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With the rapid development of e-commerce, both gray products and counterfeit products are particularly serious in the luxury industry. This paper develops an analytical framework to investigate the interaction among the gray market, the counterfeit market and the authorised market, and examines how luxury manufacturers should manage unfair competition from gray products and/or counterfeit products. First, regardless of the existence of counterfeit products, the manufacturer can benefit from gray products when the status utility is moderate. Second, counterfeit products may benefit the manufacturer, depending on the availability of gray products and the physical resemblance of counterfeit products. Third, gray product may benefit the counterfeiter while counterfeit product always harms the gray marketer. Finally, we reveal that gray products can help luxury manufacturers fight against counterfeit products. In particular, gray products can reduce the demand for counterfeit products and even drive counterfeit products out of the market when the physical resemblance of counterfeit products is sufficiently low. Our findings provide several new managerial insights for luxury manufacturers and gray marketers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: The area of interest undertaken in this publication is the impact of location factors on the high turnover of luxury goods sales. The selection of these factors was based on the results of previous studies available in the literature. However, they mainly concern the location of points of sale of each type of goods. Therefore, it was necessary to get acquainted with the specifics of trading in luxury goods and choose those among the factors that are associated with it. Purpose of the article: The analysis covered not only the impact of the factors themselves, but also the links between them and the differentiation of the impact depending on the size of the agglomeration in which the places of sale are located. Research methods: For this purpose, an in-depth statistical analysis and the grey set theory were used. The use of the theory of grey set is important in the case of the research carried out due to the ambiguity of the occurrence of all factors in relation to the sample analyzed. Some of them do not apply to the entire study population. Main findings: The obtained results show the overall importance of location factors for achieving the expected level of turnover, as well as value them within the adopted categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranea - Ricerche Storiche is the property of Mediterranea-Ricerche Storiche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The development of e-commerce and online shopping has given rise to emerging concepts of consumer behavior, including webrooming. Due to the novelty of the concept of webrooming in this study, an attempt has been made to provide a conceptual framework to explain this behavior and the factors affecting its formation.Method: In this regard, a field survey study was conducted by distributing questionnairy among a sample consisting of 384 gold and jewelry customers in Tehran. The questionnaires consisting of 9 dimensions and 38 items were distributed among the members of the statistical sample after ensuring reliability and validity. Data analysis along with partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used.Findings: According to the results, the benefits of online and offline channels have a significant impact on webrooming attitude; It was also discovered that attitude, perceived risk, anticipated regret, subjective norms and behavioral control have a significant impact on behavioral inclination and webrooming.Conclusion: The results of goodness of fit showed that the proposed model in this research has a good validity and fit. Given that webrooming has a negative impact on online sales; the results help online retailers mitigate this phenomenon by targeting webrooming antecedents.

"Religion is the decoration of life," declares Peter Sloterdijk in his newly translated Making the Heavens Speak: Religion as Poetry (MHS), arguing that much of our understanding of the spiritual life is distorted and exceptionally narrow. With refreshing and renewed vision, this text points out the ways in which the heavenly skies have been a source of divine inspiration and cipher for theopoetic illuminations. We have failed to grasp how modern secularization, ironically, was a blessing in disguise for religion since it helped to unscrew any religious authorities from the burden of needing to associate with or justify their existence through some national, political, or identity-based associations and cultural traditions. Either as a stroke of good fortune or just a contingent set of circumstances, Sloterdijk argues that religion has benefited from secularization—in becoming "useless," religious practices have been liberated or "emancipated" from the burden of being politicized, nationalized, or mythologized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to measure the effect of perceived value on purchase intention of luxury goods among Angolan consumers. It also explored the moderating effect of consumer gender. Data were collected through a survey distributed to 130 consumers in North and South Angola, employing Smart-PLS for analysis. The results indicated that perceived social value was the most important determinant of purchase intentions for luxury goods, followed by perceived individual value. The study showed that consumer gender moderated the relationship between and individual value perception and social value perception on purchase intention. The research contributes to the literature, and this study is the first empirical test of a value structure for luxury goods in the Angolan market, so it allowed to better understand the disposition of these consumers in purchase intention according to the perceived value of luxury. