e qualidade da carne de borregas terminadas nos sistemas avaliados foram semelhantes, e as borregas terminadas no sistema creep feeding tiveram carcaças mais pesadas do que as terminadas nos sistemas de confinamento. Palavras-chave: Ganho de peso. Ovinos. Rendimento de carcaça. Subproduto. Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass and meat quality traits of ewe lambs finished in two systems: with their mothers in a creep feeding system and early weaning followed by feedlot. Sixteen Texel × Hampshire Down crossbred ewe lambs were separated into two treatment groups, consisting of ewe lambs with their mothers, fed by creep feeding or weaned and confined. The diet offered to both treatments consisted of 420 g kg-1 of roughage (sugar cane) and 580 g kg-1 concentrate, with the addition of 70 g kg-1 of crude glycerin in the dry matter of the diet. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the experimental period to measure plasma glucose content. The animals were slaughtered when they reached an average of 28 kg live weight. Animals finished in creep feeding systems had a higher amount of plasma glucose. The mean values obtained for weight and yield carcass characteristics were better in creep feeding. In general, the chemical composition and meat quality variables did not differ between the finishing systems, except for the pH value and water loss under pressure. The performance and meat quality traits of ewe lambs in the evaluated finishing systems were similar, and the ewe lambs in the creep feeding system had greater carcass weight than ewe lambs finishing in feedlot systems. Keywords: Byproducts. Carcass Yield. Sheep. Weight Gain.

A sincronização do estro é uma ferramenta útil que fornece ao criador de ovinos um planejamento estratégico, concentrando e regularizando os nascimentos em diferentes épocas do ano, o que permite suprir a demanda do mercado. Diferentes protocolos hormonais estão disponíveis no mercado, porém, seus efeitos e resultados ainda não são totalmente claros. Objetivou-se avaliar protocolos de sincronização de estro de curta duração com o uso de hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) e gonadotrofina coriônica equina (eCG) como indutores de ovulação em borregas mestiças Dorper na contra-estação. As borregas receberam um dispositivo intravaginal contendo 0,36g de progesterona (D0) e após seis dias, o dispositivo foi removido e assim efetuou-se os seguintes tratamentos: T-FSH recebeu aplicação intramuscular de 10mg de dinoprost e 10 mg de FSH (D6); T-eCG recebeu aplicação intramuscular de 10mg de dinoprost e 300UI de eCG (D6). As ovelhas foram submetidas à monta natural. A detecção de estro se deu através da marcação de fêmeas em cio com a deposição da tinta no peitoral do reprodutor. O diagnóstico de gestação foi realizado trinta dias após o último dia de exposição aos reprodutores com ultrassom. O do uso de dispositivo de progesterona por curto período de tempo foi eficiente. Não houve diferença para taxa de estro (100% T-eCG vs. 100% T-FSH). Um maior número de animais do T-eCG obteve manifestação estral mais precocemente (57,6 ± 16,33 para T-eCG vs. 61,2 ± 16,47 para T-FSH), embora não apresentem diferença estatística (P-valor 0,8723). A taxa de prenhez foi similar em ambos os grupos, sendo 60% (12/20) no T-FSH e 45% (9/20) no T-eCG, não havendo diferença estatística (P-valor=0.35). Conclui-se que tanto a aplicação de FSH, quanto de eCG foram efetivos em protocolo de curta duração para sincronização de estro ovino. Palavras-chave: Gonadotrofina. Borregas. Primer Ovino. Ovulação. Biotecnologia Reprodutiva. Abstract The estrus synchronization is a useful tool that provides a strategic planning to the sheep breeder, concentrating and regularizing births at different times of the year, which allows to supply the market demand. Different hormonal protocols are available on the market; however, their effects and results are still not entirely clear. The objective was to evaluate short-term protocols for estrus synchronization using follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) as ovulation inducers in cross-breed Dorper lambs in the counter-season. The lambs received an intravaginal device containing 0.36 g of progesterone (D0) and after six days, the device was removed and the following treatments were performed: T-FSH received intramuscular application of 10 mg of dinoprost and 10 mg of FSH (D6); T-eCG received intramuscular application of 10mg of dinoprost and 300UI of eCG (D6). The sheep were submitted to natural breeding. The detection of estrus occurred through the marking of females in heat with the deposition of ink on the pectoral of the hams. The diagnosis of pregnancy was made thirty days after the last day of exposure to hams with ultrasound. The use of a progesterone device for a short period of time was efficient. There was no difference in estrus rate (100% T-eCG vs. 100% T-FSH). A higher number of animals from T-eCG had earlier estrous manifestation (57.6 ± 16.33 for T-eCG vs. 61.2 ± 16.47 for T-FSH), although without statistical difference (P-valor 0,8723). The pregnancy rate was similar in both groups, with 60% (12/20) in T-FSH and 45% (9/20) in T-eCG, with no statistical difference (P-value = 0.35). It is concluded that both FSH and eCG applications were effective in a short duration protocol for synchronization of ovine estrus. Keywords: Gonadotropin. Lambs. Ovine Primer. Ovulation. Reproductive Biotechnology.

