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【Objective】The light source of fiber grating sensing system provides energy for the system. The stable and continuous light source is crucial for the application of the whole demodulation system. When the Modulated Grating Y-branch (MG-Y) laser is used as the light source of the fiber grating demodulation system, it is necessary to solve the problem that it is difficult for the MG-Y laser to quickly obtain the stable and continuous tuning within the required specific wavelength range.【Methods】In order to obtain the stable and continuous wavelengths quickly for MG-Y lasers, the K-Means (KMeans) clustering model is proposed and applied to obtain high-quality current-wavelength Look Up Table (LUT) for MG-Y lasers.【Results】By combining the tuning characteristics of the MG-Y laser with the KMeans clustering model method, the centroid of the optimal tuning parameter curve in the phase tuning region of the LUT can be quickly obtained with time of about 18.26 s. Then, according to the tuning characteristics of the left, right and phase of the MG-Y laser itself, the fine tuning of the MG-Y laser wavelength can be achieved by uniform interpolation method. The LUT with the full tuning range is obtained from the KMeans clustering model, and the target LUT is selected at a certain interval. According to the output wavelength issued by the laser according to the target LUT, the mean value of the measured wavelength and the absolute value of the error of the target wavelength is 0.18 pm. The standard deviation of the absolute value of the error is 0.52 pm. Therefore, the MG-Y laser can be used as a stable light source for the fiber grating sensing system.【Conclusion】It is verified by experiments that the traditional manual search for each phase tuning region needs at least 30 min to find the centroid point. The same operation can be completed by KMeans clustering model method, which can greatly shorten the time to find the centroid point. Based on this method, the stable wavelength of quasi-continuous tuning can be achieved by controlling the MG-Y laser.

This paper analyzes the efficiency of different FPGA architectures consisting of Hybrid logic blocks (HLB) formed with Look-up Tables (LUTs) and Universal Logic Gates (ULGs). Pure LUT-based architectures induce area overhead and a longer delay. A ULG is designed to realize an efficient architecture compared to pure LUT-based architectures. Using this ULG and LUT in different proportions, HLBs are designed. The Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) architectures containing these proposed HLB structures are analyzed using various Microelectronics Centre of North Carolina (MCNC) benchmark circuits and compared with the performance of the existing designs. The result shows that the proposed architecture design can save a tremendous amount of time in overall flow and routing along with area improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The storage and periodic voiding of urine in the lower urinary tract are regulated by a complex neural control system that includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral autonomic ganglia. Investigating the neuromodulation mechanisms of the lower urinary tract helps to deepen our understanding of urine storage and voiding processes, reveal the mechanisms underlying lower urinary tract dysfunction, and provide new strategies and insights for the treatment and management of related diseases. However, the current understanding of the neuromodulation mechanisms of the lower urinary tract is still limited, and further research methods are needed to elucidate its mechanisms and potential pathological mechanisms. This article provides an overview of the research progress in the functional study of the lower urinary tract system, as well as the key neural regulatory mechanisms during the micturition process. In addition, the commonly used research methods for studying the regulatory mechanisms of the lower urinary tract and the methods for evaluating lower urinary tract function in rodents are discussed. Finally, the latest advances and prospects of artificial intelligence in the research of neuromodulation mechanisms of the lower urinary tract are discussed. This includes the potential roles of machine learning in the diagnosis of lower urinary tract diseases and intelligent-assisted surgical systems, as well as the application of data mining and pattern recognition techniques in advancing lower urinary tract research. Our aim is to provide researchers with novel strategies and insights for the treatment and management of lower urinary tract dysfunction by conducting in-depth research and gaining a comprehensive understanding of the latest advancements in the neural regulation mechanisms of the lower urinary tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The nitric oxide (NO•)/soluble guanylate cyclase/cyclic‐GMP (cGMP) signaling pathway is ubiquitous and regulates several functions in physiological systems as diverse as the vascular, nervous, and renal systems. However, its roles in determining normal and abnormal lower urinary tract functions are unclear. The aim was to identify potential therapeutic targets associated with this pathway to manage lower urinary tract functional disorders. Methods: This review summarizes a workshop held under the auspices of ICI‐RS with a view to address these questions. Results: Four areas were addressed: NO• signaling to regulate neurotransmitter release to detrusor smooth muscle; its potential dual roles in alleviating and exacerbating inflammatory pathways; its ability to act as an antifibrotic mediator; and the control by nitrergic nerves of lower urinary tract vascular dynamics and the contractile performance of muscular regions of the bladder wall. Central to much of the discussion was the role of the NO• receptor, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in regulating the generation of the enzyme product, the second messenger cGMP. The redox state of sGC is crucial in determining its enzymic activity and the role of a class of novel agents, sGC activators, to optimize activity and to potentially alleviate the consequences of lower urinary tract disorders was highlighted. In addition, the consequences of a functional relationship between nitrergic and sympathetic nerves to regulate vascular dynamics was discussed. Conclusions: Several potential NO•‐dependent drug targets in the lower urinary tract were identified that provide the basis for future research and translation to clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In communication systems, a proposed FPGA-based authentication setup utilizes an advanced version of the Golay alongside a Flexible Floating Point Processing Element (FFPPE) architecture to enhance fingerprint authentication accuracy. This study features a GOLAY code-integrated FFPPE design comprising various stages, including Timestamp (TS) output with a time to digital converter (TDC), a random number generator, and error correction components involving extended encoding and decoding processes, as well as fingerprint verification techniques. A novel compact integrated circuit (IC) is designed using FFPPE, which plays a key role in operations like multiplication, addition, and subtraction via an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). The binary data structure is built on a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) framework, using both encoders and decoders. This architecture enhances system security while optimizing circuit complexity. Within the error correction module, a polar code decoder tailored for extended Golay code is presented specifically for the fingerprint authentication system. The performance metrics are assessed in terms of look-up table (LUT) optimization, area, power, speed, circuit complexity, power consumption, slice count, clock frequency, false rejection rate (FRR), false acceptance rate (FAR), and total success rate (TSR), and these are compared against existing fingerprint authentication systems. A comparative evaluation between the proposed and existing methodologies is conducted based on multiple parameters to validate the efficacy of the proposed approach. Results indicate that the proposed approach surpasses traditional techniques in bolstering system security. Additionally, FPGA synthesis analysis is carried out across different FPGA families, including Virtex4, Virtex5, and Virtex7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of reducing the number of LUT elements in the FPGA-based circuit of a Mealy finite state machine (FSM) is proposed. A part of the circuit is implemented using an embedded memory block (EMB). The method is based on the twofold state encoding, as well as encoding microoperation sets. An example of the FSM circuit synthesis using the proposed method is given. When certain conditions are met, there are exactly three levels of logic elements in an FSM circuit. Methods of improving circuit characteristics based on the optimal encoding of states and sets of microoperations are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of reducing LUT count in the FPGA-based circuit of Mealy finite state machine (FSM). A part of the circuit is implemented using embedded memory block (EMB). The method is based on the twofold state assignment and encoding collections of microoperations. An example of the synthesis of FSM circuit using the proposed method is given. When certain conditions are met, there are exactly three levels of logic elements in the FSM circuit. Methods for improving the characteristics of a circuit based on optimal coding of states and collections of microoperations are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Accurate retrieval of forest functional traits from remote sensing data is critical for monitoring forest health and productivity. To achieve sufficient accuracy using inverse methods it is essential to have representative database of simulated or measured spectral properties together with corresponding forest traits. However, existing datasets are often limited in scope, covering specific sites and times with simplified structures. This limitation hinders the development of generalizable machine learning models for trait prediction. To address this issue, we present a comprehensive high-resolution dataset of hyperspectral Look-Up Tables (LUT) designed for Central European temperate broadleaf forests.The dataset includes 3.5 million unique combinations of leaf biochemical and canopy structural characteristics of forest scenes together with a variety of sun geometry. The spectral data cover wavelengths from 450 nm to 2300 nm, with a resolution of 2 nm. The dataset is organised into two files: one capturing the average reflectance of all scene pixels and another focusing solely on sunlit leaf pixels. LUT were generated using the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer model version 5.10.0. Virtual forest scenes were based on 3D tree representations derived from Terrestrial Laser Scanning of European beech trees, adjusted to various leaf area index values and structural configurations to simulate natural forest variability. The reflectance data were processed using MATLAB and Python scripts, resulting in hyperspectral cubes that were processed to generate the LUT.The dataset can be used to train machine learning models, such as Random Forest and Support Vector Machines, for predicting forest functional traits and assisting in the calibration of remote sensing algorithms. The biggest advantage of the dataset is high spectral and spatial resolution, together with the high number of different trait combinations, which allows for adaptability to different times, locations, and hyper- and multispectral sensors, and can support up-coming hyperspectral satellite missions. ESA Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment (CHIME) and NASA Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) future satellite missions can utilise this dataset to develop their product processors for monitoring forest traits.

