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Soil microbes drive soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization. Because microbial groups differ in metabolic efficiency and respond differently to temperature variation, it is reasonable to expect a close association of SOC mineralization and its temperature sensitivity (Q10 which is defined as the factor of the change of soil carbon mineralization induced by 10 °C temperature increase) with microbial community diversity and composition. However, these relations have rarely been tested. Here, we conducted an incubation experiment to assess the temperature responses of microbial α diversity and the relative abundance of microbial r- and K-strategists in soils from a wide range of ecosystems across a climate gradient in the southeast Tibet. The results indicated that the instantaneous α diversity and the relative abundance of r- and K-strategists are significantly (P

Based on 360 event-based precipitation samples collected at six stations on the North Tibetan Plateau (NTP) in 2019–2020, we analyzed the influence of meteorological parameters, sub-cloud evaporation, moisture sources, and moisture transmission pathways on precipitation and its seasonal variations. The results show that precipitation δ18O, δ2H, and d-excess values show obvious seasonal variations, being depleted in winter and enriched in summer. Although temperature is an important variable that affects the change in δ18O values of precipitation, the results of the sub-cloud evaporation effect and moisture tracing show that differences in moisture sources caused by seasonal changes in large-scale water moisture transport are an important cause of seasonal changes in δ18O and d-excess of precipitation at NTP. Depleted δ18O and enriched d-excess in winter represent the source of moisture transported by the westerlies from the Mediterranean area and Central Asia. Enriched δ18O and d-excess values in summer precipitation are related to the temperature effect. In addition, the meridional motion of the atmospheric flow has an effect on the precipitation isotope values in the NTP. When the meridional circulation is enhanced, the water vapour from low latitudes is easily transported northwards, enriching the summer precipitation isotope values in the central and eastern parts of the plateau. This provides a new insight into the explanation of stable oxygen isotopes in climate proxies across the westerlies-dominated Tibetan Plateau.

Summary: Deficits in astrocyte function contribute to major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicide, but the therapeutic effect of directly reactivating astrocytes for depression remains unclear. Here, specific gains and losses of astrocytic cell functions in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) bidirectionally regulate depression-like symptoms. Remarkably, recombinant human Thrombospondin-1 (rhTSP1), an astrocyte-secreted protein, exerted rapidly antidepressant-like actions through tyrosine hydroxylase (Th)/dopamine (DA)/dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) pathways, but not dopamine D1 receptors (D1Rs), which was dependent on SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (Shank3) in the mPFC. TSP1 in the mPFC might have potential as a target for treating clinical depression.

BackgroundOnline lending on campus is given more attention by researchers as its prominent adverse effects on students. The deficiencies of the previous studies on its psychological factors and intervention strategies were only based on qualitative research. Moreover, there is no study on gender differences. Therefore, our study aims to analyze the gender differences in psychological risk factors and give some practical suggestions for the intervention by quantitative methods.MethodThis is a cross-sectional survey among medical college students in Chengdu. A total of 984 effective questionnaires were collected. The questionnaire includes demographic data, monthly expenses, self-evaluation for three central psychology causing online lending based on empiricism (conformity, comparison, and hedonism), and three psychological assessment instruments (the Chinese version of the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran, and 144-item version of Temperament and Character Inventory). T-test/χ2-test and Binary logistic regression were used to analyze the gender differences in variables and the risk factors of online lending for males and females, respectively.ResultsThe utilization rate of online lending exhibited a significant gender difference (p