Objetivou-se apresentar a prevalência, a distribuição das lesões podais e graus de claudicação em vacas primíparas e multíparas da raça Holandesa preta e branca, mantidas em dois sistemas de confinamento “free stall” e “compost barn” em uma mesma propriedade. Foram examinados os dígitos de 100 animais (800 dígitos). Todos os bovinos examinados apresentavam algum tipo de lesão podal. Em ambos os sistemas de produção e categorias animais, a maior distribuição das lesões encontrava-se nos membros pélvicos. As lesões de maior prevalência nas vacas primíparas mantidas no sistema “free stall” foram erosão axial, erosão dos talões e sola dupla; Nas vacas multíparas mantidas no sistema “free stall”, por sua vez, foram: erosão axial, erosão dos talões e dermatite digital papilomatosa. No sistema “compost barn”, as lesões podais de maior prevalência tanto nas vacas primíparas como nas multíparas foram: erosão axial, erosão dos talões e dermatite digital papilomatosa. A maioria dos animais (54%) apresentou grau de claudicação leve (2).

Food security is important, and is being increasingly focused on during animal production. In bovine carcasses, we can find hematomas that are the consequences of traumas caused by several factors. These cause the extravasation of blood from vessels, causing the blood to accumulate in muscular tissues, which can then serve as a substrate for bacterial proliferation. The objective of this study was to quantify the occurrence of hematomas in bovine carcasses and to determine their degree of severity, to measure the economic impact these hematomas can cause. The slaughter of 385 animals was monitored, and 56.88% showed some type of hematoma. In injured animals, there were a total of 427 lesions, with an average of 1.94 of injuries per animal. There was a total loss of 65.7 kg of meat, with following proportional distribution: 12.32% in the front room (8.1 kg), 33.18% near the ribs and the lumbar region (21.8 kg), and 54.49% (35.8 kg) in the hindquarter. The resulting economic loss was calculated to be a total of US $ 206.66 (R $ 817.93). We conclude that the occurrence of hematoma lesions in bovine carcasses from the north central mesoregion of Parana is responsible for economic losses.

Bovine milk whey is a co-product of the dairy agroindustry that has potential for use in lamb feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of bovine milk whey on the performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing lambs. Eighteen male lambs were distributed in three treatments (control diet – CD, diet with whey powder – DWP, and diet with liquid whey – DLW) with six replicates. The performance variables, loin-eye area measurements, cover and subcutaneous fat, marbling, yield, morphometry, conformation, and finishing of the carcasses were evaluated. There was a difference in the dry matter intake, with the CD (3.22%) and DWP (3.08%) treatments having higher levels than that of the DLW (2.46%) treatment. The averages for loin-eye area, subcutaneous fat, and marbling were 9.88 cm2, 2.97 mm, and 1.39, respectively. There was a difference among the treatments for ethereal extract content of the meat; it was higher in CD (7.90%) and lower in DLW (5.19%). The inclusion of bovine milk whey did not alter the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the carcass; however, it altered the levels of ethereal extract content in the meat.

The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of mineral supplementation with organic selenium (Se) on rabies humoral immune response in ewes. It was randomly selected 18 Texel ewes without antirabic vaccination in the last 12 months and divided into 2 groups: treated group (TG) supplemented with a mineral mixture additioned of organic selenium and immunized against rabies and a control group (CG) supplemented with mineral mixture without organic selenium addition and immunized. Determination of Se serum was obtained by the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in two moments, the title and the persistence of anti-rabies neutralizing antibodies in five times by the Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT). The mean values found in D210 GSH-Px were higher in TG with 981.8 ± 105.2 U/g Hb and 628.2 ± 188.2 U/g Hb in the CG (p-value < 0.001). The mean values of titers of anti-rabies neutralizing antibodies 30 days after primary vaccination, demonstrated statistically similar titles in the GT and GC, 1,020 IU/ mL in GT and 1,885 IU/ mL CG. Oral mineral supplementation of organic selenium during 210 days did not enhance the humoral immune response and persistence of evidence of rabies neutralizing antibodies, however caused increased serum retention of selenium in ewes.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the viability of a mycotoxin adsorbent based on beta-glucans from cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and bentonites in the diets of confined lambs of the Texel breed. Twenty-four lambs (12 males and 12 females) with an average weight of 18.6 kg ± 1.6 were divided into two groups: treated (with adsorbent) and control. The animal diets contained the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, fumonisin B1 and B2, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol in concentrations within guidance levels. The animals were slaughtered with body weight of approximately 26.4 kg. The performance and carcass variables of the lambs were evaluated. The daily weight gain was higher in the treated group (216.24 g) than in the control group (185.90 g). The averages for loin eye area, subcutaneous fat thickness, and marbling were 13.93 cm2, 2.66 mm, and 3.20 in the treated group and 12.16 cm2, 2.6 mm, and 3.25 in the control group, respectively. The true, hot, and cold carcass yield, and the carcass cooling losses did not differ between groups. The carcasses were similar in conformation and fat finishing degree, with averages of 3.95 and 3.83, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effect of a mycotoxin additive in the diet of finishing lambs. The use of mycotoxin adsorbent in confined lambs was feasible, and its use resulted in greater daily weight gain in lambs and average net profit.