Introduction. A digital system is a collection of combinational and sequential blocks. Sequential blocks can be divided into library and non-standard classes. The first class includes, for example, counters or shift registers. To implement the circuits of such blocks, standard CAD programs are used. And for the second class, which is the control unit (CU), there are no standard library solutions. This explains the relevance of methods for synthesis and optimization of circuits of non-standard sequential blocks, such as CU. When synthesizing a finite state machine (FSM) circuit, a number of optimization problems arise that are aimed at improving CU characteristics. Methods for solving these problems depend on elemental base characteristics. This paper discusses the implementation of the FSM circuit on a FPGA (field-programmable logic array) basis. The main FPGA blocks that are used for FSM circuit implementation are LUT (look-up table) elements and EMB (embedded memory blocks) elements. Therefore, to solve optimization problems while developing an FSM circuit, it is necessary to reduce the number of these elements. The purpose of the article. This work presents an approach to lower hardware costs in the FSM Mile technique, which uses FPGA for implementation. The method is based on the extended coding of micro-operation sets, in which the set code also includes the transition state code. The state code is partial since it is determined for a set of states upon transition, from which this set is formed. To implement part of the FSM circuit, the built-in memory block EMB is used. If EMB capabilities are not enough to implement the circuit, then part of the circuit is implemented on LUT elements. It is proposed to implement part of the output signals (micro-operations) on EMB. An example of the synthesis of an FSM circuit using the proposed method is given. Results. To study the effectiveness of the proposed method, a comparison was made between the control unit of the known structure (U5) and the control unit obtained using the proposed method (U7). In this case, standard benchmarks from a well-known library were used. Research has shown that U7 can reduce the number of LUTs by 28 % of all benchmarks, and U5 only by 9 %. It is important to note that when implementing the entire 64 % standard MPA circuit, one EMB block is sufficient. Conclusions. The proposed method allows for a reduction in hardware costs (the number of LUT elements). The article shows the conditions for applying the proposed method. Results of experiments examining the effectiveness of the suggested approach to automata implementation with Virtex-7 family chips and the Vivado industrial package are given

Fully homomorphic encryption provides a way to perform computations in a privacy preserving manner. However, despite years of optimization, modern methods may still be too computationally expensive for devices limited by speed or memory constraints. A paradigm that may bridge this gap consists of transciphering: as fully homomorphic schemes can perform most computations obliviously, they can also execute the decryption circuit of any conventional block or stream cipher. Hence, less powerful systems may continue to encrypt their data using classical ciphers that may offer hardware support (e.g., AES) and outsourcing the task of transforming the ciphertexts into their homomorphic equivalent to more powerful systems. In this work, we advance transciphering methods that leverage accumulator-based schemes such as Torus-FHE (TFHE) or FHEW. To this end, we propose a novel method to homomorphically evaluate look-up tables in a setting in which encrypted digits are provided on base 2. At a high level, our method relies on the fact that functions with binary range, i.e., mapping values to {0, 1}, can be evaluated at the same computational cost as negacyclic functions, relying only on the default functionality of accumulator based schemes. To test our algorithm, we implement the AES-128 encryption circuit in OPENFHE and report timings of 67 s for a single block, which is 25% faster than the state of the art and in general, up to 300% faster than other recent works. Furthermore, we achieve this speedup without relying on an instantiation that leverages a power of 2 modulus and can exploit the natural modulo arithmetic of modern processors.

The storage and periodic voiding of urine in the lower urinary tract are regulated by a complex neural control system that includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral autonomic ganglia. Investigating the neuromodulation mechanisms of the lower urinary tract helps to deepen our understanding of urine storage and voiding processes, reveal the mechanisms underlying lower urinary tract dysfunction, and provide new strategies and insights for the treatment and management of related diseases. However, the current understanding of the neuromodulation mechanisms of the lower urinary tract is still limited, and further research methods are needed to elucidate its mechanisms and potential pathological mechanisms. This article provides an overview of the research progress in the functional study of the lower urinary tract system, as well as the key neural regulatory mechanisms during the micturition process. In addition, the commonly used research methods for studying the regulatory mechanisms of the lower urinary tract and the methods for evaluating lower urinary tract function in rodents are discussed. Finally, the latest advances and prospects of artificial intelligence in the research of neuromodulation mechanisms of the lower urinary tract are discussed. This includes the potential roles of machine learning in the diagnosis of lower urinary tract diseases and intelligent-assisted surgical systems, as well as the application of data mining and pattern recognition techniques in advancing lower urinary tract research. Our aim is to provide researchers with novel strategies and insights for the treatment and management of lower urinary tract dysfunction by conducting in-depth research and gaining a comprehensive understanding of the latest advancements in the neural regulation mechanisms of the lower urinary tract.

In many digital systems, various sequential blocks are used. This paper is devoted to the case where the model of a Mealy finite state machine (FSM) represents the behaviour of a sequential block. The chip area occupied by an FSM circuit is one of the most important characteristics used in logic synthesis. In this paper, a method is proposed which aims at reducing LUT counts for FPGA-based Mealy FSMs with transformation of state codes into FSM outputs. This is done using the combined state codes. Such an approach allows excluding a block of transformation of binary state codes into extended state codes. The proposed method leads to LUT-based Mealy FSM circuits having exactly three levels of logic blocks. Under certain conditions, each function for any logic level is represented by a circuit including a single LUT. The proposed approach is illustrated with an example of synthesis. The results of experiments conducted using standard benchmarks show that the proposed method produces LUT-based FSM circuits with significantly smaller LUT counts than is the case for circuits produced by other investigated methods (Auto and One-hot of Vivado, JEDI, and transformation of binary codes into extended state codes). The LUT count is decreased by an average of 17.96 to 91.8%. Moreover, if some conditions are met, the decrease in the LUT count is accompanied with a slight improvement in the operating frequency compared with circuits based on extended state codes. The advantages of the proposed method multiply with increasing the numbers of FSM inputs and states.