It is of great practical significance to accurately distinguish the different water supply sources of rivers and lakes under climate change for regional water resources utilization. This study examines the impact of climate change on the hydrological processes of the Ranwu Lake basin in the southeastern Tibet Plateau. The authors used China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) historical data, CanESM5′s future climate predictor, and the SPHY model to analyze trends in temperature, precipitation, and water supply sources in the basin. The study found that warming in the basin was higher than that in the Tibet Plateau, with high-altitude areas and winter showing more significant warming. From 1998 to 2018, precipitation in the basin showed a trend of fluctuation and decline. The study also found that glacial meltwater accounted for the majority of total runoff in the basin (54.13%), while snow meltwater, rainfall, and baseflow accounted for about 22.98%, 11.84%, and 11.06%, respectively, on average in recent years. The total runoff in the Ranwu Lake Basin will continue to decrease due to the accelerating retreat of glaciers, with the hydrological process transforming from being dominated by glacier processes to rain–snow processes. The study also predicts that three-quarters of glaciers in the basin will vanish within the next forty years, and by 2100, only around 20% of glaciers will remain.

Guidewire retention during an interventional treatment is a very rare complication that can lead to possible serious complications, such as thrombosis, embolization, sepsis, and perforation. Hence, a retained guidewire must be retrieved as soon as possible. Here, we provide the first report of a case of accidental retention of a 0.035” J guidewire in the right atrium and aortic arch during basilar artery aneurysm embolization. We found that due to the heavier weight of the J guidewire and its hydrophilic-coated layer, it could not be removed using previously reported methods for micro-guidewire retention. Therefore, we constructed a self-invented snare device consisting of a 0.014” micro-guidewire and a 4-Fr MP-A1 catheter and successfully retrieved the J guidewire, thus avoiding open surgery and its associated serious complications. According to our experience, this novel technique described here is quite easy to perform, safe and effective and can avoid serious complications and prevent the need for open surgery.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major global burden of health. As an accepted inflammatory mediator, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is found to be effective in facilitating neurogenesis and axonal regeneration. SH3RF2 (also known as POSHER), an E3 ligase SH3 domain-containing ring finger 2, belongs to the SH3RF family of proteins. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of redox states of HMGB1 on neurite outgrowth and regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, distinct recombinant HMGB1 redox isoforms were used. Sequencing for RNA-seq and data analysis were performed to find the potential downstream target of nonoxid-HMGB1 (3S-HMGB1). Protein changes and distribution of SH3RF2 were evaluated by western blot assays and immunofluorescence. Lentivirus and adeno-associated virus were used to regulate the expression of genes. Nonoxid-HMGB1-enriched exosomes were constructed and used to treat TBI rats. Neurological function was evaluated by OF test and NOR test. Results demonstrated that nonoxid-HMGB1 and fr-HMGB1, but not ds-HMGB1, promoted neurite outgrowth and axon elongation. RNA-seq and western blot assay indicated a significant increase of SH3RF2 in neurons after treated with nonoxid-HMGB1 or fr-HMGB1. Notably, the beneficial effects of nonoxid-HMGB1 were attenuated by downregulation of SH3RF2. Furthermore, nonoxid-HMGB1 ameliorated cognitive impairment in rats post-TBI via SH3RF2. Altogether, our experimental results suggest that one of the promoting neurite outgrowth and regeneration mechanisms of nonoxid-HMGB1 is mediated through the upregulated expression of SH3RF2. Nonoxid-HMGB1 is an attractive therapeutic candidate for the treatment of TBI.

Tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP) has enormous potential for use as gas chromatography stationary phases because it has a distinctive extended π–π conjugated coplanar structure and a range of interesting properties such as a good solubility in dichloromethane, high melting point, and good thermal stability. In this work, a TPP column was successfully prepared using a static method. The column was nonpolar and had a high efficiency. The chromatographic selectivity of the TPP column was assessed. The TPP column showed superiority retention and higher resolution for alicyclic, aromatic molecules through ring matching and π-π stacking interaction comparable to HP-5MS column. The unique mechanisms through which the TPP column retained polychlorinated biphenyls allowed the peak pair of 2,2ʹ,5-trichlorobiphenyl and 4,4ʹ-dichlorobiphenyl to be resolved better on the TPP column than the HP-5MS column. The TPP column was thermally stable even at 260°C for 2 h and gave results of a high degree of precision (run-to-run and column-to-column) with relative standard deviations