The present study aimed to obtain, through statistical methods, the independent variables that influence the economic and productive results of Brazilian beef cattle. Economic and productive information was collected from 106 farms in Brazil. Data collection was performed by the Instituto de Métricas Agropecuárias (Inttegra). The variable selection method used was stepwise regression followed by polynomial regression analyses. The variable beef cattle economic result showed the positive effect of disbursement per head per month and average weight gain. An average daily gain of 520 g in live weight was obtained, and this variable was influenced especially by nutrition cost. The arroba production (arroba is a unit of weight corresponding to 15kg) was influenced by the linear effect of nutrition cost and stocking rate. The variable arroba production in pasture showed a linear and positive effect of average weight gain in pasture and stocking rate in pasture. For profit per arroba, the variables nutrition cost, disbursement with pasture, and average sale price had a linear effect. The independent variables that had the greatest influence on the response variables were stocking rate, average daily weight gain, and nutrition cost. Thus, increases in investment in nutrition and stocking rate should result in higher production rates and improvements in the profitability of this activity. RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter, por meio de métodos estatísticos, quais variáveis independentes influenciam as variáveis econômicas e produtivas na bovinocultura de corte brasileira. O banco de dados utilizado foi obtido por coleta de informações econômicas e produtivas em 106 fazendas no Brasil. O método de coleta de dados foi definido pelo Instituto de Métricas Agropecuárias (Inttegra). Foram realizadas análises de seleção de variáveis pelo método Stepwise, seguido por análises de regressão múltipla. A variável resultado econômico da bovinocultura de corte teve efeito positivo do desembolso mensal por cabeça e do ganho de peso médio diário. Para o ganho de peso médio diário foi obtido um valor médio de 520 gramas, e esta variável foi influenciada principalmente pelo custeio com nutrição. Para a produção de arroba foi obtido efeito linear do custeio com nutrição e da taxa de lotação. Para a variável produção de arroba a pasto foi obtido um efeito linear e positivo do ganho médio diário de peso no pasto e da taxa de lotação no pasto. Para o lucro por arroba, as variáveis custeio com nutrição, desembolso com pastagem e preço médio de venda tiveram efeito linear. As variáveis independentes que tiveram maior influência nas variáveis resposta foram a taxa de lotação, o ganho médio diário de peso e o custeio com nutrição. Assim, aumentos no investimento em nutrição e na taxa de lotação dos animais devem resultar em maiores índices de produção e em melhorias na rentabilidade da atividade.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T06:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Universidade Estadual Paulista Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) supplementation, before the Timed Artificial Insemination (TAI) protocol, may contribute to a reduction in embryonic mortality. In this context, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation with sunflower seed, before the TAI protocol, will promote an increase in the ovulatory Follicle Diameter (FD), with a consequent increase in the Corpus Luteum Diameter (CLD) and the plasma concentration of Progesterone (P4) in the subsequent diestrum. We evaluated the effect of sunflower seed supplementation, prior to TAI, on the ovulatory FD, CLD, lipid profile and plasma P4 concentration of both pregnant and non-pregnant Nelore heifers. Thirty heifers of 24-36 months old, kept on pasture with water and mineral salt ad libitum, were divided into two groups. The heifers received a 1.7 kg/day supplement containing 53% soybean meal and 47% corn (control group, n = 15) or 40% soybean meal and 60% sunflower seed (sunflower seed group, n = 15) for 56 days. All heifers received the TAI protocol 24 h after the final supplementation. At the time of TAI (D0), the ovaries of all animals were evaluated by ultrasound examinations to determine the FD. Every 48 h for 26 days, the CLD was measured using ultrasound. Blood samples were collected for P4 determinations (except on D8, D20 and D24) and total cholesterol, triglycerides, High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL), analyses were conducted on D0 and D21. There was no effect of sunflower seed supplementation on mean FD on TAI day, CLD and P4 concentration or lipid profile after TAI in pregnant or non-pregnant heifers. In conclusion, sunflower seed supplementation for 56 days preceding TAI did not change the FD, CLD, P4 concentration, or lipid profile in Nelore heifers. Universidade do Paulista Oeste-UNOESTE Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho-UNESP-FCAT Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho-UNESP-FMVA Universidade Norte do Paraná (UNOPAR) Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho-UNESP-FCAT Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho-UNESP-FMVA FAPESP: 2016/02805-4 CNPq: 480783/2013-6

