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Abstract Background The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and asthma is rising, yet evidence regarding the relationship between T2D and asthma, particularly in the context of genetic predispositions, remains limited. Methods This study utilized data from the UK Biobank longitudinal cohort, involving 388,775 participants. A polygenic risk score (PRS) for asthma was derived from genome-wide association studies summary. Cox regression models were used to assess the association between T2D and asthma, incorporating the asthma PRS. Results Over a median follow-up of 13.62 years, 10,211 asthma cases were documented. After adjusting for age, sex, current smoking status, and other confounding variables, T2D was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing asthma (Hazard Ratios [HR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.26). This association remained significant after further adjustments for genetic susceptibility to asthma. Furthermore, T2D increased the risk of developing asthma across both high and low genetic risk groups. Conclusions T2D is associated with an increased risk of developing asthma, irrespective of genetic susceptibility. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating glucose regulation strategies into asthma prevention efforts.

Objectives: This study was to optimize the extraction and purification process parameters of donkey serum albumin (DSA) from Asini Corii Colla, to compare the emulsification, foaming properties and antioxidant activity of DSA before and after purification, and to identify the purity of DSA. Methods: In this study, Asini Corii Colla was used as raw material and DSA extraction rate was used as the response value, the optimum extraction process of salting-out-ultrasonic assisted extraction was determined by single factor and Box-Behnken response surface design. The concentration of DSA in Asini Corii Colla was purified by Sephadex G-75, and the purity of DSA in purified Asini Corii Colla was identified by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. The water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsification and foaming properties of DSA in Asini Corii Colla before and after purification were compared. Finally, DSA was used to analyze its antioxidant activity in vitro by scavenging ability of superoxide anion radical, ABTS+ radical, DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical. Results: The optimum extraction process parameters of DSA in Asini Corii Colla were as follows: The ratio of dissolved solution was 1:11 g/mL, the ratio of material to liquid was 1:8.3 g/mL, the ultrasonic power was 400 W, and the ultrasonic time was 31 minutes. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of DSA was 49.57%, and the purity of DSA after purification could reach 83.7%. The results of functional properties showed that the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsification and foaming properties of DSA purified under different pH conditions were enhanced compared with those before purification. The results of antioxidant activity in vitro showed that DSA had strong antioxidant activity in vitro. When the concentration of DSA was 10.0 mg/mL, the scavenging rates of superoxide anion radical, ABTS+ radical, DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical were 73.39%, 83.61%, 71.24% and 83.79%, respectively. Conclusions: The extraction, purification and identification techniques of DSA in Asini Corii Colla are simple, rapid, and high feasibility, which provides a certain reference for the high-value utilization of Asini Corii Colla and the development of functional food.

Abstract Unequal outcomes resulting from urbanization can pose a significant challenge to sustainable development. Vehicles are an important urbanization dimension as a critical component of urban infrastructure by providing mobility and accessibility to social services. China’s vehicle ownership (referred to as in-use vehicle stocks) has been growing quickly since 2000, but its per capita stocks are still much lower than that in developed economies. This raises the question of whether and when China’s vehicle stocks will reach a peak level close to that in the developed countries. By analyzing vehicle stocks in 283 Chinese cities during 2001–2018, we have the following findings: (1) vehicle stocks are predominantly distributed in northern and eastern coastal cities and provincial capital cities; (2) inequality in vehicle ownership rates between cities shows a declining trend at both national and region scales; (3) the growth of vehicle ownership rates follows an S-shape curve and most cities are still at the early stage of motorization; (4) China is likely to have a lower saturation level of vehicle ownership rate. These results could help to accurately forecast future vehicle demand in China, estimate the resulting environmental impacts, and explore strategies to achieve carbon neutrality in transportation.

Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt) is a prevalent disease worldwide, seriously threatening wheat production. Pt acquires nutrients from host cells via haustoria and secretes effector proteins to modify and regulate the expression of host disease resistance genes, thereby facilitating pathogen growth and reproduction. The study of effector proteins is of great significance for clarifying the pathogenic mechanisms of Pt and effective control of leaf rust. Herein, we report a wheat leaf rust candidate effector protein Pt48115 that is highly expressed in the late stages of infection during wheat–Pt interaction. Pt48115 contains a signal peptide with a secretory function and a transit peptide that can translocate Pt48115 to the host chloroplasts. The amino acid sequence polymorphism analysis of Pt48115 in seven different leaf rust races showed that it was highly conserved. Pt48115 inhibited cell death induced by Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) from mice or infestans 1 (INF1) from Phytophthora infestans in Nicotiana benthamiana and by DC3000 in wheat, and its 145–175 amino acids of the C-terminal are critical for its function. Furthermore, Pt48115 inhibited callose deposition and reactive oxygen species accumulation in the wheat cultivar Thatcher, demonstrating that it is an effector that enhances Pt virulence by suppressing wheat defense responses. Our findings lay a foundation for future studies on the pathogenesis of Pt during wheat–fungus interaction.

Background: Although associations between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and lifestyle factors or air pollution factors (referred as LAFs below) are well-established, it is unclear the influences of LAFs on the trajectory of IHD and COPD multimorbidity (referred as ICM below). Therefore, this study investigated the influences of LAFs on the trajectory of ICM from healthy to IHD or COPD, to ICM, and to all-cause death. Methods: A cohort of 339,213 participants from the UK Biobank aged 37–73 who were free of IHD and COPD were included. A multi-state model was used to analyse the influences of high-risk factors including current smoking or quitting due to illness or physician's advice, current excessive alcohol drinking, physical inactivity, unhealthy body shape, and excessive air pollution with particulates matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) on ICM trajectory. Results: During a median follow-up of 13.74 years, 46,398 participants developed IHD or COPD (referred as IOC below), 3949 developed ICM, and 35,691 died from any cause. All five high-risk factors played crucial but different roles in these transitions. The hazard ratios (95 % confidence intervals) per one-factor increase were 1.29 (1.27–1.3), 1.38 (1.33–1.44), and 1.69 (1.56–1.84) for transitions from baseline to IOC, from IOC to ICM, and from baseline to ICM and 1.19 (1.17–1.21), 1.18 (1.15–1.21), and 1.12 (1.05–1.19) for mortality risk from baseline to all-cause death, from IOC to all-cause death, and from ICM to all-cause death, respectively. Conclusions: Our study revealed that LAFs have a stronger impact on morbidity outcomes than on morbidity outcomes. These findings provide evidence to develop strategies for managing the trajectory of ICM.

