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This article systematically studies the AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs using the O2 plasma alternately treated Al2O3 as gate dielectric. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurement results show that the density of the border traps originating from the Al-OH bonds in the ALD-Al2O3 gate dielectric can be significantly reduced after the O2 plasma alternating treatment. Consequently, a low gate leakage current and a high field-effect mobility of 1680cm2/ $\text{V}\cdot \text{s}$ are achieved. The results also demonstrate that the fabricated AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs with the O2 plasma alternating treatment exhibit improved performances, having a high ON/OFF ratio of ~1011, a steep subthreshold slope of 74 mV/dec, a small hysteresis ( $\Delta V_{\mathrm {TH}}$ ) of 0.1 V and small ON-resistance ( $R_{\mathrm {ON}}$ ) of $6.0~\Omega \cdot $ mm. The device thermal stability was also improved within the tested temperature range. In addition, the pulsed $I_{\mathrm {D}}$ - $V_{\mathrm {DS}}$ measurements with quiescent drain bias ( $V_{\mathrm {DS0}}$ ) stress of 40 V present negligible current collapse (2%) and low degradation of dynamic $R_{\mathrm {ON}}$ by 1.04 times the static ${R} _{\mathrm {ON}}$ .

Abstract Background In many areas of China, over 30% of tuberculosis cases occur among the elderly. We aimed to investigate the spatial distribution and environmental factors that predicted the occurence of tuberculosis in this group. Methods Data were collected on notified pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases aged ≥ 65 years in Zhejiang Province from 2010 to 2021. We performed spatial autocorrelation and spatial-temporal scan statistics to determine the clusters of epidemics. Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) analysis was used to identify significant environmental factors and their spatial spillover effects. Results 77,405 cases of PTB among the elderly were notified, showing a decreasing trend in the notification rate. Spatial-temporal analysis showed clustering of epidemics in the western area of Zhejiang Province. The results of the SDM indicated that a one-unit increase in PM2.5 led to a 0.396% increase in the local notification rate. The annual mean temperature and precipitation had direct effects and spatial spillover effects on the rate, while complexity of the shape of the greenspace (SHAPE_AM) and SO2 had negative spatial spillover effects. Conclusion Targeted interventions among the elderly in Western Zhejiang may be more efficient than broad, province-wide interventions. Low annual mean temperature and high annual mean precipitation in local and neighboring areas tend to have higher PTB onset among the elderly.

Investigation of mining-induced stress is essential for the safety of coal production. Although the field monitoring and numerical simulation play a significant role in obtaining the structural mechanical behaviors, the range of monitoring is not sufficient due to the limits of monitoring points and the associated numerical result is not accurate. In this study, we aim to present a spatial deduction model to characterize the mining-induced stress distribution using machine learning algorithm on limited monitoring data. First, the framework of the spatial deduction model is developed on the basis of non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm and optimized by mechanical mechanism. In this framework, the spatial correlation of stress response is captured from numerical results, and the learned correlation is employed in NMF as a mechanical constrain to augment the limited monitoring data and obtain the overall mechanical performances. Then, the developed model is applied to a coal mine in Shandong, China. Experimental results show the stress distribution in one plane is derived by several monitoring points, where mining induced stress release is observed in goaf and stress concentration in coal pillar, and the intersection point between goaf and coal seam is a sensitive area. The indicators used to evaluate the property of the presented model indicate that 83% mechanical performances have been captured and the deduction accuracy is about 92.9%. Therefore, it is likely that the presented deduction model is reliable.

Various aniline sensing materials have excellent properties based on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) transducer, but their synthesis processes are complex. Herein, commercial calcium silicate hydrate nanosheets (CSH-S) was utilized for facile fabrication of aniline sensor based on QCM platform. This sensor was capable of detecting 0.1 ppm aniline, and the response time (14 s) and recovery time (16 s) were short. Besides, the devices could restore sensitivity after 30 days, demonstrating excellent stability. In addition, variable temperature experiment combined with simulation calculation methods were carried out to study the adsorption of aniline on CSH-S surfaces, then the sensing mechanism was revealed. This work opens up a rapid and convenient method for detecting gaseous aniline.