Growth promoters are increasingly restricted in ruminants’ diet. By the need to find safer alternatives for the environment and meat consumers the yeast in probiotics being an alternative. Chemical and tissue composition, lipid oxidation and sensorial quality of meat lambs supplemented with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), associated or not with the micro minerals, finished in feedlot was evaluated. 24 male lambs, Texel breed lambs divided into three experimental groups (n = 8 lambs / group) CON (without addition of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)), PB (constituted by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and PBM (constituted by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae + selenium and chrome). After slaughter of the lambs (mean live weight of 55.1 kg), the carcasses were refrigerated for 24 hours, sectioned in the medium for analysis of the Longissimus lumborum muscle. No significant values (P>0.05) were observed for the most qualitative analyzes, except for fat (%) in the proximate composition, with highest values for PBM (5.62%) when compared to CON and PB (P 0,05) para la mayoría de los análisis cualitativos, a excepción de la grasa en la composición próxima, con valores más altos para el tratamiento PBM (5,62%) en comparación con los tratamientos CON y PB (0.05) para a maioria das análises qualitativas, exceto para a gordura na composição centesimal, com maiores valores para o tratamento PBM (5.62%) quando comparado aos tratamentos CON e PB (

The objective of this study was to compare the use of sunflower seeds and oil as a fat source in the diets of finishing lambs. Twelve crossbred Santa Inês × Dorper lambs, with an average initial weight of 22.10 ± 3.82 kg were housed in individual pens and divided into two treatments: diets with sunflower seeds or oil. The total diet of both groups contained 33% roughage (tifton grass hay 85) and 67% concentrate. The proportion of sunflower oil and seeds in the total dry matter of the diets was 1.83% and 5.51%, respectively for the treatments oil and seed. The experimental period lasted for 75 days. The animals were slaughtered when they reached an average live weight of 35 kg. The carcass and meat variables were not different between the treatments studied. The presence of oil or sunflower seeds in the diets, both with a high level of concentrate (67%), did not influence the pH values of the meat, with average values of 5.8 and 5.6, respectively. The use of 5.5% sunflower seed, or 1.8% sunflower oil, as fat sources in diets of crossbred Santa Inês X Dorper lambs in finishing, were effective to obtain quality meat and carcasses. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el uso de semillas y aceite de girasol como fuente de grasa en la dieta de corderos en finalización. Doce corderos cruzados Santa Inês × Dorper, con un peso inicial promedio de 22,10 ± 3,82 kg fueron alojados en corrales individuales, los cuales se dividieron en dos tratamientos: dietas con semillas o aceite de girasol. La dieta total de ambos grupos contenía 33% de fibra (heno de pasto tifton 85) y 67% de concentrado. La proporción de aceite y semillas de girasol en la materia seca total de las dietas fue de 1,83% y 5,51%, respectivamente para los tratamientos aceite y semilla. El período experimental duró 75 días. Los animales fueron sacrificados cuando alcanzaron un peso vivo promedio de 35 kg. Las variables de canal y carne no fueron diferentes entre los tratamientos estudiados. La presencia de aceite o semillas de girasol en las dietas, ambas con alto nivel de concentrado (67%), no influyó en los valores de pH de la carne, con valores promedio de 5,8 y 5,6, respectivamente. El uso de 5,5% de semilla de girasol o 1,8% de aceite de girasol, como fuentes de grasa en dietas de corderos cruzados Santa Inês X Dorper en finalización, fueron eficaces en la obtención de carnes y canales de calidad. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o uso de semente e de óleo de girassol como fonte de gordura na dieta de cordeiros em terminação. Doze cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês × Dorper, com peso médio inicial de 22,10 ± 3,82 kg, foram alojados em baias individuais e divididos em dois tratamentos: dietas com sementes de girassol ou óleo. A dieta total de ambos os grupos continha 33% de volumoso (feno de capim-tifton 85) e 67% de concentrado. A proporção de óleo de girassol e sementes na matéria seca total das dietas foi de 1,83% e 5,51%, respectivamente para os tratamentos óleo e semente. O período experimental durou 75 dias. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram peso vivo médio de 35 kg. As variáveis da carcaça e da carne não diferiram entre os tratamentos estudados. A presença de óleo ou semente de girassol nas dietas, ambos com alto teor de concentrado (67%), não influenciou os valores de pH da carne, para as quais os valores médios obtidos foram 5,8 e 5,6, respectivamente. A utilização de 5,5% de semente de girassol ou 1,8% de óleo de girassol, como fontes de gordura nas dietas de cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês X Dorper em terminação, foram eficazes na obtenção de carne e carcaças de qualidade.