ObjectiveTo investigate associations of ideal cardiovascular health behaviors with arterial stiffness and its progression in adults for providing a reference to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. MethodsA questionnaire survey, physical examination, laboratory tests, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measurement were conducted among 5 536 adult physical examinees recruited through convenient sampling in a general hospital located in Wuhan city, Hubei province from August 2018 to May 2019. The evaluation of cardiovascular health behavior was performed using an integrated overall score that encompassed smoking, dietary pattern, exercise routine, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol level. Among the surveyed participants who had complete information and no history of cardiovascular disease at baseline (n = 2 683), a follow-up baPWV measurement was conducted approximately two years later from June 2019 to February 2022. From this follow-up group of individuals with valid data for both baPWV measurements and baseline values below or equal to 1400 cm/s (n = 372), an analysis was conducted to investigate factors influencing the progression of arterial stiffness. An unconditional multivariate logistic regression model was employed to explore the correlations between ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and arterial hardening as well as its progression. ResultsAmong the 2 683 individuals without a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline survey, 34.03%, 48.16%, and 17.81% were assessed as having ideal, general, and poor cardiovascular health behaviors or factors respectively, while 31.83% were detected with arterial stiffness indicated by baPWV ≥ 1 400 cm/s. In contrast, among the 372 individuals with the two baPWV measurements and without baseline arterial stiffness (baPWV < 1 400 cm/s), the proportions of having ideal, general, and poor cardiovascular health behaviors were 43.55%, 42.74%, and 13.71% respectively; meanwhile, progressive arterial stiffness was observed in approximately one-fifth of them according to elevated baPWV values (≥ 1 400 cm/s). After adjusting for confounding factors such as gender, age, education level and family history of cardiovascular disease using multivariate logistic regression analysis method, the results showed that compared to those with poor cardiovascular health behavior or factors, individuals who had ideal or general cardiovascular health behavior had significantly decreased risk of developing arterial stiffness with odds ratios (OR) being equal to 0.28 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.21 – 0.37) and 0.64(95%CI: 0.51 – 0.81), respectively. Further adjustment for baseline baPWV values revealed that the risk of progressive arterial stiffness significantly decreased (OR = 0.29, 95%CI: 0.11 – 0.73) in individuals who had ideal rather than poor cardiovascular health behaviors. ConclusionThe ideal cardiovascular health behavior and factor scores exhibit a significant negative correlation with the occurrence and progression of arterial stiffness among Chinese adults. Moreover, early intervention aimed at promoting ideal cardiovascular health behavior and factors has the potential to effectively delay the onset and development of arterial stiffness.

Abstract The relation between exposure to single metal/metalloid and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear. We aimed to determine the single and mixed associations of 21 heavy metals/metalloids exposure and the risk of CKD. We performed a cross-sectional study that recruited 4055 participants. Multivariate logistic regression, linear regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were conducted to explore the possible effects of single and mixed metals/metalloids exposure on the risk of CKD, the risk of albuminuria and changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). In single-metal models, Cu, Fe, and Zn were positively associated with increased risks of CKD (P-trend

Chitin/polysaccharide deacetylases belong to the carbohydrate esterases family 4 (CE4 enzymes). They play a crucial role in modifying the physiochemical characteristics of structural polysaccharides and are also involved in a wide range of biological processes such as fungal autolysis, spore formation, cell wall formation and integrity, and germling adhesion. These enzymes are mostly common in fungi, marine bacteria, and a limited number of insects. They facilitate the deacetylation of chitin which is a structural biopolymer that is abundantly found in fungal cell walls and spores and also in the cuticle and peritrophic matrices of insects. The deacetylases exhibit specificity towards a substrate containing a sequence of four GlcNAc units, with one of these units being subjected to deacetylation. Chitin deacetylation results in the formation of chitosan, which is a poor substrate for host plant chitinases, therefore it can suppress the host immune response triggered by fungal pathogens and enhance pathogen virulence and colonization. This review discusses plant pathogenic fungal chitin/polysaccharide deacetylases including their structure, substrate specificity, biological roles and some recently discovered chitin deacetylase inhibitors that can help to mitigate plant fungal diseases. This review provides fundamental knowledge that will undoubtedly lead to the rational design of novel inhibitors that target pathogenic fungal chitin deacetylases, which will also aid in the management of plant diseases, thereby safeguarding global food security.

Abstract Reliable city-level product, building, and infrastructure material stocks data are essential for understanding historical material use patterns, benchmarking material efficiency, and informing future recycling potentials. However, such urban material stocks data are often limited, due primarily to unavailable, inconsistent, or noncontinuous city-level statistics. Here, we provided such an Urban Product, Building, and Infrastructure Material Stocks (UPBIMS) dataset for China, a country that has undergone a remarkable urbanization process in the past decades, by collating different official statistics and applying various gap-filling methods. This dataset contains the stock of 24 materials contained in 10 types of products, buildings, and infrastructure in all 337 prefecture-level cities in China from 1978 to 2020. This quality controlled and unified dataset is the first of its kind with such a full coverage of all prefecture-level Chinese cities and can be used in a variety of applications, for example in urban geography, industrial ecology, circular economy, and climate change mitigation. Every piece of data is tagged with its source and the dataset will be periodically updated.

Objectives: This study aimed to describe the full scope of long-term outcomes and the ongoing pathophysiological alterations among COVID-19 survivors. Methods: We established a longitudinal cohort of 208 COVID-19 convalescents and followed them at 3.3 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.3, 4.4, visit 1), 9.2 (IQR: 9.0, 9.6, visit 2), and 18.5 (IQR: 18.2, 19.1, visit 3) months after infection, respectively. Serial changes in multiple physical and psychological outcomes were comprehensively characterized. We, in addition, explored the potential risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response and sequelae symptoms. Results: We observed continuous improvement of sequelae symptoms, lung function, chest computed tomography (CT), 6-minute walk test, and the Borg dyspnea scale, whereas sequelae symptoms (at least one) and abnormal chest CT patterns still existed in 45.2% and about 30% of participants at 18.5 months, respectively. Anxiety and depression disorders were alleviated for the convalescents, although depression status was sustained for a longer duration. Conclusions: Most COVID-19 convalescents had an overall improved physical and psychological health status, whereas sequelae symptoms, residual lesions on lung function, exercise impairment, and mental health disorders were still observed in a small proportion of participants at 18.5 months after infection. Implementing appropriate preventive and management strategies for the ever-growing COVID-19 population is warranted.

Abstract The purpose of vehicle reidentification is to distinguish the same vehicle from different vehicles using different cameras. The main challenge of this task is the significant intra‐instance discrepancy of the same vehicle from different views and the subtle inter‐instance differences of similar vehicles from the same views. To address this problem, researchers have attempted to align features from different views, such as using additional metadata (colour, type, key points, mask, etc.) to improve performance. Although these attempts improve the performance of vehicle reidentification, considerable efforts are required to create additional precise annotations to the data before using these methods. This results in expensive data preparation costs, rendering these methods less convenient to use. Therefore, we propose a novel deep learning network, called a mixed‐attention‐based regional soft partition network, to address this problem. This network does not require additional metadata annotations; it only trains the identity label as a supervision signal and uses soft partition attention to identify specific vehicle regions. Experiments showed that the performance of the proposed method was comparable to that of the state‐of‐the‐art method with additional annotations on the VeRri‐776 and VERI‐Wild datasets.