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The purpose of this research is to design and explain the behavior model of buyers of luxury goods centered on the gold market. In this regard, while reviewing concepts such as buyers' behavior, luxury goods and the gold market, with interviews from experts and professors in the field of luxury and gold industry as well as marketing, qualitative analysis method was used to present the pattern of behavior of buyers of luxury goods centered on the gold market. The studied community includes all experts and professors in the field of luxury and gold industry as well as marketing. The sample size of the study includes 10 experts in the field of luxury and gold industry as well as marketing, which was selected by the theoretical saturation method. Semi-structured interview and Delphi method were used to collect data in this research. The results of qualitative analysis by Max Kyoda software showed that the components of designing and explaining the behavior model of luxury goods buyers centered on the gold market by thematic analysis method include: 1- social factors, 2- cultural factors, 3- individual factors, 4- economic factors, 5- consumer attitude, 6- consumption motivation, 7- value, 8- experience, 9- awareness and 10- consumer behavior. Also, for these components, 65 indicators were finally approved by the experts. Extended Abstract Introduction Luxury consumption is a relatively global phenomenon that is more widespread in developed countries. It can be said that luxury consumption is more common in cultures that are luxurious and tend to materialism (Heidarzadeh & Reise Rohani, 2014). Social attitude is defined as giving importance to friends knowing that they have a luxury brand and introducing the luxury brand as a symbol, character and high social status. Value attitude means that people value the brand for the reasons: reflection of the personality by the luxury brand, creating identity with the brand, creating a favorable feeling in people, and increasing self-confidence. Hedonic attitude is the attitude towards the luxury brand from the aspects of: luxury brand being fun, not boring, and creating excitement and euphoria by the luxury brand (Schade, Hegner, Horstmann & Brinkmann, 2016). Today, business success cannot be taken lightly; therefore, understanding and predicting consumer behavior is the key to the success of organizations in planning and managing this changing environment (Dehdashti Shahrokh & Ahmadi, 2016). Identifying the factors affecting consumer behavior is very important in all industries, but in some areas, such as luxury brands, it becomes more apparent because the factors influencing the purchase of luxury consumers from ordinary and daily goods are more complex and are rooted in the psychological and social factors of individuals and consumers. They seek to achieve higher values ​​than usual brands (Kapferer & Valette-Florence, 2018). In fact, this research is an attempt to find an answer to the question that what are the most important components of buying behavior of luxury products (gold and jewelry) among Iranian customers? Theoretical framework Along with the significant growth trend of luxury goods consumption, research on luxury goods has also boomed in recent years (Zhang, Cude & Zhao, 2020). Usually, there is no single and coherent definition of the concept of luxury among academics. However, this term is mostly used for products, services or brands that have a higher price, exclusive position in the market, excellent quality, unique beauty and creating a sense of pleasure (Cho, Rha & Burt, 2015). Luxury goods are different from goods that are bought on a daily basis because these products, in addition to being daily needs, also meet social needs such as social prestige, and buyers show their personality by purchasing luxury products (Haghighi Nasab, Islami & Davarpanah Kiasraei, 2016). The gold reserves in the balance sheets of the central banks of the world, on the one hand, and its attractiveness for investment purposes and dealing with the unstable macroeconomic environment, on the other hand, caused this valuable metal to attract the attention of policymakers, researchers, and macroeconomic market players even after the collapse of the Bretton Woods system (Jalili, 2013). Gold is always in high demand by individuals, governments and central banks. The flow of a large amount of financial capital towards gold causes the stagnant capital that could be used in the production capacity of the country (Jalili, 2013). Koles (2022) in a study entitled "Factors affecting the buying behavior of luxury products" investigated the impact of customer experiences on the purchase of luxury products. In this study, which was conducted with a survey approach among 413 customers of luxury products in India, the researchers showed that brand experience, brand resonance and brand trust have a significant effect on the intention to purchase luxury products. Jiachen (2022) in a study entitled "Luxury consumption behavior after the financial crisis" investigated the trend of buying luxury products after the financial crisis in the last decade. In this research, it was found that although the financial crisis affected the market of luxury products as a shock; this influence was temporary and did not have a great impact on the buying behavior of luxury products. Research methodology In terms of research philosophy, this research falls under positivist studies. In terms of strategy, this research is of an applicable type, which is carried out with a descriptive-non-experimental approach. In terms of the type of data, this research is qualitative. In terms of time, this study is done in a single section. In terms of data collection method, interviews are used in this research. The statistical population of the research consists of experts in the field of luxury and gold industry as well as marketing. In this research, non-probability targeted sampling methods were used to select the sample from purposive sampling. A total of 10 people were interviewed. Data collection continued to the theoretical saturation of the categories until it was not possible to obtain new data. Accordingly, data has been collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts. The Holstein coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the interviews. In the present research, in the first step, using the library method and interviewing experts and implementing it in the MAXQDA18 software and performing open and axial coding, the indicators and components were identified and summarized, and then the indicators and components were confirmed by the experts, using