Traditional microcontroller-based control systems increasingly face limitations due to their restricted capabilities and lack of parallel processing, creating bottlenecks in real-time energy optimization. This research introduces a novel approach to implementing a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) board. By harnessing the FPGA’s parallel processing power, the research aims to overcome these limitations and enhance the performance of inverters. The programming for a four-input, two-output RNN model featuring a Tangent hyperbolic (Tanh) activation function is designed for 32-bit fixed and floating-point operations using Intel Quartus Prime software. A crucial aspect of this study involves meticulous timing and resource analyses to optimize the design’s performance on the FPGA. Furthermore, the digit and bit accuracy of the FPGA implementation is rigorously verified against MATLAB and ModelSim simulations, ensuring the reliability of the results. The proposed method of FPGA implementation not only demonstrates a cutting-edge technique for Neural Network applications but also sets a precedent for further explorations into various types of Neural Networks (NN). This research thus opens new avenues for the innovative application of FPGA technology in the field of NN, potentially revolutionizing the way these systems are designed and implemented.

The 8b/10b IBM encoding scheme is used in a plethora of communication technologies, including USB, Gigabit Ethernet, and Serial ATA. We propose two primitive-based structural designs of an 8b/10b encoder and two of an 8b/10b decoder, all targeted at modern AMD FPGA architectures. Our aim is to reduce the amount of resources used for the implementations. We compare our designs with implementations resulting from behavioral models as well as with state-of-the-art solutions from the literature. The implementation results show that our solutions provide the lowest resource utilization with comparable maximum operating frequency and power consumption. The proposed structural designs are suitable for resource-constrained data communication protocol implementations that employ the IBM 8b/10b encoding scheme. This paper is an extended version of our paper published at the 2022 International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC), Timisoara, Romania, 10–11 November 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise determination of the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries is critical in the domain of battery management systems. The proposed model in this research paper emulates any deep learning or machine learning model by utilizing a Look Up Table (LUT) memory to store all activation inputs and their corresponding outputs. The operation that follows the completion of training is referred to as the LUT memory preparation procedure. This method's lookup process supplants the inference process entirely and simply. This is achieved by discretizing the input data and features before binarizing them. The term for the aforementioned operation is the LUT inference method. This procedure was evaluated in this study using two distinct neural network architectures: a bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture and a standard fully connected neural network (FCNN). It is anticipated that considerably greater efficiency and velocity will be achieved during the inference procedure when the pre-trained deep neural network architecture is inferred directly. The principal aim of this research is to construct a lookup table that effectively establishes correlations between the SOH of lithium-ion batteries and ensures a degree of imprecision that is tolerable. According to the results obtained from the NASA PCoE lithium-ion battery dataset, the proposed methodology exhibits a performance that is largely comparable to that of the initial machine learning models. Utilizing the error assessment metrics RMSE, MAE, and (MAPE), the accuracy of the SOH prediction has been quantitatively evaluated. The indicators mentioned above demonstrate a significant degree of accuracy when predicting SOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the realization of binary and floating-point comparators on FPGA. The implementation is done by exploiting the primitive instantiation of FPGA resources which has enabled a significant improvement in resource utilization in terms of Look-Up Table (LUT) usage and overall combinational path delay when compared to the conventional inference approach. The comparator architectures are implemented using Vivado 2020.1 and ISE Design Suite 14.7 environment on multiple Xilinx FPGA platforms and are compared with the existing designs. The results indicate an improvement of 33.33% and 45.45% in LUT utilization, 14.41% and 30.73% in delay for 32-bit and 64-bit binary comparators respectively, compared to the existing architectures. The proposed floating-point comparator requires 88.57% and 285.29% lesser LUTs for single precision and double precision representation respectively, compared to the existing design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Lonicera japonica Thunb (LJT) is a commonly used herbal soup to treat inflammation-related diseases. However, the effect of LJT on ALI is unknown. The present study was aimed at investigating the protective effects of LJT extract (LTE) and its active ingredient luteolin (Lut) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated ALI and investigate its potential mechanism. Materials and methods The effects of LTE and Lut were explored in an ALI mouse model induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Besides, the LPS-induced inflammation model in BEAS-2B cells was used to clarify the underlying mechanisms. The ALI pathological changes in lung tissues were tested through Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The apoptosis of cells in lung tissue and the cell model in vitro was evaluated by TUNEL assays, respectively. Meanwhile, the viability of cells in vitro was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The levels/concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and IL-10 in BALF were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Besides, through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, the expression of the above-mentioned inflammatory factors and key factors in the NF-κB signaling pathway was examined. The distribution of inflammatory factors in tissue was observed through immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays . Results In relative to LPS-stimulated group, the in vivo study showed that LTE and different concentrations of Lut dramatically alleviated LPS-evoked lung pathological injury and lung edema based on the changes in total protein levels and lung wet/dry (W/D) ratio in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from ALI mice. LTE and different concentrations of Lut also suppressed the inflammatory response, as reflected by the variations of neutrophil accumulation and the production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissues and BALF of ALI mice. The in vitro research also demonstrated that LTE and Lut visibly facilitated cell viability and restrained the apoptosis of BEAS-2B cells stimulated by LPS. Lut hindered LPS-inducible activation of NF-κB pathway in BEAS-2B cells. Conclusion The present study proved that LTE might suppress LPS-induced acute injury and inflammation in mice and BEAS-2B cells through the Lut-caused suppression of NF-κB signal path (Figure 1).

Introduction. One of the most important blocks of almost any digital system is the control device (CU), since the characteristics of the CU largely determine the characteristics of the system as a whole. In the practice of engineering design, the behavior of the CU is often specified using the Mealy finite state machine (FSM) model. A feature of Mealy FSM is the dependence of systems of Boolean functions that define the circuit on FSM inputs and states. In this article, this feature is taken into account when optimizing the characteristics of FSM circuit in the basis of FPGA chips. When developing FSM circuits, it is necessary to optimize its characteristics, such as performance and hardware costs. FPGAs are one of the most common logic bases for implementing digital systems. FPGA components such as look-up table (LUT) elements, programmable flip-flops, embedded memory blocks (EMBs), and programmable interconnects are sufficient to implement the CU circuit. The purpose of the article. In this paper, we propose a method for reducing hardware costs in the Mealy FSM cirucit implemented in the FPGA basis. In this case, the problem of implementing a circuit in a mixed elemental basis is considered. A mixed basis is understood as the joint use of LUTs and EMBs. The situation is considered when the number of available EMBs is extremely limited, which is quite possible, since EMBs are widely used to implement various operating blocks of digital systems. The main disadvantage of LUTs is the small number of inputs. Modern digital systems can generate signals of logical conditions entering the CU, the number of which is tens of times greater than the number of LUT inputs. This discrepancy between the characteristics of the control algorithm and the number of inputs of the LUTs leads to multilevel CU circuits with an irregular structure of programmable interconnections. To optimize multilevel schemes, the method of replacing input variables is used with the joint use of LUTs and EMB blocks. Results. The analysis of the effectiveness of the proposed method was carried out using the libraries of standard benchmarks FSMs and the Vivado CAD platform. Studies have shown that the proposed method makes it possible to reduce the number of LUTs in the range from 100% to 82%. For 37% of automata, the method of replacing input variables can be applied only in conjunction with the separation of input variables. Conclusions. The proposed method makes it possible to reduce hardware costs (the number of LUTs and their interconnections), delay time, and power consumption. The article shows the conditions for applying the proposed method. The results of studies of the effectiveness of the proposed method for standard automata using chips of the Virtex-7 family and the Vivado industrial package are presented.