Abstract Background Although obesity has been associated with risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), the associations of variability of obesity measures with AF risk are uncertain, and longitudinal studies among Chinese population are still lacking. We aimed to evaluate the impacts of obesity and variability of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) on the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a large Chinese cohort study. Methods A total of 44,135 participants of the Kailuan Study who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease and underwent three consecutive surveys from 2006 to 2010 were followed for incident AF until 2020. Average BMI and WC over time and variability were calculated. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations of obesity and variability in BMI and WC with AF risk. Results During a mean follow-up of 9.68 years, there were 410 cases of incident AF. In multivariable-adjusted models, compared with normal BMI/WC, individuals with general obesity and abdominal obesity had increased risk of AF, with corresponding HRs of 1.73 (95% CI: 1.31–2.30) and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.11–1.60), respectively. The short-term elevation in AF risk persisted for the obese even after adjustment for updated biologic intermediaries and weight. Variability in BMI and WC were not associated with the risk of AF. The restricted cubic spline models indicated significant linear relationships between levels of WC and BMI and risk of AF. Conclusions Elevated levels of BMI and WC were associated with an increased risk of AF, whereas variability in BMI and WC were not. Therefore, achieving optimal levels of BMI and WC could be valuable in AF prevention.

Abstract. Objective:. Only a few studies have investigated the development trends in spatial working memory and attention among a large sample of primary school students over a wide range of ages, while the efficiency of learning and memory processes is fundamental to academic performance, particularly for children, who are in a key developmental stage when their life opportunities can be altered. We aimed to explore how the spatial working memory and attention of primary school children are affected by grade, academic performance, and sex. Methods:. In this cross-sectional observational study, students (144 boys, 139 girls, 6–13 years old) were recruited from Experimental Primary School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University in Shanghai, China in 2018. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Bio-Ethics Board of the Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Based on a simple Spatial Working Memory and Attention Test on Paired Symbols test, we evaluate 283 participants’ working memory and attention ability. Results:. Attention and working memory performance were enhanced as a positive function of grade in primary school children, and students who showed better academic achievement also performed better on the working memory task. However, attention and working memory performance were not affected by sex. Conclusion:. Attention and working memory performance of primary school students develop with grade and corresponds to Better academic performance. Attention and working memory ability do not differ significantly between boys and girls.

Abstract Background The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) five prime to Xist (Ftx) is involved in distant metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to investigate Ftx alteration-induced proteomic changes in the highly metastatic CRC cell line HCT116. Methods Tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomics analysis was performed to detect the differential protein expression in Ftx-overexpressing and Ftx-silenced HCT116 cells. The differentially expressed proteins were classified and characterized by bioinformatics analyses, including gene ontology (GO) annotation, GO/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway/protein domain enrichment analyses, as well as hierarchical clustering. A total of 5471 proteins were quantified, and the proteins with |fold change|≥ 1.2 and p

Background: Arterial stiffness is an important indicator of cardiovascular aging. However, studies assessing the association between metal exposure and arterial stiffness are limited. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the independent and joint associations of metal exposure with arterial stiffness. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 2982 Chinese adults from August 2018 to March 2019 in Wuhan, China. The concentrations of 20 urinary metals were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Arterial stiffness was assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). We used generalized linear model (GLM) to estimate the association of single metal exposure with baPWV. We used weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to estimate the association of metal mixture with baPWV. Results: In GLM regression analysis, each doubling of urinary copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr) concentrations were associated with 6.48 (95 % CI: 2.51–10.45) cm/s and 3.78 (95 % CI: 0.42–7.14) cm/s increase in baPWV, respectively. In WQS regression analysis, each unit increase in WQS index of the metal mixture was associated with a 9.10 (95 % CI: 2.39–15.82) cm/s increase in baPWV. Cu, Zn, and Cr were the dominant urinary metals associated with baPWV. Conclusion: Metal exposure, both individually and in mixture, was associated with an increased risk of arterial stiffness. Our findings may provide a target for preventative strategies against cardiovascular aging.

Measurement(s) Material stocks • Material flows Technology Type(s) digital curation • Mathematical Model Sample Characteristic - Location China Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16601249

Abstract Aims Previous studies suggested an adverse association between higher fasting blood glucose (FBG) variability and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lifetime risk provides an absolute risk assessment during the remainder of an individual’s life. However, the association between FBG variability and the lifetime risk of CVD is uncertain. Objective We aimed to investigate the effect of the visit-to-visit FBG variability on the lifetime risk of CVD. Methods This study included participants from the Kailuan Study who did not have CVD at index ages 35, 45, and 55 years. The FBG variability was defined as the coefficient of variation (CV) of three FBG values that were measured during the examination periods of 2006–2007, 2008–2009, and 2010–2011. We used a modified Kaplan-Merrier method to estimate lifetime risk of CVD according to tertiles of FBG variability. Results At index age 35 years, the study sample comprised 46,018 participants. During a median follow-up of 7.0 years, 1889 participants developed CVD events. For index age 35 years, participants with high FBG variability had higher lifetime risk of CVD (32.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 28.9–36.1%), compared with intermediate (28.3%; 95% CI: 25.5 –31.1%) and low (26.3%; 95% CI: 23.0–29.5%) FBG variability. We found that higher FBG variability was associated with increased lifetime risk of CVD in men but not women. Similar patterns were observed at index ages 45 and 55 years. Conclusions Higher FBG variability was associated with increased lifetime risk of CVD at each index age. Focusing on the FBG variability may provide an insight to the clinical utility for reducing the lifetime risk of CVD.

Despite a rapid growth in the number of dual language learning children (DLLs) in the United States, there is a limited understanding of what parents of DLLs believe and know about dual language learning and education, and how parental beliefs and knowledge relate to children's dual language experiences at home. In the current study, 225 parents of 0- to 6-year-old Spanish-English DLLs living in the United States reported on their beliefs and knowledge about dual language learning and education, children's Spanish and English exposure and usage, and children's engagement in learning activities in Spanish and English at home. Parents showed strongly positive beliefs about the benefits of home language/bilingual experiences. Nonetheless, they varied in their beliefs and knowledge about children's capability of learning two languages and the "detriments" of home language/bilingual exposure. These aspects of parental beliefs and knowledge differentially predicted children's dual language exposure and usage and engagement in learning activities in Spanish and English. These findings reveal the relation between parental beliefs and knowledge and children's dual language learning experiences and call for efforts to enhance parents' knowledge.

