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Objectives Some research conceptualizes routineness of daily life as an indicator of cognitive vulnerability that would lead to lower well-being in older age, whereas other research expects routineness to give rise to more meaning and stability in life and thus to higher well-being. Further research is needed to understand routineness in older adults in relation to cognitive abilities and well-being. This study examined routineness of social interactions. Methods We examined data from an event-contingent experience sampling study with 103 Swiss community-dwelling older adults (aged 65 to 84 years). Participants completed in-lab cognitive assessments (reasoning, episodic memory, speed, and vocabulary) and reported their well-being (positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction). For more than 21 days, participants reported the time and context of their social interactions (including modality, partner type, and location). Routineness of social interactions was defined as social interactions that occurred at the same time of day over the study period. It was calculated using recurrence quantification analysis. Results Linear regressions showed that higher routineness of social interaction in general, of social interaction through the same modality, and of social interaction with the same partner type were associated with higher positive affect. Higher routineness of social interaction in general was associated with lower negative affect. Routineness of social interactions was not associated with life satisfaction or cognitive abilities. Discussion A routine social life may increase older adults' affective well-being. Results are discussed in the context of activity engagement and time use in older age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Although higher activity diversity is associated with higher well-being at the between-person level, it is unknown whether a day with higher activity diversity is related to higher well-being within persons. Within 24 hr per day, there are a limited number of activities on which individuals could spend their time and energy. Personal resources could influence the expenditure of energy and thus the experience with daily activities. This study examined daily associations between activity diversity and well-being and whether age and self-related health moderated the associations. Methods For seven times per day over 2 weeks, 129 retired older adults (M age = 73.9 years, SD age = 5.6) reported their present activity engagement and positive and negative affect. Daily activity diversity was operationalized as the number of different activity types reported per day. Daily positive and negative affect were assessed as the average of a range of high- and low-arousal affective states. Self-rated health was assessed with an item from the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey at baseline. Results Multilevel models showed that daily activity diversity was unrelated, on average, to daily positive or negative affect at the between- and within-person levels. Daily activity diversity was associated with lower daily positive affect in participants with lower self-rated health, but the Johnson-Neyman regions of significance were outside of the range of observed data. Discussion Divergent patterns were observed in the within-person associations between activity diversity and well-being across participants. Results are discussed in the context of time use and well-being in older age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are many researches on the similarity measure for intuitionistic fuzzy sets, some of them have some defects. To overcome these shortcomings, based on the Euclidean distance between intuitionistic fuzzy set and three special intuitionistic fuzzy sets, a new similarity measure for intuitionistic fuzzy sets is proposed in this paper. The proposed similarity measure is compared with the existing similarity measures in intuitionistic fuzzy environment by numerical examples. Moreover, we apply the proposed similarity measure to pattern recognition problems in intuitionistic fuzzy environment. The experimental results show that the proposed similarity measure for intuitionistic fuzzy sets is reasonable and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older adults increasingly use digital technologies to communicate with others. The goal of the present study is to understand the role of interaction modality for the perceived quality of social interactions. We use data from 118 participants (age: M = 72 years, SD = 5, range = 65 to 94; 40% women), who reported on their social interactions (quality [valence, social relatedness, calmness, meaningfulness], modality [face-to-face in-person, telephone, text-based digital], and purposes [e.g., small talk, conflict]) over 21 days in an event-contingent experience sampling study that took place between April and November 2019. Text-based communication was rated lower in valence and social relatedness relative to face-to-face communication and telephone calls, and lower in meaningfulness relative to telephone calls. Face-to-face and telephone communication only differed in meaningfulness, with telephone calls being rated higher. Some of the associations between interaction modality and perceived quality were moderated by interaction purpose. For example, conflicts were perceived more negatively as indicated by lower valence, social relatedness, and calmness when they were carried out by text messages (vs. face-to-face or by telephone). Conflicts were rated higher in valence when they took place by telephone versus face-to-face. In summary, our findings suggest that the modality of daily social interactions plays an important role for their quality. We discuss implications of these findings for increasing well-being and social connectedness through technology-mediated communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the theory of picture fuzzy sets has been developed, more information in life can be expressed in mathematical terms. Similarity measure is a special tool for quantifying the similarity between two sets, so studying similarity measure on picture fuzzy sets has become a trending topic. This new research direction has drawn a great deal of attention from experts and has led to a number of important results which have led to significant results in a number of practical applications. By examining these new findings, we discovered that there are many studies on similarity measure of picture fuzzy sets, some of them are deficient in solving certain problems, and such similarity measures can lead to the calculation of unreasonable data in practical applications, affecting the final results. Secondly, there is still room for research similarity measures on exponential functions. Considering these two aspects, we propose two new similarity measures based on exponential function, which not only satisfy the axiomatic definition of similarity measures, but also show reasonable computational results in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a direct extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, picture fuzzy sets have a powerful ability to deal with vague, uncertain and inconsistent information. The distance between picture fuzzy sets is an effective mathematical tool to distinguish the difference between objects. Although various distances have been proposed, there are some distances that do not meet the axiomatic definition of distance or some distances that induce counter-intuitive results. To address the above defects, this paper gives a new distance between picture fuzzy sets by aggregating three-dimensional divergence, due to the capability of divergence to distinguish information. This new distance not only satisfies the axiomatic definition, but also overcomes the counter-intuitive defects. Furthermore, the proposed distance is applied to solve the multi-attribute decision-making problem. Through comparison and analysis of decision results, this distance not only provides reasonable decision results, but also has high degree of confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It has been shown that activity engagement is associated with cognitive ability in older age, but mechanisms behind the associations have rarely been examined. Following a recent study which showed short-term effects of activity engagement on working memory performance appearing 6 h later, this study examined the mediating role of affective states in this process. Methods: For 7 times per day over 2 weeks, 150 Swiss older adults (aged 65–91 years) reported their present (sociocognitive/passive leisure) activities and affective states (high-arousal positive, low-arousal positive, high-arousal negative, and low-arousal negative) and completed an ambulatory working memory task on a smartphone. Results: Multilevel vector autoregression models showed that passive leisure activities were associated with worse working memory performance 6 h later. Passive leisure activities were negatively associated with concurrent high-arousal positive affect (and high-arousal negative affect); high-arousal positive affect was negatively associated with working memory performance 6 h later. A Sobel test showed a significant mediation effect of high-arousal positive affect linking the time-lagged relationship between passive leisure activities and working memory. Additionally, sociocognitive activities were associated with better working memory performance 6 h later. Sociocognitive activities were associated with concurrent higher high- and low-arousal positive affect, which, however, were not associated with working memory performance 6 h later. Thus, a mediation related to sociocognitive activities was not found. Discussion: Passive leisure activities could influence working memory performance through high-arousal positive affect within a timeframe of several hours. Results are discussed in relation to an emotional, and possibly a neuroendocrine, pathway explaining the time-lagged effects of affective states on working memory performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Experimental research suggests that affect may influence prospective memory performance, but real-life evidence on affect-prospective memory associations is limited. Moreover, most studies have examined the valence dimension of affect in understanding the influence of affect on cognitive performance in daily life, with insufficient consideration of the arousal dimension. To maximize ecological validity, the current study examined the relationships between daily affect and daily prospective memory using repeated daily assessments and the role of resting heart rate on these relationships. We examined both valence and arousal of daily affect by categorizing affect into four dimensions: high-arousal positive affect, low-arousal positive affect, high-arousal negative affect, and low-arousal negative affect. Method: We examined existing data collected from community-dwelling couples, of which at least one partner had a stroke history. The analytic sample included 111 adults (Mage = 67.46 years, SD = 9.64; 50% women) who provided 1,274 days of data. Among the participants, 58 were living with the effects of a stroke and 53 were partners. Participants completed daily event-based prospective memory tasks (in morning and/or evening questionnaires), reported daily affect in the evening, and wore a wrist-based Fitbit device to monitor resting heart rate over 14 consecutive days. Results: Results from multilevel models show that, within persons, elevated high-arousal negative affect was associated with worse daily prospective memory performance. In addition, lower resting heart rate attenuated the inverse association between high-arousal negative affect and lowered prospective