A simplefuro [2,3-d]pyrimidinone-based Schiff base FPS was synthesized via aza-Wittig reaction and structure elucidation was carried out by spectroscopic studies FT-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. FPS showed weak fluorescence emission in methanol and the selectivity of FPS to different metal ions (Mn2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Al3+, Ba2+, Ag+, Co2+, Na+, K+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Bi3+) were studied by absorption and fluorescence titration. The results show that FPS has selective fluorescence sensing behavior for Zn2+ ions and the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 1.19 × 10–8 mol/L. Moreover, FPS-Zn2+ acts as a metal based highly selective and sensitive new chemosensor for Cu2+ ions and the LOD was calculated to be 2.25 × 10–7 mol/L. In accordance with the results and theoretical calculations, we suspected that the binding mechanisms of FPS to Zn2+ and Cu2+ were assigned to be the cooperative interaction of Zn2+(Cu2+)-N.

CD8+ T cells play an important role in the anti-tumor activities of the body. The dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in glioma is unclear. This study aims to elucidate the glioma cell-derived ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10) in the suppression of CD8+ effector T cells by the induction of regulatory B cells. In this study, glioma cells were isolated from surgically removed glioma tissue and stimulated by Phorbol myristate acetage (PMA) in the culture. The levels of ADAM10 in the culture were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immune cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The results showed that the isolated glioma cells express ADAM10, which was markedly up regulated after stimulated with PMA. The glioma-derived ADAM10 induced activated B cells to differentiate into regulatory B cells, the later suppressed CD8+ T cell proliferation as well as the induced regulatory T cells, which also showed the immune suppressor effect on CD8+ effector T cell proliferation. In conclusion, glioma cells produce ADAM10 to induce Bregs; the latter suppresses CD8+ T cells and induces Tregs.

Purpose: Conventional transurethral resection of bladder tumors (cTURBT) has been the main technique for treating visible bladder tumor for decades. However, the reported rate of detrusor muscle presence in cTURBT specimen was lower than 80%, which is associated with imprecise staging and poor prognosis. Here, we present a retrospective analysis to compare the detrusor muscle detection rate and outcomes between en bloc resection of bladder tumor (ERBT) and cTURBT. Materials and Methods: Between January 2016 and December 2019, a total of 150 procedures performed by single surgeon in single institute were reviewed in this study. Of these procedures, 41 (27.3%) were ERBT and 109 (72.6%) were cTURBT. The two techniques were compared for pathological detrusor muscle detection, history of upper tract urothelial cancer, number of tumor lesions, histopathological grading and staging, time of operation, and time of catheterization and hospitalization. Results: The muscularis propria detection rate was statistically significantly higher in the ERBT group than in the cTURBT group (82.9% vs. 43.1%, P < 0.0001). The multivariate analysis showed resection method as an independent factor of detrusor muscle presentation (P < 0.0001). The mean Foley catheter indwelling and hospitalization days were longer in the ERBT group but were only 1 day longer than in the cTURBT group. Conclusions: ERBT significantly increases the muscularis propria detection rate than cTURBT. ERBT can provide more accurate cancer staging and contribute to proper decision-making. This study strengthens ERBT as a feasible and promising management of bladder cancer.