Children of migrant and seasonal farmworkers (MSFW) are among the most underprivileged, underserved groups in the United States. The current study examined how home and classroom language and literacy experiences uniquely and interactively contributed to MSFW children’s emergent literacy skills in English and Spanish. Participants were 255 Spanish-English dual language learning children (Mage = 49 mon; 98.3% Latino/Hispanic) and their parents and 47 teachers, drawn from the Migrant and Seasonal Head Start (MSHS) Study. Parents reported how often the target children engaged in language and literacy activities (i.e., teaching letters, words, or numbers, book-reading, singing, and storytelling) with their family members. Teachers reported how often the target children engaged in classroom language and literacy activities (e.g., book-reading, learning letters, retelling stories, etc.). Children’s emergent literacy skills in English and Spanish were assessed by standard tests. After controlling for demographic variables, home and classroom language and literacy activities uniquely predicted children’s emergent literacy skills in Spanish, but not in English. Additionally, home and classroom activities compensated one another in supporting children’s English and Spanish emergent literacy development. That is, language and literacy activities in one context showed a stronger effect for children who experienced less frequent activities in the other context. Together, these findings shed light on ways to support MSFW children’s emergent literacy skills and reveal the importance of integrating and connecting home and school learning experiences.

Abstract Ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) crystals have attracted increased attention due to the distinct photophysical property of a long-lived lifetime. However, organic crystals are generally brittle, leading to a serious problem for their application in flexible technology. Herein, we report three types of elastic organic crystals (EOCs) with ultralong phosphorescence via introducing halogen atoms (Cl, Br, I) into π-conjugated phosphorescent molecules. Especially, the crystal containing iodine atoms displayed both excellent elasticity (ε = 3.01%) and high phosphorescent efficiency (Φ Ph = 19.1%) owing to the strong halogen bonds. Taking advantage of its highly efficient UOP and excellent elasticity, we successfully used a DCz4I crystal for anti-counterfeiting application. These findings may provide guidance for the development of elastic crystals with afterglow and expand the scope of potential applications on flexible materials.

Almond expeller is an undeveloped reservoir of bioactive peptides. In the current study, a zinc ion ligand Arg-Pro-Pro-Ser-Glu-Asp-Glu-Asp-Gln-Glu (RPPSEDEDQE) offering a noncompetitive inhibitory effect on ACE (IC50: 205.50 μmol·L−1) was identified from almond albumin hydrolysates via papain and thermolysin hydrolysis, subsequent chromatographic separation, and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis. Molecular docking simulated the binding modes of RPPSEDEDQE to ACE and showed the formation of hydrogen bonds between RPPSEDEDQE and seven active residues of ACE. Moreover, RPPSEDEDQE could bind to fifteen active sites of ACE by hydrophobic interactions, and link with the His387 and zinc ions of the zinc tetrahedral coordination. Ultraviolet wavelength scanning and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that RPPSEDEDQE can provide multiple binding sites for zinc ions. However, RPPSEDEDQE cannot bind with any central pocket of ACE, which was evidenced by an inhibition kinetics experiment. Additionally, the zinc-chelating capacity and inhibiting ability against ACE of RPPSEDEDQE were both not significantly reduced by the hydrolysis of gastrointestinal enzymes. A moderate to high dose of RPPSEDEDQE (100–150 mg·kg bw−1) significantly reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of spontaneous hypertensive rats, but chelation with zinc ions decreased its antihypertensive efficiency. These results indicate that bitter almond albumin peptides may be used for lowering blood pressure.

Abstract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing disorder for many people associated with poor health. Although there are some clinical drugs for IBD treatment, the development of effective therapeutics on IBD patients has always been necessary. Here, we show that externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) is observed on the surface of colonic capillaries. Annexin A5 (ANXA5) with high affinity for PS has a good targeting to the colon and effectively alleviates experimental colitis. In contrast, ANXA5 mutant (A5m) lacking the PS-binding ability, has no accumulation in the colon and no therapeutic effects on colitis. Mechanistic investigations indicate that ANXA5 reduces the inflammatory cell infiltration by inhibiting endothelial cell activation dependent on PS-binding ability. With the increasing of PS exposure on activated HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), ANXA5 binding induces the internalization of TLR4 via PS-dependent endocytosis. We provide new insights on the molecular mechanism of ANXA5 for its anti-inflammatory effect. Our data suggest that PS-externalization is a potential target of ANXA5 aiming at targeted drug delivery (TDD) for IBD treatment.

Background and purposeBacterial biofilm infections are major health issues as the infections are highly tolerant to antibiotics and host immune defenses. Appropriate biofilm models are important to develop and improve to make progress in future biofilm research. Here, we investigated the ability of PF hydrogel material to facilitate the development and study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in vitro and in vivo.MethodsWild-type P. aeruginosa PAO1 bacteria were embedded in PF hydrogel situated in vitro or in vivo, and the following aspects were investigated: 1) biofilm development; 2) host immune response and its effect on the bacteria; and 3) efficacy of antibiotic treatment.ResultsMicroscopy demonstrated that P. aeruginosa developed typical biofilms inside the PF hydrogels in vitro and in mouse peritoneal cavities where the PF hydrogels were infiltrated excessively by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The bacteria remained at a level of ~106 colony-forming unit (CFU)/hydrogel for 7 days, indicating that the PMNs could not eradicate the biofilm bacteria. β-Lactam or aminoglycoside mono treatment at 64× minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) killed all bacteria in day 0 in vitro biofilms, but not in day 1 and older biofilms, even at a concentration of 256× MIC. Combination treatment with the antibiotics at 256× MIC completely killed the bacteria in day 1 in vitro biofilms, and combination treatment in most of the cases showed significantly better bactericidal effects than monotherapies. However, in the case of the established in vivo biofilms, the mono and combination antibiotic treatments did not efficiently kill the bacteria.ConclusionOur results indicate that the bacteria formed typical biofilms in PF hydrogel in vitro and in vivo and that the biofilm bacteria were tolerant against antibiotics and host immunity. The PF hydrogel biofilm model is simple and easy to fabricate and highly reproducible with various application possibilities. We conclude that the PF hydrogel biofilm model is a new platform that will facilitate progress in future biofilm investigations, as well as studies of the efficacy of new potential medicine against biofilm infections.

Abstract Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla (Carr.) Mitford cv. Pubescens) was subjected to heat treatment with saturated steam at 140, 160, and 180 °C for 10–30 min to evaluate the effects of the treatment on the properties of bamboo. The changes in the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties as well as microscopic structures of moso bamboo were analyzed in this study. Results indicated that its equilibrium moisture content (EMC) decreased gradually after being treated by high-temperature saturated steam mostly due to the hemicelluloses’ degradation. Both the temperature and duration of treatment affect the mechanical properties of bamboo. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of bamboo was prone to be affected by heat treatment with saturated steam as compared to the modulus of rupture (MOR). The MOR and MOE increased as compared to the control when the sample was treated at 140 °C. However, a severe treatment negatively affects the mechanical properties of bamboo. The MOR and MOE decreased by 47% and 20% as compared to the control when the sample was heated at 180 °C for 30 min.