memory performance. We did not find significant associations of high- or low-arousal positive affect and low-arousal negative affect with daily prospective memory. Discussion: Our findings are in line with the resource allocation model and the cue-utilization hypothesis in that high-arousal negative affect is detrimental to daily prospective memory performance. Lower resting heart rate may buffer individuals' prospective memory performance from the influence of high-arousal negative affect. These findings are consistent with the neurovisceral integration model on heart-brain connections, highlighting the possibility that cardiovascular fitness may help maintain prospective memory into older adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mobility as a multidimensional concept has rarely been examined as a day-to-day varying phenomenon in its within-person association with older adults' daily well-being. This study examined associations between daily mobility and daily well-being in community-dwelling older adults with a set of GPS-derived mobility indicators that were representative of older adults' daily mobility. Methods: Participants wore a custom-built mobile GPS sensor ("uTrail") and completed smartphone-based experience sampling questionnaires on momentary affective states (7 times per day) and daily life satisfaction (in the evening). Analyses included data across 947 days from 109 Swiss older adults aged 65–89 years. Results: Multilevel modeling showed that, within persons, a day with a larger life space area, more time spent in passive transport modes, and a higher number of different locations was associated with higher daily life satisfaction but not daily positive or negative affect. Follow-up analysis showed that the daily maximum distance from home was positively associated with daily life satisfaction, providing a first indication that exposure to non-habitual environments might be a possible underlying mechanism to explain the effects of mobility. Conclusions: Traveling a long distance away from home and visiting diverse locations may be a way to improve life satisfaction. Results are discussed in the context of research on healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similarity measure is an important tool to evaluate the degree of similarity between different objects. Therefore, a large number of similarity measures on picture fuzzy sets have been studied. However, some existing similarity measures have not been unified into a framework. The aim of this paper is to study a construction method of similarity measure on picture fuzzy sets, based on this, we can unify some existing similarity measures into a framework, and then propose some new similarity measures. Firstly, the concept of picture fuzzy equivalence is introduced. Some construction methods for picture fuzzy equivalence are given. Secondly, a construction method of similarity measure on picture fuzzy sets is proposed. Some new similarity measures on picture fuzzy sets based on picture fuzzy equivalences are given and some existing similarity measures are unified into a framework. Finally, the proposed similarity measures are applied to pattern recognition. By comparing the degrees of confidence, we find that our degrees of confidence are higher than some similarity measures. The experimental results show that the proposed similarity measures can effectively distinguish some similar picture fuzzy sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does a single bout of activity engagement have short-term effects on cognition in daily life? Using a smartphone-based ambulatory assessment design, this study examined the duration of the effects of three types of activities (i.e., sociocognitive, passive leisure, and physical activities) on working memory performance. For seven times per day (i.e., approximately every 2 hr) over 15 days, 150 healthy older adults (aged 65–91 years) in Switzerland reported their present activities and completed working memory assessments. In an examination of within-person concurrent associations, results from a multilevel model showed that passive leisure activities were negatively associated with working memory. Extending this to time-lagged dynamics, results from multilevel vector autoregression models showed that the negative effect of passive leisure activities and a positive effect of sociocognitive activities on working memory performance appeared 6 hr later and faded out completely by 8 hr later. Follow-up analyses showed that the time-lagged effects of activity engagement were evident among relatively younger individuals with lower levels of formal education. In sum, our findings suggest that a single bout of activity engagement has an impact on cognitive performance as quickly as 6 hr. In line with the "use it or lose it" hypothesis, our findings highlight the importance of continuous and active engagement in sociocognitive activities in older age. Public Significance Statement: A single bout of activity engagement was shown to have an impact on cognitive performance as quickly as 6 hr later and faded out by 8 hr. It is important to continuously engage in sociocognitive activities in older age. Understanding "how to" engage in everyday activities in relation to cognitive performance could help older adults manage their daily activities strategically and, possibly, wisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most classic measures in single valued neutrosophic sets (SVNS) theory, the distance is an important tool to compare and calculate degree of difference between SVNS. Although there exist some types of distance for single valued neutrosophic sets, most of them lack of strictly axiomatic definition and exist counter-intuitive cases. In this paper, a novel distance between single valued neutrosophic sets based on matrix norm is given. Then we proved that the new distance satisfies the axiomatic definition of the