Abstract At present, the effects of chronic ankle instability (CAI) on the biomechanics of the ankle joint in the three-step layup of basketball players are not clear. This work aims to thoroughly investigate the impact of CAI on the biomechanical characteristics of the ankle during the execution of a three-step layup in basketball players. Thirty male basketball players were stratified into distinct groups—namely, a CAI group and a non-CAI group—comprising 15 individuals each, based on the presence or absence of CAI. Demographic attributes, including age, weight, height, and the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) score, were subjected to rigorous statistical examination within both athlete cohorts. The research employed four Whistler 9281CA 3D force measuring platforms (Switzerland), recording at 1000 Hz, in conjunction with eight camera motion analysis systems (USA), functioning at a frequency of 200 Hz. The study recorded maximal plantarflexion angle, inversion angle, dorsiflexion angle, and peak ankle dorsiflexion moment across the subjects during the distinct phases of push-off, landing, and the ensuing landing period. The findings notably exhibited that within the context of the one-foot push-off phase, the maximum ankle inversion angle was notably diminished in the CAI group as contrasted with the non-CAI group, demonstrating statistical significance (t = − 3.006, P

Abstract Background Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the current management of LN remains unsatisfactory due to sneaky symptoms during early stages and lack of reliable predictors of disease progression. Methods Bioinformatics and machine learning algorithms were initially used to explore the potential biomarkers for LN development. Identified biomarker expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and multiplex immunofluorescence (IF) in 104 LN patients, 12 diabetic kidney disease (DKD) patients, 12 minimal change disease (MCD) patients, 12 IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients and 14 normal controls (NC). The association of biomarker expression with clinicopathologic indices and prognosis was analyzed. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) were utilized to explore potential mechanisms. Results Interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) was identified as a potential biomarker for LN. IFI16 was highly expressed in the kidneys of LN patients compared to those with MCD, DKD, IgAN or NC. IFI16 co-localized with certain renal and inflammatory cells. Glomerular IFI16 expression was correlated with pathological activity indices of LN, while tubulointerstitial IFI16 expression was correlated with pathological chronicity indices. Renal IFI16 expression was positively associated with systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI) and serum creatinine while negatively related to baseline eGFR and serum complement C3. Additionally, higher IFI16 expression was closely related to poorer prognosis of LN patients. GSEA and GSVA suggested that IFI16 expression was involved in adaptive immune-related processes of LN. Conclusion Renal IFI16 expression is a potential biomarker for disease activity and clinical prognosis in LN patients. Renal IFI16 levels may be used to shed light on predicting the renal response and develop precise therapy for LN.

The Vth stability and gate reliability of AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MIS-HEMTs) with alternating O2 plasma treatment were systematically investigated in this article. It was found that the conduction band offset at the Al2O3/AlGaN interface was elevated to 2.4 eV, which contributed to the suppressed gate leakage current. The time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) test results showed that the ALD-Al2O3 with the alternating O2 plasma treatment had better quality and reliability. The AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMT with the alternating O2 plasma treatment demonstrated remarkable advantages in higher Vth stability under high-temperature and long-term gate bias stress.

Abstract Cloud energy storage system (CESS) can effectively improve the utilization rate of the energy storage system (ESS) and reduce the cost. However, there is a lack of a model designed for large‐scale renewable energy power plants (REPPs). Due to the volatility and intermittency of renewable energy power generation, as well as the demand of following scheduling plan and market arbitrage, it is also necessary to configure ESS for REPPs. However, if the REPP builds ESS by itself, the investment is relatively high. Therefore, the application of CESS on the renewable energy generation side can reduce the investment cost and increase the revenue by utilizing the difference between actual output and demand. Considering the uncertainties of renewable energy, this paper proposes a robust optimal configuration model of CESS based on the cooperative game. Firstly, the CESS model on the generation side is developed to describe the formation mechanism of ESS supply and demand. Then, the proposed model aims at maximizing the revenue of REPPs. The participants of the coalition are each REPP. By taking the renewable power uncertainty into consideration, the novel nested column‐and‐constraint generation (nested C&CG) method is utilized to solve the proposed model based on the min–max–min form. Furthermore, the Shapley‐value method is used to distribute the benefits to each member of the grand coalition. Finally, case studies verify the rationality and validity of the proposed model.

Abstract Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are currently drawing significant attention due to their environmental impact. Electro‐Fenton, one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), is an efficient and comprehensive technology to degrade all kinds of organic pollutants, but the degradation efficiency relies on cathode material. In this work, phosphorus‐doped porous carbon material coated graphite felt (P‐GF) was prepared by adopting phytic acid as a phosphorus source through high temperature solid‐state method. The microstructure and the elements composition of this fabricated material were investigated by SEM, BET and XPS. With phosphorus doping and plenty of carbon porous structures, the hydrophilicity and infiltrating property of the P‐GF had been greatly improved. The prepared P‐GF material enhanced the electrochemical reduction of O2 and could significantly enhance the yield of H2O2. It was used as a cathode to degrade pollutants under a constant potential, and methylparaben (MePa) was chosen as a research model for optimizing the experimental conditions and analyzing the possible degradation pathway. The P‐GF cathode achieved an excellent ability of degrading nearly 100 % of methylparaben within 3 h. The simultaneous removal ability of the P‐GF to four parabens was impressed. Additionally, the P‐GF material exhibited outstanding reusability.

