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The possibility of hybridizing collective electronic motion with mid-infrared (mid-IR) light to form surface polaritons has made van der Waals layered materials a versatile platform for extreme light confinement and tailored nanophotonics. Graphene and its heterostructures have attracted particular attention because the absence of an energy gap allows for plasmon polaritons to be continuously tuned. Here, we introduce black phosphorus (BP) as a promising new material in surface polaritonics that features key advantages for ultrafast switching. Unlike graphene, BP is a van der Waals bonded semiconductor, which enables high-contrast interband excitation of electron-hole pairs by ultrashort near-infrared (near-IR) pulses. We design a SiO$_2$/BP/SiO$_2$ heterostructure in which the surface phonon modes of the SiO$_2$ layers hybridize with surface plasmon modes in BP that can be activated by photo-induced interband excitation. Within the Reststrahlen band of SiO$_2$, the hybrid interface polariton assumes surface-phonon-like properties, with a well-defined frequency and momentum and excellent coherence. During the lifetime of the photogenerated electron-hole plasma, coherent polariton waves can be launched by a broadband mid-IR pulse coupled to the tip of a scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) setup. The scattered radiation allows us to trace the new hybrid mode in time, energy, and space. We find that the surface mode can be activated within ~50 fs and disappears within 5 ps, as the electron-hole pairs in BP recombine. The excellent switching contrast and switching speed, the coherence properties, and the constant wavelength of this transient mode make it a promising candidate for ultrafast nanophotonic devices.