Objective: Lonicera japonica Thunb (LJT) is a commonly used herbal soup to treat inflammation-related diseases. However, the effect of LJT on ALI is unknown. The present study was aimed at investigating the protective effects of LJT extract (LTE) and its active ingredient luteolin (Lut) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated ALI and investigate its potential mechanism. Materials and methods: The effects of LTE and Lut were explored in an ALI mouse model induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Besides, the LPS-induced inflammation model in BEAS-2B cells was used to clarify the underlying mechanisms. The ALI pathological changes in lung tissues were tested through Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The apoptosis of cells in lung tissue and the cell model in vitro was evaluated by TUNEL assays, respectively. Meanwhile, the viability of cells in vitro was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The levels/concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and IL-10 in BALF were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Besides, through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, the expression of the above-mentioned inflammatory factors and key factors in the NF-κB signaling pathway was examined. The distribution of inflammatory factors in tissue was observed through immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays. Results: In relative to LPS-stimulated group, the in vivo study showed that LTE and different concentrations of Lut dramatically alleviated LPS-evoked lung pathological injury and lung edema based on the changes in total protein levels and lung wet/dry (W/D) ratio in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from ALI mice. LTE and different concentrations of Lut also suppressed the inflammatory response, as reflected by the variations of neutrophil accumulation and the production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the lung tissues and BALF of ALI mice. The in vitro research also demonstrated that LTE and Lut visibly facilitated cell viability and restrained the apoptosis of BEAS-2B cells stimulated by LPS. Lut hindered LPS-inducible activation of NF-κB pathway in BEAS-2B cells. Conclusion: The present study proved that LTE might suppress LPS-induced acute injury and inflammation in mice and BEAS-2B cells through the Lut-caused suppression of NF-κB signal path (Figure 1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As active landforms in desert regions, barkhans and other types of sand unevenness have always been affected by the prevailing climatic conditions. By moving to link routes, they cause noticeable dangers. Nosrat Abad-Fahraj link route is in provinces of Sistan & Baluchestan and Kerman. Due to the dry and desert climatic conditions, the main aim of the present study is to investigate the dangers of sandstorms and barkhans displacement in the mentioned route. First, employing Sentinel 2 satellite image (2016-2023) and remote sensing methods, some information about the geographical distribution and geomorphological diversity of the hills on a local scale was obtained. In this regards, four sandhills areas namely, Barkhans, Seif and Silk were analyzed in a certain link path and certain morphological changes. The results of the analysis of the images showing the amount of displacement in these four areas during an eight-year period are as follows: Barchan in region number 1 has displaced about 98 to 100 meters with the direction of south and southeast to north and northeast, in Silk sand unevenness in region 2, brankhes have displaced about 25 to 30 meters from southwest to northeast and annually, Seif hills in region 3 (north of the road) have displaced approximately 244 meters from west and southwest to the east and northeast and are developing towards the link route. In region 4, which is located in the southern part of Rig Yalan, the displacement amount, during the whole studied period, is about 210 meters. But due to the direction of the displacement towards north and northeast, it causes no harm to the route. For content confirmation, the region wind data at 10-meter-level and synoptic station were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The basic element of a field-programmable gate array is a lookup table (LUT). While in canonical normal form LUTs generally implement only one logical function for a given configuration, in this case, there is always an inactive pass transistor element. Moreover, using a single LUT for a single function reduces system-on-a-chip (SoC) scalability. Therefore, the purpose of the present work is to develop a LUT structure for implementing several logic functions simultaneously on inactive transmitting transistors.Methods. The evolution of LUT structure is presented for three variables, in which the number of simultaneously implemented functions increases. To implement additional functions, the logical device was decomposed with a different number of variables. The structures were modeled in the Multisim electrical simulation system.Results. The presented simulation of more than two logic functions on inactive parts of the LUT shows the simultaneous operation of two and four logic functions. The complexity for a different number of variables and number of implemented functions is compared.Conclusions. The simulation results demonstrate the operability of LUT structures in which several logical functions are performed. Thus, when implementing additional functions in the new structure, a smaller number of transmitting transistors is required as compared to a conventional LUT, thus increasing device functionality. The presented solution can be used to increase the number of simultaneously implemented functions of the same variables, which can be important e.g., when implementing code transformations.

In this research, geochemical data from 314 samples of volcanic and intrusive rocks with adakitic or adakite-like affinity reported from eastern Iran have been studied, these rocks are often known with Sr>400 g/ton and Y60 wt.% SiO2, low MgO (0.5–4 wt.%), CaO + Na2O contents 10 wt.% and Sr contents 1000–3000 ppm (Martin et al., 2005). The studied area in the eastern part of Iran (Figure 1-A) includes a large part of the structural zones in the south and east, including the Lut block, Makran arc, the Sistan suture and Binaloud. This region is a part of the extensive magmatism that has spread from Turkey to Pakistan and had numerous magmatic activities over time, especially from the Cretaceous to the Quaternary. Adakitic series have received special attention in recent years in Iran and some articles have been published by various researchers. The main goal of this research is to review the published articles and documents related to the geochemical and isotopic characteristics of adakites in eastern Iran, in order to open a window for a better understanding of the relationship between adakite magmatism and magmatic-tectonic evolution and porphyry copper ± gold mineralization in the east of Iran. Materials and methods Geochemical data of 314 samples of volcanic and intrusive rocks with adakitic nature were collected from eastern Iran. The location of the studied areas and a summary of data and references is presented in Figure 1 and Table 1. In this study, acidic and intermediate rocks (volcanic and intrusive) with adakitic characteristics were studied and mafic rocks such as basalt and samples with high LOI (above 3) were not considered in the database (Figure 2-A, B). Result Volcanic and sub-volcanic adakitic rocks have been reported from Sabzevar, Neishabur and Quchan regions (Table 1, Figure 1-B). These rocks are mainly dacite to trachyandesite and andesite with calc-alkaline to high K- calc-alkaline affinity. Rocks with adakitic nature in central part of eastern Iran are reported from the areas of Garjagan, Khosuf, Shurab, Fadeshk, Pironj, Gurung, Shah Suleiman Ali, Sang-Rahuzag, Shadan, and Tighnab (Figure 1-C and Table 1). According to the chemical classification diagram (Middlemost, 1994), the composition of volcanic rocks is mainly dacite, rhyodacite, andesite and trachyandesite and intrusive rocks are mainly diorite, granodiorite and granite (Figure 2-A, B). They are mostly calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline, sometimes shoshonite (Figure 5-A) and meta-aluminous affinity. Southern part include adakitic rocks from Lar, Malek Siah Kuh, Lakhshak, Chah Serbi, Shaheswaran, Taftan and Karvander areas (Table 1 and Figure 1-D). The volcanic rocks of the southern part are mainly dacite to andesite (Figure 2-A) and the intrusive rocks are mainly diorite and gabbrodiorite (Figure 2-B). These rocks have the characteristics of calc-alkaline with high-K to and meta-aluminous affinity. Discussion Based on the data presented in this study, it is clear that the adakite rocks of eastern Iran are mainly high silica adakites. These rocks in northeastern Iran have lower MgO, Th, Th/Ce and relatively higher Cr, Ni, and SiO2 contents than other adakites in eastern Iran, which indicate their connection with the subduction zone and melting of the oceanic crust. The adakitic rocks of southeastern Iran with lower SiO2 content and more MgO, Sr, and Th/Ce are in the range of post-collision adakites, which are mainly formed from melting of the thickened lower crust. Most of the adakites in the central parts (eastern Iran) were formed from the melting of the thickened lower crust after the collision, from an amphibolite garnet source. Temporal-spatial relationship between adakites and porphyry copper deposits and/or epithermal gold-copper deposits is studied in many researches (e.g., Thiéblemont et al., 1997; Sajona and Maury, 1998; Li et al., 2011; Richards et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2021). Porphyry mineralization in Iran mainly took place during the evolution of the branches of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and its final closure. The results presented in this research illustrate the adakites of eastern Iran have characteristics associated with mineralization and often have the necessary potential to play a role in the formation of valuable reserves. Changes in La/Sm and Dy/Yb ratios in adakites are considered as a geochemical sign for mineralization potential. The ratios of (LaN/SmN) and (DyN/YbN) help to determine the fertile magmatism (with the participation of amphibole) from the barren (without amphibole) (Richards et al., 2012). Amphibole-dominated adakites are clearly associated with economic porphyry copper mineralization (e.g., Kheirkhah et al., 2020). In the studied adakites, the changes of LaN/SmN and DyN/YbN ratios are 1.7 to 10.7 (average 4.5) and 0.7 to 2.5 (average 1.2), respectively. Based on these ratios, most of the studied adakites, except for some adakites that show changes in LaN/SmN ratios of less than 4 and DyN/YbN less than 1.1, have mineralization potential. The analyzed data and the results presented in this research yields that the adakites of eastern Iran have characteristics associated with mineralization and often have the necessary potential to play a role in the formation of valuable deposits. The distribution of copper-gold indices, and the outcrops of adakites along with magnetic anomalies (Figure 10-A), and crust thickness variations in eastern Iran (Figure 10-B), emphasize the importance of focusing on future prospecting, drilling and isotopic studies in this area.

