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Halperin and Schulz's neurodevelopmental model postulates that the onset of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood is due to subcortical alterations, whereas the disorder trajectory into adulthood depends on the development of executive functions. Based on a dimensional framework of ADHD, Coll-Martín et al. (2021) found support for the model in an adult community sample assessed in arousal and executive vigilance. The present study is a preregistered (https://osf.io/tkdq7) close replication of Coll-Martín et al. with stricter control of statistical error rates to test the two hypotheses of the model. A sample of university students (N = 292 valid; 49% women) completed self-reports of ADHD symptoms in childhood (retrospectively) and adulthood and performed the online version of an attentional task (the ANTI-Vea). Our preregistered hypotheses achieved an acceptable statistical power for the effects of interest, even after accounting for measurement error. Despite this, only the unexpected negative correlation between executive vigilance and symptoms in childhood was significant, therefore refuting the theoretical predictions. Similarly, neither multiverse nor exploratory analyses supported the dissociation pattern proposed by the neurodevelopmental model. ADHD symptoms across the lifespan may be pathophysiologically identical, at least in terms of vigilance. Future studies could include complementary assessment methods and clinical groups.

Following our preregistered design and hypotheses, we found interesting results in the second experiment. Thus, we have decided to conduct a third experiment following the simpler design used by Marotta et al. (2018), with the addition of a peripheral visual cue 100 ms before the target onset and, in an alternative block, an alert sound 450 ms before the target onset.

Rhythmic contexts are ubiquitous in our lives, influencing our behavior significantly. Music, dance, speech, and even natural events such as sea waves have an inherent temporal structure, understood as rhythms. The Dynamic Attending Theory (DAT) states that attention can be entrained to external rhythms, enhancing our behavior in terms of preparation (e.g.., faster responses) and/or perception (e.g., better discrimination). Notwithstanding the great influence of the DAT, several studies actually failed to observe entrainment effects in tasks measuring either accuracy or response speed. The present study aims to further explore this issue by trying to replicate a seminal work by McAuley and Fromboluti (2014), which confirmed the predictions of the DAT using an oddball auditory paradigm. Extending this original study, we will also incorporate eye-tracking measures of attention as well as measures of musical skills and spontaneous motor tempo to assess the role of individual differences in the supposed entrainment effects. Overall, we expect to replicate the original study by McAuley and Fromboluti (2014) and to provide complementary evidence about rhythmic entrainment that takes into account interindividual differences. Keywords Dynamic Attending Theory, rhythm, oscillation cycles, foreperiod effect, timing, eye-tracker, pupillometry

Social attention is considered to be the precursor of Social Cognition and Theory of Mind, which are fundamental for understanding social events and interact with other people. The observations regarding the attentional orientation effect between social (i.e., gaze) and non-social (i.e., arrows) stimuli have pointed out similar quantitative results but some differences have come out from a qualitative point of view. This study aims to 1) investigate physiological qualities in social cueing tasks through heart rate variability and 2) understand whether individuals with different HRV at baseline perform better in tasks with social stimuli. Sixty undergraduate students will be recruited to participate in two spatial orientation tasks: the first uses a classical Posner paradigm, the second an adaptation of the Posner paradigm employing the double rectangle model. Participants will be asked to fill the Reading the Mind in the Eyes questionnaire and the Autism Spectrum Quotient to assess social cognition skills. Heart rate variability (HRV) at rest (baseline) and during experimental procedures will be recorded. As a complement to the traditional analyses (i.e., reaction times mean and accuracy rate), the data will be modeled through the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) in order to analyze the performance in more detail. It is expected that participants with higher HRV at baseline will present a better social cognition, therefore a better performance on cueing tasks with social stimuli.