The power sector bears significant responsibility for achieving carbon neutrality. Low-carbon, high-flexibility generation technologies are pivotal in the generation mix of the foreseeable future. In this paper, a mixed-integer operation model of combined-cycle gas-turbine generators is developed, featuring a new mode-based modeling of post-combustion carbon capture plants. The model is applied to a day-ahead adaptive robust unit commitment problem considering wind power uncertainties. Numerical results from a case study on a modified 39-bus benchmark system demonstrate the correctness and practicality of the model. Compared to the linear model widely adopted in the literature, the proposed mode-based model achieves a 4.91% wider operating range in the net electric power output. Besides, the initial solvent ratio is identified as a non-negligible parameter for the short-term operation of carbon capture plants, whose optimal setting leads to a wider operating range in the net electric power output of up to 21.96%.

IntroductionMyostatin (MSTN) negatively regulates skeletal muscle development. However, its function in reproductive performance and visceral organs has not been thoroughly investigated. Previously, we prepared a MSTN and fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) double-knockout sheep, which was a MSTN and FGF5 dual-gene biallelic homozygous (MF−/−) mutant.MethodsTo understand the role of MSTN and FGF5 in reproductive performance and visceral organs, this study evaluated the ejaculation amount, semen pH, sperm motility, sperm density, acrosome integrity, rate of teratosperm, and seminal plasma biochemical indicators in adult MF−/− rams. We also compared the overall morphology, head, head-neck junction, middle segment and the transection of middle segment of spermatozoa between wildtype (WT) and MF−/− rams.ResultsOur results showed that the seminal plasma biochemical indicators, sperm structure and all sperm indicators were normal, and the fertilization rate also has no significant difference between WT and MF−/− rams, indicating that the MF−/− mutation did not affect the reproductive performance of sheep. Additional analysis evaluated the histomorphology of the visceral organs, digestive system and reproductive system of MF+/− sheep, the F1 generation of MF−/−, at the age of 12 months. There was an increased spleen index, but no significant differences in the organ indexes of heart, liver, lung, kidney and stomach, and no obvious differences in the histomorphology of visceral organs, digestive system and reproductive system in MF+/− compared with WT sheep. No MF+/− sheep were observed to have any pathological features.DiscussionIn summary, the MSTN and FGF5 double-knockout did not affect reproductive performance, visceral organs and digestive system in sheep except for differences previously observed in muscle and fat. The current data provide a reference for further elucidating the application of MSTN and FGF5 double-knockout sheep.

In comparison to methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) is considered a potential carbon-free alternative fuel that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But a principal concern is the generation of elevated nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions from NH3 flame. In this study, the detailed reaction mechanisms and thermodynamic data of CH4 oxidation and NH3 oxidation were performed using the steady and unsteady flamelet models. After validation of the turbulence model, the combustion and NOX emission characteristics of CH4/air and NH3/air non-premixed flames in a micro gas turbine swirl combustor under a series of identical heat loads were numerically investigated and compared. The present results show that the high-temperature zone of the NH3/air flame migrates more rapidly toward the outlet of the combustion chamber than that of the CH4/air flame as the heat load increases. The average NO, N2O, and NO2 emission concentrations at all heat loads from NH3/air flame are respectively 6.12, 161.05 (given the very low N2O emission concentration from CH4/air flame), and 2.89 times higher than those from CH4/air flame. There are correlation trends between some parameters (e.g. characteristic temperature and OH emissions) with the variation of the heat load, and the relevant parameters can be tracked to predict the emission trends after changing the heat load.

A novel atomic-level post-etch-surface-reinforcement (PESR) process is developed to recover the p-GaN etching induced damage region for high performance p-GaN gate HEMTs fabrication. This process is composed of a self-limited surface modification step with O2 plasma, following by an oxide removal step with BCl3 plasma. With PESR process, the AlGaN surface morphology after p-GaN etching was comparable to the as-epitaxial level by AFM characterization, and the AlGaN lattice crystallization was also recovered which was measured in a confocal Raman system. The electrical measurement further confirmed the significant improvement of AlGaN surface quality, with one-order of magnitude lower surface leakage in a metal-semiconductor (MS) Schottky-diode and 6 times lower interface density of states (Dit) in a MIS C-V characterization. The XPS analysis of Al2O3/AlGaN showed that the p-GaN etching induced F-byproduct and Ga-oxide was well removed and suppressed by PESR process. Finally, the developed PESR process was successfully integrated in p-GaN gate HEMTs fabrication, and the device performance was significantly enhanced with ~20% lower of on-resistance and ~25% less of current collapse at Vds,Q bias of 40 V, showing great potential of leverage p-GaN gate HEMTs reliability.