metric. Finally, the distance is applicated to pattern recognition and medical diagnoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time spent on being with others (social interactions) and being alone (solitude) in day to day life might reflect older adults' agentic regulatory strategies to balance the needs to belong and to conserve energy. Motivated from a joint lifespan psychological and social relationship theoretical perspective, this study examined how time spent on social interactions and solitude alternatively unfolds within individuals in daily life, relating to individual differences in trait‐level well‐being and fatigue. Over 21 days, a total of 11,172 valid records of social interactions were collected from 118 older adults (aged 65–94 years) in a smartphone‐based event‐contingent ambulatory assessment study in Switzerland. On average, a social interaction episode lasted 39 min and a solitude episode lasted 5.03 hr. Multilevel models showed that, at the within‐person level, a longer‐than‐usual social interaction preceded and was followed by a longer‐than‐usual solitude episode. Moderator analyses showed that older adults with higher trait life satisfaction and lower trait fatigue spent even more time in social interactions after longer solitude episodes, amplifying the solitude‐then‐interaction association. Our findings suggest that whereas social interaction is a means to improve well‐being, solitude is also an integral part in older adults' daily life supporting energy recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two important basic inference models of fuzzy reasoning are Fuzzy Modus Ponens (FMP) and Fuzzy Modus Tollens (FMT). In order to solve FMP and FMT problems, the full implication triple I algorithm, the reverse triple I algorithm and the Subsethood Inference Subsethood (SIS for short) algorithm are proposed, respectively. Furthermore, the existing reasoning algorithms are extended to intuitionistic fuzzy sets and interval-valued fuzzy sets according to different needs. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between intuitionistic fuzzy reasoning algorithms and interval-valued fuzzy reasoning algorithms. It is proven that there is a bijection between the solutions of intuitionistic fuzzy triple I algorithm and the interval-valued fuzzy triple I algorithm. Then, there is a bijection between the solutions of intuitionistic fuzzy reverse triple I algorithm and the interval-valued fuzzy reverse triple I algorithm. At the same time, it is shown that there is also a bijection between the solutions of intuitionistic fuzzy SIS algorithm and interval-valued fuzzy SIS algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives While being socially active is beneficial for well-being in older age, it is unclear whether effects of social interactions on well-being indicate "the more the merrier" or if they have limits as individuals socialize more or less across different days. This study addressed diminishing returns to social interaction frequency for well-being. Method We examined data from an event-contingent experience sampling study from 116 Swiss older adults (65 to 94 years old) over 21 days. Participants reported face-to-face social interactions once they occurred and daily well-being (i.e. positive and negative affect, loneliness) in the evenings. Results On average, participants had 2.09 face-to-face social interactions per day. Linear and quadratic effects from multilevel models conjointly indicated that a higher number of daily social interactions was associated with higher daily positive affect and lower daily negative affect and loneliness, but that well-being reached its peak at 2–3 times above participants' typical daily interaction frequency. Once these numbers were surpassed, the benefit of additional social interactions diminished. Additionally, participants who typically had fewer social interactions, were unmarried, lived alone, and had more health conditions showed stronger associations between daily social interaction frequency and well-being. Discussion Our findings suggest the benefits of social interactions on well-being exhibit diminishing returns. Social interactions may play a bigger role in older adults with less satiation for desire to belong and a limited future time perspective. We discuss these findings in terms of the belongingness hypothesis and the socioemotional selectivity theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focus on parametric interval-valued full implication algorithms. The interval-valued full implication algorithms based on a class of interval-valued t-norms with parameters are proposed. Meanwhile, the [ a , b ] -type interval-valued full implication algorithms based on a class of interval-valued t-norms with parameters are introduced. Furthermore, the solutions of these algorithms are given. Finally, the proposed algorithms are applied to pattern recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies, based on picture fuzzy sets, full implication algorithm and quintuple implication principle have been studied. The problem is, full implication algorithm did not consider the relationship between the input and antecedent of rule, while quintuple implication principle only considered the inclusion relationship between the rule's antecedent and input. Both algorithms did not consider the similarity of rule's antecedent and input. This leads to unreasonable calculation results in some cases. Therefore, we study fuzzy reasoning methods based on picture similarity measure for generalized modus ponens and generalized modus tollens in this paper. First of all, based on picture biresiduation, a new picture similarity measure between picture fuzzy sets is constructed. Then, representations of solutions of fuzzy reasoning methods based on picture similarity measure are given. Moreover, reducibility and robustness of fuzzy reasoning methods based on picture similarity measure