Background: Pregnancy leads to substantial maternal metabolic and lifestyle alterations. However, it is still unclear whether repeated exposure to these changes will influence the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between the number of pregnancies and GDM among Chinese women. Methods: A total of 7,008 subjects from the Healthy Baby Cohort study were included in this study. The number of pregnancies was classified into three categories: 1, 2, or ≥3 pregnancies. GDM was diagnosed using International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria. Multivariate logistic regression models were used. Results: In the fully adjusted model, women with ≥3 pregnancies had a 1.27-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–1.54) higher risk of GDM. Among women ≥30 years old, 2 and ≥3 pregnancies were associated with a higher risk of GDM (odds ratio [OR] 1.32; 95% CI, 1.01–1.73 and OR 1.54; 95% CI, 1.17–2.01, respectively). Among women with a pre-pregnancy BMI

Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort data, we examined the effect of birth order (firstborn vs. later-born) on children's cognitive skills at 24 months and school readiness (i.e., math and literacy) skills at age 4 years. Previous research in the U.S. using predominantly English-speaking, low-risk samples suggests that firstborns tend to show better early cognitive and school readiness skills than later-born children. However, results of the current study showed that although there was a firstborn advantage in low-risk or English-speaking families, in high-risk or language minority families, later-born children showed equivalent or even better skills than firstborn children. Our moderated mediation models revealed that children's engagement in home learning activities mediated the relation between birth order and developmental outcomes, and families' cumulative risks and language minority status moderated the mediation pathways. These findings underscore the complex associations between birth order and early development in diverse ecological contexts.

To reduce logistics scheduling costs and energy consumption, this paper studies the slab allocation and hot-rolling scheduling integrated optimization problem that arises in practical iron and steel enterprises. In this problem, slabs are first allocated to orders and then sent to heating furnaces for heating; then, they are sent to a hot-rolling mill for rolling. A 0–1 integer programming model is established to minimize the attribute difference in the allocation cost between slabs and orders, the switching cost of hot-rolling processing, and waiting times after slabs reach rolling mills. Given the problem’s characteristics, an improved differential evolution algorithm using a real-number coding method is designed to solve it. Three different heuristic algorithms are proposed to improve the quality of solutions in the initial population. Multiple parent individuals participate in the mutation operation, which increases the population diversity and prevents the algorithm from falling into the local optimum prematurely. Experiments on 14 sets of real production data from a large domestic iron and steel plant show that our improved differential evolution algorithm generates significantly better solutions in a reasonable amount of time compared with CPLEX, the simulated artificial method, and the classical differential evolution algorithm, and it can be used by practitioners.

PurposeLymph node metastasis (LNM) has a negative impact on the survival of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). Supraglottic LSCC is the most common cause of cervical lymph node metastases due to the extensive submucosal lymphatic plexus. The accurate evaluation of LNM before surgery can inform improved decisions in the clinic. In this study, we aimed to construct a nomogram to predict LNM in primary supraglottic LSCC patients.MethodsThe data from 314 patients with clinico-pathological confirmed supraglottic LSCC who underwent partial or total laryngectomy in our department from 2016 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed (243 cases in the training set and 71 cases in the validation set). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to screen out independent risk factors and a nomogram was established. The accuracy and discrimination ability of the nomogram was evaluated using a consistency index and calibration curves.ResultsTumor size, tumor differentiation degree and LMR (lymphocyte-monocyte ratio) were selected to construct the nomogram. The C-index was 0.731 in the training set and 0.707 in the validation set. The calibration curves of the training and validation group both exhibited close agreement between the predicted and the actual presence of LNM.ConclusionsA nomogram was established based on routinely measured pretreatment variables and the predicted results improved the management of patients with LNM.

Background: There were racial disparities in treatment and mortality among patients with colorectal cancer, but few studies incorporated information on hypertension and diabetes and their treatment status. Patients and methods: The study identified 101,250 patients from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database in the United States who were diagnosed with colorectal cancer at age ≥65 years between 2007 and 2015 with follow-up to December 2016. Results: There were substantial racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in patients with colorectal cancer, in receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and in receiving antihypertensive and antidiabetic treatment. Racial disparities in receiving these therapies remained significant in this large cohort of Medicare beneficiaries after stratifications by private health insurance status at the time of cancer diagnosis and by tumor stage. Non-Hispanic black patients had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.04–1.10), which remained significantly higher (1.05, 1.02–1.08) after adjusting for patient sociodemographics, tumor factors, comorbidity and treatments as compared to non-Hispanic white patients. The adjusted risk of colorectal cancer-specific mortality was also significantly higher (1.08, 1.04–1.12) between black and white patients. Conclusions: There were substantial racial disparities in prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in men and women diagnosed with colorectal cancer and in receipt of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, antihypertensive and antidiabetic treatment. Black patients with colorectal cancer had a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality and colorectal cancer-specific mortality than whites, even after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, tumor factors, comorbidity scores, and treatments.

Background Cardiovascular health (CVH) status is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, evidence for association of CVH change with risk of CVD is scarce. Methods and Results Seven metrics (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose) were used to evaluate the CVH status. Having 0 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5 to 7 ideal cardiovascular metrics were categorized as low, moderate, and high CVH status, respectively. Change in CVH status was assessed from 2006/2007 to 2010/2011. We calculated lifetime risk of CVD using a modified Kaplan–Meier method, and life expectancy was evaluated via the multistate lifetable method. There were 82 349 participants included in our analysis. At 35 years index age, the age‐adjusted incident rate and lifetime risk of CVD were increased with decreasing number of ideal CVH metrics. The direction of change in status of CVH was consistently associated with age‐adjusted incident rate and lifetime risk of CVD. At 35 years index age, improvement from low to moderate (37.6% [95% CI, 32.8%–42.4%]) or to high status (24.4% [95% CI, 12.7%–36.0%]) had lower lifetime risk of CVD compared with consistently low status (44.6% [95% CI, 40.8%–48.5%]). The improvement in CVH could prolong the years of life free from CVD. The pattern of incident rate and lifetime risk across change in CVH status was similar at 45 and 55 years index age. Conclusions Higher number of CVH metrics was associated with lower lifetime risk of CVD. The improvement of CVH status could reduce the lifetime risk of CVD and prolonged the year of life free from CVD.