This work proposes a method for hardware reduction in circuits of Mealy finite state machines (FSMs). The circuits are implemented as networks of interconnected look-up table (LUT) elements. The FSMs with twofold state assignment and encoding of output collections are discussed. The method is based on using two LUT-based cores to implement systems of partial Boolean functions. One of the cores uses only maximum binary codes, while the second core is based on the use of extended state codes. The hardware reduction is based on diminishing the number of transformed maximum binary codes. This leads to FPGA-based FSM circuits with three levels of logic blocks. Each logic block has a single level of LUTs. As a result, partial functions are represented by single-LUT circuits. The article shows a step-by-step procedure for the transition from the initial form of the FSM representation to its logical circuit (a network of programmable look-up table elements, flip-flops, and interconnects). The results of experiments conducted with standard benchmarks show that the proposed approach produces LUT-based FSM circuits with significantly better area characteristics than for circuits produced by such methods as Auto and One-Hot of Vivado, JEDI, and twofold state assignment. Compared to these methods, the number of LUTs is reduced from 9.44% to 69.98%. Additionally, the proposed method leads to the following phenomenon: the maximum operating frequency is slightly improved as compared with FSM circuits based on twofold state assignment (up to 0.6%). The negative effect of these improvements is an increase in power consumption. However, it is extremely insignificant (up to 1.56%). As the values of the FSM's main characteristics grow, there is an increase in the gain from the application of the proposed method. The conditions for applying the proposed method are determined. A generalized architecture consisting of three blocks of partial functions and a method for synthesizing an FSM with this architecture are proposed. A method for selecting one of the seven architectures generated by the generalized architecture is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of standard aerosol models for atmospheric correction over inland and nearshore coastal waters generates large uncertainties due to their inability to appropriately characterize aerosols in those regions. To address this problem, we developed new aerosol models using data acquired from 1,475 Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites distributed in inland and coastal regions throughout the globe. We established spatially gridded (5° × 5°) aerosol models on a climatological monthly scale, with a total of 3,207 new aerosol models developed for 310 grid cells worldwide. The monthly aerosol model for each grid was derived using mean monthly values of microphysical aerosol properties from AERONET data. The optical properties (i.e., single scattering albedo and Ångström coefficient) of our global gridded aerosol models demonstrated considerable spatial and seasonal dynamics and deviated substantially from the aerosol models currently utilized by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). We built associated lookup tables for all aerosol models and incorporated them into two atmospheric correction algorithms: the combined near‐infrared and shortwave infrared algorithm (NIR‐SWIR) and the Atmospheric Correction algorithm for inLand and Nearshore Coastal waters (ACLANC). For both algorithms, the accuracies of atmospherically corrected satellite remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) improved markedly when the new aerosol models were used, and improvements were noted across all spectral bands and across all six inland and nearshore water bodies used in this study. Our new aerosol models can be easily applied to all ocean color satellite missions to obtain accurate Rrs products for inland and coastal waters worldwide. Plain Language Summary: The use of standard aerosol models for atmospheric correction over inland and nearshore coastal waters generates large uncertainties due to their inability to characterize aerosols in those regions appropriately. This issue also represents the most challenging task of quantitative remote sensing of the inland and coastal environments. To address this problem, we developed new aerosol models using data acquired from 1,475 Aerosol Robotic Network sites distributed in inland and coastal regions throughout the globe. We established spatially gridded (5° × 5°) aerosol models on a climatological monthly scale, with a total of 3,207 new aerosol models developed for 310 grid cells worldwide. Key Points: Develop new aerosol models using data from 1,475 global Aerosol Robotic Network sitesEstablish spatially gridded aerosol models on a climatological monthly scaleAccuracies of the Rrs product improved markedly using new aerosol models [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After surgery for ovarian cancer or colorectal cancer, residual tumors are left around. A practical way to treat residual tumors is to destroy them with heat by injecting high-temperature drugs into the abdominal cavity. The injected medicinal substances are induced to flow out of the abdominal cavity; then, the spilled drug flows back into the abdominal cavity through feedback. During this process, the heat starts to decrease; thus, the treatment performance reduces. To overcome this problem, this study compares and assesses the temperature needed to maintain the heat for treatment and transmits a command signal to the heat exchanger through a look-up table (LUT). When the temperature decreases during the circulation of medications leaking out of the abdominal cavity, the LUT transmits a control signal (Tp) to the heat exchanger, which increases or vice versa. However, if the temperature (To) is within the treatment range, the LUT sends a Ts signal to the heat exchanger. This principle generates a pulse signal for the temperature difference (Tdif) in TC by comparing and determining the temperature (To) of the substance flowing out of the abdominal cavity with the reference temperature (Tref) through the temperature comparator (TC). At this time, if the signal is 41 °C or less, the LUT generates (heats) a Tp signal so that the temperature of the heat exchanger can be maintained in the range of 41 °C to 43 °C. If the Tdif is 44 °C or higher, the LUT generates (cools) the Ta signal and maintains the temperature of the heat exchanger at 41–43 °C. If the Tdif is maintained at 41–43 °C, the LUT generates a Tx signal to stop the system performance. At this time, the TC operation performance and Tdif generation process for comparing and determining the signal of To and Tref for drugs leaking out of the abdominal cavity is very important. It was observed that the faster the response signal, the lower the comparison and judgment error was; therefore, the response signal was confirmed to be 0.209 μs. The proposed method can guarantee rapid/accurate/safe treatment and automatically induce temperature adjustment; thus, it could be applied to the field of surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interconnected cells, Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs), and input/output (I/O) pads are all present in every Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) structure. The interconnects are formed by the physical paths for connecting the blocks. The combinational and sequential circuits are used in the logic blocks to execute logical functions. The FPGA includes two different tests called interconnect testing and logical testing. Instead of using an additional circuitry, the Built-in-Self-Test (BIST) logic is coded into an FPGA, which is then reconfigured to perform its specific operation after the testing is completed. As a result, additional test circuits for the FPGA board are no longer required. The FPGA BIST has no area overhead or performance reduction issues like conventional BIST. A resource-efficient testing scheme is essential to assure the appropriate operation of FPGA look-up tables for effectively testing the functional operation. In this work, the Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs) of virtex-ultrascale FPGAs are tested using a BIST with a simple architecture. To evaluate the CLBs' capabilities including distributed modes of operation of Random Access Memory (RAM), several types of configurations are created. These setups have the ability to identify 100% stuck-at failures in every CLB. This method is suitable for all phases of FPGA testing and has no overhead or performance cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FIR filter bank play a vital role in any signal processing systems. The FIR filter is used to implement any frequency response digitally. Usually, the FIR filters contain multipliers, adders and many delays. As we know, the number of MAC operations (multiply and accumulate) makes the FIR filter less efficient and increases hardware complexity. So in this project, we included DA (Distributed Arithmetic) architecture in designing the efficient adaptive FIR filter. The pipelined Distributive Arithmetic architecture provides less power, less area and high values of throughput in creating an adaptive FIR filter. These are used in Echo cancellations, Radio channel equalizers and speech coding. DA architecture also helps in improving the processing speed of the FIR filter by eliminating the number of multipliers. A reconfigurable filter design can be achieved with the help of this Distributive Arithmetic architecture. Here the sum of the partial products which is pipelined is passed as the input values, and it is stored in the LUT (lookup tables) of the distributive architecture. By replacing the adder of the shift accumulation unit with a carry-save adder, the area of the proposed design is reduced. By placing the ripple carry adder, the size and delay are reduced to a further extent. Here we will use the Xilinx ISE tool to verify the simulation result, area required and time consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Shourestan area, 14 kilometers west of Sarbisheh city, in South Khorasan province, volcanic rocks with pyroxene-andesite composition belonging to Eocene-Oligocene are exposed. The constituent minerals of these rocks include plagioclase and pyroxene. The composition of plagioclases have range from Ab32, An68 to Ab58, An42 and are andesine-labradorite type. Clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene have diopside-like augite and enstatite composition, respectively. The crystallization temperature for clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene were about 1175 and 1200 °C respectively and the pressure (for both types) was 2 to 5 kb. The geochemical data of whole rocks show that the andesitic lavas of Shourestan have high potassium calc-alkaline nature and the amount of Mg# in them varies from 40.97 to 60.97, which indicates the role of mantle components in their formation. These rocks show signs of differentiation including LREE/HREE ((La/Yb)N) between 9.95 to 12.42, LREE/MREE ((La/Sm)N) between 3.53 to 6.55, MREE/HREE ((Sm/Yb)N) between 1.89 to 2.99. High ratios of Zr/Nb (9.81-22.10), Th/Nb (0.68-1.79), Th/Ta (7.29-24), and Nb/Ta (9.69-15.66) along with the pattern of LIL elements, support the possibility of different degrees of crustal contamination-assimilation of magma during its ascent to the earth's surface. The studied rocks have low ratios of Ce/Y (2.44-3.48), (Tb/Yb)N (1.17-1.39), Sm/Yb (1.92-2.78), and relatively flat MREE-HREE pattern that confirms the melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle in the field of spinel stability and at a depth of fewer than 75 kilometers. Introduction Calc-alkaline magmas are commonly active in convergent plate margins and their petrogenesis is crucial for understanding the origin and evolution of the andesitic continental crust. The generation of calc-alkaline magmatic series in oceanic subduction zones has been primarily attributed to the partial melting of enriched mantle sources with the involvement of fluids and/or melts from the subducted oceanic lithosphere or the partial melting of metasomatized sub-continental lithospheric mantle that had been modified by previous plate subduction (Cheng et al., 2020). Andesite is the second most common volcanic rock type on earth and provides abundant information about the interaction between the mantle and crust in the subduction zones. However, the petrogenesis of subduction-related andesite is being debated, since andesite can form via different processes, such as (1) magma mixing between felsic and mafic/ultramafic melt; (2) fractional melting or assimilation fractional crystallization from basaltic composition; (3) partial melting of the hydrated mantle wedge peridotite (Li et al., 2013). Experimental investigation demonstrates that plagioclase and clinopyroxene composition can be used to estimate the P-T condition of volcanic rock crystallization. The chemical composition of pyroxene in volcanic rocks shows the nature of the host lava and is used to determine the magmatic series, tectonic environment, and origin of the igneous rock (Putirka, 2008). In the Shourestan area, 14 kilometers west of Sarbisheh city in South Khorasan province, Eocene-Oligocene volcanic rocks with pyroxene-andesite composition are exposed. Based on the results of previous studies, the Tertiary lavas in the Sarbisheh area have calc-alkaline nature and are related to active continental margins (Mohammadi and Nakhaei, 2022). In this research, the chemical composition of minerals has been used to determine the nature of magma, tectonic setting and evaluation of the temperature and pressure conditions for the crystallization of andesitic lavas. Also, by using the geochemical data of the whole rock, the geochemical characteristics, tectonic setting, and origin of these rocks have been investigated. Materials and Methods Microprobe analysis of pyroxene and plagioclase minerals was done at the institute of Earth sciences in Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. A scanning electron microscope (JEOL SEM JSM-6360LV) was used to observe micro-scale texture. Identification of mineral phases was done by an energy dispersive spectrometer equipped with SEM, under the beam conditions of 15 kV, and 0.2 nA for the acceleration voltage, and beam current, respectively. Mineralogical investigation was carried out by an electron probe micro analyzer (JEOL EPMA JXA-8900R) equipped with four wave-length dispersive spectrometers. For geochemical investigations, 8 samples were analyzed in Acme laboratory in Canada by ICP method (for major elements) and ICP-MS (for trace and rare earth elements) and 3 samples in ZarAzma Company (Tehran, Iran) by alkaline melting method (for major elements) and ICP-MS (for trace and rare earth elements). Results The constituent minerals of these rocks include plagioclase and pyroxene. The composition of plagioclases changes from Ab32 An68 to Ab58 An42 and are andesine-labradorite type. Clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene have diopside-like augite and enstatite composition, respectively. The crystallization temperature for clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene were about 1175 and 1200 °C respectively and the pressure was 2 to 5 kb. The geochemical data of whole rocks show that the andesitic lavas of Shourestan have high potassium calc-alkaline nature and the amount of Mg# in them varies from 40.97 to 60.97, which indicates the role of mantle components in their formation. These rocks show signs of differentiation including LREE/HREE ((La/Yb)N) from 9.95 to 12.42, LREE/MREE ((La/Sm)N) from 3.53 to 6.55, MREE/HREE ((Sm/Yb)N) from 1.89 to 2.99. High ratios of Zr/Nb (9.81-22.10), Th/Nb (0.68-1.79), Th/Ta (7.29-24), and Nb/Ta (9.69-15.66) along with the pattern of LIL elements, support the possibility of different degrees of crustal contamination-assimilation of magma during its ascent to the earth's surface. The studied rocks have low ratios of Ce/Y (2.44-3.48), (Tb/Yb)N (1.17-1.39), Sm/Yb (1.92-2.78), and relatively flat MREE-HREE pattern that confirms the melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle in the field of spinel stability and at a depth of fewer than 75 kilometers. Discussion Petrographic studies show that the volcanic rocks of the Shourestan area have pyroxene-andesite composition. After plagioclase, pyroxene is the most abundant mineral in Shourestan andesitic lavas. The values of Mg# in clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene are 72-78 and 71-77, respectively. High values of Mg# in pyroxenes indicate the role of mantle components in the magma source. Based on the chemistry of clinopyroxene, andesitic lavas of the Shourestan area have sub-alkaline nature and are located in the field of volcanic arc basalts. The anorthite content of plagioclases in andesitic lavas of Shourestan (52-66%) and Mg# of clinopyroxenes (72-78) indicate the low amount of water during the formation of these minerals from primary magma. The formation temperature of investigated clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene was about 1200 °C and the calculated pressure at the time of their crystallization was determined 2 to 5 kb. The volcanic rocks of Shourestan were located in the range of andesite with high potassium calc-alkaline nature. The amount of Mg# in these rocks varies from 40.97 to 60.97, which indicates the role of mantle components in their formation. The presence of negative Ti, Nb, and P anomalies in trace element diagrams of the studied samples, confirms the formation of these rocks in subduction zones. Relatively low values of YbN in the samples (8.42 to 10.05 ppm) indicate low amounts of garnet in the source. Geochemical characteristics of the Shourestan andesitic rocks such as K2O/P2O5 ratio >2 along with high Al2O3 and Th enrichment can be related to crustal contamination or magma formation from a heterogeneous metasomatized mantle source. In addition, Th/Ta (7.29-24), Nb/Ta (9.69-15.66) and Ta/La (0.02-0.05) ratios also indicate different degrees of the crustal contamination-assimilation of magma during the ascent to the surface of the earth. Based on various element ratios, the Shourestan andesitic lavas originated from a subcontinental lithospheric mantle that evolved during subduction. The geochemical characteristics of the investigated rocks, such as the high ratio of LILE/HFSE and LREE/HREE, as well as the different tectonic discriminant diagrams, confirm active continental margin tectonic setting.