the Delphi method, and in the next step, the final framework of the final model was formed using selective coding. Research findings In the current research, MAXQDA20 software was used and open and axial coding of indicators and components was identified and summarized, and then using the Delphi method, the indicators and components were finally approved by experts. In order to design and explain the behavior model of buyers of luxury goods centered on the gold market, 10 components and 65 indicators were identified and approved by experts. In this research, according to the model, it seems that the behavior of buyers of luxury goods will be influenced by the gold market. In the current research, according to the model, it seems that the components of social, cultural, individual and economic factors will affect the consumer's attitude, consumption motivation and value, and in this way, they affect the experience and awareness. The results of the model continue to show that the components of experience and awareness have an impact on consumer behavior. Regarding the indicators obtained in this research, according to the weight obtained in the coding stages, the indicators of feigned behavior and pretending, information search and exploration, aesthetic experience, occurrence of economic crises, ethnic and tribal culture, the most weight was allocated to Iranians. Conclusion The current research was conducted with the aim of designing and explaining the behavior model of buyers of luxury goods centered on the gold market as a qualitative study. The results of this research are in line with the results of Eastman et al., (2020). In an article, they showed the critical roles of social media, peers, and family in influencing students' luxury consumption and providing insight into how they form an emotional bond with them. Luxury marketers can build business relationships with college student consumers by presenting products as current luxury consumer goods and see their consumption expand into the future. It is also consistent with the result of Dhaliwal et al., (2020). They show that the consumer behavior towards luxury goods has been studied in the past. This article combines the determinants of luxury shopping behavior and previous traditions into four main factors: individual factors, psychological factors, cultural and social factors, and factors related to luxury goods. This research is consistent with the current research in terms of individual factors, psychological factors, cultural and social factors. According to the results of the research, it is suggested to investigate consumer behavior by perceived behavioral control and mental norms, adaptive behaviors and attracting the attention of others, as well as pretentious behaviors and pretending in social behaviors and imitative behaviors, following the behavior of widespread urbanization and understanding and predicting the behavior of consumers. It is suggested that by recommending and ordering to people around you about this brand, awareness of product quality and diversity in selection, as well as awareness gained through online advertising, by searching and exploring information, by awareness from family and friends, and awareness through foreign trips and awareness of the internet and satellite networks to improve the level of brand awareness.

Copyright of En la España Medieval is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) represent a multibillion-dollar global market. While considerable speculation exists about the future utility of NFTs, there has been limited research into the consumer behaviors of market participants. This research paper examines the motivations of NFT buyers through the lens of self-determination theory. Using a sample of 482 participants, the authors tested a conceptual framework to better understand both NFT buyers' intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. This study expands the literature on NFTs in three different ways: i) it is the first study, as far as we know, to focus exclusively on NFT buyers and their motivations in purchasing NFTs; ii) it explores a variety of potential motivations theorized in the literature; and iii) it tests the expected future value of NFTs as both a motivation and as a moderator for NFT buyers. The authors determined that intrinsic motivation had the most substantial effect on purchase intention, and the expectations of NFTs' future value positively moderated the effect of amotivation on purchase intention. In contrast, high expectations of future value moderated the effect of external regulation on purchase intention. The results suggest that NFT buyers are not as impacted by potential social or monetary gain as often characterized in the academic literature but behave more like traditional buyers of luxury goods. • Seminal study on motivations behind NFT buyers' decisions to purchase NFTs (n = 486) • Used SIMS to test a variety of motivation effects (intrinsic, extrinsic, amotivation) • Intrinsic motivation had the most substantial effect, contradicting a common narrative of NFT buyers • Buyers' expectation of future value acts simultaneously as a determinant and moderation effect in the purchase of NFTs • NFTs should be considered a novel form of luxury goods [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In both the global and the domestic approach, the real estate market is a multifaceted domain of study, constituting a specific and imperfect system. Researchers have to rely on increasingly advanced analytical tools to capture the structural complexity of real estate markets. Real estate prices are influenced by contradictory behaviors of market participants. This observation prompted the authors to analyze the income and price elasticity of demand for housing by calculating elasticity coefficients in view of changes in housing prices and the Veblen effect. This problem was analyzed based on a review of the literature and the results of an experiment. The results of the current study can be used to confirm the presence of the Veblen effect on the housing market based on the adopted criteria. The coefficients of price and income elasticity of demand for housing were calculated in view of the price dynamics on the real estate market to paint a more complete picture of reality and explain market processes.

