106 results on '"Luojus, K."'
Search Results
2. Improving snow depth estimation by coupling HUT-optimized effective snow grain size parameters with the random forest approach
- Author
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Yang, J.W., Jiang, L.M., Lemmetyinen, J., Pan, J.M., Luojus, K., and Takala, M.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Validation of remotely sensed estimates of snow water equivalent using multiple reference datasets from the middle and high latitudes of China
- Author
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Yang, J.W., Jiang, L.M., Lemmetyinen, J., Luojus, K., Takala, M., Wu, S.L., and Pan, J.M.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The Arctic
- Author
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Thoman, Richard L., primary, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Andreassen, L. M., additional, Baker, E., additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Berner, Logan T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bjerke, Jarle W., additional, Boisvert, L.N., additional, Box, Jason E., additional, Brettschneider, B., additional, Burgess, D., additional, Butler, Amy H., additional, Cappelen, John, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Decharme, B., additional, Derksen, C., additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Drozdov, D. S., additional, Elias, Chereque A., additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Farrell, Sinead L., additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, Vitali E., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Frost, Gerald V., additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen, -Bauer Inger, additional, Heijmans, M. M. P. D., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Isaksen, K., additional, Jensen, C. D., additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Kaleschke, L., additional, Kholodov, A. L., additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Kohler, J., additional, Korsgaard, Niels J., additional, Labe, Zachary, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Lee, Simon H., additional, Loomis, Bryant, additional, Luks, B., additional, Luojus, K., additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, Magnússon, R. Í, additional, Malkova, G. V., additional, Mankoff, Kenneth D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, Meier, Walter N., additional, Mote, Thomas, additional, Mudryk, Lawrence, additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nyland, K. E., additional, Overland, James E., additional, Pálsson, F., additional, Park, T., additional, Parker, C. L., additional, Perovich, Don, additional, Petty, Alek, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Pinzon, J. E., additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Serbin, S. P., additional, Sheffield, G., additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Stafford, K. M., additional, Steer, A., additional, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., additional, Svendby, Tove, additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thomson, L., additional, Thorsteinsson, T., additional, Tian-Kunze, X., additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tschudi, Mark, additional, Tucker, C. J., additional, Walker, Donald A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Wehrlé, A., additional, Winton, Øyvind, additional, Wolken, G., additional, Wood, K., additional, Wouters, B., additional, and Yang, D., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P): first results
- Author
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Sharifi, E., Güntner, A., Haas, J., Dorigo, W., Jäggi, A., Ruz Vargas, C., Behzadpour, S., Boergens, E., Briese, C., Lopez, S., Crétaux, J., Darbeheshti, N., Dobslaw, H., Dussaillant, I., Flechtner, F., Hunink, J., Kidd, R., Kosmale, M., Kukuric, N., Kvas, A., Luojus, K., Mayer-Gürr, T., Meyer, U., Pasik, A., Paul, F., Pedinotti, V., Vayre, M., Zawadzki, L., and Zemp, M.
- Abstract
The Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) aims at developing a satellite-based groundwater storage (GW) data set as a new product for the EU Copernicus Climate Change Service. As the world’s largest distributed freshwater storage, GW is a key resource for mankind, industrial, and agricultural demands. In Copernicus, there is no service available yet to deliver data on this fundamental resource, nor is there any other data source worldwide that operationally provides information on changing groundwater resources in a consistent way, observation-based, and with global coverage. Therefore, G3P develops an operational global groundwater service as a cross-cutting extension of the existing Copernicus portfolio. G3P capitalizes from the unique capability of GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite gravimetry as the only remote sensing technology to monitor subsurface mass variations, and from other satellite-based water storage products to provide a data set of groundwater storage change for large areas with global coverage. G3P is obtained by using a mass balance approach, i.e., by subtracting satellite-based water storage compartments (WSCs) such as snow water equivalent, root-zone soil moisture, glacier mass, and surface water storage from GRACE/GRACE-FO monthly terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA). For a consistent subtraction of all individual WSCs from GRACE-TWSA, the individual WSCs are filtered in a similar way as GRACE-TWSA, where optimal filter types were derived by analyses of spatial correlation patterns. G3P groundwater variations are provided for almost two decades (from 2002 to the present), with the monthly resolution, and at a 0.5-degree spatial resolution globally. In this contribution, we also illustrate preliminary results of the G3P data set and of its uncertainties, as well as its evaluation by independent groundwater data. This study has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme for G3P (Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product) under grant agreement nº 870353.
- Published
- 2022
6. A Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P)
- Author
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Sharifi, E., Güntner, A., Haas, J., Dorigo, W., Jäggi, A., Ruz Vargas, C., Behzadpour, S., Boergens, E., Briese, C., Lopez, S., Crétaux, J., Darbeheshti, N., Dobslaw, H., Dussaillant, I., Flechtner, F., Hunink, J., Kidd, R., Kosmale, M., Kukuric, N., Kvas, A., Luojus, K., Mayer-Gürr, T., Meyer, U., Pasik, A., Paul, F., Pedinotti, V., Vayre, M., Zawadzki, L., and Zemp, M.
- Abstract
Groundwater (GW) is the world’s largest distributed freshwater storage for mankind, ecosystems, and is a key resource for industrial and agricultural demands. Due to its fundamental role in the Earth's water and energy cycles, groundwater has been declared as an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) by GCOS, the Global Climate Observing System. However, within Copernicus - the European Earth Observation Programme - there is no service available yet to deliver data on this fundamental resource, nor is there any other data source worldwide that operationally provides information on changing groundwater resources in a consistent way, observation-based, and with global coverage. Therefore, the Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product (G3P) project aims at developing an operational global groundwater service as a cross-cutting extension of the existing Copernicus - the European Earth Observation Programme - portfolio. G3P capitalizes from the unique capability of GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite gravimetry as the only remote sensing technology to monitor subsurface mass variations, and from other satellite-based water storage products that are already part of the Copernicus portfolio, to provide a data set of groundwater storage change for large areas with global coverage. G3P is obtained by using a mass balance approach, i.e., by subtracting satellite-based water storage compartments (WSCs) such as snow water equivalent, root-zone soil moisture, glacier mass, and surface water storage from GRACE/GRACE-FO monthly terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA). Compatibility of the observation-based WSCs with TWSA is achieved by a filtering process, where optimal filter types were derived by analyses of spatial correlation patterns. G3P groundwater variations are provided for almost two decades (from 2002 to the present), with the monthly resolution, and at a 0.5-degree spatial resolution globally. In this contribution, we also illustrate preliminary results of the G3P data set and of its uncertainties, as well as its evaluation by independent groundwater data. This study has been run in the context of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research project G3P (Global Gravity-based Groundwater Product, grant agreement nº 870353).
- Published
- 2022
7. The Arctic
- Author
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Druckenmiller, Matthew L., Moon, Twila A., Thoman, Richard L., Ballinger, Thomas J., Berner, Logan T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bhatt, Uma S., Bjerke, Jarle W., Box, Jason E., Brown, R., Cappelen, John, Christiansen, Hanne H., Decharme, B., Derksen, C., Divine, Dmitry, Drozdov, D. S., Elias Chereque, A., Epstein, Howard E., Farquharson, L. M., Farrell, Sinead L., Fausto, Robert S., Fettweis, Xavier, Fioletov, Vitali E., Forbes, Bruce C., Frost, Gerald V., Gargulinski, Emily, Gerland, Sebastian, Goetz, Scott J., Grabinski, Z., Grooß, Jens-Uwe, Haas, Christian, Hanna, Edward, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Hendricks, Stefan, Holmes, Robert M., Ialongo, Iolanda, Isaksen, K., Jain, Piyush, Johnsen, Bjørn, Kaleschke, L., Kholodov, A. L., Kim, Seong-Joong, Korsgaard, Niels J., Labe, Zachary, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lara, Mark J., Loomis, Bryant, Luojus, K., Macander, Matthew J., Malkova, G. V., Mankoff, Kenneth D., Manney, Gloria L., McClelland, James W., Meier, Walter N., Mote, Thomas, Mudryk, L., Müller, Rolf, Nyland, K. E., Overland, James E., Park, T., Pavlova, Olga, Perovich, Don, Petty, Alek, Phoenix, Gareth K., Raynolds, Martha K., Reijmer, C. H., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, Robert, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Scott, Lindsay, Shapiro, Hazel, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Sharon L., Soja, Amber, Spencer, Robert G. M., Starkweather, Sandy, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Suslova, Anya, Svendby, Tove, Tank, Suzanne E., Tedesco, Marco, Tian-Kunze, X., Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Tømmervik, Hans, Tretiakov, Mikhail, Tschudi, Mark, Vakhutinsky, Sofia, van As, Dirk, van de Wal, R. S. W., Veraverbeke, Sander, Walker, Donald A., Walsh, John E., Wang, Muyin, Webster, Melinda, Winton, Øyvind, Wood, K., York, Alison, Ziel, Robert, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Proceskunde, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Greenland ice sheet ,02 engineering and technology ,[SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology ,01 natural sciences ,[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology ,Climatology ,Taverne ,[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology ,Geology ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The Arctic
- Author
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Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Proceskunde, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., Moon, Twila A., Thoman, Richard L., Ballinger, Thomas J., Berner, Logan T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bhatt, Uma S., Bjerke, Jarle W., Box, Jason E., Brown, R., Cappelen, John, Christiansen, Hanne H., Decharme, B., Derksen, C., Divine, Dmitry, Drozdov, D. S., Elias Chereque, A., Epstein, Howard E., Farquharson, L. M., Farrell, Sinead L., Fausto, Robert S., Fettweis, Xavier, Fioletov, Vitali E., Forbes, Bruce C., Frost, Gerald V., Gargulinski, Emily, Gerland, Sebastian, Goetz, Scott J., Grabinski, Z., Grooß, Jens-Uwe, Haas, Christian, Hanna, Edward, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Hendricks, Stefan, Holmes, Robert M., Ialongo, Iolanda, Isaksen, K., Jain, Piyush, Johnsen, Bjørn, Kaleschke, L., Kholodov, A. L., Kim, Seong-Joong, Korsgaard, Niels J., Labe, Zachary, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lara, Mark J., Loomis, Bryant, Luojus, K., Macander, Matthew J., Malkova, G. V., Mankoff, Kenneth D., Manney, Gloria L., McClelland, James W., Meier, Walter N., Mote, Thomas, Mudryk, L., Müller, Rolf, Nyland, K. E., Overland, James E., Park, T., Pavlova, Olga, Perovich, Don, Petty, Alek, Phoenix, Gareth K., Raynolds, Martha K., Reijmer, C. H., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, Robert, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Scott, Lindsay, Shapiro, Hazel, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Sharon L., Soja, Amber, Spencer, Robert G. M., Starkweather, Sandy, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Suslova, Anya, Svendby, Tove, Tank, Suzanne E., Tedesco, Marco, Tian-Kunze, X., Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Tømmervik, Hans, Tretiakov, Mikhail, Tschudi, Mark, Vakhutinsky, Sofia, van As, Dirk, van de Wal, R. S. W., Veraverbeke, Sander, Walker, Donald A., Walsh, John E., Wang, Muyin, Webster, Melinda, Winton, Øyvind, Wood, K., York, Alison, Ziel, Robert, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Proceskunde, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., Moon, Twila A., Thoman, Richard L., Ballinger, Thomas J., Berner, Logan T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bhatt, Uma S., Bjerke, Jarle W., Box, Jason E., Brown, R., Cappelen, John, Christiansen, Hanne H., Decharme, B., Derksen, C., Divine, Dmitry, Drozdov, D. S., Elias Chereque, A., Epstein, Howard E., Farquharson, L. M., Farrell, Sinead L., Fausto, Robert S., Fettweis, Xavier, Fioletov, Vitali E., Forbes, Bruce C., Frost, Gerald V., Gargulinski, Emily, Gerland, Sebastian, Goetz, Scott J., Grabinski, Z., Grooß, Jens-Uwe, Haas, Christian, Hanna, Edward, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Hendricks, Stefan, Holmes, Robert M., Ialongo, Iolanda, Isaksen, K., Jain, Piyush, Johnsen, Bjørn, Kaleschke, L., Kholodov, A. L., Kim, Seong-Joong, Korsgaard, Niels J., Labe, Zachary, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lara, Mark J., Loomis, Bryant, Luojus, K., Macander, Matthew J., Malkova, G. V., Mankoff, Kenneth D., Manney, Gloria L., McClelland, James W., Meier, Walter N., Mote, Thomas, Mudryk, L., Müller, Rolf, Nyland, K. E., Overland, James E., Park, T., Pavlova, Olga, Perovich, Don, Petty, Alek, Phoenix, Gareth K., Raynolds, Martha K., Reijmer, C. H., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, Robert, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Scott, Lindsay, Shapiro, Hazel, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Sharon L., Soja, Amber, Spencer, Robert G. M., Starkweather, Sandy, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Suslova, Anya, Svendby, Tove, Tank, Suzanne E., Tedesco, Marco, Tian-Kunze, X., Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Tømmervik, Hans, Tretiakov, Mikhail, Tschudi, Mark, Vakhutinsky, Sofia, van As, Dirk, van de Wal, R. S. W., Veraverbeke, Sander, Walker, Donald A., Walsh, John E., Wang, Muyin, Webster, Melinda, Winton, Øyvind, Wood, K., York, Alison, and Ziel, Robert
- Published
- 2021
9. Monitoring of snow-cover properties during the spring melting period in forested areas
- Author
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Koskinen, J. T., Pulliainen, J. T., Luojus, K. P., and Takala, M.
- Subjects
Backscattering -- Analysis ,Forests and forestry -- Finland ,Forests and forestry -- Environmental aspects ,Surface-ice melting -- Analysis ,Synthetic aperture radar -- Usage ,Business ,Earth sciences ,Electronics and electrical industries - Published
- 2010
10. Arctic Report Card 2020: Terrestrial Snow Cover
- Author
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Mudryk, Lawrence Elias, Chereque, A., Brown, R., Derksen, C., Luojus, K., and Decharme, B.