Abstract Aims/Introduction Several epidemiological studies investigated the effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on diabetes, but the conclusions remained inconsistent. We aimed to explore the relationship between H. pylori infection and diabetes, as well as glycemic metabolism profiles. Materials and Methods A cross‐sectional study including 58,482 Chinese adults was carried out between January 2016 and December 2017. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by the 13C‐urea breath test. Multivariate regression analyses were carried out to evaluate the association of H. pylori infection with diabetes. Results Of the 58,482 participants, 3,449 (5.9%) had diabetes. The H. pylori‐positive participants had a higher rate of diabetes (7.3% vs 5.2%, P

Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders without a unique or definite underlying pathogenesis. Although savant syndrome is common in ASD, few models are available for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of this syndrome. In this study, we generated urinary induced pluripotent stem cells (UiPSCs) from a 13-year-old male autistic savant with exceptional memory. The UiPSC-derived neurons of the autistic savant exhibited upregulated expression levels of ASD genes/learning difficulty-related genes, namely PAX6, TBR1 and FOXP2, accompanied by hypertrophic neural somas, enlarged spines, reduced spine density, and an increased frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents. Although this study involved only a single patient and a single control because of the rarity of such cases, it provides the first autistic savant UiPSC model that elucidates the potential cellular mechanisms underlying the condition.

Long-lived room temperature phosphorescence (LRTP) is important in organic photonics but exploring a universal approach to obtain LRTP in amorphous polymers is challenging. Here the authors present a facile chemical strategy to achieve ultralong phosphorescence in polymers by ionic bonding cross-linking.

Background: Prenatal exposure to thallium is related to adverse birth outcomes. However, little is known about the effects of prenatal exposure to thallium on the mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) in newborns; such knowledge might reveal a potential mechanism linking maternal thallium exposure and adverse birth outcomes. Objective: To investigate the trimester-specific associations of maternal thallium exposure with cord blood leukocyte mtDNAcn. Methods: A total of 746 pregnant women with trimester-specific urinary samples and cord blood samples were recruited from Wuhan Children Hospital between November 2013 and March 2015 in Wuhan City, China. The concentration of thallium in maternal urine was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Cord blood leukocyte mtDNAcn was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Trimester-specific associations of specific gravity (SG)–adjusted urinary thallium concentrations with mtDNAcn were estimated using a multiple informant model. Results: The geometric mean value of maternal urinary thallium was 0.34 μg/L, 0.36 μg/L, and 0.34 μg/L for the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. Prenatal exposure to thallium during the first trimester, rather than during the second or the third trimester, was identified as negatively related to mtDNAcn. The multiple informant model showed a 10.4% lower level of mtDNAcn with each doubling increase of thallium levels (95% CI, −16.4%, −3.9%; P = 0.002). The observed associations were stronger among female newborns and among newborns born to older mothers. Conclusions: The present study revealed a significant negative association between maternal thallium exposure during early pregnancy and cord blood leukocyte mtDNAcn in Chinese newborns, pointing to the important role of mitochondria as a target of thallium toxicity in early pregnancy. Keywords: Thallium, Mitochondrial DNA copy number, Early pregnancy, Cohort study

Abstract Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic disorder that causes excess absorption of iron and can lead to a variety of complications including liver cirrhosis, arthritis, abnormal skin pigmentation, cardiomyopathy, hypogonadism, and diabetes. Hemojuvelin (HJV) is the causative gene of a rare subtype of HH worldwide. This study aims to systematically review the genotypic and phenotypic spectra of HJV-HH in multiple ethnicities, and to explore the genotype–phenotype correlations. A comprehensive search of PubMed database was conducted. Data were extracted from 57 peer-reviewed original articles including 132 cases with HJV-HH of multiple ethnicities, involving 117 biallelic cases and 15 heterozygotes. Among the biallelic cases, male and female probands of Caucasian ancestry were equally affected, whereas males were more often affected among East Asians (P=1.72×10-2). Hepatic iron deposition and hypogonadism were the most frequently reported complications. Hypogonadism and arthropathy were more prevalent in Caucasians than in East Asians (P=9.30×10-3, 1.69×10-2). Among the recurrent mutations, G320V (45 unrelated cases) and L101P (7 unrelated cases) were detected most frequently and restricted to Caucasians. [Q6H; C321*] was predominant in Chinese patients (6 unrelated cases). I281T (Chinese and Greek), A310G (Brazilian and African American), and R385* (Italian and North African) were reported across different ethnicities. In genotype–phenotype correlation analyses, 91.30% of homozygotes with exon 2-3 mutations developed early-onset HH compared to 66.00% of those with exon 4 mutations (P=2.40×10-2). Hypogonadism occurred more frequently in homozygotes with missense mutations (72.55%) than in those with nonsense mutations (35.71%; P=2.43×10-2). Liver biopsy was accepted by more probands with frame-shift or missense mutations (85.71% and 60.78%, respectively) than by those with nonsense mutations (28.57%; P=2.37×10-2, 3.93×10-2). The present review suggests that patients’ ethnicity, geographical region, and genetic predisposition should be considered in the diagnosis, prognosis and management of HJV-HH.

Background: Telomere length (TL) is considered as a surrogate of biological aging and has been related to aging-related diseases. The initial setting of newborn TL has important implications for telomere dynamics in adulthood, and is affected by the intrauterine environment. However, the effects of prenatal air pollution exposure on the initial setting of newborn TL are poor understood. Objectives: We aimed to explore the trimester-specific relationships between maternal air pollution exposure and newborn TL. Methods: Between November 2013 and March 2015, a total of 762 mother-newborn pairs were recruited in a birth cohort study in Wuhan, China. Relative cord blood TL was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Maternal exposures to PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, and NO2, were determined using spatial-temporal land use regression models. Multiple informant models were applied to explore the trimester-specific associations of maternal air pollution exposure with cord blood TL. Results: In single-pollutant models, a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and a 100 μg/m3 increase in CO during the third trimester were related to 3.71% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −6.06%, −1.30%), 3.24% (95% CI: −5.29%, −1.14%), 11.07% (95% CI: −18.86%, −2.53%), and 3.67% (95% CI: −6.27%, −1.00%) shorter cord blood TL, respectively. The inverse relationships between exposures to PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO during the third trimester and cord blood TL were more evident in male infants. In multi-pollutant models, exposures to PM2.5 and PM10 during the third trimester were both related to shorter cord blood TL, but not SO2 and CO. Conclusion: This study suggested that maternal exposures to PM2.5, PM10, CO, and SO2 during the third trimester were related to shorter newborn TL, which highlights the importance of improving air quality in favor of subsequent health in later life of newborns. Keywords: Air pollution, Telomere length, Maternal exposure, Newborns, trimester-specific

The miniscope system is one of the calcium (Ca2+) imaging tools with small size and lightweight and can realize the deep-brain Ca2+ imaging not confined to the cerebral cortex. Combining Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology recording has been an efficient method for extracting high temporal-spatial resolution signals in the brain. In this study, a particular electrode probe was developed and assembled on the imaging lens to modify the miniscope system. The electrode probe can be tightly integrated into the lens of the miniscope without increasing the volume, weight, and implantation complexity. In vivo tests verified that the proposed modified system has realized the simultaneous recording of Ca2+ signals and local field potential (LFP) signal in the hippocampus CA1 region of an adult mouse.