are studied. Finally, two issues related to medical diagnosis are addressed by the proposed methods, demonstrate the rationality and effectiveness of our suggested methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous studies, based on picture fuzzy sets, full implication algorithm and quintuple implication principle have been studied. The problem is, full implication algorithm did not consider the relationship between the input and antecedent of rule, while quintuple implication principle only considered the inclusion relationship between the rule's antecedent and input. Both algorithms did not consider the similarity of rule's antecedent and input. This leads to unreasonable calculation results in some cases. Therefore, we study fuzzy reasoning methods based on picture similarity measure for generalized modus ponens and generalized modus tollens in this paper. First of all, based on picture biresiduation, a new picture similarity measure between picture fuzzy sets is constructed. Then, representations of solutions of fuzzy reasoning methods based on picture similarity measure are given. Moreover, reducibility and robustness of fuzzy reasoning methods based on picture similarity measure are studied. Finally, two issues related to medical diagnosis are addressed by the proposed methods, demonstrate the rationality and effectiveness of our suggested methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the concept of α (x, y)-interval-valued pointwise sustaining degree based on the left-continuous t-representable t-norms is put forward. And then, as a general extension based on the interval-valued pointwise sustaining degree, the interval-valued α (x, y)-full implication triple I method model, the interval-valued α (x, y)-quintuple implication principle models and the interval-valued α (x, y)-similarity measure method models are given. Moreover, the interval-valued R -type α (x, y)-fuzzy reasoning solutions with triple I method, quintuple implication principle and similarity measure method are given. Some existing results are special cases of the main conclusions in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Individuals' social connections and interpersonal experiences can both shape and be shaped by cognitive functioning. This study examines longitudinal within-person associations between quality of social relations, structure of social relations, and cognitive functioning in older age. Methods We examined 16-year longitudinal data (3 waves) from 497 older adults (M = 66.07 years, SD = 0.83, range = 64–68 years) from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development and Aging. Quality of social relations was measured by scales on perceived emotional support, instrumental support, and social integration. Structure of social relations was measured by self-reported number of leisure time partner types, indicating social network diversity. Cognitive functioning was assessed as a latent construct consisting of five cognitive tests (i.e. Information, Similarities, Letter Fluency, Picture Completion, Block Design). We used a random intercept cross-lagged panel model in the analysis. Results At the within-person level, prior quality of social relations, but not structure of social relations, was positively associated with subsequent cognitive functioning. Moreover, prior cognitive functioning was positively associated with subsequent structure of social relations, but not with quality of social relations. Discussion Quality of social relations is a protective factor of cognitive aging. Additionally, responding to prior lower cognitive functioning, social network diversity reduced, but quality of social relations did not seem to change. Overall, this study suggested that social relations and cognitive functioning mutually influence each other, but different aspects of social relations (i.e. quality, structure) might have different directional associations with cognitive functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional psychologists are concerned with the performance of cognitive activities in the real world in relation to cognitive changes in older age. Conversational contexts may mitigate the influence of cognitive aging on the cognitive activity of language production. This study examined effects of familiarity with interlocutors, as a context, on language production in the real world. We collected speech samples using iPhones, where an audio recording app (i.e. Electronically Activated Recorder [EAR]) was installed. Over 31,300 brief audio files (30-second long) were randomly collected across four days from 61 young and 48 healthy older adults in Switzerland. We transcribed the audio files that included participants' speech and manually coded for familiar interlocutors (i.e. significant other, friends, family members) and strangers. We computed scores of vocabulary richness and grammatical complexity from the transcripts using computational linguistics techniques. Bayesian multilevel analyses showed that participants used richer vocabulary and more complex grammar when talking with familiar interlocutors than with strangers. Young adults used more diverse vocabulary than older adults and the age effects remained stable across contexts. Furthermore, older adults produced equally complex grammar as young adults did with the significant other, but simpler grammar than young adults with friends and family members. Familiarity with interlocutors is a promising contextual factor for research on aging and language complexity in the real world. Results were discussed in the context of cognitive aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associations between social relationships and well-being are widely documented across the lifespan, including in older age. Older adults increasingly use digital communication technologies. In the present study, we examine the role of social interactions for older adults' daily well-being