- Abstract
Arctic Report Card
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The Arctic
- Author
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Andersen, J K, Andreassen, Liss M, Baker, Emily H, Ballinger, Thomas J, Berner, Logan T, Bernhard, Germar H, Bhatt, Uma S, Bjerke, Jarle W, Box, Jason E, Britt, L, Brown, R, Burgess, David, Cappelen, John, Christiansen, Hanne H, Decharme, B, Derksen, C, Drozdov, D S, Epstein, Howard E, Farquharson, L M, Farrell, Sinead L, Fausto, Robert S, Fettweis, Xavier, Fioletov, Vitali E, Forbes, Bruce C, Frost, Gerald V, Gerland, Sebastian, Goetz, Scott J, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, Hanna, Edward, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Hendricks, Stefan, Ialongo, Iolanda, Isaksen, K, Johnsen, Bjørn, Kaleschke, L, Kholodov, A L, Kim, Seong-Joong, Kohler, Jack, Labe, Zachary, Ladd, Carol, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lara, Mark J, Loomis Bryant andLuks, Bartlomiej, Luojus, K, Macander, Matthew J, Malkova, G V, Mankoff, Kenneth D, Manney, Gloria L, Marsh, J M, Meier, Walt, Moon, Twila A, Mote, Thomas, Mudryk, L, Mueter, F J, Müller, Rolf, Nyland, K E, O'Neel, Shad, Overland, James E, Perovich, Don, Phoenix, Gareth K, Raynolds, Martha K, Reijmer, C H, Ricker, Robert, Romanovsky, Vladimir E, Schuur, E A G, Sharp, Martin, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I, Smeets, C J P P, Smith, Sharon L, Streletskiy, Dimitri A, Tedesco, Marco, Thoman, Richard L, Thorson, J T, Tian-Kunze, X, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Tømmervik, Hans, Tschudi, Mark, van As, Dirk, van de Wal, R S W, Walker, Donald A, Walsh, John E, Wang, Muyin, Webster, Melinda, Winton, Øyvind, Wolken, Gabriel J, Wood, K, Wouters, Bert, Zador, S, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Druckenmiller, Matthew L, Andersen, J K, Andreassen, Liss M, Baker, Emily H, Ballinger, Thomas J, Berner, Logan T, Bernhard, Germar H, Bhatt, Uma S, Bjerke, Jarle W, Box, Jason E, Britt, L, Brown, R, Burgess, David, Cappelen, John, Christiansen, Hanne H, Decharme, B, Derksen, C, Drozdov, D S, Epstein, Howard E, Farquharson, L M, Farrell, Sinead L, Fausto, Robert S, Fettweis, Xavier, Fioletov, Vitali E, Forbes, Bruce C, Frost, Gerald V, Gerland, Sebastian, Goetz, Scott J, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, Hanna, Edward, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Hendricks, Stefan, Ialongo, Iolanda, Isaksen, K, Johnsen, Bjørn, Kaleschke, L, Kholodov, A L, Kim, Seong-Joong, Kohler, Jack, Labe, Zachary, Ladd, Carol, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lara, Mark J, Loomis Bryant andLuks, Bartlomiej, Luojus, K, Macander, Matthew J, Malkova, G V, Mankoff, Kenneth D, Manney, Gloria L, Marsh, J M, Meier, Walt, Moon, Twila A, Mote, Thomas, Mudryk, L, Mueter, F J, Müller, Rolf, Nyland, K E, O'Neel, Shad, Overland, James E, Perovich, Don, Phoenix, Gareth K, Raynolds, Martha K, Reijmer, C H, Ricker, Robert, Romanovsky, Vladimir E, Schuur, E A G, Sharp, Martin, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I, Smeets, C J P P, Smith, Sharon L, Streletskiy, Dimitri A, Tedesco, Marco, Thoman, Richard L, Thorson, J T, Tian-Kunze, X, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Tømmervik, Hans, Tschudi, Mark, van As, Dirk, van de Wal, R S W, Walker, Donald A, Walsh, John E, Wang, Muyin, Webster, Melinda, Winton, Øyvind, Wolken, Gabriel J, Wood, K, Wouters, Bert, Zador, S, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, and Druckenmiller, Matthew L
- Published
- 2020
12. The Arctic
- Author
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Dep Natuurkunde, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Proceskunde, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Andersen, J K, Andreassen, Liss M, Baker, Emily H, Ballinger, Thomas J, Berner, Logan T, Bernhard, Germar H, Bhatt, Uma S, Bjerke, Jarle W, Box, Jason E, Britt, L, Brown, R, Burgess, David, Cappelen, John, Christiansen, Hanne H, Decharme, B, Derksen, C, Drozdov, D S, Epstein, Howard E, Farquharson, L M, Farrell, Sinead L, Fausto, Robert S, Fettweis, Xavier, Fioletov, Vitali E, Forbes, Bruce C, Frost, Gerald V, Gerland, Sebastian, Goetz, Scott J, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, Hanna, Edward, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Hendricks, Stefan, Ialongo, Iolanda, Isaksen, K, Johnsen, Bjørn, Kaleschke, L, Kholodov, A L, Kim, Seong-Joong, Kohler, Jack, Labe, Zachary, Ladd, Carol, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lara, Mark J, Loomis Bryant andLuks, Bartlomiej, Luojus, K, Macander, Matthew J, Malkova, G V, Mankoff, Kenneth D, Manney, Gloria L, Marsh, J M, Meier, Walt, Moon, Twila A, Mote, Thomas, Mudryk, L, Mueter, F J, Müller, Rolf, Nyland, K E, O'Neel, Shad, Overland, James E, Perovich, Don, Phoenix, Gareth K, Raynolds, Martha K, Reijmer, C H, Ricker, Robert, Romanovsky, Vladimir E, Schuur, E A G, Sharp, Martin, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I, Smeets, C J P P, Smith, Sharon L, Streletskiy, Dimitri A, Tedesco, Marco, Thoman, Richard L, Thorson, J T, Tian-Kunze, X, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Tømmervik, Hans, Tschudi, Mark, van As, Dirk, van de Wal, R S W, Walker, Donald A, Walsh, John E, Wang, Muyin, Webster, Melinda, Winton, Øyvind, Wolken, Gabriel J, Wood, K, Wouters, Bert, Zador, S, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Druckenmiller, Matthew L, Dep Natuurkunde, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Proceskunde, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Andersen, J K, Andreassen, Liss M, Baker, Emily H, Ballinger, Thomas J, Berner, Logan T, Bernhard, Germar H, Bhatt, Uma S, Bjerke, Jarle W, Box, Jason E, Britt, L, Brown, R, Burgess, David, Cappelen, John, Christiansen, Hanne H, Decharme, B, Derksen, C, Drozdov, D S, Epstein, Howard E, Farquharson, L M, Farrell, Sinead L, Fausto, Robert S, Fettweis, Xavier, Fioletov, Vitali E, Forbes, Bruce C, Frost, Gerald V, Gerland, Sebastian, Goetz, Scott J, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, Hanna, Edward, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Hendricks, Stefan, Ialongo, Iolanda, Isaksen, K, Johnsen, Bjørn, Kaleschke, L, Kholodov, A L, Kim, Seong-Joong, Kohler, Jack, Labe, Zachary, Ladd, Carol, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lara, Mark J, Loomis Bryant andLuks, Bartlomiej, Luojus, K, Macander, Matthew J, Malkova, G V, Mankoff, Kenneth D, Manney, Gloria L, Marsh, J M, Meier, Walt, Moon, Twila A, Mote, Thomas, Mudryk, L, Mueter, F J, Müller, Rolf, Nyland, K E, O'Neel, Shad, Overland, James E, Perovich, Don, Phoenix, Gareth K, Raynolds, Martha K, Reijmer, C H, Ricker, Robert, Romanovsky, Vladimir E, Schuur, E A G, Sharp, Martin, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I, Smeets, C J P P, Smith, Sharon L, Streletskiy, Dimitri A, Tedesco, Marco, Thoman, Richard L, Thorson, J T, Tian-Kunze, X, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Tømmervik, Hans, Tschudi, Mark, van As, Dirk, van de Wal, R S W, Walker, Donald A, Walsh, John E, Wang, Muyin, Webster, Melinda, Winton, Øyvind, Wolken, Gabriel J, Wood, K, Wouters, Bert, Zador, S, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, and Druckenmiller, Matthew L
- Published
- 2020
13. The Arctic
- Author
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Andersen, J. K., additional, Andreassen, Liss M., additional, Baker, Emily H., additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Berner, Logan T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bjerke, Jarle W., additional, Box, Jason E., additional, Britt, L., additional, Brown, R., additional, Burgess, David, additional, Cappelen, John, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Decharme, B., additional, Derksen, C., additional, Drozdov, D. S., additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Farquharson, L. M., additional, Farrell, Sinead L., additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, Vitali E., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Frost, Gerald V., additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Isaksen, K., additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Kaleschke, L., additional, Kholodov, A. L., additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Kohler, Jack, additional, Labe, Zachary, additional, Ladd, Carol, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Loomis, Bryant, additional, Luks, Bartłomiej, additional, Luojus, K., additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, Malkova, G. V., additional, Mankoff, Kenneth D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, Marsh, J. M., additional, Meier, Walt, additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Mote, Thomas, additional, Mudryk, L., additional, Mueter, F. J., additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nyland, K. E., additional, O’Neel, Shad, additional, Overland, James E., additional, Perovich, Don, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Raynolds, Martha K., additional, Reijmer, C. H., additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Schuur, E. A. G., additional, Sharp, Martin, additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., additional, Smeets, C. J. P. P., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thoman, Richard L., additional, Thorson, J. T., additional, Tian-Kunze, X., additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tschudi, Mark, additional, van As, Dirk, additional, van de Wal, R. S. W., additional, Walker, Donald A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Winton, Øyvind, additional, Wolken, Gabriel J., additional, Wood, K., additional, Wouters, Bert, additional, and Zador, S., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. State of the Climate in 2018
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Ades, M., Adler, R., Aldeco, Laura S., Alejandra, G., Alfaro, Eric J., Aliaga-Nestares, Vannia, Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andersen, J. K., Anderson, John, Arndt, Derek S., Arosio, C., Arrigo, Kevin, Azorin-Molina, César, Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, Jonathan, Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bell, Gerald D., Bellouin, Nicolas, Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Benedict, Imme, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettio, Lynette, Bhatt, U. S., Biskaborn, B. K., Bissolli, Peter, Bjella, Kevin L., Bjerke, J. K., Blake, Eric S., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Blunden, Jessica, Bock, Olivier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir, Bringas, Francis G., Bromwich, David H., Brown, Alrick, Brown, R., Brown, Timothy J., Buehler, S. A., Cáceres, Luis, Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Campos Diaz, Diego A., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carrier, Seth B., Carter, Brendan R., Castro, Anabel Y., Cetinic, Ivona, Chambers, Don P., Chen, Lin, Cheng, Lijing, Cheng, Vincent Y.S., Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. S., Claus, Federico, Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Cosca, Cathy, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Dávila, Cristina P., Davis, Sean M., de Eyto, Elvira, de Jeu, Richard A.M., De Laat, Jos, Decharme, B., Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Dhurmea, K. R., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Diaz, Eliecer, Diniz, Fransisco A., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Domingues, Ricardo, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Druckenmiller, Matthew L., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, Sinead L., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Garforth, J., Gerland, Sebastian, Gilson, John, Gleason, Karin, Gobron, Nadine, Goetz, S., Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gray, Alison, Grooß, Jens Uwe, Gruber, Alexander, Gu, Guojun, Guard, Charles Chip P., Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, Dimitri, Haas, Christian, Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, Ian, Hazeleger, Wilco, He, Q., Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Hemming, D. L., Hendricks, Stefan, Hernández, Rafael, Hersbach, H. E., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu Peng Ben, Holmes, R. M., Hu, Chuanmin, Huang, Boyin, Hubbard, Katherine, Hubert, Daan, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, Iolanda, Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaac, Victor, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jeffries, Martin O., Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jia, G., Jiménez, C., Jin, Xiangze, John, Viju, Johnsen, Bjørn, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Johnson, Bryan, Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Karaköylü, Erdem M., Karlsen, S. R., Karnauskas, Mandy, Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A. Fazl, Kelble, Christopher, Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Kidd, R., Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. J., King, A. D., King, Brian A., Kipling, Z., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya A., Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, Thomas, Labbé, L., Ladd, C., Lakatos, Mónika, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lander, Mark A., Landschützer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lareau, Neil P., Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, T. C., Leuliette, Eric, L’heureux, Michelle, Li, Bailing, Li, Tim, Lieser, Jan L., Lim, J. Y., Lin, I. I., Liu, Hongxing, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., López, Luis A., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing Jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, Gloria L., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, José A., Marin, Dora, Marquardt Collow, Allison B., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, McBride, Charlotte, McCabe, M., McClelland, J. W., McEvoy, Daniel J., McGree, Simon, McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, Walt, Meijers, Andrew, Mekonnen, Ademe, Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Ben, Miralles, Diego G., Misevicius, Noelia, Mitchum, Gary T., Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natali, Morice, Colin, Mosquera-Vásquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Müller, Rolf, Myneni, R., Nash, Eric R., Nauslar, Nicholas J., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Paul A., Nicolas, Julien P., Nieto, Juan José, Noetzli, Jeannette, Osborn, Tim J., Osborne, Emily, Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, T., Pasch, Richard J., Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, Pastor Saavedra, Maria Asuncion, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Perovich, Don, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael, Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, Chris, Preimesberger, W., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rakotoarimalala, C. L., Ramos, Andrea M., Ramos, Isabel, Randel, W., Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Rémy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richardson, A. D., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, Robert, Ripaldi, A., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodriguez Camino, Ernesto, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Rösner, Benajamin, Roth, Chris, Rozanov, A., Rusak, James A., Rustemeier, Elke, Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, Jean Baptiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Scanlon, T., Scardilli, Alvaro S., Schenzinger, Verena, Schladow, S. Geoffey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schoeneich, P., Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Sensoy, Serhat, Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimpo, A., Shuman, Christopher A., Siegel, David A., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spence, Jacqueline, Spencer, R. G.M., Spillane, Sandra, Srivastava, A. K., Stabeno, P. J., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Stanitski, Diane M., Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan E., Streeter, Casey, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Suslova, A., Sutton, Adrienne J., Swart, Sebastiann, Sweet, William, Takahashi, Kenneth S., Tank, S. E., Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thompson, Philip R., Timbal, Bertrand, Timmermans, M. L., Tobin, Skie, Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trachte, Katja, Tretiakov, M., Trewin, Blair C., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, Mark, Tye, Mari R., van As, D., van de Wal, R. S.W., van der A, Ronald J., van der Schalie, Robin, van der Schrier, Gerard, van der Werf, Guido R., van Heerwaarden, Chiel, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Verburg, Piet, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Walker, D. A., Walsh, J. E., Wang, Bin, Wang, Hui, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Mengqiu, Wang, Ray, Wang, Sheng Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Webster, Melinda, Weerts, Albrecht, Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zeyaeyan, Sadegh, Zhang, Huai Min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, Andersen, Andrea, Griffin, Jessicca, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Veasey, Sara W., Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Berry, David, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, King, Brian, and Domingues, Catia
- Subjects
Surface (mathematics) ,Atmospheric Science ,Materials science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0207 environmental engineering ,Mineralogy ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,SDG 14 - Life Below Water ,020701 environmental engineering ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year's end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981-2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June's Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°-0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000-18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981-2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir-Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael's landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and $6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14-15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000-10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars).
