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Context: Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A. Juss. (Euphorbiaceae) is known as ‘dyer’s-croton’ and used to obtain dye substances. Recently, natural antioxidants and colorants have been of interest because of their safety and therapeutic effects. Objective: This study investigates the antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of the various extracts and fractions from C. tinctoria and analyzes their phytochemical contents. Materials and methods: The aerial parts of C. tinctoria were extracted with water, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and methanol/chloroform. Phenolic compounds and other constituents of the extracts were analyzed by HPLC/TOF-MS. The ethyl acetate extract (EA) was fractionated by flash chromatography. The extracts, fractions, and major phenolic compounds were investigated for their antiproliferative activities on human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cell line at the concentrations of 5–100 μg/mL by using BrdU ELISA assay during 24 h of incubation. DPPH radical scavenging activities (5–150 μg/mL) and total phenolic contents of the samples were also evaluated. Results: 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (268.20 mg/kg), apigenin-7-glucoside (133.34 mg/kg), and gallic acid (68.92 mg/kg) were the major components of EA. CT/E-F6 (IC50 = 64.59 ± 0.01 μg/mL) exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity. CT/E-F2 (IC50= 14.0 ± 0.0 μg/mL) and some fractions displayed higher radical scavenging activity compared to synthetic antioxidant BHT (IC50 = 23.1 ± 0.0 μg/mL). Among the main phenolics, gallic acid exhibited the highest antiproliferative and radical scavenging abilities (IC50

In this study, the chemical profile, antioxidative, cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of essential oil of Paracaryum bingoelianum Behçet &İlçim (Boraginaceae) were investigated in vitro. The chemical composition of P. bingoelianum essential oil (EO) was determined by HS-SPME/GC–MS method. DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) methods were performed for revealing the antioxidant capacity of EO. The cytotoxic effect of EO was determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay on MCF-7 breast cancer and HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Apoptosis inducing effect of EO was evaluated by cell death detection Elisa (CDDE) assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining method. Totally thirty-four compounds, representing 93.38% of the essential oil were identified. The DPPH scavenging activity of EO at 205 μg/mL concentration, was found as close to vit. C. Besides, it was observed that EO had significant reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The EO inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 and HT-29 cells, and induced apoptosis. When compared with untreated cells, the viability of MCF-7 and HT-29 cells, which treated with 800 μg/mL EO, decreased to 48.9% and 36.2%, respectively. In treated MCF-7 and HT-29 cells with EO at IC50 doses, the apoptosis was significantly induced, compared to untreated cells (p

ABSTRACT: Eastern Anatolia and its environs are included in the Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region of Türkiye. The region abounds in highest mountain ranges (average 1900 m) of the country some of which are of quarternary age and volcanic character. Many rivers of historical and international importance like Euphrates, Dicle, Murat, Karasu and Aras. Tigris, Aras and Çoruh flow through the region. It experiencens a typical continental climate. Soils are generally of alluvial, colluvial, chestnut-brown, regosal and basaltic types. The area embodies over 8 million ha of meadows and grasslands which is 41% of Türkiye's total pasturelands as such cattle raising is very high in this area. Forest vegetation is represented mainly by Pinus sylvestris, Quercus libani, Q. longipes, Q. brantii, Q. macranthera, Juniperus excelsa and Betula pendula. Most of these are highly degraded. Plant cover is rich in Irano - Turanian elements but we find Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian elements too to some extent, richest families being Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Apiaceae richest genera being Astragalus, Verbascum, Centaurea, Ranunculus, Alyssum, Vicia, Silene, Dianthus, Veronica and Trifolium. The number of endemics is very high, being around 950. And also the region has gene centers of genera Astragalus, Gypsophila, Cousinia, Acanthophyllum etc. The some typical associations one comes across in this area are; Triseto-Pinetum sylvestris, Trifolio-Pinetum sylvestris, Ballato-Rhamnetum pallasii, Caragano-Minuartietum lineatea, Hippophaetum rhamnoidis, Typho-Juncetum inflecii, Hordeetum violaceumii, Deschampsio-Ranunculetum brachylobus, Hordeeto-Ranunculetum comosae and Polygon-Primuletum auriculatae. Dominantly vegetation of the region is steppe. The are a lot of natural plant taxa using local people. Key Words: Eastern Anatolia, Flora, Vegetation, Biodiversity, Geobotany, Endemism, Türkiye. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi ve Çevresinin Flora ve Vejetasyon Formasyonlarının Genel Özellikleri ÖZET: Doğu Anadolu bölgesi ve çevresi Türkiye'nin İran-Turan bölgesinde yer alır. Ülkenin yüksek dağlık bölge silsilesinde (ortalama 1900 m) yer alan bölge Quaterner yaşlı ve volkanik karakterlidir. Fırat, Dicle, Karasu, Aras ve Çoruh gibi tarihi ve uluslararsı öneme haiz çoğu ırmak bölge boyunca akar. Bölge tipik kontinental iklim özelliği taşır. Toprakları genellikle allüviyal, kolluviyal, kestane-kahverengi, regosol ve bazalttır. Alan, 8 milyon ha'ın üzerinde çayır ve otlaklara sahiptir. Bu alan Türkiye toplam çayır ve otlaklarının yaklaşık % 41'ini teşkil eder. Sığır üretimi bölgede giderek yükseliyor. Orman vejetasyonu esas itibariyle Pinus sylvestris, Quercus libani, Q. longipes, Q. brantii, Q. macranthera, Juniperus excelsa ve Betula pendula'dır. Ormanlık alanların çoğu tahrip edilmiştir. Bitki örtüsü İran-Turan elementleri bakımından çok zengindir. Fakat biz Akdeniz ve Avrupa-Sibirya elementleri açısından da bir dereceye kadar zengin bulduk. Bölgedeki takson sayısı bakımından en zengin familyalar; Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Caryophyllaceae ve Apiaceae; en zengin cinsler ise Astragalus, Verbascum, Centaurea, Ranunculus, Alyssum, Vicia, Silene, Dianthus, Veronica ve Trifolium'dur. Endemiklerin sayısı çok yüksektir, yaklaşık 950. Aynı zamanda bölge Astragalus, Gypsophila, Cousinia and Acanthophyllum gibi cinslerin gen merkezidir. Bölgenin vejetasyonunda hakim tipik bazı birlikler; Triseto-Pinetum sylvestris, Trifolio-Pinetum sylvestris, Ballato-Rhamnetum pallasii, Caragano-Minuartietum lineatea, Hippophaetum rhamnoidis, Typho-Juncetum inflecii, Hordeetum violaceumii, Deschampsio-Ranunculetum brachylobus, Hordeeto - Ranunculetum comosae and Polygon-Primuletum auriculatae vs.dir. Hakim vejetasyonu steptir. Yerli halkın kullandığı çok sayıda doğal bitki türü vardır. Anahtar kelimeler: Doğu Anadolu, Flora, Vejetasyon, Biyoçeşitlilik, Jeobotanik, Endemizm, Türkiye.

A new species, Psephellus vanensis A.Duran, Behçet & B.Dogan (Asteraceae) from Anatolia, Turkey, is described and illustrated. The species grows on the serpentine stony field of the village of Çaldıran in the district of Başkale (Van province) in eastern Anatolia. It is morphologically similar to Psephellus pyrrhoblepharus (Boiss.) Wagenitz. Diagnostic characters are discussed, and a key to the most similar species is provided. Ecology, conservation status and notes on biogeography of the species are also presented. In addition, the geographical distribution of the new species and other related species in Turkey is mapped.