IntroductionIn the Goorid quarry rubble mine 5km west of Sarbisheh city (Southern Khorasan) outcrops of andesitic lavas with columnar structures exist and from the view of geological subdivisions, located in the eastern part of the Lut block. The magmatic activity in the Lut block began in the middle Jurassic (165-162 Ma) and reached its peak in the Tertiary. Volcanic and subvolcanic rocks of the Tertiary age cover over half of the Lut block with up to 2000 m thickness and formed due to subduction before the collision of the Arabian and Asian plates (Camp and Griffis, 1982). In the northern parts of the Lut block (eastern Iran), andesitic volcanic rocks along with dacite and rhyodacite have erupted in the interval of 50 million years from the late Cretaceous to the lower Neogene (Jung et al., 1983). In the northwestern and the western parts of Sarbisheh, the outcrops of Tertiary volcanic rocks (Eocene-Oligocene to Pliocene) with basic, intermediate, and acidic compositions along with pyroclastic deposits are observed that andesitic lavas are widespread displaying columnar structure around the village of the Goorid, shows. In this research, the geometrical characteristics, origin, and tectonic setting of the columnar lavas of the Goorid mine have been investigated.Regional GeologyThe studied area is located in the southern part of Sarbisheh 1:100000 geological map. The major rock units in the studied area include Tertiary volcanic and pyroclastic rocks. The oldest rock unit of the area under study consists of turbidite deposits consisting of alternating dark green to gray shales and brown sandstone belonging to the Paleocene-Eocene, which are observed in the west and the southwest of Goorid-e-Paein village. Dark-colored units with basaltic andesite and pyroxene andesite compositions cover a large part of the studied area. These rocks are exposed in the form of single and connected hills around the village of Goorid, which shows a unique columnar structure on the western margin of the village.Materials and MethodsThis research is based on field studies, sampling of rock units, measurement of geometric features of columns, the study of thin sections, and the results of chemical analyses of 11 rock samples. Some 11 samples of volcanic rocks from the Goorid quarry rubble mine were selected and analyzed in Zarazma company, Tehran, Iran by alkaline melting method for major elements (code AF-01) and ICP-MS (for rare and rare earth elements) (code MMS-01).Petrography and GeochemistryBased on petrographic studies, the volcanic rocks of Goorid area have andesitic (pyroxene andesite) composition. Lava-forming minerals including abundant plagioclase, pyroxene, and sometimes opaque minerals. The main texture of these rocks is porphyry with vitreous microlitic groundmass, glomeroporphyry and poikilitic. Zoning, sieve texture, and embayment in plagioclases are signs of disequilibrium conditions during magma crystallization. Investigation of geometric properties of columnar jointing in the Goorid mine shows that columns are a mixture of 4, 5, 6, and 7-side polygons and belong to the irregular group. Based on measurements in three separate blocks of Goorid mine andesitic columns (each block with an area of about one square meter), the average hexagonality index is 0.83. Geochemically, these rocks have an andesite composition with high-K calc-alkaline nature point to subduction zones. Total REE in the Goorid quarry rubble mine columnar lavas show a range from 185.36 to -204.23ppm and a uniform pattern with LREE enrichment relative to HREE similar to calc-alkaline rocks with (La/Yb)N=8.26-9.76, (Ce/Yb)N=6.76-7.85 and weak negative Eu anomalies (average: Eu/Eu*=0.89). Enrichment in LREE relative to HREE with enrichment in LILE (except Ba) and depletion in HFSE (Nb, Ti, P) in studied lavas suggests active continental margin volcanic arc magmatism.Discussion and ResultsA thorough understanding of the occurrence of volcanic rocks in continental orogenic belts, as well as of their origin and source material, is an important component of studies on continental dynamics. Such rocks provide a window into the mantle and aid our understanding of the formative mechanisms of heat–stress anomalies, crust-mantle interaction, material exchange, and geological processes in the deep earth (Liu et al., 2012). Based on the different tectonic environment discriminant diagrams, Goorid andesitic lavas are located in the active continental margin and mantle-enriched areas. Geochemical characteristics of Goorid volcanic rocks, such as LILE and LREE enrichment and depletion of HFSE (negative anomaly of Nb, Ti, and P) and HREE ((Tb/Yb)N=1.40-1.88), indicating the absence or the presence of a small amount of garnet at the origin. The low Dy/Yb ratio (1.78 to 2.32) in these rocks confirms the spinel lherzolitic source. Using the (La/Yb)N (LREE/HREE) and (Gd/Yb)N (MREE/HREE) ratios it was also found that the samples are plotted in the spinel stability field and adjacent to the spinel lherzolite melting curve with about 90% spinel (Açlan et al., 2020).