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. State of the Climate in 2018
- Author
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Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Stanitski, D. M., Gobron, N., Willett, K. M., Sanchez-lugo, A., Berrisford, P., Morice, C., Nicolas, Jp, Carrea, L., Woolway, R. I., Merchant, C. J., Dokulil, M. T., De Eyto, E., Degasperi, C. L., Korhonen, J., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Paterson, A. M., Rusak, J. A., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, M., Verburg, P., Watanabe, S., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., King, A. D., Donat, M. G., Christy, J. R., Po-chedley, S., Mears, C. R., Haimberger, L., Covey, C., Randel, W., Noetzli, J., Biskaborn, B. K., Christiansen, H. H., Isaksen, K., Schoeneich, P., Smith, S., Vieira, G., Zhao, L., Streletskiy, D. A., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M., Berry, D. I., Bosilovich, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Mears, C., Ho, S. P., Bock, O., Zhou, X., Nicolas, J, Vose, R. S., Adler, R., Gu, G., Becker, A., Yin, X, Tye, M. R., Blenkinsop, S., Durre, I., Ziese, M., Collow, A. B. Marquardt, Rustemeier, E., Foster, M. J., Di Girolamo, L., Frey, R. A., Heidinger, A. K., Sun-mack, S., Phillips, C., Menzel, W. P., Stengel, M., Zhao, G., Kim, H., Rodell, M., Li, B., Famiglietti, J. S., Scanlon, T., Van Der Schalie, R., Preimesberger, W., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Gruber, A., Kidd, R., De Jeu, R. A. M., Dorigo, W. A., Barichivich, J., Osborn, T. J., Harris, I., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., Beck, H. E., Dolman, A. J., Jimenez, C., Mccabe, M. F., Wood, E. F., Allan, R., Azorin-molina, C., Mears, C. A., Mcvicar, T. R., Mayer, M., Schenzinger, V., Hersbach, H., Stackhouse, P. W., Jr., Wong, T., Kratz, D. P., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G., Muhle, J., Elkins, J. W., Miller, Br, Remy, S., Bellouin, N., Kipling, Z., Ades, M., Benedetti, A., Boucher, O., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., Arosio, C., Van Der A, R., Frith, S. M., Anderson, J., Coldewey-egbers, M., Davis, S., Degenstein, D., Fioletov, V. E., Froidevaux, L., Hubert, D., Long, C. S., Loyola, D., Rozanov, A., Roth, C., Sofieva, V., Tourpali, K., Wang, R., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Hurst, D. F., Selkirk, H. B., Vomel, H., Ziemke, J. R., Cooper, O. R., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Pinty, B., Kaiser, J. W., Van Der Werf, G. R., Hemming, D. L., Garforth, J., Park, T., Richardson, A. D., Rutishauser, T., Sparks, T. H., Thackeray, S. J., Myneni, R., Lumpkin, R., Huang, B., Kennedy, J., Xue, Y., Zhang, H. -m., Hu, C., Wang, M., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Domingues, C. M., Gilson, J., Ishii, M., Killick, R. E., Monselesan, D., Purkey, S. G., Wijffels, S. E., Locarnini, R., Yu, L., Jin, X., Stackhouse, P. W., Kato, S., Weller, R. A., Thompson, P. R., Widlansky, M. J., Leuliette, E., Sweet, W., Chambers, D. P., Hamlington, B. D., Jevrejeva, S., Marra, J. J., Merrifield, M. A., Mitchum, G. T., Nerem, R. S., Kelble, C., Karnauskas, M., Hubbard, K., Goni, G., Streeter, C., Dohan, K., Franz, B. A., Cetinic, I., Karakoylu, E. M., Siegel, D. A., Westberry, T. K., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Carter, B. R., Landschutzer, P., Sutton, A. J., Cosca, C., Trinanes, J. A., Baxter, S., Schreck, C., Bell, G. D., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C. A. S., Wang, B., He, Q., Diamond, H. J., Schreck, C. J., Blake, E. S., Landsea, C. W., Wang, H., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Klotzbach, P. J., Kruk, M. C., Camargo, S. J., Trewin, B. C., Pearce, P. R., Lorrey, A. M., Domingues, R., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I. -i., Bringas, F., Richter-menge, J., Osborne, E., Druckenmiller, M., Jeffries, M. O., Overland, J. E., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I., Kim, S. -j., Walsh, J. E., Bhatt, U. S., Timmermans, M. -l., Ladd, C., Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Farrell, S., Hendricks, S., Gerland, S., Haas, C., Krumpen, T., Polashenski, C., Ricker, R, Webster, M., Stabeno, P. J., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Andersen, J. K., Mote, T., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., Shiklomanov, N. I., Kholodov, A. L., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Marchenko, S. S., Jella, K. B., Mudryk, L., Brown, R., Derksen, C., Luojus, K., Decharme, B., Holmes, R. M., Shiklomanov, A. I., Suslova, A., Tretiakov, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Spencer, R. G. M., Tank, S. E., Epstein, H., Bhatt, U., Raynolds, M., Walker, D., Forbes, B., Phoenix, G., Bjerke, J., Tommervik, H., Karlsen, S. -r., Goetz, S., Jia, G., Bernhard, G. H., Grooss, J. -u., Ialongo, I., Johnsen, B., Lakkala, K., Manney, G. L., Mueller, R., Scambos, T., Stammerjohn, S., Clem, K. R., Barreira, S., Fogt, R. L., Colwell, S., Keller, L. M., Lazzara, M. A., Reid, P., Massom, R. A., Lieser, J. L., Meijers, A., Sallee, J. -b., Grey, A., Johnson, K., Arrigo, K., Swart, S., King, B., Meredith, M., Mazloff, M., Scardilli, A., Claus, F., Shuman, C. A., Kramarova, N., Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Strahan, S. E., Johnson, B., Pitts, M., Santee, M. L., Petropavlovskikh, I., Braathen, G. O., Coy, L., De Laat, J., Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., Gleason, K., Smith, A., Fenimore, C., Heim, R. R., Jr., Nauslar, N. J., Brown, T. J., Mcevoy, D. J., Lareau, N. P., Amador, J. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Alfaro, E. J., Calderon, B., Mora, N., Stephenson, T. S., Taylor, M. A., Trotman, A. R., Van Meerbeeck, C. J., Campbell, J. D., Brown, A., Spence, J., Martinez, R., Diaz, E., Marin, D., Hernandez, R., Caceres, L., Zambrano, E., Nieto, J., Marengo, J. A., Espinoza, J. C., Alves, L. M., Ronchail, J., Lavado-casimiro, J. W., Ramos, I., Davila, C., Ramos, A. M., Diniz, F. A., Aliaga-nestares, V., Castro, A. Y., Stella, J. L., Aldeco, L. S., Diaz, D. A. Campos, Misevicius, N., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Elkharrim, M., Mostafa, A. E., Hagos, S., Feng, Z., Ijampy, J. A., Sima, F., Francis, S. D., Tsidu, G. Mengistu, Kruger, A. C., Mcbride, C., Jumaux, G., Dhurmea, K. R., Belmont, M., Rakotoarimalala, C. L., Labbe, L., Rosner, B., Benedict, I., Van Heerwaarden, C., Weerts, A., Hazeleger, W., Trachte, K., Zhu, Z., Zhang, P., Lee, T. C., Ripaldi, A., Mochizuki, Y., Lim, J. -y, Oyunjargal, L., Timbal, B., Srivastava, A. K., Revadekar, J. V., Rajeevan, M., Shimpo, A., Khoshkam, M., Kazemi, A. Fazl, Zeyaeyan, S., Lander, M. A., Mcgree, S., Tobin, S., Bettio, L., Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Stanitski, D. M., Gobron, N., Willett, K. M., Sanchez-lugo, A., Berrisford, P., Morice, C., Nicolas, Jp, Carrea, L., Woolway, R. I., Merchant, C. J., Dokulil, M. T., De Eyto, E., Degasperi, C. L., Korhonen, J., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Paterson, A. M., Rusak, J. A., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, M., Verburg, P., Watanabe, S., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., King, A. D., Donat, M. G., Christy, J. R., Po-chedley, S., Mears, C. R., Haimberger, L., Covey, C., Randel, W., Noetzli, J., Biskaborn, B. K., Christiansen, H. H., Isaksen, K., Schoeneich, P., Smith, S., Vieira, G., Zhao, L., Streletskiy, D. A., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M., Berry, D. I., Bosilovich, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Mears, C., Ho, S. P., Bock, O., Zhou, X., Nicolas, J, Vose, R. S., Adler, R., Gu, G., Becker, A., Yin, X, Tye, M. R., Blenkinsop, S., Durre, I., Ziese, M., Collow, A. B. Marquardt, Rustemeier, E., Foster, M. J., Di Girolamo, L., Frey, R. A., Heidinger, A. K., Sun-mack, S., Phillips, C., Menzel, W. P., Stengel, M., Zhao, G., Kim, H., Rodell, M., Li, B., Famiglietti, J. S., Scanlon, T., Van Der Schalie, R., Preimesberger, W., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Gruber, A., Kidd, R., De Jeu, R. A. M., Dorigo, W. A., Barichivich, J., Osborn, T. J., Harris, I., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., Beck, H. E., Dolman, A. J., Jimenez, C., Mccabe, M. F., Wood, E. F., Allan, R., Azorin-molina, C., Mears, C. A., Mcvicar, T. R., Mayer, M., Schenzinger, V., Hersbach, H., Stackhouse, P. W., Jr., Wong, T., Kratz, D. P., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G., Muhle, J., Elkins, J. W., Miller, Br, Remy, S., Bellouin, N., Kipling, Z., Ades, M., Benedetti, A., Boucher, O., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., Arosio, C., Van Der A, R., Frith, S. M., Anderson, J., Coldewey-egbers, M., Davis, S., Degenstein, D., Fioletov, V. E., Froidevaux, L., Hubert, D., Long, C. S., Loyola, D., Rozanov, A., Roth, C., Sofieva, V., Tourpali, K., Wang, R., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Hurst, D. F., Selkirk, H. B., Vomel, H., Ziemke, J. R., Cooper, O. R., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Pinty, B., Kaiser, J. W., Van Der Werf, G. R., Hemming, D. L., Garforth, J., Park, T., Richardson, A. D., Rutishauser, T., Sparks, T. H., Thackeray, S. J., Myneni, R., Lumpkin, R., Huang, B., Kennedy, J., Xue, Y., Zhang, H. -m., Hu, C., Wang, M., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Domingues, C. M., Gilson, J., Ishii, M., Killick, R. E., Monselesan, D., Purkey, S. G., Wijffels, S. E., Locarnini, R., Yu, L., Jin, X., Stackhouse, P. W., Kato, S., Weller, R. A., Thompson, P. R., Widlansky, M. J., Leuliette, E., Sweet, W., Chambers, D. P., Hamlington, B. D., Jevrejeva, S., Marra, J. J., Merrifield, M. A., Mitchum, G. T., Nerem, R. S., Kelble, C., Karnauskas, M., Hubbard, K., Goni, G., Streeter, C., Dohan, K., Franz, B. A., Cetinic, I., Karakoylu, E. M., Siegel, D. A., Westberry, T. K., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Carter, B. R., Landschutzer, P., Sutton, A. J., Cosca, C., Trinanes, J. A., Baxter, S., Schreck, C., Bell, G. D., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C. A. S., Wang, B., He, Q., Diamond, H. J., Schreck, C. J., Blake, E. S., Landsea, C. W., Wang, H., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Klotzbach, P. J., Kruk, M. C., Camargo, S. J., Trewin, B. C., Pearce, P. R., Lorrey, A. M., Domingues, R., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I. -i., Bringas, F., Richter-menge, J., Osborne, E., Druckenmiller, M., Jeffries, M. O., Overland, J. E., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I., Kim, S. -j., Walsh, J. E., Bhatt, U. S., Timmermans, M. -l., Ladd, C., Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Farrell, S., Hendricks, S., Gerland, S., Haas, C., Krumpen, T., Polashenski, C., Ricker, R, Webster, M., Stabeno, P. J., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Andersen, J. K., Mote, T., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., Shiklomanov, N. I., Kholodov, A. L., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Marchenko, S. S., Jella, K. B., Mudryk, L., Brown, R., Derksen, C., Luojus, K., Decharme, B., Holmes, R. M., Shiklomanov, A. I., Suslova, A., Tretiakov, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Spencer, R. G. M., Tank, S. E., Epstein, H., Bhatt, U., Raynolds, M., Walker, D., Forbes, B., Phoenix, G., Bjerke, J., Tommervik, H., Karlsen, S. -r., Goetz, S., Jia, G., Bernhard, G. H., Grooss, J. -u., Ialongo, I., Johnsen, B., Lakkala, K., Manney, G. L., Mueller, R., Scambos, T., Stammerjohn, S., Clem, K. R., Barreira, S., Fogt, R. L., Colwell, S., Keller, L. M., Lazzara, M. A., Reid, P., Massom, R. A., Lieser, J. L., Meijers, A., Sallee, J. -b., Grey, A., Johnson, K., Arrigo, K., Swart, S., King, B., Meredith, M., Mazloff, M., Scardilli, A., Claus, F., Shuman, C. A., Kramarova, N., Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Strahan, S. E., Johnson, B., Pitts, M., Santee, M. L., Petropavlovskikh, I., Braathen, G. O., Coy, L., De Laat, J., Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., Gleason, K., Smith, A., Fenimore, C., Heim, R. R., Jr., Nauslar, N. J., Brown, T. J., Mcevoy, D. J., Lareau, N. P., Amador, J. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Alfaro, E. J., Calderon, B., Mora, N., Stephenson, T. S., Taylor, M. A., Trotman, A. R., Van Meerbeeck, C. J., Campbell, J. D., Brown, A., Spence, J., Martinez, R., Diaz, E., Marin, D., Hernandez, R., Caceres, L., Zambrano, E., Nieto, J., Marengo, J. A., Espinoza, J. C., Alves, L. M., Ronchail, J., Lavado-casimiro, J. W., Ramos, I., Davila, C., Ramos, A. M., Diniz, F. A., Aliaga-nestares, V., Castro, A. Y., Stella, J. L., Aldeco, L. S., Diaz, D. A. Campos, Misevicius, N., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Elkharrim, M., Mostafa, A. E., Hagos, S., Feng, Z., Ijampy, J. A., Sima, F., Francis, S. D., Tsidu, G. Mengistu, Kruger, A. C., Mcbride, C., Jumaux, G., Dhurmea, K. R., Belmont, M., Rakotoarimalala, C. L., Labbe, L., Rosner, B., Benedict, I., Van Heerwaarden, C., Weerts, A., Hazeleger, W., Trachte, K., Zhu, Z., Zhang, P., Lee, T. C., Ripaldi, A., Mochizuki, Y., Lim, J. -y, Oyunjargal, L., Timbal, B., Srivastava, A. K., Revadekar, J. V., Rajeevan, M., Shimpo, A., Khoshkam, M., Kazemi, A. Fazl, Zeyaeyan, S., Lander, M. A., Mcgree, S., Tobin, S., and Bettio, L.