The emergence of exoskeleton rehabilitation training has brought good news to patients with limb dysfunction. Rehabilitation robots are used to assist patients with limb rehabilitation training and play an essential role in promoting the patient’s sports function with limb disease restoring to daily life. In order to improve the rehabilitation treatment, various studies based on human dynamics and motion mechanisms are still being conducted to create more effective rehabilitation training. In this paper, considering the human biological musculoskeletal dynamics model, a humanoid control of robots based on human gait data collected from normal human gait movements with OpenSim is investigated. First, the establishment of the musculoskeletal model in OpenSim, inverse kinematics, and inverse dynamics are introduced. Second, accurate human-like motion analysis on the three-dimensional motion data obtained in these processes is discussed. Finally, a classic PD control method combined with the characteristics of the human motion mechanism is proposed. The method takes the angle values calculated by the inverse kinematics of the musculoskeletal model as a benchmark, then uses MATLAB to verify the simulation of the lower extremity exoskeleton robot. The simulation results show that the flexibility and followability of the method improves the safety and effectiveness of the lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton robot for rehabilitation training. The value of this paper is also to provide theoretical and data support for the anthropomorphic control of the rehabilitation exoskeleton robot in the future.

Parental beliefs and knowledge about child development affect how they construct children’s home learning experiences, which in turn impact children’s developmental outcomes. A rapidly growing population of dual language learners (DLLs) highlights the need for a better understanding of parents’ beliefs and knowledge about dual language development and practices to support DLLs. The current study examined the dual language beliefs and knowledge of parents of Spanish-English preschool DLLs (n = 32). We further asked how socioeconomic and sociocultural factors were associated with parental beliefs and knowledge, and how parental beliefs and knowledge related to DLLs’ home dual language experiences and school readiness skills as rated by their teachers. Results suggested both strengths and opportunities for growth in parental beliefs and knowledge. Moreover, parents from higher-SES backgrounds reported beliefs and knowledge that were more consistent with scientific evidence. Furthermore, parental beliefs and knowledge was positively related to relative Spanish input at home and negatively related to the frequency of English language and literacy activities. However, parental beliefs and knowledge were not associated with children’s dual language output at home or the frequency of Spanish language and literacy activities. Finally, parental beliefs and knowledge were associated with children’s school readiness skills in Spanish but not in English. Together, these findings highlight the need for culturally responsive interventions and parent education programs, which must recognize both the strengths and areas of improvement in parents of DLLs and support parents to transform knowledge into high-quality language and literacy experiences that benefit DLLs.

Objective: Telomere length (TL) is a biomarker for biological aging, and the initial setting of TL at birth is a determinant factor of TL in later life. Newborn TL is sensitive to maternal metals concentrations, while study about the association between maternal manganese (Mn) concentrations and newborn TL was not found. Our study aimed to investigate whether newborn TL is related to maternal Mn concentrations. Methods: Data were collected from a birth cohort study of 762 mother-newborn pairs conducted from November 2013 to March 2015 in Wuhan, China. We measured the Mn concentrations in spot urine samples collected during three trimesters by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and relative cord blood TL by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We applied multiple informant models to investigate the associations between maternal Mn concentrations and cord blood TL. Results: The geometric mean of creatinine-corrected urinary Mn concentrations were 1.58 μg/g creatinine, 2.53 μg/g creatinine, and 2.62 μg/g creatinine in the first, second, and third trimester, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, a doubling of maternal urinary Mn concentration during the second trimester was related to a 2.10% (95% CI: 0.25%, 3.99%) increase in cord blood TL. Mothers with the highest tertile of urinary Mn concentrations during the second trimester had a 9.67% (95% CI: 2.13%, 17.78%) longer cord blood TL than those with the lowest tertile. This association was more evident in male infants. No relationship was found between maternal urinary Mn concentrations and cord blood TL during the first and third trimesters in our study. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that maternal Mn concentration during the second trimester was positively associated with newborn TL. These results might provide an epidemiology evidence on the protective role of maternal Mn for newborn TL and offer clues for the early prevention of telomere shortening related diseases.

Objectives Hyperuricaemia is a risk factor for gout attacks, kidney damage and cardiovascular events. Evidence on the trends in hyperuricaemia burden in Wuhan city, China, was limited. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of and a decade trend in hyperuricaemia in Wuhan city.Design Cross-sectional study.Setting Health Management Center of Tongji Hospital.Participants A total of 732 527 adult participants from the general population who took a physical examination in the Health Management Center between 2010 and 2019.Main outcome measures Prevalence of and trends in hyperuricaemia.Results The overall prevalence of hyperuricaemia was 25.8% (36.6% in men and 10.8% in women) in 2019. The hyperuricaemia prevalence and serum uric acid (SUA) levels were significantly higher in young men, old women and participants with obesity, hypertension, diabetes or dyslipidaemia (p

Verb extension is a crucial gauge of the acquisition of verb meaning. In English, studies suggest that young children show conservative extension. An important test of whether an early conservative extension is a general phenomenon or a function of the input language is made possible by Chinese, a language in which verbs are more frequent and acquired earlier. This study tested whether 3-year-old Chinese children extended a group of familiar verbs that specify various ways to carry objects. Shown videos that portrayed typical, mid-typical, or atypical carrying actions (as verified by Chinese adults), children were asked to judge whether they were examples of specific Chinese carry verbs. Children’s verb extensions were mostly limited to typical exemplars, suggesting that an early conservative extension may be universal. Furthermore, extension breadth was related to the onset of verb production: verbs acquired earlier elicited more extension judgments than those acquired later.

Background: Rare earth elements (REE) have been widely used in industry and agriculture. Mitochondria are susceptible to environmental exposure and the change of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content is a proxy indicator of mitochondrial response to damage. However, no study has explored the associations between prenatal repeated REE exposure and newborn mtDNA content. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the trimester-specific associations between prenatal REE exposure and newborn mtDNA content. Methods: A total of 587 mother-newborn pairs were recruited from Wuhan Children’s Hospital between November 2013 and March 2015 in Wuhan, China. Urinary concentrations of REE collected during 3 trimesters were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to measure relative cord blood mtDNA content. We evaluated the trimester-specific associations between prenatal REE exposure and relative cord blood mtDNA content with multiple informant models. False discovery rate (FDR) was used to correct for multiple testing. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, prenatal exposure to REE [gadolinium (Gd), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), praseodymium (Pr)] during the third trimester were positively related to cord blood mtDNA content, and the positive associations with cord blood mtDNA content were still observed in Dy, Er, and Pr after FDR correction. Conclusions: This prospective study demonstrated that maternal REE exposure during the third trimester was associated with the increased newborn mtDNA content, and the third trimester might be a potential window for sensitivity of newborn mtDNA content to REE exposure. The results might provide evidence of the potential health effects of environmental REE exposure.