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection can cause liver injury by inducing inflammation and oxidative stress. The Chinese herbal extract luteoloside (Lut) has considerable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its effects on the liver injury during T. gondii infection have not been reported. This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of Lut by treating T. gondii-infected mice with 0–200 mg/kg doses of Lut and further examined the expression of key proteins in the inflammation and oxidative stress-related pathways in the liver to investigate the potential mechanism of the hepatoprotective effects of Lut. Results showed that Lut remarkably reduced serum ALT and AST levels, considerably decreased inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, as well as oxidative products MDA, and greatly increased antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH. The expression of key proteins TLR4, Myd88, TRAF6, p-NF-κB p65 in the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and P2X7R, NLRP3, caspase 1, IL-1β, IL-18 in the P2X7R/NLRP3 pathway were significantly decreased in the liver. And the expression of key proteins Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, and GCLC in the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant-related pathway was significantly upregulated. In conclusion, Lut attenuated T. gondii-induced liver injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response and enhancing antioxidant capacity. The hepatoprotective mechanisms of Lut are involved in inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB and P2X7R/NLRP3 inflammatory signaling pathways, as well as enhancing the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway. These findings not only provide some reference for further exploring the specific hepatoprotective mechanism of Lut during T. gondii infection, but also provide some theoretical basis for the future clinical application of Lut as a hepatoprotective drug in T. gondii infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, OLED displays have been widely used in smartphones, in‐vehicle displays, and so on. Such applications require a dimming function that responds to external ambient light. It is also necessary to achieve precise gradation and color reproducibility in low luminance levels in dark environments. In this paper, we address two problems of gradation collapse in low luminance levels during low luminance dimming using PWM‐ driven duty ratio control, and color shift due to current leakage between sub‐pixels. In addition, we propose a correction method for improving gradation reproducibility and color reproducibility, using luminance correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new recursive trigonometric (RT) technique for Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) design implementation. The traditional implementation of trigonometric functions on FPGAs requires a significant amount of data storage space to store numerous reference values in the lookup tables. Although the coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) can reduce the required FPGA storage space, their implementation process can be very complex and time-consuming. The proposed RT technique aims to provide a new approach for generating trigonometric functions to improve communication accuracy and reduce response time in the FPGA. This new RT technique is based on the trigonometric transformation; the output is calculated directly from the input values, so its accuracy depends only on the accuracy of the inputs. The RT technique can prevent complex iterative calculations and reduce the computational errors caused by the scale factor K in the CORDIC. Its effectiveness in generating highly accurate cosine waveform is verified by simulation tests undertaken on an FPGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, panoramic images can be easily obtained by panoramic cameras. However, when the panoramic camera orientation is tilted, a non-upright panoramic image will be captured. Existing upright adjustment models focus on how to estimate more accurate camera orientation, and attribute image reconstruction to offline or post-processing tasks. To this end, we propose an online end-to-end network for upright adjustment. Our network is designed to reconstruct the image while finding the angle. Our network consists of three modules: orientation estimation, LUT online generation, and upright reconstruction. Direction estimation estimates the tilt angle of the panoramic image. Then, a converter block with upsampling function is designed to generate angle to LUT. This module can output corresponding online LUT for different input angles. Finally, a lightweight generative adversarial network (GAN) aims to generate upright images from shallow features. The experimental results show that in terms of angles, we have improved the accuracy of small angle errors. In terms of image reconstruction, In image reconstruction, we have achieved the first real-time online upright reconstruction of panoramic images using deep learning networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is proposed which aims at reducing the number of LUTs in the circuits of FPGA-based Mealy finite state machines (FSMs) with transformation of collections of outputs into state codes. The reduction is achieved due to the use of two-component state codes. Such an approach allows reducing the number of state variables compared with FSMs based on extended codes. There are exactly three levels of LUTs in the resulting FSM circuit. Each partial function is represented by a single-LUT circuit. The proposed method is illustrated with an example of synthesis. The experiments were conducted using standard benchmarks. They show that the proposed method produces FSM circuits with significantly smaller LUT counts compared with those produced by other investigated methods (Auto and One-hot of Vivado, JEDI, and transformation of output collection codes into extended state codes). The LUT count is decreased by, on average, from 9.86% to 59.64%. The improvement of the LUT count is accompanied by a slightly improved performance. The maximum operating frequency is increased, on average, from 2.74% to 12.93%. The advantages of the proposed method become more pronounced with increasing values of FSM inputs and state variables.