This research distinguishes between the goal of maintaining status and advancing status and investigates how consumers' political ideology triggers sensitivity to a status-maintenance (vs. status-advancement) goal, subsequently altering luxury consumption. Because conservative political ideology increases the preference for social stability, the authors propose that conservatives (vs. liberals) are more sensitive to status maintenance (but not status advancement) and thus exhibit a greater desire for luxury goods when the status-maintenance goal is activated. Six studies assessing status maintenance using sociodemographic characteristics (Studies 1, 2, and 3a) and controlled manipulations, including ad framing (Study 3b) and semantic priming (Studies 4 and 5), provide support for this proposition. The studies show that the effect is specific to status maintenance and does not occur (1) in the absence of a status goal or (2) when the status-advancement goal (a focus on increasing status) is activated. Overall, the findings reveal that conservatives' desire for luxury goods stems from the goal of maintaining status and offer insights into how luxury brands can effectively tailor their communications to audiences with a conservative ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the luxury goods market constantly growing, understanding the consumer’s behaviour and the factors influencing the purchasing decision-making process is crucial. By understanding the consumer’s behaviour among buyers of luxury goods in times of crisis, this paper can propose a series of measures that could improve the marketing mix and marketing strategies for the companies involved in the luxury goods market, from large manufacturers to retailers. The negative effects of the economic recession caused by the Covid19 pandemic led to the necessity to recognize the changes in the consumer behaviour that may have a lasting impact, and they definitely will. Economic crisis has a significant impact on consumption practices and the way consumers justify their consumption patterns

The consumption of luxury goods is a complex phenomenon influenced by many factors and variables. It is the result of national and global conditions. The article investigates the consumption of luxury goods in China, the demand for which is increasing each year. This is a relatively new topic and subject of research in various social sciences. The author analyses this phenomenon from the point of view of Chinese society, which has evolved and started to develop dynamically in recent years. The study discusses the concept of consumption with particular emphasis on luxury goods, and also presents some critical remarks regarding the consumption of these products. The article is a theoretical-empirical study and it is based on classical and contemporary literature on consumption, as well as selected foreign research on the issue of luxury goods consumption in China. The article has a scientific value and can also be used to analyse the demand and supply of luxury goods in Chinese society.

Through the load of the N. S. Necessidades ship, owned by Pedro Miguel de Almeida, Marquess of Alorna, the article reflects on the Portuguese trade in Asia during the 18th century, a period often marginalized by historiography in favour of the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1751, the old India viceroy returns to Lisbon with a shipment that give an idea of which sorts of products were more demanded in Portugal in the eighteenth century, which were their characteristics and their origins, and reveal inter-Asian lines of trade. Also, these objects show in general terms the way of life of the aristocracy. Finally, the article compares the nao's shipment with those sent by the Governor of the Philippines, Simon de Anda y Salazar. In both cases, they would take advantage of their position to increase their patrimony with the acquisition of Asian manufactures in the main markets of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractToday, we are under the immense siege of luxury goods, the consumption of manifestations and the abundance of services, objects and commodities. Sociological literature increasingly emphasizes the importance of how to use luxury goods in shaping social relationships. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between social psychological characteristics and their intention to purchase through keeping up with the Joneses. The research method was correlation. For data collection, valid questionnaires were used. The statistical population of this research includes 205 numbers of newlywed who has been married for one year or less, selected by simple random sampling from Sanandaj city, Kurdistan. Iran. Structural equation modeling and PLS software were used to investigate the relationship between variables. Regression and Sobel tests were used to test the mediation. The results of the study showed that there is a significant relationship between the variables in question; however, the role of keeping up with the joneses was not confirmed in the relationship between social psychological characteristics and purchase intention. In the end, it can be said that individual and cultural characteristics affect the women’s values and their motivations and beliefs about goods, including the purchase of luxury goods.

