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Foundational models have emerged as powerful tools for addressing various tasks in clinical settings. However, their potential development to breast ultrasound analysis remains untapped. In this paper, we present BUSGen, the first foundational generative model specifically designed for breast ultrasound image analysis. Pretrained on over 3.5 million breast ultrasound images, BUSGen has acquired extensive knowledge of breast structures, pathological features, and clinical variations. With few-shot adaptation, BUSGen can generate repositories of realistic and informative task-specific data, facilitating the development of models for a wide range of downstream tasks. Extensive experiments highlight BUSGen's exceptional adaptability, significantly exceeding real-data-trained foundational models in breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and prognosis. In breast cancer early diagnosis, our approach outperformed all board-certified radiologists (n=9), achieving an average sensitivity improvement of 16.5% (P-value<0.0001). Additionally, we characterized the scaling effect of using generated data which was as effective as the collected real-world data for training diagnostic models. Moreover, extensive experiments demonstrated that our approach improved the generalization ability of downstream models. Importantly, BUSGen protected patient privacy by enabling fully de-identified data sharing, making progress forward in secure medical data utilization. An online demo of BUSGen is available at https://aibus.bio., Comment: Peking University; Stanford University; Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute; Peking Union Medical College Hospital; Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

Data-driven deep learning models have shown great capabilities to assist radiologists in breast ultrasound (US) diagnoses. However, their effectiveness is limited by the long-tail distribution of training data, which leads to inaccuracies in rare cases. In this study, we address a long-standing challenge of improving the diagnostic model performance on rare cases using long-tailed data. Specifically, we introduce a pipeline, TAILOR, that builds a knowledge-driven generative model to produce tailored synthetic data. The generative model, using 3,749 lesions as source data, can generate millions of breast-US images, especially for error-prone rare cases. The generated data can be further used to build a diagnostic model for accurate and interpretable diagnoses. In the prospective external evaluation, our diagnostic model outperforms the average performance of nine radiologists by 33.5% in specificity with the same sensitivity, improving their performance by providing predictions with an interpretable decision-making process. Moreover, on ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), our diagnostic model outperforms all radiologists by a large margin, with only 34 DCIS lesions in the source data. We believe that TAILOR can potentially be extended to various diseases and imaging modalities.

Bowers and Stephenson introduced the notion of inversive distance circle packings as a natural generalization of Thurston's circle packings. They conjectured that discrete conformal maps induced by inversive distance circle packings converge to the Riemann mapping. Motivated by the recent work of Luo-Sun-Wu, we prove Bowers-Stephenson's conjecture for Jordan domains by establishing a maximal principle, an infinite rigidity theorem, and a solvability theorem of certain prescribing combinatorial curvature problems for inversive distance circle packings., Comment: 33 pages, 6 figures

We show that a small and regular triangulation of the hyperbolic plane is rigid under the discrete conformal change, extending previous rigidity results on the Euclidean plane. Our result is a discrete analogue of the conformal rigidity of the hyperbolic plane.

It has been shown that spaces of geodesic triangulations of surfaces with negative curvature are contractible. Here we propose an approach aiming to prove that the spaces of geodesic triangulations of a surface with negative curvature are homeomorphic to Euclidean spaces $\mathbb{R}^n$., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures

In this note, we propose a straightforward method to produce an straight-line embedding of a planar graph where one face of a graph is fixed in the plane as a star-shaped polygon. It is based on minimizing discrete Dirichlet energies, following the idea of Tutte's embedding theorem. We will call it a geodesic triangulation of the star-shaped polygon. Moreover, we study the homotopy property of spaces of all straight-line embeddings. We give a simple argument to show that this space is contractible if the boundary is a non-convex quadrilateral. We conjecture that the same statement holds for general star-shaped polygons., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1910.03070

The notion of circle packings has been explored intensively since Thurston proposed it as an approximation to conformal maps. One of the fundamental questions about circle packings is whether it converges to the Riemann mapping if the radius of the circles tends to zero. In this paper, we prove the convergence of circle packings to the maps induced by the uniformization theorem in a different sense proposed by Gu-Luo-Wu for surfaces of genus one. This is the first result of the convergence of circle packings on surfaces with nontrivial topology., Comment: 16 pages. Comments welcomed!

In this paper, we determine the topology of the spaces of convex polyhedra inscribed in the unit $2$-sphere and the spaces of strictly Delaunay geodesic triangulations of the unit $2$-sphere. These spaces can be regarded as discretized groups of diffeomorphisms of the unit $2$-sphere. Hence, it is natural to conjecture that these spaces have the same homotopy types as those of their smooth counterparts. The main result of this paper confirms this conjecture for the unit $2$-sphere. It follows from an observation on the variational principles on triangulated surfaces developed by I. Rivin. On the contrary, the similar conjecture does not hold in the cases of flat tori and convex polygons. We will construct simple examples of flat tori and convex polygons such that the corresponding spaces of Delaunay geodesic triangulations are not connected., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

The notion of discrete conformality proposed by Luo and Bobenko-Pinkall-Springborn on triangle meshes has rich mathematical theories and wide applications. Gu et al. proved that the discrete uniformizations approximate the continuous uniformization for closed surfaces of genus $\geq 1$, given that the approximating triangle meshes are reasonably good. In this paper, we generalize this result to the remaining case of genus-zero surfaces, by reducing it to planar cases via stereographic projections., Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures. Comments are welcomed!

Motivated by Luo's combinatorial Yamabe flow on closed surfaces \cite{L1} and Guo's combinatorial Yamabe flow on surfaces with boundary \cite{Guo}, we introduce combinatorial Calabi flow on ideally triangulated surfaces with boundary, aiming at finding hyperbolic metrics on surfaces with totally geodesic boundaries of given lengths. Then we prove the long time existence and global convergence of combinatorial Calabi flow on surfaces with boundary. We further introduce fractional combinatorial Calabi flow on surfaces with boundary, which unifies and generalizes the combinatorial Yamabe flow and the combinatorial Calabi flow on surfaces with boundary. The long time existence and global convergence of fractional combinatorial Calabi flow are also proved. These combinatorial curvature flows provide effective algorithms to construct hyperbolic surfaces with totally geodesic boundaries with prescribed lengths., Comment: 15 pages. Comments welcomed

We prove that the deformation space of geodesic triangulations of a flat torus is homotopy equivalent to a torus. This solves an open problem proposed by Connelly et al. in 1983, in the case of flat tori. A key tool of the proof is a generalization of Tutte's embedding theorem for flat tori. When this paper is under preparation, Erickson and Lin proved a similar result, which works for all convex drawings., Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures

We proved the contractibility of the deformation space of the geodesic triangulations on a closed surface of negative curvature. This solves an open problem proposed by Connelly et al. in 1983, in the case of hyperbolic surfaces. The main part of the proof is a generalization of Tutte's embedding theorem for closed surfaces of negative curvature., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures. Comments are welcomed!

We give a short proof of the contractibility of the space of geodesic triangulations with fixed combinatorial type of a convex polygon in the Euclidean plane. Moreover, for any $n>0$, we show that there exists a space of geodesic triangulations of a polygon with a triangulation, whose $n$-th homotopy group is not trivial., Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures. Comments are very welcomed!

In this paper, we define a new metric structure on the shape space of a high genus surface. We introduce a rigorous definition of a shape of a surface and construct a metric based on two energies measuring the area distortion and the angle distortion of a quasiconformal homeomorphism. We show that the energy minimizer in a fixed homotopy class is achieved by a quasiconformal homeomorphism by the lower semicontinuity property of these two energies., Comment: 19 pages, 2 figures. Errors fixed