Introduction. The control unit is one of the most important building blocks of any digital system. The main function of the control unit is to coordinate the interaction between all system blocks. Therefore, the characteristics of a control unit circuit have a significant impact on the quality of the system as a whole. To represent the law of functioning of a control unit, the models of the Moore and Mealy finite state machines (FSM) are used. When synthesizing circuits of FSMs, it is necessary to solve a number of optimization problems, such as the reducing hardware amount, increasing performance, minimizing power consumption, joint optimization of hardware-temporal characteristics. Methods for solving these problems largely depend on the used logical elements. Currently, FPGA microchips are one of the main platforms in which modern digital systems are implemented. The main blocks in the FPGA, which are used in the implementation of FSM circuits, are embedded memory blocks (EMBs), logical blocks LUT (look-up table) and a system of programmable interconnections. The best characteristics are possessed by FSM circuits implemented with EMBs. However, EMBs are widely used to implement various operational blocks of digital systems. Therefore, the designer of a control unit circuitry can use a rather limited number of EMBs. Purpose of the article. The article deals with the extreme case when there is only a single "free" EMB available. In this case, the FSM circuit is represented by a network consisting of this EMB and LUTs. There is proposed a method for the synthesis of an FSM with the optimization of the number of LUTs, when only one EMB block is available for implementing some part of the circuit. The proposed method is based on the using classes of pseudoequivalent states of Moore FSMs. The states are coded in such a way that the state code consists of the code of the class of pseudoequivalent states and the code of a collection of microoperations. Results. Studies of the effectiveness of the proposed method were carried out on standard FSMs. FPGAs of the Virtex-7 family from Xilinx were used as an implementation platform. The research results showed that the proposed method allows reducing the number of LUTs in FSM circuits by 12 % – 19 % in comparison with the known methods. In all cases, only a single EMB was used. Conclusions. The effectiveness of the proposed method allows us to recommend it for use in the synthesis of FSMs if there is of an extreme shortage of EMBs.

The main purpose of the method proposed in this article is to reduce the number of look-up-table (LUT) elements in logic circuits of sequential devices. The devices are represented by models of Mealy finite state machines (FSMs). Thesee are so-called MPY FSMs based on two methods of structural decomposition (the replacement of inputs and encoding of output collections). The main idea is to use two types of state codes for implementing systems of partial Boolean functions. Some functions are based on maximum binary codes; other functions depend on extended state codes. The reduction in LUT counts is based on using the method of twofold state assignment. The proposed method makes it possible to obtain FPGA-based FSM circuits with four logic levels. Only one LUT is required to implement the circuit corresponding to any partial function. An example of FSM synthesis using the proposed method is shown. The results of the conducted experiments show that the proposed approach produces LUT-based FSM circuits with better area-temporal characteristics than for circuits produced using such methods as Auto and One-hot of Vivado, JEDI, and MPY FSMs. Compared to MPY FSMs, the values of LUT counts are improved. On average, this improvement is 8.98%, but the gain reaches 13.65% for fairly complex FSMs. The maximum operating frequency is slightly improved as compared with the circuits of MPY FSMs (up to 0.64%). For both LUT counts and frequency, the gain increases together with the growth for the numbers of FSM inputs, outputs and states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]