- Published
- 2019
16. Terrestrial Snow Cover
- Author
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Mudryk, Lawrence, Brown, R., Derksen, C., Luojus, K., Decharme, B., Helfrich, S., Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), and Météo France-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology - Abstract
International audience; Snow accumulation during the 2017/18 winter was well above average across the Eurasian Arctic, consistent with an early start to the snow season . North American Arctic snow accumulation was near normal until May and June when what snow remained was generally deeper than usual for the time of year. Snow cover extent for Eurasia was above average during April, slightly above average for May, and below average by June (relative to the 1981-2010 average). This month-to-month change is consistent with unusually high early spring accumulation combined with rapid late spring snow loss. Despite relatively high spring snow accumulation and snow cover extent over the Arctic during the previous two spring seasons, long-term trends remain negative.https://arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2018/ArtMID/7878/ArticleID/782/Terrestrial-Snow-Cover
- Published
- 2018
17. State of the climate in 2017
- Author
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Abernethy, R., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, R., Albanil Encarnación, Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Alfaro, Eric J., Aliaga-Nestares, Vannia, Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Anderson, John, Andreassen, L. M., Argüez, Anthony, Armitage, C., Arndt, Derek S., Avalos, Grinia, Azorin-Molina, César, Báez, Julián, Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behe, Carolina, Bell, Gerald D., Bellouin, Nicolas, Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Blunden, Jessica, Bolmgren, K., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bouchon, Marilú, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Ethan C., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Castro, Anabel, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. S., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Crouch, Jake, Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davis, Sean M., Davletshin, S. G., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A.M., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., De Laat, Jos, De Gasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Deline, P., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dickerson, C., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Domingues, Ricardo, Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Eakin, C. Mark, El Kharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farmer, J., Farrell, S., Fauchald, P., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Geiger, Erick F., Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Gomez, Andrea M., Goni, Gustavo, Grooß, Jens Uwe, Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles P., Gugliemin, Mario, Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, Dimitri, Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, L., Harris, Ian, Hartfield, Gail, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Hendricks, S., Hernández, Rafael, Hernández, Sosa Marieta, Heron, Scott F., Heuzé, C., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu Peng, Hobbs, William R., Horstkotte, T., Huang, Boyin, Hubert, Daan, Hueuzé, Céline, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, Iolanda, Ibrahim, M. M., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaac, Victor, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jiménez, C., Jin, Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjørn, Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Karaköylü, Erdem M., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Khan, M. S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. J., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Ladd, C., Lakatos, Mónika, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lander, Mark A., Landschützer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, S. E., Lee, T. C., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Li, Tim, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I. I., Mears, Carl A., Liu, Gang, Li, Bailing, Liu, Hongxing, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., López, Luis A., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing Jia, Luojus, K., Luthcke, S., Macias-Fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, Gloria L., Marcellin, Vernie, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, José A., Marín, Dora, Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martin, A., Martínez, Alejandra G., Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Martínez-Sánchez, Odalys, Marsh, Benjamin L., Lyman, John M., Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, McBride, Charlotte, McCabe, M. F., McCarthy, Mark, Meier, W., Meijers, Andrew J.S., Mekonnen, Ademe, Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Ben, Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Sukarni, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mosquera-Vásquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Müller, Rolf, Myneni, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, L., Newman, Paul A., Nielsen-Gammon, John W., Nieto, Juan José, Noetzli, Jeannette, Noll, Ben E., O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Osborne, Emily, Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, T., Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo, Pastor Saavedra, Maria Asuncion, Paterson, Andrew M., Paulik, Christoph, Pearce, Petra R., Peltier, Alexandre, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, Don, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pinzon, J., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rakotoarimalala, C., Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Rémy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richardson, A. D., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, R., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodriguez Camino, Ernesto, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Rösner, Benjamin, Roth, Chris, Roth, David Mark, Rusak, James A., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, Jean Bapiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayad, T. A., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Silow, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Skirving, William J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spence, Jacqueline M., Spillane, Sandra, Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Stanitski, Diane M., Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Strong, Alan E., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Sutton, Adrienne J., Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Takahashi, Kenneth S., Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, Philip, Thomson, L., Thorsteinsson, T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timmermans, M. L., TImofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle V., Tobin, Skie, Togawa, H., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S.W., Van Der Ronald, J. A., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velden, Christopher S., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vickers, H., Vincent, Lucie A., Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Ray, Wang, Sheng Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Webster, M., Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Widlansky, Matthew J., Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Wood, K., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yoon, Huang, York, A., Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai Min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus G., Griffin, Jessicca, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Slagle, Mary, Sprain, Mara, Veasey, Sara W., McVicar, Tim R., Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, LS Religiewetenschap, Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Zonder bezoldiging NED, LS Taalverwerving, Leerstoel Tubergen, Afd Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Afd Pharmacology, Dep IRAS, Marine and Atmospheric Research, and OFR - Religious Studies
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science - Abstract
In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina-the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan's all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981-2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values reported in much of Alaska and northwestern Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature (SST) records were broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some regions as warm as +11°C, or 3° to 4°C warmer than the longterm mean (1982-present). According to paleoclimate studies, today's abnormally warm Arctic air and SSTs have not been observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, covering 8% less area than the 1981-2010 average. The Arctic sea ice minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record and covered 25% less area than the long-term mean. Preliminary data indicate that glaciers across the world lost mass for the 38th consecutive year on record; the declines are remarkably consistent from region to region. Cumulatively since 1980, this loss is equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the top of the average glacier. Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all of 2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over the continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and melt index were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to strong positive anomalies of air temperature over most of the West Antarctic coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau saw record low mean temperatures in March. The year was also distinguished by the second smallest Antarctic ozone hole observed since 1988. Across the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming trend remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016 to 2017, the last three years produced the three highest annual values observed; these high anomalies have been associated with widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral bleaching lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and was the longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most destructive such event on record. Global integrals of 0-700-m and 0-2000-m ocean heat content reached record highs in 2017, and global mean sea level during the year became the highest annual average in the 25-year satellite altimetry record, rising to 77 mm above the 1993 average. In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms, slightly above the 1981-2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic basin was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes in the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record rainfall totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm total of 1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds the previous known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm. Irma was the strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean on record with maximum winds of 295 km h-1. Maria caused catastrophic destruction across the Caribbean Islands, including devastating wind damage and flooding across Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, the western North Pacific, South Indian, and Australian basins were all particularly quiet. Precipitation over global land areas in 2017 was clearly above the long-term average. Among noteworthy regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second wettest year on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India, heavy rain and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season claimed around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more than a decade in the Venezuelan states of Bolívar and Delta Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September caused the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods that displaced more than 100 000 people. Global fire activity was the lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in parts of North America, South America, and Europe, with an unusually long season in Spain and Portugal, which had their second and third driest years on record, respectively. Devastating fires impacted British Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares of timber, bush, and grassland, due in part to the region's driest summer on record. In the United States, an extreme western wildfire season burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of $18 billion tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record set in 1991.
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- 2018
18. Intercomparison of Snow Melt Onset Date Estimates From Optical and Microwave Satellite Instruments Over the Northern Hemisphere for the Period 1982–2015
- Author
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Kouki, K., primary, Anttila, K., additional, Manninen, T., additional, Luojus, K., additional, Wang, L., additional, and Riihelä, A., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. State of the Climate in 2017
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Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Hartfield, G., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Crouch, Jake, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Abernethy, R., Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Aliaga-nestares, Vannia, Anderson, John, Armitage, C., Avalos, Grinia, Behe, Carolina, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bernhard, G. H., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bolmgren, K., Bouchon, Marilu, Campbell, Ethan C., Castro, Anabel, Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davletshin, S. G., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., Deline, P., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Dickerson, C., Domingues, Ricardo, Durre, Imke, Eakin, C. Mark, Farmer, J., Fauchald, P., Geiger, Erick F., Gomez, Andrea M., Gugliemin, Mario, Hansen, K., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Heron, Scott F., Heuze, C., Horstkotte, T., Hubert, Daan, Hueuze, Celine, Ibrahim, M. M., Isaac, Victor, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Karakoylu, Erdem M., Khan, M. S., Ladd, C., Lavado-casimiro, Waldo, Lee, S. -e, Lee, T. C., Li, Bailing, Li, Tim, Lopez, Luis A., Luthcke, S., Marcellin, Vernie, Marin, Dora, Marsh, Benjamin L., Martin, A, Martinez, Alejandra G., Martinez-sanchez, Odalys, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Miller, Ben, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Nielsen-gammon, John W., Noll, Ben E., Osborne, Emily, Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion, Paulik, Christoph, Peltier, Alexandre, Pinzon, J., Po-chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rakotoarimalala, C., Richardson, A. D., Ricker, R, Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto, Rosner, Benjamin, Roth, David Mark, Rutishauser, T., Sasgen, L., Sayad, T. A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Silow, Eugene, Skirving, William J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spillane, Sandra, Stanitski, Diane M., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Strong, Alan E., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Kenneth S., Thackeray, S. J., Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle, V, Togawa, H., Tommervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trinanes, Joaquin A., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van Der A, Ronald J., Velden, Christopher S., Vickers, H., Webster, M., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wood, K., Yoon, Huang, York, A., Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., Ziese, Markus G., Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Hartfield, G., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Crouch, Jake, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Abernethy, R., Albanil, Encarnacion Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Aliaga-nestares, Vannia, Anderson, John, Armitage, C., Avalos, Grinia, Behe, Carolina, Bellouin, Nicolas, Bernhard, G. H., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bolmgren, K., Bouchon, Marilu, Campbell, Ethan C., Castro, Anabel, Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davletshin, S. G., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., Deline, P., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Dickerson, C., Domingues, Ricardo, Durre, Imke, Eakin, C. Mark, Farmer, J., Fauchald, P., Geiger, Erick F., Gomez, Andrea M., Gugliemin, Mario, Hansen, K., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Heron, Scott F., Heuze, C., Horstkotte, T., Hubert, Daan, Hueuze, Celine, Ibrahim, M. M., Isaac, Victor, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Karakoylu, Erdem M., Khan, M. S., Ladd, C., Lavado-casimiro, Waldo, Lee, S. -e, Lee, T. C., Li, Bailing, Li, Tim, Lopez, Luis A., Luthcke, S., Marcellin, Vernie, Marin, Dora, Marsh, Benjamin L., Martin, A, Martinez, Alejandra G., Martinez-sanchez, Odalys, Meijers, Andrew J. S., Miller, Ben, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Mosquera-vasquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Nielsen-gammon, John W., Noll, Ben E., Osborne, Emily, Pastor, Saavedra Maria Asuncion, Paulik, Christoph, Peltier, Alexandre, Pinzon, J., Po-chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rakotoarimalala, C., Richardson, A. D., Ricker, R, Rodriguez, Camino Ernesto, Rosner, Benjamin, Roth, David Mark, Rutishauser, T., Sasgen, L., Sayad, T. A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Silow, Eugene, Skirving, William J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spillane, Sandra, Stanitski, Diane M., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Strong, Alan E., Sutton, Adrienne J., Takahashi, Kenneth S., Thackeray, S. J., Thomson, Lthorsteinsson T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle, V, Togawa, H., Tommervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trinanes, Joaquin A., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van Der A, Ronald J., Velden, Christopher S., Vickers, H., Webster, M., Westberry, Toby K., Widlansky, Matthew J., Wood, K., Yoon, Huang, York, A., Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., and Ziese, Markus G.
- Abstract
In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide— reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth’s surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina—the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan’s all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981–2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values r
- Published
- 2018
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20. State of the climate in 2017
- Author
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Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, LS Religiewetenschap, Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Zonder bezoldiging NED, LS Taalverwerving, Leerstoel Tubergen, Afd Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Afd Pharmacology, Dep IRAS, Marine and Atmospheric Research, OFR - Religious Studies, Abernethy, R., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, R., Albanil Encarnación, Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Alfaro, Eric J., Aliaga-Nestares, Vannia, Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Anderson, John, Andreassen, L. M., Argüez, Anthony, Armitage, C., Arndt, Derek S., Avalos, Grinia, Azorin-Molina, César, Báez, Julián, Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behe, Carolina, Bell, Gerald D., Bellouin, Nicolas, Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blenkinsop, Stephen, Blunden, Jessica, Bolmgren, K., Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bouchon, Marilú, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Ethan C., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Castro, Anabel, Chambers, Don P., Cheng, Lijing, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, E. S., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Costanza, Carol, Covey, Curt, Coy, Lawrence, Cronin, T., Crouch, Jake, Cruzado, Luis, Daniel, Raychelle, Davis, Sean M., Davletshin, S. G., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A.M., De La Cour, Jacqueline L., De Laat, Jos, De Gasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Deline, P., Demircan, Mesut, Derksen, C., Dewitte, Boris, Dhurmea, R., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dickerson, C., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Domingues, Ricardo, Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Eakin, C. Mark, El Kharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Famiglietti, James S., Farmer, J., Farrell, S., Fauchald, P., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Geiger, Erick F., Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Gomez, Andrea M., Goni, Gustavo, Grooß, Jens Uwe, Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles P., Gugliemin, Mario, Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, Dimitri, Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, L., Harris, Ian, Hartfield, Gail, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Hendricks, S., Hernández, Rafael, Hernández, Sosa Marieta, Heron, Scott F., Heuzé, C., Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu Peng, Hobbs, William R., Horstkotte, T., Huang, Boyin, Hubert, Daan, Hueuzé, Céline, Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, Iolanda, Ibrahim, M. M., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaac, Victor, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jacobs, Stephanie J., Jeffries, Martin O., Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jiménez, C., Jin, Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, Bjørn, Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Karaköylü, Erdem M., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Khan, M. S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. J., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Ladd, C., Lakatos, Mónika, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lander, Mark A., Landschützer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Lazzara, Matthew A., Lee, S. E., Lee, T. C., Leuliette, Eric, L'Heureux, Michelle, Li, Tim, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I. I., Mears, Carl A., Liu, Gang, Li, Bailing, Liu, Hongxing, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., López, Luis A., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing Jia, Luojus, K., Luthcke, S., Macias-Fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, Gloria L., Marcellin, Vernie, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, José A., Marín, Dora, Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martin, A., Martínez, Alejandra G., Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Martínez-Sánchez, Odalys, Marsh, Benjamin L., Lyman, John M., Massom, Robert A., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, McBride, Charlotte, McCabe, M. F., McCarthy, Mark, Meier, W., Meijers, Andrew J.S., Mekonnen, Ademe, Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. 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D., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, R., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodriguez Camino, Ernesto, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Rösner, Benjamin, Roth, Chris, Roth, David Mark, Rusak, James A., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, Jean Bapiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayad, T. A., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Silow, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Skirving, William J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spence, Jacqueline M., Spillane, Sandra, Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Stanitski, Diane M., Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Strong, Alan E., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Sutton, Adrienne J., Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Takahashi, Kenneth S., Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, Philip, Thomson, L., Thorsteinsson, T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timmermans, M. L., TImofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle V., Tobin, Skie, Togawa, H., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S.W., Van Der Ronald, J. 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Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Slagle, Mary, Sprain, Mara, Veasey, Sara W., McVicar, Tim R., Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, LS Religiewetenschap, Sub Atmospheric physics and chemistry, Zonder bezoldiging NED, LS Taalverwerving, Leerstoel Tubergen, Afd Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Afd Pharmacology, Dep IRAS, Marine and Atmospheric Research, OFR - Religious Studies, Abernethy, R., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, R., Albanil Encarnación, Adelina, Aldeco, Laura S., Alfaro, Eric J., Aliaga-Nestares, Vannia, Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Anderson, John, Andreassen, L. M., Argüez, Anthony, Armitage, C., Arndt, Derek S., Avalos, Grinia, Azorin-Molina, César, Báez, Julián, Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. 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Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Miller, Ben, Miralles, Diego G., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Sukarni, Moat, Ben, Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Mosquera-Vásquez, Kobi, Mostafa, Awatif E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Müller, Rolf, Myneni, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, L., Newman, Paul A., Nielsen-Gammon, John W., Nieto, Juan José, Noetzli, Jeannette, Noll, Ben E., O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Osborne, Emily, Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Park, T., Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo, Pastor Saavedra, Maria Asuncion, Paterson, Andrew M., Paulik, Christoph, Pearce, Petra R., Peltier, Alexandre, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, Don, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pinzon, J., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, Sarah G., Quispe, Nelson, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rakotoarimalala, C., Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Rémy, Samuel, Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richardson, A. D., Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Ricker, R., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodriguez Camino, Ernesto, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Rösner, Benjamin, Roth, Chris, Roth, David Mark, Rusak, James A., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, Jean Bapiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sasgen, L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayad, T. A., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, Verena, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Silow, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Skirving, William J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, T. H., Spence, Jacqueline M., Spillane, Sandra, Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Stanitski, Diane M., Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, Kimberly, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Strong, Alan E., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Sutton, Adrienne J., Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Takahashi, Kenneth S., Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, Philip, Thomson, L., Thorsteinsson, T., Timbal, Bertrand, Timmermans, M. L., TImofeyev, Maxim A., Tirak, Kyle V., Tobin, Skie, Togawa, H., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, Kleareti, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Triñanes, Joaquin A., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tucker, C. J., Tye, Mari R., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S.W., Van Der Ronald, J. A., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velden, Christopher S., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vickers, H., Vincent, Lucie A., Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Ray, Wang, Sheng Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Webster, M., Weller, Robert A., Westberry, Toby K., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Widlansky, Matthew J., Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Wood, K., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yin, Xungang, Yoon, Huang, York, A., Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai Min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Zhu, Zhiwei, Ziel, R., Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus G., Griffin, Jessicca, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Slagle, Mary, Sprain, Mara, Veasey, Sara W., and McVicar, Tim R.