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a common cancer characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite advancements in treatment, challenges such as recurrence and low response rates persist. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for various cancers, although their application in UC is currently limited. This review focuses on recent research regarding ADCs designed to treat UC by targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), a surface antigen expressed on tumor cells. ADCs comprise three main components: an antibody, a linker, and a cytotoxic payload. The antibody selectively binds to tumor cell surface antigens, facilitating targeted delivery of the cytotoxic drug, while linkers play a crucial role in ensuring stability and controlled release of the payload. Cleavable linkers release the drug within tumor cells, while non-cleavable linkers ensure stability during circulation. The cytotoxic payload exerts its antitumor effect by disrupting cellular pathways. HER2 is commonly overexpressed in UCs, making it a potential therapeutic target. Several ADCs targeting HER2 have been approved for cancer treatment, but their use in UC is still being tested. Numerous HER2 ADCs have demonstrated significant growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in translational models of HER2-overexpressing bladder cancer. Ongoing clinical trials are assessing the efficacy and safety of ADCs targeting HER2 in UC, with the aim of determining tumor response and the potential of ADCs as a treatment option for UC patients. The development of effective therapies with improved response rates and long-term effectiveness is crucial for advanced and metastatic UC. ADCs targeting HER2 show promise in this regard and merit further investigation for UC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, segmental ureterectomy (SU) of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a considerable option for selected mid- and distal ureteral urothelial carcinoma (UC). As a UTUC endemic area, Taiwan lacks treatment outcome analysis of SU. Materials and methods: This study retrospectively reviewed the treatment outcomes of SU for clinically localized UTUCs. Patients with biopsy or washing cytology-confirmed UTUCs who underwent open, laparoscopic, or robot-assisted management with curative intent were retrospectively reviewed for the eligibility of analysis. Cox regression was applied for univariable and multivariable analyses. Results: A total of 161 patients who underwent SU were reviewed and analyzed. The median follow-up period was 44.5 (interquartile range, 21.6-84.9) months. After SU, 56/161 (34.8%) patients were free of UTUCs after the follow-up, 25/161 (15.5%) patients had local recurrence, and 35/161 (21.7%) had lymph node or distant metastasis. Surgical margin involvement was a risk factor associated with worse cancer-specific survival. Higher bladder recurrence and local recurrence rates were observed with concurrent bladder UC. Lymphovascular invasion and previous radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for UC were related to higher local recurrence rates. Patients with pathological T3/T4 stage and end-stage renal disease tended to have higher metastasis rates. For the management of local recurrence, 19 patients received salvage RNU and 25 patients had adjuvant chemotherapy. However, 26/161 (16.1%) patients died of UTUCs and 2/161 (1.2%) patients died of surgery-related complications. Conclusion: SU provides acceptable oncological outcomes if the surgeons select candidates carefully. SU is not recommended if the patient has T3 or higher stage or comorbidity of end-stage renal disease. Concurrent bladder UC is a risk factor for worse bladder recurrence-free survival and local recurrence-free survival. Lymphovascular invasion and previous RNU for UC were related to higher local recurrence rates. After SU, periodic follow-up is mandatory because the local recurrence rate is higher than radical surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chyluria is a morbid condition and sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive treatment modality in treatment of chyluria. The benefit of sclerosing agents have been analyzed in previous studies; however, our patient has iodine allergy and silver nitrate is not available at our institution. So we chose 50% dextrose as sclerosing agents. We found that chyluria was cured without any complication. This result might offers a simple and safe modality of treatment.

Introduction: There are many established environmental toxins that correlate with urothelial cancer. Genetic variations in phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway have also been reported to have association with the risk of urothelial cancer and clinical outcome. The aim of this study is to validate the role of the established RAPTOR gene carrying the risk of urothelial cancer compared with environmental toxin exposure. Methods: This study included 168 patients with urothelial cancer and 168 patients with voiding problem as normal control. All these patients were above 50 years old. Environmental toxin exposure such as smoking, arsenic, and Chinese herb were defined as regular exposure in usual life. RAPTOR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed by Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium to compare the observed genotype frequencies to the expected genotype frequencies in controls. Pearson's χ2 test was used to compare the difference in distribution of categorical variables. Statistical significance was set if p value less than 0.005 in this study. Results: RAPTOR gene polymorphisms (rs11653499 and rs7212142) were revealed to be significantly associated to the risk of urothelial cancer whether the patients is under environmental toxin exposure or not (both p