While the continued use of technological innovations is significant to combat counterfeiting, the findings underlined the importance of consumer perceptions of quality to both luxury and luxury counterfeit fashion products. A critical "innovation challenge" for luxury brands is to balance the fundamental trade-off in luxury branding between innovation and tradition. A common theme in this special issue is how luxury companies respond to disruption, "Innovation driven by digital technology are forcing luxury fashion brands to adapt and reshape their business models in order to adapt to changing consumer behavior" (Cabigiosu, 2020, pp. 5-6). Keywords: entrepreneurship; fashion; innovation; luxury goods; marketing; strategy EN entrepreneurship fashion innovation luxury goods marketing strategy 483 485 3 09/05/22 20220901 NES 220901 INTRODUCTION Innovation is integral to the luxury brand identity, although often expressed in different ways. [Extracted from the article]

The article aims to discover consumer preferences concerning luxury skincare products by applying the multivariate statistical method, a conjoint analysis. The main aim is to identify the significant attributes of products influencing consumer behaviour in terms of purchase, use, motivation, and a general approach to the luxury skincare product segment on the Czech market. The main sources for primary data are questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews with representatives of companies operating in this sector. According to the initial analysis, four of the most significant attributes were determined that apply to consumer behaviour within this sector and the product in question: the possibility of product sampling, point of sale advice, product price, and level of the special offer. Using the conjoint analysis, these attributes were incorporated into individual model cards and subsequently offered to consumers for rating. The final sample of 1,104 respondents rated the offered product variants of skincare products, with the result that that the most preferred factors were price and amount of the special offer, as opposed to less-preferred products offering sampling and point of sale advice. Simultaneously, the data showed that consumers gave most preference to the lowest price and the highest special offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rugby union developed as a closed sport, enshrined in traditions and extremely attentive to quality. For a long time therefore, it conveyed the characteristics of luxury goods. In the 1980s, this aristocratic model faced a new economic reality which compelled rugby union to a reinterrogate its model. With its professionalization, it had to open up to new perspectives and tried to become profitable and to conquer new markets all over the world. The difficulties it encountered in these circumstances reflect the contradictions inherent in the democratization of luxury goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature suggests that when shopping for luxury goods, consumers arbitrate between genuine and fake luxury goods, with younger consumers being more likely to arbitrate in favor of luxury fakes because of their lower income and different values. We challenge this alleged influence in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), a country where access to luxury can be controlled for, and generations differ in values following 1990s' meteoric takeoff. Drawing on the functional theories of attitudes, a qualitative study shows that luxury consumption does not serve the same psychological functions for the pre-boom (born before 1990) and the post-boom generational cohorts in the UAE. As such, it demonstrates the power of values when explaining the trade-off between genuine and fake luxury goods, as values can explain both a current negative influence of age on counterfeit consumption in Western countries and a positive one in the Middle East. The findings are interesting for public policy makers and managers operating in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An excavation of a 12th-century rock crystal workshop in Cologne/Köln (Germany) unearthed raw pieces, waste, grindstone fragments and iron hammers. Keywords: Rock crystal; mineralogy; Islamic art; luxury goods; Fustat; artifact biography; connections across the Islamic world; Islamic objects in non-Islamic contexts; archaeology and art history EN Rock crystal mineralogy Islamic art luxury goods Fustat artifact biography connections across the Islamic world Islamic objects in non-Islamic contexts archaeology and art history Seeking Transparency: Rock Crystals across the MedievalMediterranean, edited by Cynthia Hahn and Avinoam Shalem.Mann Verlag 2020. [Extracted from the article]