- Published
- 2018
21. State of the climate in 2016
- Author
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Aaron-Morrison, A. P., Ackerman, S. A., Adams, N. G., Adler, R. F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E. J., Allan, R., Alves, L. M., Amador, J. A., Andreassen, L. M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D. S., Arzhanova, N. M., Aschan, M. M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M. O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K. M., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bell, G. D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Bettolli, M. L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B. D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E. S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M. G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O. N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S. J., Campbell, J. D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B. R., Chambers, D. P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J. R., Chung, D., Chung, E. S., Cinque, K., Clem, K. R., Coelho, C. A., Cogley, J. G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O. R., Copland, L., Cosca, C. E., Cross, J. N., Crotwell, M. J., Crouch, J., Davis, S. M., Eyto, E., Jeu, R. A. M., Laat, J., Degasperi, C. L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M. T., Dolgov, A. V., Dolman, A. J., Domingues, C. M., Donat, M. G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W. A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D. S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R. J. H., Durán-Quesada, A. M., Dutton, G. S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J. W., Espinoza, J. C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T. E., Famiglietti, J. S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R. A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V. E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C. T., Fogt, R. L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M. J., Fountain, A., Francis, S. D., Franz, B. A., Frey, R. A., Frith, S. M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Gomez, R. S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J. U., Gruber, A., Guard, C. C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B. D., Halpert, M. S., Hamlington, B. D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A. K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R. R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H. G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S. P. B., Holmes, R. M., Hu, Z. Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H. K., Huffman, G. J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D. F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Jones, P. D., Joseph, A. C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L. M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S. J., Kimberlain, T. B., Klotzbach, P. J., Knaff, J. A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N. N., Kovacs, K. M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D. P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M. A., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M. A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’heureux, M., Lieser, J. L., Lin, I. I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C. S., López Álvarez, L. A., Lorrey, A. M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J. J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J. M., Maberly, S. C., Maddux, B. C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Marra, J. J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R. A., Mata, M. M., Mathis, J. T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., Mcbride, C., Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Mcgree, S., Mcvicar, T. R., Mears, C. A., Meier, W., Meinen, C. S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. P., Merchant, C. J., Meredith, M. P., Merrifield, M. A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D. G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G. T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S. A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A. B., Nash, E. R., Naveira-Garabato, A. C., Nerem, R. S., Newman, P. A., Nieto, J. J., Noetzli, J., O’neel, S., Osborn, T. J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R. M., Park, E. H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A. R., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A. M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P. R., Pelto, M. S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A. B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M. C., Pons, M. R., Porter, A. O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V. N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J. A., Revadekar, J. V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Roth, C., Rusak, J. A., Sabine, C. L., Sallée, J. B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M. L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T. A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C. J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, N. I., Siegel, D. A., Signorini, S. R., Sima, F., Simmons, A. J., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, S. L., Spence, J. M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J. L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T. S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D. A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L. D., Tamar, G., Tank, S. E., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M. L., Maxim Timofeyev, Tirnanes, J. A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V. L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B. C., Trotman, A. R., Tschudi, M., As, D., Wal, R. S. W., A, R. J., Schalie, R., Schrier, G., Werf, G. R., Meerbeeck, C. J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L. A., Volkov, D., Vose, R. S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S. H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R. A., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S. E., Wilber, A. C., Wild, J. D., Willett, K. M., Williams, M. J. M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S. Y., Yin, X., Young, S. H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J. R., Love-Brotak, S. E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S. W., Ambrose, B. J., Griffin, J., Misch, D. J., Riddle, D. B., Young, T., Macias Fauria, M, Blunden, J, Arndt, D, Earth and Climate, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Clinical Developmental Psychology, Climate Change and Landscape Dynamics, and Molecular Cell Physiology
- Subjects
Meteor (satellite) ,Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Geography ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,SDG 14 - Life Below Water ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute similar to 7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01 degrees C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century-to-date of +0.162 degrees C decade(-1) is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100 degrees C decade(-1). Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Nino at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Nina contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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22. State of the Climate in 2016
- Author
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Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Aaron-morrison, Arlene P., Abdallah, A., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alvarez, Luis A., Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Arce, Dayana, Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Arzhanova, N. M., Augustine, John, Awatif, E. M., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettolli, Maria L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Biskaborn, B., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Boudet, Dagne, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Brimelow, Julian, Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Caroff, P., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Chandler, Elise, Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Daniel, Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cutie, Virgen, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dindyal, S., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Etienne-leblanc, Sheryl, Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flannigan, Mike, Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Fonseca, C., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Goto, A., Greenhough, Marianna D., Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Hare, Jon, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Huelsing, Hannah K., Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kass, David, Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Kelem, G., Keller, Linda M., Kelly, B. P., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Kimberlain, Todd B., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kochtubajda, Bob, Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lanckmann, J. -p., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lantz, Kathleen, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, Lewis, Stephen R., L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Loranty, M., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lu, Mong-ming, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macara, Gregor, Macdonald, Alison M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, Gerard, Mccarthy, M., Mcdonagh, Elaine L., Mcgree, Simon, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Menezes, V. V., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Minnis, Patrick, Miralles, Diego G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Morrow, Blair, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pellichero, Violaine, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Pons, M. R., Porter, Avalon O., Quintana, Juan, Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., Read, Peter, Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Renwick, James A., Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rollenbeck, Ruetger, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Roquet, F., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sarmiento, Jorge L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schemm, Jae, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schoeneich, P., Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Silov, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stennett-brown, Roxann, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Timofeev, Maxim A., Tirnanes, Joaquin A., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tweedy, Olga, Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahlin, Anna, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willie, Shem, Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yim, So-young, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Zilberman, Nathalie, Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Aaron-morrison, Arlene P., Abdallah, A., Ackerman, Steven A., Adler, Robert, Alfaro, Eric J., Allan, Richard P., Allan, Rob, Alvarez, Luis A., Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Arce, Dayana, Argueez, Anthony, Arndt, Derek S., Arzhanova, N. M., Augustine, John, Awatif, E. M., Azorin-molina, Cesar, Baez, Julian, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Beck, H. E., Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettolli, Maria L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Biskaborn, B., Bissolli, Peter, Bjerke, J., Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Boudet, Dagne, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Brimelow, Julian, Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderon, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Caroff, P., Carrea, Laura, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Chandler, Elise, Cheng, Ming-dean, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Daniel, Chung, E. -s., Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A. S., Coldewey-egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Cross, J. N., Crouch, Jake, Cutie, Virgen, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A. M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Di Girolamo, Larry, Diamond, Howard J., Dindyal, S., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, Robert J. H., Duran-quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, Jhan C., Etienne-leblanc, Sheryl, Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R. S., Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flannigan, Mike, Flemming, Johannes, Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Fonseca, C., Forbes, B. C., Foster, Michael J., Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Gerland, S., Gilson, John, Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Goni, Gustavo, Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Goto, A., Greenhough, Marianna D., Grooss, J. -u., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles, Gupta, S. K., Gutierrez, J. M., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I, Hare, Jon, Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heim, Richard R., Jr., Hendricks, S., Hernandez, Marieta, Hernandez, Rafael, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Ho, Shu-peng, Hobbs, William R., Huang, Boyin, Huelsing, Hannah K., Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jimenez, C., Jin Xiangze, John, Viju, Johns, William E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Johnson, Kenneth S., Jones, Philip D., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, J. W., Kass, David, Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Kelem, G., Keller, Linda M., Kelly, B. P., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. -j., Kimberlain, Todd B., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kochtubajda, Bob, Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Krumpen, T., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lanckmann, J. -p., Lander, Mark A., Landschuetzer, Peter, Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lantz, Kathleen, Lazzara, Matthew A., Leuliette, Eric, Lewis, Stephen R., L'Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I-i, Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Long, Craig S., Loranty, M., Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lu, Mong-ming, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing-jia, Luojus, K., Lyman, John M., Macara, Gregor, Macdonald, Alison M., Macias-fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, Jose A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martinez-gueingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mathis, Jeremy T., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, Mcbride, Charlotte, Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, Gerard, Mccarthy, M., Mcdonagh, Elaine L., Mcgree, Simon, Mcvicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Mekonnen, A., Menezes, V. V., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Minnis, Patrick, Miralles, Diego G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, Gary T., Mitro, Srkani, Monselesan, Didier, Montzka, Stephen A., Mora, Natalie, Morice, Colin, Morrow, Blair, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Muehle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Mueller, R., Nash, Eric R., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Louise, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan Jose, Noetzli, Jeannette, O'Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, E-hyung, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-ramirez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Pearce, Petra R., Pellichero, Violaine, Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, C., Phillips, David, Phoenix, G., Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Pons, M. R., Porter, Avalon O., Quintana, Juan, Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Rayner, Darren, Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., Read, Peter, Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Remy, Samuel, Renwick, James A., Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-menge, J., Rimmer, Alon, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rollenbeck, Ruetger, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Roquet, F., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sallee, Jean-bapiste, Sanchez-lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sarmiento, Jorge L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schemm, Jae, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schoeneich, P., Schreck, Carl J., Iii, Schuur, Ted, Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Sharp, M., Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Silov, Eugene, Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeed, David A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, Adam, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, B., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Jr., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, Jose L., Stennett-brown, Roxann, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Sun-mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Tamar, Gerard, Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, L., Thompson, Philip R., Timmermans, M. -l., Timofeev, Maxim A., Tirnanes, Joaquin A., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Tweedy, Olga, Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vieira, G., Vincent, Lucie A., Voemel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Wahlin, Anna, Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, Bin, Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng-hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wiese, David N., Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Willie, Shem, Willis, Josh K., Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yim, So-young, Yin, Xungang, Yu, Lisan, Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Huai-min, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhao, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., and Zilberman, Nathalie
- Abstract
In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 av
- Published
- 2017
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23. State of the climate in 2015
- Author
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Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Young, T., Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub IER overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub IER overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Earth and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, and Climate Change and Landscape Dynamics
- Subjects
Surface (mathematics) ,Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Mineralogy ,02 engineering and technology ,15. Life on land ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,13. Climate action ,F331 Atmospheric Physics ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,SDG 14 - Life Below Water ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
SxviAUGUST 2016|ABSTRACT—J. BLUNDEN AND D. S. ARNDTIn 2015, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all continued to reach new high levels. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, the annual CO2 concentration increased by a record 3.1 ppm, exceeding 400 ppm for the first time on record. The 2015 global CO2 average neared this threshold, at 399.4 ppm. Additionally, one of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 developed in spring 2015 and continued to evolve through the year. The phenomenon was far reaching, impacting many regions across the globe and affecting most aspects of the climate system.Owing to the combination of El Niño and a long-term up-ward trend, Earth observed record warmth for the second con-secutive year, with the 2015 annual global surface temperature surpassing the previous record by more than 0.1°C and exceed-ing the average for the mid- to late 19th century—commonly considered representative of preindustrial conditions—by more than 1°C for the first time. Above Earth’s surface, lower troposphere temperatures were near-record high.Across land surfaces, record to near-record warmth was reported across every inhabited continent. Twelve countries, including Russia and China, reported record high annual tem-peratures. In June, one of the most severe heat waves since 1980 affected Karachi, Pakistan, claiming over 1000 lives. On 27 October, Vredendal, South Africa, reached 48.4°C, a new global high temperature record for this month. In the Arctic, the 2015 land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying 2007 and 2011 for the high-est annual temperature and representing a 2.8°C increase since the record began in 1900. Increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 25 February 2015, the lowest maximum sea ice extent in the 37-year satel-lite record was observed, 7% below the 1981–2010 average. Mean sea surface temperatures across the Arctic Ocean dur-ing August in ice-free regions, representative of Arctic Ocean summer anomalies, ranged from ~0°C to 8°C above average. As a consequence of sea ice retreat and warming oceans, vast walrus herds in the Pacific Arctic are hauling out on land rather than on sea ice, raising concern about the energetics of females and young animals. Increasing temperatures in the Barents Sea are linked to a community-wide shift in fish populations: boreal communities are now farther north, and long-standing Arctic species have been almost pushed out of the area.Above average sea surface temperatures are not confined to the Arctic. Sea surface temperature for 2015 was record high at the global scale; however, the North Atlantic southeast of Greenland remained colder than average and colder than 2014. Global annual ocean heat content and mean sea level also reached new record highs. The Greenland Ice Sheet, with the capacity to contribute ~7 m to sea level rise, experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface for the first time since the record melt of 2012.Other aspects of the cryosphere were remarkable. Alpine glacier retreat continued, and preliminary data indicate that 2015 is the 36th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, late-spring snow cover extent continued its trend of decline, with June the sec-ond lowest in the 49-year satellite record. Below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, increasing by up to 0.66°C decade–1 since 2000. In the Antarctic, surface pressure and temperatures were lower than the 1981–2010 average for most of the year, consis-tent with the primarily positive southern annular mode, which saw a record high index value of +4.92 in February. Antarctic sea ice extent and area had large intra-annual variability, with a shift from record high levels in May to record low levels in August. Springtime ozone depletion resulted in one of the largest and most persistent Antarctic ozone holes observed since the 1990s.Closer to the equator, 101 named tropical storms were observed in 2015, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. The eastern/central Pacific had 26 named storms, the most since 1992. The western north Pacific and north and south Indian Ocean basins also saw high activity. Globally, eight tropical cyclones reached the Saffir–Simpson Category 5 intensity level.Overlaying a general increase in the hydrologic cycle, the strong El Niño enhanced precipitation variability around the world. An above-normal rainy season led to major floods in Paraguay, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. In May, the United States recorded its all-time wettest month in its 121-year national record. Denmark and Norway reported their second and third wettest year on record, respectively, but globally soil moisture was below average, terrestrial groundwater storage was the lowest in the 14-year record, and areas in “severe” drought rose from 8% in 2014 to 14% in 2015. Drought conditions prevailed across many Caribbean island nations, Colombia, Venezuela, and northeast Brazil for most of the year. Several South Pacific countries also experienced drought. Lack of rainfall across Ethiopia led to its worst drought in decades and affected millions of people, while prolonged drought in South Africa severely affected agricultural production. Indian summer monsoon rainfall was just 86% of average. Extremely dry conditions in Indonesia resulted in intense and widespread fires during August–November that produced abundant car-bonaceous aerosols, carbon monoxide, and ozone. Overall, emissions from tropical Asian biomass burning in 2015 were almost three times the 2001–14 average.