with a focus on three interaction modalities (face-to-face, telephone, and digital). Specifically, we examine (a) whether people who are more socially active than others report higher levels of well-being and (b) how day-to-day fluctuations in the number of social interactions are associated with day-to-day fluctuations of well-being, separately by interaction modality. We use data from 115 participants (age: M = 72 years, SD = 5, range = 65–94; 40% women), who documented their social interactions over 21 days and reported their well-being each evening (including positive affect, negative affect, and loneliness). Taken together, our findings show that frequency of face-to-face interactions is more consistently related to well-being than telephone or digital interactions. At the between-person level, those who report more face-to-face social interactions than others across 21 days report higher levels of positive affect than others. At the within-person level, on days where participants report more face-to-face social interactions than their own average, they report higher positive affect, lower negative affect, and lower loneliness than usual. In addition, a higher number of digital interactions is associated with lower negative affect at the between-person level. In summary, our findings suggest that face-to-face social interactions are uniquely relevant to older adults' daily well-being. We discuss implications of these findings for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, picture fuzzy sets can deal with vague, uncertain, incomplete and inconsistent information. The similarity measure is an important technique to distinguish two objects. In this study, a similarity measure between picture fuzzy sets based on relationship matrix is proposed. The new similarity measure satisfies the axiomatic definition of similarity measure. It can be testified from a numerical experiment that the new similarity measure is more effective. Finally, we apply the proposed similarity measure to multiple-attribute decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focus on studying picture fuzzy reasoning full implication methods. First, picture associated t -norm and its residuated implication operator are given. Then, picture fuzzy reasoning full implication principles and the solutions of picture fuzzy reasoning full implication methods based on picture associated t -norm are given. Moreover, the reducibility and robustness of picture fuzzy reasoning full implication methods based on picture associated t -norm are proved. Finally, pattern recognition problems can be successfully solved by the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of single valued neutrosophic sets, which is a generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, is more capable of dealing with inconsistent information in practice. In this paper, we propose reverse triple I method under single valued neutrosophic environment. Firstly, we give the definitions of single valued neutrosophic t-representation t-norms and single valued neutrosophic residual implications. Secondly, we develop a formula for calculating single valued neutrosophic residual implications. Then we propose reverse triple I method based on left-continuous single valued neutrosophic t-representation t-norms and its solutions. Lastly, we discuss the robustness of reverse triple I method based on the proposed similarity measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study investigated linear and nonlinear age effects on language use with speech samples that were representative of naturally occurring conversations. Method Using a corpus-based approach, we examined couples' conflict conversations in the laboratory. The conversations, from a total of 364 community-dwelling German-speaking heterosexual couples (aged 19–82), were videotaped and transcribed. We examined usage of lower-frequency words, grammatical complexity, and utterance of filled pauses (e.g. äh ["um"]). Results Multilevel models showed that age effects on the usage of lower-frequency words were nonsignificant. Grammatical complexity increased until middle age (i.e. 54) and then declined. The utterance of filled pauses increased until old age (i.e. 70) and then decreased. Discussion Results are discussed in relation to cognitive aging research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new distance metric between interval-valued fuzzy sets is proposed. The four special logic metric spaces based on the distance are structured. we analysis and compare the structures of the four logic metric spaces. It is shown that the Łukasiewicz logic metric space and Goguen logic metric space are more suitable for interval-valued fuzzy reasoning. Moreover, the robustness of interval-valued fuzzy reasoning triple I methods are studied in the two logic metric spaces. We prove that fuzzy reasoning triple I methods based on the interval-valued Łukasiewicz residuated implication and interval-valued Goguen residuated implication are robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new tangent similarity between single valued neutrosophic sets is given, which contain tangent similarity [23] as a special case. A best-worst multi-criteria decision making method based on the single valued neutrosophic sets is proposed. To achieve this goal, we design an algorithm to identify the best and worst criteria through computing the out-degrees and in-degrees of the collective single valued neutrosophic preference relation directed network, and then calculate the optimal weight vector of attributes. Moreover, a mathematical model corresponding to the definitions of consistent single valued neutrosophic preference relation is contracted. Finaly, the evaluation values of all alternatives are calculated by the proposed new tangent similarity. This approach can make the process of decision making more vivid, intuitive and dynamic in the decision-making