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious and non-contagious disease caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) belonging to the genus Orbivirus. It is transmitted by a hematophagous vector, Culicoides sp., to ruminants, particularly to sheep, which are most susceptible to this disease. The main serological tests are agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), which is recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA), which has the advantage of no cross-reaction with other orbiviruses. The aim was to compare the results of these two tests by conducting them on sera collected from sheep in the state of Paraná, Brazil. From March to October 2017, serum samples were collected from 270 sheep from 10 farms in six mesoregions of Paraná. The samples were subjected to AGID and cELISA to detect antibodies against BTV. Based on the test results, we classified the sheep as low, moderate, and high occurrence. The results demonstrated that 64.81% (175/270) of the sheep were seropositive through the cELISA test, showing a high occurrence, and 41.11% (111/270) were seropositive through the AGID test, indicating a moderate occurrence. The concordance between the tests was moderate (0.51) as determined by the Kappa coefficient. Among the studied farms, 90% (9/10) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and the number of animals tested positive by the cELISA test was higher than those by the AGID test. Favorable climate, which favors the presence and multiplication of the culicoid vector and the occurrence of infection, was the biggest predominant factor responsible for the obtained results. The low occurrence in farms with milder climate suggest that the presence of antibodies also occurs due to the low pathogenicity of circulating serotypes in the different mesoregions studied. It is concluded that BTV infection is present in the sheep herds in Paraná, and the occurrence was moderate detected by AGID test and high detected by cELISA test. A língua azul (LA) é uma enfermidade infecciosa e não contagiosa causada por um vírus (VLA) do gênero Orbivirus, transmitida por vetores hematófagos Culicoides sp., aos ruminantes sobretudo aos ovinos, espécie mais susceptível. Os principais testes sorológicos utilizados são a Imunodifusão em Gél de Ágar (IDGA), preconizada pela OIE, e o teste Imunoensaio Enzimático Competitivo (ELISAc), sendo que este tem como vantagem não ocorrer reação cruzada contra outros orbivírus. O objetivo do trabalho foi detectar a presença de anticorpos contra o VLA em ovinos no estado do Paraná através dos testes diagnósticos IDGA e ELISAc. Durante os meses de março a outubro de 2017, colheu-se sangue de 270 ovinos, em 10 propriedades localizadas em seis mesorregiões paranaenses. As amostras foram submetidas aos testes de IDGA e ELISAc para detecção de anticorpos contra o VLA. Baseado nos resultados classificaram-se os rebanhos como baixa, moderada ou elevada ocorrência. Os resultados demonstraram elevada ocorrência através do teste de ELISAc, que apresentou 64,81% (175/270) de ovinos positivos, e moderada ocorrência através do IDGA, com 41,11% (111/270) de ovinos soropositivos. A concordância obtida entre os testes foi moderada (0,51) através do coeficiente Kappa. O número de ovinos reagentes no exame de ELISAc foi maior que o teste de IDGA em todas as propriedades positivas, demonstrando ser superior. O clima propício foi um dos fatores favoráveis para as ocorrências observadas, pois favorece a presença e multiplicação do vetor Culicoide e a ocorrência da infecção. A baixa ocorrência nas propriedades com clima mais ameno sugere que a presença de anticorpos provavelmente ocorra também pela baixa patogenicidade dos sorotipos circulantes nas diferentes mesorregiões estudadas. Conclui-se que há infecção de VLA no rebanho ovino paranaense, e a detecção de anticorpos para o VLA foi moderada, através do teste de IDGA, e elevada, através do teste ELISAc.

The concern with the animal’s welfare has become increasingly frequent and the use of cattle in sporting events has aroused discussions about the preservation and integrity of these animals. The objective of this work was to evaluate whether the cattle participating in the team roping modality receive all support regarding the animal welfare criteria. During the 41st National Championship of the Quarter Horse Breed of Work and Conformation, aspects of animal welfare of 410 cattle that participated in the team roping were evaluated. Behavioral aspects were observed before, during and after the end of the competition, in addition to quantifying the number of runs per animal, the presence of ectoparasites, thermal comfort, food and hydration. It was possible to conclude that the environment in which the tests were carried out, the feeding conditions, the space and the thermal comfort meet the criteria of animal welfare. La preocupación por el bienestar animal se ha vuelto cada vez más frecuente y el uso de ganado en competiciones deportivas ha suscitado discusiones sobre la preservación e integridad de estos animales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar si los bovinos que participan en la modalidad de doble empalme reciben pleno apoyo en cuanto a los criterios de bienestar animal. Durante el 41º Campeonato Nacional de la Carrera de Caballos Cuarto de Milla para el Trabajo y la Conformación se evaluaron aspectos del bienestar animal de 410 bovinos que participaron en las carreras de doble lazo. Se observaron aspectos de comportamiento antes, durante y después del final de la competencia, además de cuantificar el número de carreras por animal, presencia de ectoparásitos, confort térmico, alimentación e hidratación. Se pudo concluir que el entorno en el que se realizaron las pruebas, las condiciones de alimentación, el espacio y el confort térmico cumplen con los criterios de bienestar animal. A preocupação com o bem-estar dos animais tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente e a utilização de bovinos em provas esportivas tem despertado discussões a respeito da preservação e integridade destes animais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se os bovinos participantes da modalidade de laço em dupla recebem todo suporte quanto aos critérios de bem-estar animal. Durante a realização do 41º Campeonato Nacional da Raça Quarto de Milha de Trabalho e Conformação, foi avaliado aspectos do bem-estar animal de 410 bovinos que participaram das provas de laço em dupla. Foram observados aspectos comportamentais antes, durante e após o término da competição, além de quantificar o número de corridas por animal, presença de ectoparasitas, conforto térmico, alimentação e hidratação. Foi possível concluir que o ambiente em que foram realizadas as provas, as condições de alimentação, o espaço e o conforto térmico atendem os critérios de bem-estar animal.