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- 2016
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24. State of the Climate in 2014
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Aaron-Morrison, Arlene P., Ackerman, Steven A., Adams, Nicolaus G., Adler, Robert F., Albanil, Adelina, Alfaro, E. J., Allan, Rob, Alves, Lincoln M., Amador, Jorge A., Andreassen, L. M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, Juan, Arndt, Derek S., Arzhanova, N. M., Aschan, M. M., Azorin-Molina, César, Banzon, Viva, Bardin, M. U., Barichivich, Jonathan, Baringer, Molly O., Barreira, Sandra, Baxter, Stephen, Bazo, Juan, Becker, Andreas, Bedka, Kristopher M., Behrenfeld, Michael J., Bell, Gerald D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, Angela, Bernhard, G., Berrisford, Paul, Berry, David I., Bettolli, María L., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, Mario, Bill, Brian D., Billheimer, Sam, Bissolli, Peter, Blake, Eric S., Blunden, Jessica, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Boudet, Dagne, Box, J. E., Boyer, Tim, Braathen, Geir O., Bromwich, David H., Brown, R., Bulygina, Olga N., Burgess, D., Calderón, Blanca, Camargo, Suzana J., Campbell, Jayaka D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, Gualberto, Carter, Brendan R., Chambers, Don P., Chandler, Elise, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Daniel, Chung, E. S., Cinque, Kathy, Clem, Kyle R., Coelho, Caio A., Cogley, J. G., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Colwell, Steve, Cooper, Owen R., Copland, L., Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica N., Crotwell, Molly J., Crouch, Jake, Davis, Sean M., De Eyto, Elvira, De Jeu, Richard A.M., De Laat, Jos, Degasperi, Curtis L., Degenstein, Doug, Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, Dale, Di Girolamo, Larry, Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, Howard J., Dlugokencky, Ed J., Dohan, Kathleen, Dokulil, Martin T., Dolgov, A. V., Dolman, A. Johannes, Domingues, Catia M., Donat, Markus G., Dong, Shenfu, Dorigo, Wouter A., Dortch, Quay, Doucette, Greg, Drozdov, D. S., Ducklow, Hugh, Dunn, Robert J.H., Durán-Quesada, Ana M., Dutton, Geoff S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, James W., Espinoza, Jhan C., Etienne-Leblanc, Sheryl, Evans, Thomas E., Famiglietti, James S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, Robert S., Fedaeff, Nava, Feely, Richard A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, Chris, Fettweis, X., Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Fogarty, Chris T., Fogt, Ryan L., Folland, Chris, Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, Michael J., Fountain, Andrew, Francis, S. D., Franz, Bryan A., Frey, Richard A., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Ganter, Catherine, Garzoli, Silvia, Gerland, S., Gobron, Nadine, Goldenberg, Stanley B., Gomez, R. Sorbonne, Goni, Gustavo, Goto, A., Grooß, J. U., Gruber, Alexander, Guard, Charles Chip, Gugliemin, Mauro, Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, J. M., Hagos, S., Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leo, Hakkarainen, J., Hall, Brad D., Halpert, Michael S., Hamlington, Benjamin D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, Ian, Heidinger, Andrew K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, Richard R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, Marieta, Hidalgo, Hugo G., Hilburn, Kyle, Ho, Shu Peng Ben, Holmes, R. M., Hu, Zeng Zhen, Huang, Boyin, Huelsing, Hannah K., Huffman, George J., Hughes, C., Hurst, Dale F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J. A., Ingvaldsen, R. B., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, K., Ishii, Masayoshi, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, Jiménez, C., Jin, Xiangze, Johannesen, E., John, Viju, Johnsen, B., Johnson, Bryan, Johnson, Gregory C., Jones, Philip D., Joseph, Annie C., Jumaux, Guillaume, Kabidi, Khadija, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kato, Seiji, Kazemi, A., Keller, Linda M., Kendon, Mike, Kennedy, John, Kerr, Kenneth, Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Killick, Rachel, Kim, Hyungjun, Kim, S. J., Kimberlain, Todd B., Klotzbach, Philip J., Knaff, John A., Kobayashi, Shinya, Kohler, J., Korhonen, Johanna, Korshunova, Natalia N., Kovacs, K. M., Kramarova, Natalya, Kratz, D. P., Kruger, Andries, Kruk, Michael C., Kudela, Raphael, Kumar, Arun, Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, Mark A., Landsea, Chris W., Lankhorst, Matthias, Lantz, Kathleen, Lazzara, Matthew A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, Eric, L’Heureux, Michelle, Lieser, Jan L., Lin, I. I., Liu, Hongxing, Liu, Yinghui, Locarnini, Ricardo, Loeb, Norman G., Lo Monaco, Claire, Long, Craig S., López Álvarez, Luis Alfonso, Lorrey, Andrew M., Loyola, Diego, Lumpkin, Rick, Luo, Jing Jia, Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, John M., Maberly, Stephen C., Maddux, Brent C., Malheiros Ramos, Andrea, Malkova, G. V., Manney, G., Marcellin, Vernie, Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, José A., Marra, John J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Massom, Robert A., Mata, Mauricio M., Mathis, Jeremy T., May, Linda, Mayer, Michael, Mazloff, Matthew, McBride, Charlotte, McCabe, M. F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J. W., McGree, Simon, McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Meier, W., Meinen, Christopher S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, Melisa, Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. Paul, Merchant, Christopher J., Meredith, Michael P., Merrifield, Mark A., Metzl, N., Minnis, Patrick, Miralles, Diego G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, Gary T., Monselesan, Didier, Monteiro, Pedro, Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, Jens, Mullan, A. Brett, Nash, Eric R., Naveira-Garabato, Alberto C., Nerem, R. Steven, Newman, Paul A., Nieto, Juan José, Noetzli, Jeannette, O’Neel, S., Osborn, Tim J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Parinussa, Robert M., Park, E. Hyung, Parker, David, Parrington, M., Parsons, A. Rost, Pasch, Richard J., Pascual-Ramírez, Reynaldo, Paterson, Andrew M., Paulik, Christoph, Pearce, Petra R., Pelto, Mauri S., Peng, Liang, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Pezza, Alexandre B., Phillips, David, Pinty, Bernard, Pitts, Michael C., Pons, M. R., Porter, Avalon O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, Sean, Quintana, Juan, Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Rajeevan, Madhavan, Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., Reagan, James, Reid, Phillip, Reimer, Christoph, Rémy, Samuel, Renwick, James A., Revadekar, Jayashree V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, Michael, Rimmer, Alon, Rintoul, Steve, Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez Solís, José L., Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Ronchail, Josyane, Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rusak, James A., Sabine, Christopher L., Sallée, Jean Bapiste, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Santee, Michelle L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, Amal, Scambos, Ted A., Schemm, Jae, Schladow, S. Geoffrey, Schmid, Claudia, Schmid, Martin, Schmidtko, Sunke, Schreck, Carl J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, Uwe, Sensoy, Serhat, Setzer, Alberto, Sharp, M., Shaw, Adrian, Shi, Lei, Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, Nikolai I., Siegel, David A., Signorini, Sergio R., Sima, Fatou, Simmons, Adrian J., Smeets, C. J.P.P., Smith, Sharon L., Spence, Jaqueline M., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stammerjohn, Sharon, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Stella, José L., Stengel, Martin, Stennett-Brown, Roxann, Stephenson, Tannecia S., Strahan, Susan, Streletskiy, D. A., Sun-Mack, Sunny, Swart, Sebastiaan, Sweet, William, Talley, Lynne D., Tamar, Gerard, Tank, S. E., Taylor, Michael A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, Katrin, Thoman, R. L., Thompson, Philip, Thomson, L., Timmermans, M. L., Tirnanes, Joaquin A., Tobin, Skie, Trachte, Katja, Trainer, Vera L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, Blair C., Trotman, Adrian R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S.W., van der A., Ronald J., Van Der Schalie, Robin, Van Der Schrier, Gerard, Van Der Werf, Guido R., Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, Piet, Vigneswaran, Bala, Vincent, Lucie A., Volkov, Denis, Vose, Russell S., Wagner, Wolfgang, Wåhlin, Anna, Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, Chunzai, Wang, Junhong, Wang, Lei, Wang, M., Wang, Sheng Hung, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Shohei, Weber, Mark, Weller, Robert A., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., Whitewood, Robert, Wijffels, Susan E., Wilber, Anne C., Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, Michael J.M., Willie, Shem, Wolken, G., Wong, Takmeng, Wood, E. F., Woolway, R. Iestyn, Wouters, B., Xue, Yan, Yamada, Ryuji, Yim, So Young, Yin, Xungang, Young, Steven H., Yu, Lisan, Zahid, H., Zambrano, Eduardo, Zhang, Peiqun, Zhao, Guanguo, Zhou, Lin, Ziemke, Jerry R., Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Gilbert, Kristin, Maycock, Tom, Osborne, Susan, Sprain, Mara, Veasey, Sara W., Ambrose, Barbara J., Griffin, Jessicca, Misch, Deborah J., Riddle, Deborah B., Young, Teresa, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Earth and Climate
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0106 biological sciences ,[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Perspective (graphical) ,15. Life on land ,01 natural sciences ,El Niño Southern Oscillation ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,Environmental science ,SDG 14 - Life Below Water ,[SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Most of the dozens of essential climate variables monitored each year in this report continued to follow their long-term trends in 2014, with several setting new records. Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-the major greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-once again all reached record high average atmospheric concentrations for the year. Carbon dioxide increased by 1.9 ppm to reach a globally averaged value of 397.2 ppm for 2014. Altogether, 5 major and 15 minor greenhouse gases contributed 2.94 W m-2 of direct radiative forcing, which is 36% greater than their contributions just a quarter century ago. Accompanying the record-high greenhouse gas concentrations was nominally the highest annual global surface temperature in at least 135 years of modern record keeping, according to four independent observational analyses. The warmth was distributed widely around the globe's land areas, Europe observed its warmest year on record by a large margin, with close to two dozen countries breaking their previous national temperature records; many countries in Asia had annual temperatures among their 10 warmest on record; Africa reported above-average temperatures across most of the continent throughout 2014; Australia saw its third warmest year on record, following record heat there in 2013; Mexico had its warmest year on record; and Argentina and Uruguay each had their second warmest year on record. Eastern North America was the only major region to observe a below-average annual temperature. But it was the oceans that drove the record global surface temperature in 2014. Although 2014 was largely ENSO-neutral, the globally averaged sea surface temperature (SST) was the highest on record. The warmth was particularly notable in the North Pacific Ocean where SST anomalies signaled a transition from a negative to positive phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation. In the winter of 2013/14, unusually warm water in the northeast Pacific was associated with elevated ocean heat content anomalies and elevated sea level in the region. Globally, upper ocean heat content was record high for the year, reflecting the continued increase of thermal energy in the oceans, which absorb over 90% of Earth's excess heat from greenhouse gas forcing. Owing to both ocean warming and land ice melt contributions, global mean sea level in 2014 was also record high and 67 mm greater than the 1993 annual mean, when satellite altimetry measurements began. Sea surface salinity trends over the past decade indicate that salty regions grew saltier while fresh regions became fresher, suggestive of an increased hydrological cycle over the ocean expected with global warming. As in previous years, these patterns are reflected in 2014 subsurface salinity anomalies as well. With a now decade-long trans-basin instrument array along 26°N, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shows a decrease in transport of-4.2 ± 2.5 Sv decade-1. Precipitation was quite variable across the globe. On balance, precipitation over the world's oceans was above average, while below average across land surfaces. Drought continued in southeastern Brazil and the western United States. Heavy rain during April-June led to devastating floods in Canada's Eastern Prairies. Above-normal summer monsoon rainfall was observed over the southern coast of West Africa, while drier conditions prevailed over the eastern Sahel. Generally, summer monsoon rainfall over eastern Africa was above normal, except in parts of western South Sudan and Ethiopia. The south Asian summer monsoon in India was below normal, with June record dry. Across the major tropical cyclone basins, 91 named storms were observed during 2014, above the 1981-2010 global average of 82. The Eastern/Central Pacific and South Indian Ocean basins experienced significantly above-normal activity in 2014; all other basins were either at or below normal. The 22 named storms in the Eastern/Central Pacific was the basin's most since 1992. Similar to 2013, the North Atlantic season was quieter than most years of the last two decades with respect to the number of storms, despite the absence of El Niño conditions during both years. In higher latitudes and at higher elevations, increased warming continued to be visible in the decline of glacier mass balance, increasing permafrost temperatures, and a deeper thawing layer in seasonally frozen soil. In the Arctic, the 2014 temperature over land areas was the fourth highest in the 115-year period of record and snow melt occurred 20-30 days earlier than the 1998-2010 average. The Greenland Ice Sheet experienced extensive melting in summer 2014. The extent of melting was above the 1981-2010 average for 90% of the melt season, contributing to the second lowest average summer albedo over Greenland since observations began in 2000 and a record-low albedo across the ice sheet for August. On the North Slope of Alaska, new record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at four of five permafrost observatories. In September, Arctic minimum sea ice extent was the sixth lowest since satellite records began in 1979. The eight lowest sea ice extents during this period have occurred in the last eight years. Conversely, in the Antarctic, sea ice extent countered its declining trend and set several new records in 2014, including record high monthly mean sea ice extent each month from April to November. On 20 September, a record large daily Antarctic sea ice extent of 20.14 × 106 km2 occurred. The 2014 Antarctic stratospheric ozone hole was 20.9 million km2 when averaged from 7 September to 13 October, the sixth smallest on record and continuing a decrease, albeit statistically insignificant, in area since 1998.
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- 2015
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25. State of the climate in 2015
- Author
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Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub ISEP overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Young, T., Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub ISEP overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., and Young, T.