Abstract Background Newborn telomere length (TL) is considered a potential marker for future disease and lifelong health, but few epidemiological studies have examined the determinants of TL in early life. The study aim was to investigate whether there is an association between prenatal cadmium exposure and relative cord blood TL in Chinese newborns. Methods Participants were 410 mother–newborn pairs drawn from a prospective birth cohort study conducted in Wuhan, China, between November 2013 and March 2015. Urine samples were collected from pregnant women during their period of institutional delivery. Urinary cadmium concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection was used to measure relative TL using genomic DNA isolated from umbilical cord blood leukocytes. Multivariate linear regression models were used to estimate the effect of prenatal urinary cadmium concentration on relative cord blood TL. Results The geometric mean of maternal urinary cadmium concentration was 0.68 μg/g creatinine. In the multivariate-adjusted linear regression model, per doubling of maternal urinary cadmium concentration was associated with 6.83% (95% CI − 11.44%, − 1.97%; P = 0.006) shorter relative cord blood TL. Stratified analyses indicated that the inverse association between prenatal urinary cadmium and newborn relative TL was more pronounced among female infants and mothers

Introduction: In-use product and material stocks are the amount of concerned manufactured products and materials in active use, and are essential components of urban ecosystem. Methods: This study estimates the dynamic in-use stocks of steel-containing products and steel in the city of Xiamen, China, during 1980–2015 by applying a bottom-up accounting approach. We incorporate 55 categories of steel-containing products that are classified into five end-use sectors (i.e., buildings, infrastructure, transportation equipment, machinery, and domestic appliances). Outcomes and Discussion: In-use stocks of 51% of the studied products kept increasing during 1980–2015, especially after 2000. Steel stocks have grown up to 4.9 ± 1.4 tons per capita (t/cap) in 2015, from 0.5 ± 0.2 t/cap in 1980. Buildings are the largest reservoirs, although its share decreased from 89% in 1980 to 68% in 2015. The dynamic spatial distribution indicates that steel stocks gradually expanded from urban core to suburban areas. Conclusion: Theresults help to explore how a city’s urbanization is sustained by the in-use stocks growth. In-use steel stocks, of which the growth is highly correlated to and probably driven by the population growth, GDP increase, and urban built-up area expansion, may serve as a supplementary indicator for urbanization.

Sweet cherry, an economically important horticultural crop, has strong antioxidant activity. The fruits contain compounds potentially beneficial to human health—particularly anthocyanins, which are synthesized in cytosol and predominantly accumulated in vacuoles. Although anthocyanin levels differ among dark-red, blush, and yellow sweet cherry cultivars, the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin transport and accumulation is not well understood in this species. In this study, we identified 53 glutathione S-transferase genes (PavGSTs) from sweet cherry and found that PavGST1 expression was well correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in cultivars with different fruit skin colors. TRV-mediated virus-induced silencing of PavGST1 decreased anthocyanin accumulation in sweet cherry fruits and downregulated the expressions of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes. In addition, transient overexpression of PavGST1 promoted anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays revealed that PavMYB10.1 and PavMYB75 directly bind to different MYB binding sites of the PavGST1 promoter (MBS-1 and MBS-3) to activate PavGST1 transcription. According to our results, PavGST1 plays a central role in sweet cherry fruit anthocyanin accumulation. Our findings provide novel insights into the coordinative regulatory mechanisms of PavGST1 and PavMYBs in anthocyanin accumulation in sweet cherry.

Background and Objectives: Studies suggest that vitamin D is involved in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and influences serum lipids levels, while lipid disorders are also closely related to T2DM. This study attempts to explore the complex relationship of serum 25(OH)D3, serum lipids, and T2DM among Chinese population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 2326 subjects. The chi-square (χ2) test was applied to compare the prevalence of T2DM or dyslipidemia between two serum 25(OH)D3 levels. Linear regression was applied to analyze the correlation between serum lipids and 25(OH)D3 contents. Univariate and logistic analysis were used to explore the relationship between two lipid levels and T2DM. Mediation analysis was used to explore whether serum lipids mediate the relationship between two serum 25(OH)D3 levels and T2DM. Results: Compared to subjects with 25(OH)D3 ≥ 30 ng/mL, subjects with 25(OH)D3 < 30 ng/mL were higher in the prevalence of T2DM. The occurrences of high TG and low HDL-C were significantly higher in vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency than those in vitamin D sufficiency. Serum 25(OH)D3 content showed a reverse correlation with TC, TG, and LDL-C, but positive correlation with HDL-C. The odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals, 95%CI) of T2DM by comparing TG ≥ 2.26 mmol/L vs. TG < 2.26 mmol/L and HDL-C < 1.04 mmol/L vs. HDL-C ≥ 1.04 mmol/L in all participants were 2.48 (1.94–3.18) and 1.37 (1.07–1.75), respectively. Serum TG or HDL-C level partially mediated the relationship between two 25(OH)D3 level and T2DM. Conclusions: Serum 25(OH)D3 < 30 ng/mL seems to be associated with T2DM or dyslipidemia (high TG and low HDL-C) in our study, but there is still no proof of a cause–effect relationship. Moreover, serum TG or HDL-C level partially mediated the relationship between 25(OH)D3 levels and T2DM.

Mutations in PHF8 gene are genetically associated with X-linked mental retardation. Here, Chen et al. show that Phf8 KO mouse have cognitive and synaptic plasticity impairment, and pharmacological inhibition of mTOR signaling can partially alleviate such defects.

Abstract Studies have implied that the circadian oscillation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways is crucial for hippocampus-dependent memory. NF1 mouse models (Nf1 heterozygous null mutants; Nf1 +/−) displayed enhanced MAPK activity in the hippocampus and resulted in memory deficits. We assumed a link between MAPK pathways and hippocampal rhythmic oscillations, which have never been explored in Nf1 +/− mice. We demonstrated that the level of extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in Nf1 +/− mice were significantly higher at nighttime than at daytime. Moreover, the in vivo recording revealed that for the Nf1 +/− group, the power spectral density of theta rhythm significantly decreased and the firing rates of pyramidal neurons increased. Our results indicated that the hippocampal MAPK oscillation and theta rhythmic oscillations in Nf1 +/− mice were disturbed and hinted about a possible mechanism for the brain dysfunction in Nf1 +/− mice.