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade da carne de cordeiros Texel alimentados com niveis crescentes de glicerina bruta (0, 7, 14 e 21% da materia seca) na dieta. Trinta e dois cordeiros Texel machos nao castrados foram avaliados, com peso inicial de 15,9 ± 4,1 kg, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repeticoes. Ao atingir o peso medio de 35 kg, os animais foram abatidos. A composicao quimica da carne foi similar entre os tratamentos e as medias de lipidios totais e proteina bruta foram 3,47 e 20,05 g 100 g-1, respectivamente. Nao houve variacoes nos valores de pH, marmoreio, cor e perda de agua por pressao. A forca de cisalhamento nao variou entre os tratamentos e a textura da carne pode ser considerada macia, com valores medios de 5,48 kg-f. Houve decrescimo linear nos valores de odor em funcao da adicao de glicerina bruta e nao houve diferenca significativa para sabor, maciez, suculencia, e aceitacao geral entre os tratamentos. Os acidos graxos encontrados em maiores proporcoes na carne de cordeiros foram C18:1n-9 (1298,90 mg 100g-1), C16:0 (709,07 mg 100g-1) e C18:0 (433,30 mg 100g-1), com porcentagens de 42,72, 23,07 e 14,35%, respectivamente. Foi observada diferenca significativa em funcao do nivel de glicerina na dieta apenas para o acido margarico (C17:0), com um efeito linear crescente, atingindo 58,95 mg100g-1 de carne para o grupo com 21% de glicerina bruta, o que corresponde a 1,77% do total acidos graxos. O restante dos acidos graxos nao se alteraram e proporcionaram um resultado satisfatorio para o acido linoleico conjugado (CLA), somando cerca de 6,1 mg 100 g-1 de carne, correspondendo a 0,21% do total de lipideos. O uso de glicerina na dieta de cordeiros em terminacao nao altera as caracteristicas da carne, mantendo a qualidade do produto para consumo.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of antibodies against Neospora caninum, obtained two years apart, among dairy cattle in a rural settlement in southern Brazil. Blood samples from 734 dairy cattle on 41 farms were collected at two different times: in 2012, 406 animals on 30 farms were used; and in 2014, 329 animals on 31 farms. Serum samples were obtained and were used to detect antibodies against N. caninum, by means of the indirect fluorescence assay (IFA). Animals with titers ? 100 were considered positive. The total serum prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 19.7% (145/736) among all the dairy cattle, comprising 23.1% (94/406) in 2012 and 15.5% (51/329) in 2014. Serum from 91 animals was tested in both trials: 11(12.1%) showed positivity in 2012 and 10 (11%) in 2014. The variables of age, sex and breed did not show any associations with seropositivity. Thus, we showed that the cattle in this settlement presented high levels of antibodies against N. caninum, and that IFA showed good efficacy for epidemiological studies.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of ewes subjected to a short-term protocol for estrus induction using 1 mg of Norgestomet during the non-breeding season in Brazil. A total of 84 ewes were randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 42 per group). Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) containing 330 mg progesterone was inserted into the vagina in the first 42 ewes, and for the other 42 ewes in the second group, 1 mg of Norgestomet was placed subcutaneously in the convex surface of the ear. Implants and devices were removed in both groups on day 6. Following the removal of implants and devices, 10 mg of PGF2α and 300 IU of eCG were injected in all the ewes. After 48 h of application, three fertile rams were added to the herd. Ewes and rams were kept together for four days. Rams were removed on day 12, and after 42 days, pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasound scanning. Short-term protocols using either an intravaginal device or ear implant were similarly effective to estrus induction (95.23 vs. 92.85%), and all ewes from both groups had estrus manifestation within 72 h after implant removal (72±9 h). In addition, no significant difference in pregnancy rate was observed between ewes treated with the intravaginal device and ear implant protocols (52.38 vs. 57.14%). These results suggest that 1 mg of Norgestomet is a good alternative for short-term protocols for estrus induction/synchronization during the non-breeding season in ewes. It is possible to replace the progesterone-releasing intravaginal device by the ear implant and obtain the same reproductive effectiveness in ewes.

The present review aims to show the main aspects related to bluetongue virus (BTV) infection in sheep. The bluetongue (BT) is a viral, infectious, and non-contagious disease caused by a virus (BTV) of the Orbivirus genus, transmited by a hematophagous vector of the Culicoides genus, to domestic and wild ruminants, mainly to sheep, the most susceptible species. It is caused by the association of endemic with climate conditions, with high temperatures and humidity. Economic loss is directly linked to death, abortion, weight loss, loss of milk, and meat production, and, indirectly, to the restriction on the export of animals and their by-products. The study concludes that the BTV is worldwidely spread, and probably persists due to the warm and humid climate that leads to the proliferation of Culicoides sp., being necessary to adopt measures that reduce the risk factors associated to the BTV infection. RESUMO A presente revisão objetivou apresentar os principais aspectos relacionados à infecção causada pelo vírus da língua azul em ovinos. A língua azul é uma doença viral, infecciosa e não contagiosa, causada por um vírus (BTV) do gênero Orbivírus, transmitida por meio de vetores hematófagos do gênero Culicoides a ruminantes domésticos e selvagens, principalmente aos ovinos, a espécie mais susceptível. A infecção ocorre de forma endêmica, associada a condições climáticas com elevada temperatura e umidade. As perdas econômicas estão ligadas diretamente à morte, ao abortamento, à perda de peso, à perda na produção de leite e carne, e, indiretamente, devido à restrição na exportação de animais e seus subprodutos. O estudo conclui que a língua azul está disseminada mundialmente e persiste, provavelmente, devido ao clima quente e úmido que propicia a proliferação de Culicoides sp., sendo necessário adotar medidas que diminuam os fatores de risco associados à infecção pelo vírus.