- Published
- 2016
26. Changing Arctic snow cover:a review of recent developments and assessment of future needs for observations, modelling, and impacts
- Author
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Bokhorst, S. (Stef), Højlund Pedersen, S. (Stine), Brucker, L. (Ludovic), Anisimov, O. (Oleg), Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.), Brown, R. D. (Ross D.), Ehrich, D. (Dorothee), Essery, R. L. (Richard L. H.), Heilig, A. (Achim), Ingvander, S. (Susanne), Johansson, C. (Cecilia), Johansson, M. (Margareta), Svala Jónsdóttir, I. (Ingibjörg), Inga, N. (Niila), Luojus, K. (Kari), Macelloni, G. (Giovanni), Mariash, H. (Heather), McLennan, D. (Donald), Ninis Rosqvist, G. (Gunhild), Sato, A. (Atsushi), Savela, H. (Hannele), Schneebeli, M. (Martin), Sokolov, A. (Aleksandr), Sokratov, S. A. (Sergey A.), Terzago, S. (Silvia), Vikhamar-Schuler, D. (Dagrun), Williamson, S. (Scott), Qiu, Y. (Yubao), Callaghan, T. V. (Terry V.), Bokhorst, S. (Stef), Højlund Pedersen, S. (Stine), Brucker, L. (Ludovic), Anisimov, O. (Oleg), Bjerke, J. W. (Jarle W.), Brown, R. D. (Ross D.), Ehrich, D. (Dorothee), Essery, R. L. (Richard L. H.), Heilig, A. (Achim), Ingvander, S. (Susanne), Johansson, C. (Cecilia), Johansson, M. (Margareta), Svala Jónsdóttir, I. (Ingibjörg), Inga, N. (Niila), Luojus, K. (Kari), Macelloni, G. (Giovanni), Mariash, H. (Heather), McLennan, D. (Donald), Ninis Rosqvist, G. (Gunhild), Sato, A. (Atsushi), Savela, H. (Hannele), Schneebeli, M. (Martin), Sokolov, A. (Aleksandr), Sokratov, S. A. (Sergey A.), Terzago, S. (Silvia), Vikhamar-Schuler, D. (Dagrun), Williamson, S. (Scott), Qiu, Y. (Yubao), and Callaghan, T. V. (Terry V.)
- Abstract
Snow is a critically important and rapidly changing feature of the Arctic. However, snow-cover and snowpack conditions change through time pose challenges for measuring and prediction of snow. Plausible scenarios of how Arctic snow cover will respond to changing Arctic climate are important for impact assessments and adaptation strategies. Although much progress has been made in understanding and predicting snow-cover changes and their multiple consequences, many uncertainties remain. In this paper, we review advances in snow monitoring and modelling, and the impact of snow changes on ecosystems and society in Arctic regions. Interdisciplinary activities are required to resolve the current limitations on measuring and modelling snow characteristics through the cold season and at different spatial scales to assure human well-being, economic stability, and improve the ability to predict manage and adapt to natural hazards in the Arctic region.
- Published
- 2016
27. User requirements for the snow and land ice services - CryoLand
- Author
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Malnes, E., Buanes, A., Nagler, T., Bippus, G., Gustafsson, David, Schiller, C., Metsamaki, S., Pulliainen, J., Luojus, K., Larsen, H. E., Solberg, R., Diamandi, A., Wiesmann, A., Malnes, E., Buanes, A., Nagler, T., Bippus, G., Gustafsson, David, Schiller, C., Metsamaki, S., Pulliainen, J., Luojus, K., Larsen, H. E., Solberg, R., Diamandi, A., and Wiesmann, A.
- Abstract
CryoLand (2011-2015) is a project carried out within the 7th Framework of the European Commission aimed at developing downstream services for monitoring seasonal snow, glaciers and lake/river ice primarily based on satellite remote sensing. The services target private and public users from a wide variety of application areas, and aim to develop sustainable services after the project is completed. The project has performed a thorough user requirement survey in order to derive targeted requirements for the service and provide recommendations for the design and priorities of the service. In this paper we describe the methods used, the major findings in this user survey, and how we used the results to design and specify the CryoLand snow and land ice service. The user requirement analysis shows that a European operational snow and land ice service is required and that there exists developed cryosphere products that can meet the specific needs. The majority of the users were mainly interested not only in the snow services, but also the lake/river ice products and the glacier products were desired.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. User requirements for the snow and land ice services – CryoLand
- Author
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Malnes, E., primary, Buanes, A., additional, Nagler, T., additional, Bippus, G., additional, Gustafsson, D., additional, Schiller, C., additional, Metsämäki, S., additional, Pulliainen, J., additional, Luojus, K., additional, Larsen, H. E., additional, Solberg, R., additional, Diamandi, A., additional, and Wiesmann, A., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Evaluation of North Eurasian snow-off dates in the ECHAM5.4 atmospheric general circulation model
- Author
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Räisänen, P., primary, Luomaranta, A., additional, Järvinen, H., additional, Takala, M., additional, Jylhä, K., additional, Bulygina, O. N., additional, Luojus, K., additional, Riihelä, A., additional, Laaksonen, A., additional, Koskinen, J., additional, and Pulliainen, J., additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Implementing hemispherical snow water equivalent product assimilating weather station observations and spaceborne microwave data
- Author
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Takala, M., primary, Luojus, K., additional, Pulliainen, J., additional, Derksen, C., additional, Lemmetyinen, J., additional, Karna, J-P., additional, Koskinen, J., additional, and Bojkov, B., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Combined hemispherical scale SWE and snow clearance monitoring
- Author
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Takala, M., primary, Pulliainen, J., additional, Luojus, K., additional, Lemmetyinen, J., additional, Kangwa, M., additional, Metsamaki, S., additional, and Koskinen, J., additional
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Assimilating spaceborne radar and ground-based weather station data for operational snow-covered area estimation
- Author
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Luojus, K., primary, Pulliainen, J., additional, Metsamaki, S., additional, Anttila, S., additional, and Hallikainen, M., additional
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Mapping of Snow Water Equivalent and Snow Coverage from Combined EO and in situ Data for Climatic Studies and Hydrological Forecasting Models
- Author
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Pulliainen, J., primary, Karna, J.-P., additional, Hallikainen, M., additional, Luojus, K., additional, Metsamaki, S., additional, Huttunen, M., additional, and Anttila, S., additional
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Development of Techniques to Retrieve Snow Covered Area (SCA) in Boreal Forests from Space-borne Microwave Observations
- Author
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Luojus, K., primary, Karna, J.-P., additional, Hallikainen, M., additional, and Pulliainen, J., additional
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. New approach for the global mapping of fractional snow coverage in boreal forest and tundra belt applicable to various sensors.
- Author
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Metsamaki, S., Mattila, O.-P., Ka?rna?, J.-P., Pulliainen, J., and Luojus, K.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. A new global Snow Extent product based on ATSR-2 and AATSR.
- Author
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Solberg, R., Wangensteen, B., Amlien, J., Koren, H., Metsa?ma?ki, S., Nagler, T., Luojus, K., and Pulliainen, J.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. From EO data to snow covered area (SCA) end products using automated processing system.
- Author
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Anttila, S., Metsamaki, S., Pulliainen, J., and Luojus, K.
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- 2005
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38. Terrestrial snow cover.
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Derksen, C., Brown, R., Mudryk, L., and Luojus, K.
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SNOW cover ,SNOWMELT ,SPRING ,SNOW accumulation - Abstract
The article offers information on the global terrestrial snow cover in 2015. Topics include the significance of the timing of spring snowmelt, anomalies in snow cover extent (SCE) for the 2015 Arctic spring, and evidence of snowmelt across the terrestrial Arctic region. A figure is also presented which shows changes in regional total stored water between 2003-2015.
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- 2016
39. Investigating the feasibility of the globsnow snow water equivalent data for climate research purposes.
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Luojus, K., Pulliainen, J., Takala, M., Derksen, C., Rott, H., Nagler, T., Solberg, R., Wiesmann, A., Metsamaki, S., Malnes, E., and Bojkov, B.
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- 2010
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40. The Arctic
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Andersen, J K, Andreassen, Liss M, Baker, Emily H, Ballinger, Thomas J, Berner, Logan T, Bernhard, Germar H, Bhatt, Uma S, Bjerke, Jarle W, Box, Jason E, Britt, L, Brown, R, Burgess, David, Cappelen, John, Christiansen, Hanne H, Decharme, B, Derksen, C, Drozdov, D S, Epstein, Howard E, Farquharson, L M, Farrell, Sinead L, Fausto, Robert S, Fettweis, Xavier, Fioletov, Vitali E, Forbes, Bruce C, Frost, Gerald V, Gerland, Sebastian, Goetz, Scott J, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, Hanna, Edward, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Hendricks, Stefan, Ialongo, Iolanda, Isaksen, K, Johnsen, Bjørn, Kaleschke, L, Kholodov, A L, Kim, Seong-Joong, Kohler, Jack, Labe, Zachary, Ladd, Carol, Lakkala, Kaisa, Lara, Mark J, Loomis Bryant andLuks, Bartlomiej, Luojus, K, Macander, Matthew J, Malkova, G V, Mankoff, Kenneth D, Manney, Gloria L, Marsh, J M, Meier, Walt, Moon, Twila A, Mote, Thomas, Mudryk, L, Mueter, F J, Müller, Rolf, Nyland, K E, O'Neel, Shad, Overland, James E, Perovich, Don, Phoenix, Gareth K, Raynolds, Martha K, Reijmer, C H, Ricker, Robert, Romanovsky, Vladimir E, Schuur, E A G, Sharp, Martin, Shiklomanov, Nikolai I, Smeets, C J P P, Smith, Sharon L, Streletskiy, Dimitri A, Tedesco, Marco, Thoman, Richard L, Thorson, J T, Tian-Kunze, X, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Tømmervik, Hans, Tschudi, Mark, van As, Dirk, van de Wal, R S W, Walker, Donald A, Walsh, John E, Wang, Muyin, Webster, Melinda, Winton, Øyvind, Wolken, Gabriel J, Wood, K, Wouters, Bert, Zador, S, Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, Druckenmiller, Matthew L, Dep Natuurkunde, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Proceskunde, Sub Algemeen Marine & Atmospheric Res, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Oceanography ,State (polity) ,[SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Environmental science ,[SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology ,[SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,media_common ,The arctic - Abstract
International audience
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41. State of the climate in 2017
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Abernethy, R., Ackerman, S. A., Adler, R., Albanil Encarnación, A., Aldeco, L. S., Alfaro, E. J., Aliaga-Nestares, V., Allan, R. P., Allan, R., Alves, L. M., Amador, J. A., Anderson, J., Andreassen, L. M., Argüez, A., Armitage, C., Arndt, D. S., Avalos, G., Azorin-Molina, C., Báez, J., Bardin, M. Yu, Barichivich, J., Baringer, M. O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Beck, H. E., Becker, A., Bedka, K. M., Behe, C., Bell, G. D., Bellouin, N., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G. H., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Bhatt, U. S., Bissolli, P., Bjerke, J., Blake, E. S., Blenkinsop, S., Blunden, J., Bolmgren, K., Bosilovich, M. G., Boucher, O., Bouchon, M., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, R., Buehler, S., Bulygina, O. N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S. J., Campbell, E. C., Campbell, J. D., Cappelen, J., Carrea, L., Carter, B. R., Castro, A., Chambers, D. P., lijing cheng, Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J. R., Chung, E. -S, Clem, K. R., Coelho, C. A. S., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O. R., Copland, L., Costanza, C., Covey, C., Coy, L., Cronin, T., Crouch, J., Cruzado, L., Daniel, R., Davis, S. M., Davletshin, S. G., Eyto, E., Jeu, R. A. M., La Cour, J. L., Laat, J., Gasperi, C. L., Degenstein, D., Deline, P., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Dewitte, B., Dhurmea, R., Di Girolamo, L., Diamond, H. J., Dickerson, C., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M. T., Dolman, A. J., Domingues, C. M., Domingues, R., Donat, M. G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W. A., Drozdov, D. S., Dunn, R. J. H., Durre, I., Dutton, G. S., Eakin, C. M., El Kharrim, M., Elkins, J. W., Epstein, H. E., Espinoza, J. C., Famiglietti, J. S., Farmer, J., Farrell, S., Fauchald, P., Fausto, R. S., Feely, R. A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V. E., Flemming, J., Fogt, R. L., Folland, C., Forbes, B. C., Foster, M. J., Francis, S. D., Franz, B. A., Frey, R. A., Frith, S. M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Geiger, E. F., Gerland, S., Gilson, J., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Gomez, A. M., Goni, G., Grooß, J. U., Gruber, A., Guard, C. P., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, S. K., Gutiérrez, D., Haas, C., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hall, B. D., Halpert, M. S., Hamlington, B. D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, L., Harris, I., Hartfield, G., Heidinger, A. K., Heim, R. R., Helfrich, S., Hemming, D. L., Hendricks, S., Hernández, R., Hernández, S. M., Heron, S. F., Heuzé, C., Hidalgo, H. G., Ho, S. -P, Hobbs, W. R., Horstkotte, T., Huang, B., Hubert, D., Hueuzé, C., Hurst, D. F., Ialongo, I., Ibrahim, M. M., Ijampy, J. A., Inness, A., Isaac, V., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jacobs, S. J., Jeffries, M. O., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., John, V., Johns, W. E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Johnson, K. S., Jones, P. D., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Karaköylü, E. M., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L. M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Khan, M. S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S. -J, Klotzbach, P. J., Knaff, J. A., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N. N., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D. P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Krumpen, T., Ladd, C., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M. A., Landschützer, P., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lavado-Casimiro, W., Lazzara, M. A., Lee, S. -E, Lee, T. C., Leuliette, E., L Heureux, M., Li, T., Lieser, J. L., Lin, I. -I, Mears, C. A., Liu, G., Li, B., Liu, H., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Long, C. S., López, L. A., Lorrey, A. M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J. -J, Luojus, K., Luthcke, S., Macias-Fauria, M., Malkova, G. V., Manney, G. L., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Marín, D., Marra, J. J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martin, A., Martínez, A. G., Martínez-Güingla, R., Martínez-Sánchez, O., Marsh, B. L., Lyman, J. M., Massom, R. A., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., Mcbride, C., Mccabe, M. F., Mccarthy, M., Meier, W., Meijers, A. J. S., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W. P., Merchant, C. J., Meredith, M. P., Merrifield, M. A., Miller, B., Miralles, D. G., Mitchum, G. T., Mitro, S., Moat, B., Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, D., Montzka, S. A., Mora, N., Morice, C., Mosquera-Vásquez, K., Mostafa, A. E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A. B., Müller, R., Myneni, R., Nash, E. R., Nerem, R. S., Newman, L., Newman, P. A., Nielsen-Gammon, J. W., Nieto, J. J., Noetzli, J., Noll, B. E., O Neel, S., Osborn, T. J., Osborne, E., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Park, T., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Pastor Saavedra, M. A., Paterson, A. M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P. R., Peltier, A., Pelto, M. S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A. B., Phillips, C., Phillips, D., Phoenix, G., Pinty, B., Pinzon, J., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Purkey, S. G., Quispe, N., Rajeevan, M., Rakotoarimalala, C., Rayner, D., Raynolds, M. K., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Revadekar, J. V., Richardson, A. D., Richter-Menge, J., Ricker, R., Rimmer, A., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Rodriguez Camino, E., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Rösner, B., Roth, C., Roth, D. M., Rusak, J. A., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, J. -B, Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M. L., Sasgen, L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayad, T. A., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T. A., Scanlon, T., Schenzinger, V., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schreck, C. J., Selkirk, H. B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Sharp, M., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, N. I., Shimaraeva, S. V., Siegel, D. A., Silow, E., Sima, F., Simmons, A. J., Skirving, W. J., Smeed, D. A., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Smith, A., Smith, S. L., Soden, B., Sofieva, V., Sparks, T. H., Spence, J. M., Spillane, S., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Stanitski, D. M., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J. L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, K., Stephenson, T. S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D. A., Strong, A. E., Sun-Mack, S., Sutton, A. J., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, K. S., Tamar, G., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S. J., Thoman, R. L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Thorsteinsson, T., Timbal, B., Timmermans, M. -L, Timofeyev, M. A., Tirak, K. V., Tobin, S., Togawa, H., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, K., Trachte, K., Trewin, B. C., Triñanes, J. A., Trotman, A. R., Tschudi, M., Tucker, C. J., Tye, M. R., As, D., Wal, R. S. W., Ronald, J. A., Schalie, R., Schrier, G., Werf, G. R., Meerbeeck, C. J., Velden, C. S., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vickers, H., Vincent, L. A., Vömel, H., Vose, R. S., Wagner, W., Walker, D. A., Walsh, J., Wang, B., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R., Wang, S. -H, Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Webster, M., Weller, R. A., Westberry, T. K., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Whitewood, R., Widlansky, M. J., Wiese, D. N., Wijffels, S. E., Wilber, A. C., Wild, J. D., Willett, K. M., Willis, J. K., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E. F., Wood, K., Woolway, R. I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yin, X., Yoon, H., York, A., Yu, L., Zambrano, E., Zhang, H. -M, Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhao, L., Zhu, Z., Ziel, R., Ziemke, J. R., Ziese, M. G., Griffin, J., Hammer, G., Love-Brotak, S. E., Misch, D. J., Riddle, D. B., Slagle, M., Sprain, M., Veasey, S. W., and Mcvicar, T. R.