process. To illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we used it to solve appointment registration systems problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to discuss the generalized Bosbach states on EQ-algebras. The notions of generalized Bosbach states of type I and generalized Bosbach states of type II (resp. III, IV, V, VI and VII) are proposed. The equivalent characterizations of these generalized Bosbach states on special EQ-algebras are given. The properties of these generalized Bosbach states and the relationship between them are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intuitionistic fuzzy set, as a generation of fuzzy set, can express and process uncertainty much better. Distance measures between intuitionistic fuzzy sets are used to indicate the difference degree between the information carried by intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Although some distance measures have been proposed in previous studies, they can not satisfy the axioms of distance measure, or exist counter-intuitive cases. In this paper, we give a new distance measure between intuitionistic fuzzy sets, which is based on a matrix norm and a strictly increasing (or decreasing) binary function. The new distance measure not only satisfies the axiomatic definition of distance measure, but also overcomes the counter-intuitive cases. It is proved that the new distance measure is reasonable by numerical examples. Moreover, we give the algorithms for pattern recognition and use it to solve medical diagnosis problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose fuzzy reasoning algorithms based on similarity for fuzzy modus ponens and fuzzy modus tollens and discuss the reducibility of the algorithms. Moreover, we investigate the robustness of fuzzy reasoning algorithms based on similarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Western discourses regarding productive aging emphasize individuals' contributions to economic productivity, the Confucian cultural heritage of the Chinese community may provide an alternative perspective. This qualitative study explores interpretations of what constitutes productive aging, based on a series of in-depth interviews with older Chinese people in Hong Kong. It shows that some of these individuals adopted a passive and indirect interpretation of productive aging, distinct from that found in Western countries. The Confucianism-based, collectivist, normative order underpinning Hong Kong society disposed these older people to adopting a self-restrained attitude with the aim of avoiding becoming a burden to others, especially family members. Such a tendency toward self-restraint or avoidance also encompassed a compromise between ideals and reality, with the older people opting to compromise their expectations of the younger generation as a whole, their adult children in particular, in terms of respect and reciprocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme learning machine (ELM), as one of the most useful techniques in machine learning, has attracted extensive attentions due to its unique ability for extremely fast learning. In particular, it is widely recognized that ELM has speed advantage while performing satisfying results. However, the presence of outliers may give rise to unreliable ELM model. In this paper, our study addresses the outlier robustness of ELM in regression problems. Based on the sparsity characteristic of outliers, this work proposes an outlier-robust ELM where the ℓ 1 -norm loss function is used to enhance the robustness. Specially, the fast and accurate augmented Lagrangian multiplier method is applied to guarantee the effectiveness and efficiency. According to the experiments on function approximation and some real-world applications, the proposed approach not only maintains the advantages from original ELM, but also shows notable and stable accuracy in handling data with outliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two well-known techniques, extreme learning machine (ELM) and sparse representation based classification (SRC) method, have attracted significant attention due to their respective performance characteristics in computer vision and pattern recognition. In general, ELM has speed advantage and SRC has accuracy advantage. However, there also remain drawbacks that limit their practical application. Actually, in the field of image classification, ELM performs extremely fast while it cannot handle noise well, whereas SRC shows notable robustness to noise while it suffers high computational cost. In order to incorporate their respective advantages and also overcome their respective drawbacks, this work proposes a novel hybrid approach combining ELM and SRC for image classification. The new approach is applied to handwritten digit classification and face recognition, experiments results demonstrate that it not only outperforms ELM in classification accuracy but also has much less computational complexity than SRC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Picture fuzzy sets, which are the extension of intuitionistic fuzzy sets, can deal with inconsistent information better in practical applications. A distance measure is an important mathematical tool to calculate the difference degree between picture fuzzy sets. Although some distance measures of picture fuzzy sets have been constructed, there are some unreasonable and counterintuitive cases. The main reason is that the existing distance measures do not or seldom consider the refusal degree of picture fuzzy sets. In order to solve these unreasonable and counterintuitive cases, in this paper, we propose a dynamic distance measure of picture fuzzy sets based on a picture fuzzy point operator. Through a numerical comparison and multi-criteria decision-making problems, we show that the proposed distance measure is reasonable and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The picture