The Apgar score is widely used for global evaluation of the neonate in a minimally invasive way, it assesses neonatal vitality through a range of scores on clinical signs of health and vitality, such as reflexes, respiration rate, and mucosal coloration. The neonatal period is fundamental for lambs survival, that is dependent on complex interactions between maternal ability and newborn viability, as newborn lambs require milk and immunological protection that are dependent of mutual maternal-filial behaviour. The aim of this study was to determine the vitality of Suffolk newborn lambs by the modified Apgar method. Thirty-seven ewes were used and their lambs were classified at 5 min of age by the modified Apgar method. The ewes' body condition score, number of lambs born, and birth weight were recorded. Behaviour was evaluated by measuring, in minutes, the intervals between birth and sternal recumbency, the adoption of quadrupedal position, time until first suckling, and duration of first suckling. Blood samples were collected from the lambs between 24 and 36 h of age to determine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity. Of the 37 births observed, 20 were singles and 17 twins, resulting in 54 newborn lambs, which 27 were classified as high, 11 as moderate and 16 as low Apgar, and the percentages of deaths were 8% (n = 1), 10 % (n = 2) and 81.25 % (n = 13), respectively. The causes of death were: starvation-hypoglycemia-hypothermia complex (10/16, 62.5 %), pneumonia (3/16, 18.75 %), and stillbirth (3/16, 18.75 %). The concentration of gamma-glutamyltransferase in the lamb′s serum with low Apgar was significantly (p-value 0.0027) lower (462.4 IU/L) than in lambs born with moderate (1616.8 IU/L) and high (3177.7 IU/L) Apgar. Birth weight (r = 0.39 and p = 0.0015) and APGAR (r = 0.61 and p

The animal protein demand and the ease of creating an activity make the sheep in evidence, and improve animal performance increasing need. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic zinc supplementation on the performance of Texel lambs. Were randomly selected, 46 lambs Texel, eight months old, weighing on average 41 kg live weight . The animals were divided into two experimental groups (23 animals/ group): treated group (GZn) supplemented with mineral mixture and addition of organic Zn and control group (Gc) supplemented only with mineral mixture. The groups were in two paddocks of four ha of Brachiaria brizantha, separated, and were rotated monthly, the Gc received 500g of mineral mixture in sheep pen in the GZn addition to receiving 500g of mineral mixture was supplemented with 0.5g/ animal/day organic Zn by the oral route during the experimental period of 180 days. The consumption of the mineral mixture was 22 g/ animal/ day in both groups, being within the 24 Colloquium Agrariae, v. 11, n.1, Jan-Jun. 2015, p.23-32. DOI: 10.5747/ca.2015.v11.n1.a115 expected consumption from 10 to 28 g/ animal/ day. The average weight gain during the evaluation period was higher in animals supplemented with organic Zn, 38.3 g/ day in GZn and 8.6 g/ day in Gc, the difference being statistically significant (p ≤ 0,05). The effect of supplementation with organic zinc in Texel lambs performance was positive, with an increase in average daily weight gain in the grazing animals.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a diet supplementation with 500mg organic zinc (Zn) on sperm morphological characteristics (mass motility, individual motility, and sperm livability) as well as minor and major sperm defects in Nelore bulls during the dry season of 2010, the pluviometric precipitation during the experimental period which occurred from April to October, was 69mm from April to August. Thirty-six bulls were selected and divided into two groups of 18 bulls. They were fed the supplemented diet for 180 days. The animals in the first group (G1) were supplemented with an average of 48,89ppm/kg MS Zn, and the animals in the second group (G2) were supplemented with 115,09ppm/ kg DM Zn. Data was analyzed with Minitab 13.0. The results of the morphological characteristic of sperm G1 and G2 were higher at 180 days compared to Day zero, especially in vigor and mass motility, with only statistically significant difference in each group, not differentiating between groups. The organic zinc did not affect the morphological characteristic of sperm in Nellore bulls in the dry season.