- Subjects
Meteor (satellite) ,Atmospheric Science ,Climate Research ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Climate change ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities ,Klimatforskning ,El Niño Southern Oscillation ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING ,Environmental science ,SDG 14 - Life Below Water ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-reached new record highs. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface for 2017 was 405.0 ± 0.1 ppm, 2.2 ppm greater than for 2016 and the highest in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800 000 years. The global growth rate of CO2 has nearly quadrupled since the early 1960s. With ENSO-neutral conditions present in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during most of the year and weak La Niña conditions notable at the start and end, the global temperature across land and ocean surfaces ranked as the second or third highest, depending on the dataset, since records began in the mid-to-late 1800s. Notably, it was the warmest non-El Niño year in the instrumental record. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower tropospheric temperature was also either second or third highest according to all datasets analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was about 0.2°C higher than the record cold temperature of 2016 according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Argentina, Uruguay, Spain, and Bulgaria, reported record high annual temperatures. Mexico broke its annual record for the fourth consecutive year. On 27 January, the temperature reached 43.4°C at Puerto Madryn, Argentina-the highest temperature recorded so far south (43°S) anywhere in the world. On 28 May in Turbat, western Pakistan, the high of 53.5°C tied Pakistan's all-time highest temperature and became the world-record highest temperature for May. In the Arctic, the 2017 land surface temperature was 1.6°C above the 1981-2010 average, the second highest since the record began in 1900, behind only 2016. The five highest annual Arctic temperatures have all occurred since 2007. Exceptionally high temperatures were observed in the permafrost across the Arctic, with record values reported in much of Alaska and northwestern Canada. In August, high sea surface temperature (SST) records were broken for the Chukchi Sea, with some regions as warm as +11°C, or 3° to 4°C warmer than the longterm mean (1982-present). According to paleoclimate studies, today's abnormally warm Arctic air and SSTs have not been observed in the last 2000 years. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 7 March, sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, covering 8% less area than the 1981-2010 average. The Arctic sea ice minimum on 13 September was the eighth lowest on record and covered 25% less area than the long-term mean. Preliminary data indicate that glaciers across the world lost mass for the 38th consecutive year on record; the declines are remarkably consistent from region to region. Cumulatively since 1980, this loss is equivalent to slicing 22 meters off the top of the average glacier. Antarctic sea ice extent remained below average for all of 2017, with record lows during the first four months. Over the continent, the austral summer seasonal melt extent and melt index were the second highest since 2005, mostly due to strong positive anomalies of air temperature over most of the West Antarctic coast. In contrast, the East Antarctic Plateau saw record low mean temperatures in March. The year was also distinguished by the second smallest Antarctic ozone hole observed since 1988. Across the global oceans, the overall long-term SST warming trend remained strong. Although SST cooled slightly from 2016 to 2017, the last three years produced the three highest annual values observed; these high anomalies have been associated with widespread coral bleaching. The most recent global coral bleaching lasted three full years, June 2014 to May 2017, and was the longest, most widespread, and almost certainly most destructive such event on record. Global integrals of 0-700-m and 0-2000-m ocean heat content reached record highs in 2017, and global mean sea level during the year became the highest annual average in the 25-year satellite altimetry record, rising to 77 mm above the 1993 average. In the tropics, 2017 saw 85 named tropical storms, slightly above the 1981-2010 average of 82. The North Atlantic basin was the only basin that featured an above-normal season, its seventh most active in the 164-year record. Three hurricanes in the basin were especially notable. Harvey produced record rainfall totals in areas of Texas and Louisiana, including a storm total of 1538.7 mm near Beaumont, Texas, which far exceeds the previous known U.S. tropical cyclone record of 1320.8 mm. Irma was the strongest tropical cyclone globally in 2017 and the strongest Atlantic hurricane outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean on record with maximum winds of 295 km h-1. Maria caused catastrophic destruction across the Caribbean Islands, including devastating wind damage and flooding across Puerto Rico. Elsewhere, the western North Pacific, South Indian, and Australian basins were all particularly quiet. Precipitation over global land areas in 2017 was clearly above the long-term average. Among noteworthy regional precipitation records in 2017, Russia reported its second wettest year on record (after 2013) and Norway experienced its sixth wettest year since records began in 1900. Across India, heavy rain and flood-related incidents during the monsoon season claimed around 800 lives. In August and September, above-normal precipitation triggered the most devastating floods in more than a decade in the Venezuelan states of Bolívar and Delta Amacuro. In Nigeria, heavy rain during August and September caused the Niger and Benue Rivers to overflow, bringing floods that displaced more than 100 000 people. Global fire activity was the lowest since at least 2003; however, high activity occurred in parts of North America, South America, and Europe, with an unusually long season in Spain and Portugal, which had their second and third driest years on record, respectively. Devastating fires impacted British Columbia, destroying 1.2 million hectares of timber, bush, and grassland, due in part to the region's driest summer on record. In the United States, an extreme western wildfire season burned over 4 million hectares; the total costs of $18 billion tripled the previous U.S. annual wildfire cost record set in 1991.
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42. State of the climate in 2013
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Blunden, J., Arndt, D. S., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hurst, D. F., Rennie, J., Thorne, P. W., Donat, M. G., Dunn, R. J. H., Long, C. S., Christy, J. R., Noetzli, J., Christiansen, H. H., Gugliemin, M., Romanovsky, V. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., Smith, S. L., Zhao, L., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M. S., Mears, C. A., Ho, S.-O. B., Peng, L., Wang, J., Vose, R. S., Hilburn, K., Yin, X., Kruk, M. C., Becker, A., Foster, M. J., Ackerman, S. A., Heidinger, A. K., Maddux, B. C., Stengel, M., Kim, H., Oki, T., Rodell, M., Chambers, D. P., Famiglietti, J. S., Dorigo, W. A., Chung, D., Parinussa, R. M., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Liu, Y. Y., Wagner, W. W., de Jeu, R. A. M., Paulik, C., Wang, G., Allan, R., Folland, C. K., Tobin, I., Berrisford, P., Vautard, R., McVicar, T. R., Kratz, D. P., Stackhouse, P.W., Wong, T., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Lantz, K. O., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G. S., Mühle, J., Elkins, J. W., Benedetti, A., Jones, L. T., Kaiser, J. W., Morcrette, J.-J., Remy, S., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., van der A., R. J., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Fioletov, V. E., Frith, S. M., Loyola, D., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Cooper, O. R., Ziemke, J., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Quegan, S., Ciais, P., Santoro, M., Pinty, B., Gobron, N., van der Werf, G. R., Newlin, M. L., Gregg, M. C., Xue, Y., Hu, Z.-Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Willis, J. K., Boyer, T., Antonov, J., Good, S. A., Domingues, C. M., Bindoff, N., Yu, L., Jin, X., Lagerloef, G. S. E., Kao, H.-Y., Reagan, J., Schmid, C., Locarnini, R., Lumpkin, R., Goni, G., Dohan, K., Baringer, M. O., McCarthy, G., Lankhorst, M., Smeed, D. A., Send, U., Rayner, D., Johns, W. E., Meinen, C. S., Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T. O., Frajka-Williams, E., Marotzke, J., Garzoli, S., Dong, S., Volkov, D., Hobbs, W. R., Merrifield, M. A., Thompson, P., Leuliette, E., Nerem, R. S., Hamlington, B., Mitchum, G. T., McInnes, K., Marra, J. J., Menendez, M., Sweet, W., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Sabine, C. L., Mathis, J. T., Takahashi, T., Khatiwala, S., Franz, B. A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Siegel, D. A., Werdell, P. J., Diamond, H. J., Bell, G. D., L'Heureux, M., Halpert, M. S., Baxter, S., Gottschalck, J., Landsea, C. W., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Blake, E. S., Schemm, J., Kimberlain, T. B., Schreck, C. J., Evans, T.E., Camargo, S. J., Gleason, K. L., Trewin, B. C., Lorrey, A. M., Fauchereau, N. C., Chappell, P. R., Ready, S., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I.-I., Wang, B., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C A. S., Wang, C., Fogarty, C. T., Klotzbach, P., Luo, J.-J., Lander, M. A., Guard, C. P. C., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Key, J., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Kim, B.-M., Kim, S.-J., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Bhatt, U. S., Liu, Y., Stone, R., Cox, C., Walden, V., Francis, J., Vavrus, S., Tang, Q., Bernhard, G., Manney, G., Grooss, J.-U., Muller, R., Heikkila, A., Johnsen, B., Koskela, T., Lakkala, K., Svendby, T., Dahlback, A., Bruhwiler, L., Laurila, T., Worthy, D., Quinn, P. K., Stohl, A., Baklanov, A., Flanner, M. G., Herber, A., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Schmale, J., Sharma, S., Vestreng, V., Von Salzen, K., Perovich, D., Gerland, S., Hendricks, S., Meier, W., Nicolaus, M., Tschudi, M., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zimmerman, S., Cross, J. N., Evans, W., Anderson, L., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Derksen, C., Brown, R., Luojus, K., Sharp, M., Wolken, G., Geai, M.-L., Burgess, D., Arendt, A., Wouters, B., Kohler, J., Andreassen, L. M., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Jensen, T. S., Mote, T., Rennermalm, A. K., Smith, L. C., van de Wal, R. S. W., Wahr, J., Duguay, C. R., Brown, L. C., Kang, K.-K., Kheyrollah Pour, H., Streletskiy, D. A., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Oberman, N. G., Kholodov, A. L., Marchenko, S. S., Fogt, R. 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S., Liu, Y., Stone, R., Cox, C., Walden, V., Francis, J., Vavrus, S., Tang, Q., Bernhard, G., Manney, G., Grooss, J.-U., Muller, R., Heikkila, A., Johnsen, B., Koskela, T., Lakkala, K., Svendby, T., Dahlback, A., Bruhwiler, L., Laurila, T., Worthy, D., Quinn, P. K., Stohl, A., Baklanov, A., Flanner, M. G., Herber, A., Kupiainen, K., Law, K. S., Schmale, J., Sharma, S., Vestreng, V., Von Salzen, K., Perovich, D., Gerland, S., Hendricks, S., Meier, W., Nicolaus, M., Tschudi, M., Timmermans, M.-L., Ashik, I., Frolov, I., Ha, H. K., Ingvaldsen, R., Kikuchi, T., Kim, T. W., Krishfield, R., Loeng, H., Nishino, S., Pickart, R., Polyakov, I., Rabe, B., Schauer, U., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W. M., Sokolov, V., Steele, M., Toole, J., Williams, W., Woodgate, R., Zimmerman, S., Cross, J. N., Evans, W., Anderson, L., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Derksen, C., Brown, R., Luojus, K., Sharp, M., Wolken, G., Geai, M.-L., Burgess, D., Arendt, A., Wouters, B., Kohler, J., Andreassen, L. M., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fettweis, X., Jensen, T. S., Mote, T., Rennermalm, A. K., Smith, L. C., van de Wal, R. S. W., Wahr, J., Duguay, C. R., Brown, L. C., Kang, K.-K., Kheyrollah Pour, H., Streletskiy, D. A., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Oberman, N. G., Kholodov, A. L., Marchenko, S. S., Fogt, R. 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- Abstract
In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La Niña or El Niño events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earths surface and through the troposphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had record or near-record high temperatures for the year. Australia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific
43. Accuracy assessment for HUT snow covered area estimation method
- Author
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Luojus, K., primary, Pulliainen, J., additional, and Hallikainen, M., additional
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- View/download PDF
44. Snow covered area estimation using satellite radar wide swath images
- Author
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Luojus, K., primary, Pulliainen, J., additional, Metsamaki, S., additional, and Hallikainen, M., additional
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- View/download PDF
45. Fusion of low resolution optical and high resolution sar data for land cover classification
- Author
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Torma, M., primary, Lumme, J., additional, Patrikainen, N., additional, and Luojus, K., additional
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46. From EO data to snow covered area (SCA) end products using automated processing system
- Author
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Anttila, S., primary, Metsamaki, S., additional, Pulliainen, J., additional, and Luojus, K., additional
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47. Estimation of snow pack characteristics and snow covered area in Boreal forests from ERS-2 SAR and envisat ASAR data
- Author
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Pulliainen, J., primary, Luojus, K., additional, Hallikainen, M., additional, Metsamaki, S., additional, Koskinen, J., additional, Karna, J., additional, Huttunen, M., additional, and Rasmus, S., additional
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48. h. Terrestrial snow cover.
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Derksen, C., Brown, R., and Luojus, K.
- Subjects
SNOW cover ,ARCTIC climate ,SNOW accumulation ,CLIMATOLOGY ,METEOROLOGY - Abstract
The article highlights the changes in terrestrial snow cover in the Arctic in 2013. Topics discussed include the determination of Northern Hemisphere spring snow cover extent (SCE) anomalies, the continued reduction of SCE from the historical mean during May and June, and the snow depth anomalies during the season.
- Published
- 2014
49. Evaluation of the single reference image snow-covered area estimation method for the boreal forest zone.
- Author
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Luojus, K., Pulliainen, J., and Metsamakf, S.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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50. Development of SAR-Based Snow-Covered Area Estimation Method for Borel Forest Zone.
- Author
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Luojus, K., Pulliainen, J., Metsamaki, S., Molera, G., Nakari, R., Karna, J.-P., and Hallikainen, M.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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