fuzzy set is a generation of an intuitionistic fuzzy set. The aggregation operators are important tools in the process of information aggregation. Some aggregation operators for picture fuzzy sets have been proposed in previous papers, but some of them are defective for picture fuzzy multi-attribute decision making. In this paper, we introduce a transformation method for a picture fuzzy number and trapezoidal fuzzy number. Based on this method, we proposed a picture fuzzy multiplication operation and a picture fuzzy power operation. Moreover, we develop the picture fuzzy weighted geometric ( P F W G ) aggregation operator, the picture fuzzy ordered weighted geometric ( P F O W G ) aggregation operator and the picture fuzzy hybrid geometric ( P F H G ) aggregation operator. The related properties are also studied. Finally, we apply the proposed aggregation operators to multi-attribute decision making and pattern recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Picture fuzzy set is a generalization of intuitionistic fuzzy set, which can describe fuzzy, uncertain, incomplete and inconsistent information. Similarity measure is a technique used to evaluate the degree of similarity between picture fuzzy sets. Although there are some similarity measures between picture fuzzy sets, some of them cannot meet the axiomatic definition of similarity measure, or there are some unreasonable situations when distinguishing different picture fuzzy information. In order to overcome these defects, a new similarity measure based on the three constituent functions of picture fuzzy sets is proposed in this paper. Through a numerical example and some pattern recognition experiments, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed similarity measure are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the normalized Minkowski distance in Hausdorff metrics, we study the sensitivity of interval-valued Schweizer-Sklar t-norms and their corresponding residual implications. Moreover, we investigate the robustness of interval-valued fuzzy reasoning triple I algorithms based on Schweizer–Sklar operators and illustrate the feasibility of the algorithms by a numerical example. Finally, the interval-valued fuzzy reasoning triple I algorithms are applied to medical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we give the "generator" of int-soft filters and propose the notion of t-int-soft filters on residuated lattices. We study the properties of t-int-soft filters and obtain some commonalities (e.g., the extension property, quotient characteristics, and a triple of equivalent characteristics). We also use involution-int-soft filters as an example and show some basic properties of involution-int-soft filters. Finally, we investigate the relations among t-int-soft filters and give a simple method for judging their relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel similarity measure for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets is introduced, which is based on the transformed interval-valued intuitionistic triangle fuzzy numbers. Its superiority is shown by comparing the proposed similarity measure with some existing similarity measures by some numerical examples. Furthermore, the proposed similarity measure is applied to deal with pattern recognition and medical diagnosis problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has shown the speed advantage of extreme learning machine (ELM) and the accuracy advantage of sparse representation classification (SRC) in the area of image classification. Those two methods, however, have their respective drawbacks, e.g., in general, ELM is known to be less robust to noise while SRC is known to be time-consuming. Consequently, ELM and SRC complement each other in computational complexity and classification accuracy. In order to unify such mutual complementarity and thus further enhance the classification performance, we propose an efficient hybrid classifier to exploit the advantages of ELM and SRC in this paper. More precisely, the proposed classifier consists of two stages: first, an ELM network is trained by supervised learning. Second, a discriminative criterion about the reliability of the obtained ELM output is adopted to decide whether the query image can be correctly classified or not. If the output is reliable, the classification will be performed by ELM; otherwise the query image will be fed to SRC. Meanwhile, in the stage of SRC, a sub-dictionary that is adaptive to the query image instead of the entire dictionary is extracted via the ELM output. The computational burden of SRC thus can be reduced. Extensive experiments on handwritten digit classification, landmark recognition and face recognition demonstrate that the proposed hybrid classifier outperforms ELM and SRC in classification accuracy with outstanding computational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study is to understand the functional health of older adults in China and to assess the potential for advancing healthy and active aging. Method: Data of 13,739 older adults aged 50 years and older from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2011 were analyzed. Life expectancy in good perceived health, chronic-disease-free life expectancy, active life expectancy, and severe impairment-free life expectancy were calculated using Sullivan’s method. Results: At age 50 years, older adults had a life expectancy in good perceived health of 7.0 and 6.7 years in men and women, respectively. They would remain chronic-disease-free for 8.4 and 8.6 years, without activity limitation for 23.6 and 26.0 years, and severe impairment-free for 21.4 and 24.2 years. Discussion: The world’s largest aging population was spending a substantial proportion of remaining life years in suboptimal health and well-being, while remaining largely independent in basic self-care without severe impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]