The cause of the death of a 16-month-old Brasileiro-de-Hipismo filly and a 3-year-old male Paint Horse with clinical manifestations of anemia and apathy from southern Brazil was investigated. These horses were maintained at the same stable; received hay as part of their diet and were submitted for routine necropsy evaluations. Significant gross findings included several nodules randomly distributed throughout the pulmonary lobes of both horses, and the kidneys, myocardium, and the frontal lobes of the cerebrum of the filly. Histopathological evaluation revealed pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia in both horses; granulomatous interstitial nephritis, myocarditis, and encephalitis were observed in the filly. All lesions contained vasculitis and thrombosis associated with myriads of intralesional, branching, septate fungi consistent with Aspergillus spp.; intralesional fungi were more easily identified by the Grocott methenamine silver stain. Mycological culture of fresh pulmonary sections from both horses and the brain of the filly revealed pure growths of A. fumigatus. These findings confirmed the participation of A. fumigatus in the etiopathogenesis of the lesions observed in the lungs of both horses, and the cerebrum, myocardium and kidneys of the filly and might represent the first description of A. fumigatus-induced encephalitis in horses. Additionally, we believe that infection occurred during the ingestion of contaminated hay or by inhalation of spores within contaminated bedding that resulted in transient nasal mycosis, which progressed to pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia in both horses with embolic encephalitic, myocardial, and renal dissemination of A. fumigatus occurring only in the filly.

Melatonin, a hormone secreted in cow milk, has beneficial effects on human health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin supplementation and nocturnal milking on the concentration of melatonin in cow milk. Twenty-one confined cows in the final period of lactation were used for the study and the supplemented vitamins were: rumen-protected B vitamins, A, D3, E, and niacin (B3) not protected from rumen degradation. The experimental period had a duration of 10 days. Milk samples were collected during the first two days, without supplementation of vitamins (WITHOUT), and during the final two days, eight days after the beginning of supplementation (WITH). Samples of milk produced without and with supplementation, milked at 05:00 h (NIGHT) or from the total milk produced in the two daily milkings (TOTAL), were analyzed. The concentration of melatonin was determined by enzyme immunoassay using the ELISA kit, and the results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey´s test with 5% significance. Supplementation of the diet with vitamins (WITH) did not affect melatonin concentration in TOTAL milk, but it resulted in a concentration 40.55% lower in the NIGHT milk than in the milk from cows without (WITHOUT) supplementation (6.57 vs. 11.06 pg mL-1). Milk milked at night showed melatonin concentrations 1.43 to 2.38 times higher than daily TOTAL milk. The total milk of the herd showed a concentration of 2.13 pg mL-1. The differentiated collection of milk produced during the night period makes it possible to obtain milk with high levels of melatonin.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of replacing oat hay with coffee husk for the feeding of confined lambs. In this study, 24 male Texel lambs of approximately 60 days of age and with a mean ± standard error weight of 21.95 ± 5.81 kg were examined. Their diet was composed of 30% oat hay and 70% concentrated feed per kilogram of dry matter. The experimental design was randomized and included four treatments (0, 7.5, 15, and 22.5% of coffee husk in the total dry matter), with six replicates of each treatment. The animals were slaughtered when they reached a mean live weight of 32 kg. There was no significant difference in dry matter intake and mean daily weight gain (which were 197 g day-1) among treatments. The mean daily weight gain (DWG) was not significantly affected (P > 0.05) by the replacement of oat hay with coffee husk in the diet, with the overall mean DWG being 215.05 g day-1. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among treatments in any of the studied carcass variables, and the mean true carcass yield was 53.9%. The lambs presented a mean finishing score of 2.96 (on a scale of 1 to 5) and a conformation of 4.21 (on a scale of 1 to 6), characterizing them as good carcasses. In terms of economic viability, the 7.5% diet stood out as the one that had the highest profitability, generating a profit of $ 3.25 USD per kg of carcass produced. Coffee husk can therefore replace oat hay in the feed of finishing lambs in concentrations of 0.075 to 0.225 kg kg-¹ of total dry matter with biological and economical efficacy and generating good commercial carcasses. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da substituição do feno de aveia pela casca de café na alimentação de cordeiros confinados. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros machos da raça Texel, com aproximadamente 60 dias de idade e pesando em média (21,95 kg ± 5,81). As rações foram compostas por 30% de feno de Aveia e 70% de concentrado por kg de matéria seca. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0; 7,5; 15 e 22,5 % de casca de café na matéria seca total da dieta) e seis repetições. O abate dos animais foi realizado quando atingiram a média de 32 kg de peso vivo. Não foram observadas variações no consumo de nutrientes, assim como no ganho de peso médio diário (197 g dia-1). O ganho de peso médio diário (GPD) não foi alterado (P > 0,05) com a substituição do feno de aveia pela casca de café na dieta, ficando com média de 215,05 g dia-1. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) para nenhuma das variáveis de carcaça estudadas e o rendimento verdadeiro da carcaça foi em média 53,9%. Os cordeiros apresentaram média de 2,96 para grau de acabamento (escala de 1 a 5) e 4,21 de conformação, caracterizando boas carcaças. Com relação à viabilidade econômica, a dieta com 0,075 kg de casca de café teve destaque em lucratividade, gerando 3,25 U$ de lucro por kg de carcaça produzida. A casca de café pode substituir o feno de aveia na terminação de cordeiros, em teores de 7,5 a 22,5% da matéria seca total da dieta com eficácia biológica e econômica, gerando boas carcaças para a comercialização.