A systematic study of epi-AlGaN/GaN on a SiC substrate was conducted through a comprehensive analysis of material properties and device performance. In this novel epitaxial design, an AlGaN/GaN channel layer was grown directly on the AlN nucleation layer, without the conventional doped thick buffer layer. Compared to the conventional epi-structures on the SiC and Si substrates, the non-buffer epi-AlGaN/GaN structure had a better crystalline quality and surface morphology, with reliable control of growth stress. Hall measurements showed that the novel structure exhibited comparable transport properties to the conventional epi-structure on the SiC substrate, regardless of the buffer layer. Furthermore, almost unchanged carrier distribution from room temperature to 150 °C indicated excellent two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) confinement due to the pulling effect of the conduction band from the nucleation layer as a back-barrier. High-performance depletion-mode MIS-HEMTs were demonstrated with on-resistance of 5.84 Ω·mm and an output current of 1002 mA/mm. The dynamic characteristics showed a much smaller decrease in the saturation current (only ~7%), with a quiescent drain bias of 40 V, which was strong evidence of less electron trapping owing to the high-quality non-buffer AlGaN/GaN epitaxial growth.

In this work, we demonstrated a low current collapse normally on Al2O3/AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMT with in situ H-radical surface treatment on AlGaN. The in situ atomic pretreatment was performed in a specially designed chamber prior to the thermal ALD-Al2O3 deposition, which improved the Al2O3/AlGaN interface with Dit of ~2 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1, and thus effectively reduced the current collapse and the dynamic Ron degradation. The devices showed good electrical performance with low Vth hysteresis and peak trans-conductance of 107 mS/mm. Additionally, when the devices operated under 25 °C pulse-mode stress measurement with VDS,Q = 40 V (period of 1 ms, pulse width of 1 μs), the dynamic Ron increase of ~14.1% was achieved.

A multi-stage robust real-time economic dispatch model (MRRTD) for power systems is proposed in this paper. The MRRTD takes the dynamic form of multi-stage robust optimization as the framework to naturally simulate the operation of equipment that is temporally coupled, e.g., utility-level energy storage systems. For normal systems, the MRRTD can work directly in short time slots with a rolling horizon. For large-scale systems, the MRRTD expands the time-slot scale and generates optimal dispatch policies. With this guidance, the real-time dispatch decision can be swiftly made thereafter. In addition, a dynamic uncertainty set based on deep learning is proposed, which can dynamically refine the covering ability for probable occurred wind power scenarios. To efficiently solve the MRRTD, a novel fast robust dual dynamic programming method is employed. The effectiveness of the proposed model and solution algorithm, especially the improved scalability compared to several other dynamic economic dispatch methods, are demonstrated by simulation results from six benchmark test cases ranging from a modified IEEE 6-bus system to a 6495-bus system.

A novel monocrystalline AlN interfacial layer formation method is proposed to improve the device performance of the fully recessed-gate Al2O3/AlN/GaN Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistors (MIS-HEMTs), which is achieved by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) and in situ N2 plasma annealing (NPA). Compared with the traditional RTA method, the NPA process not only avoids the device damage caused by high temperatures but also obtains a high-quality AlN monocrystalline film that avoids natural oxidation by in situ growth. As a contrast with the conventional PELAD amorphous AlN, C-V results indicated a significantly lower interface density of states (Dit) in a MIS C-V characterization, which could be attributed to the polarization effect induced by the AlN crystal from the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) characterizations. The proposed method could reduce the subthreshold swing, and the Al2O3/AlN/GaN MIS-HEMTs were significantly enhanced with ~38% lower on-resistance at Vg = 10 V. What is more, in situ NPA provides a more stable threshold voltage (Vth) after a long gate stress time, and ΔVth is inhibited by about 40 mV under Vg,stress = 10 V for 1000 s, showing great potential for improving Al2O3/AlN/GaN MIS-HEMT gate reliability.

After lengthy diagenesis and tectonic movement, a rock mass inevitably develops many pores and micro-fissures. A numerical simulation method was employed to study the thermal response characteristics of the rock mass under temperature seepage coupling by treating it as a pore-fissure medium and considering its anisotropic properties. Based on the mixed finite volume method (FVM), a numerical scheme of the governing equation for the temperature seepage coupling of the pore-fissure medium is derived, with the program solution module independently written in C++. On this basis, a numerical test model of the fissured mudstone is established to analyze the distribution of the rock mass temperature field under various thermal conductivities and the influence of fissure permeability on the seepage field. The mixed FVM results revealed that the temperature and water pressure distributions near the fissure were closely related to the directionality of thermal conductivity in the rock mass, as well as the thermal conductivity and permeability coefficient, respectively, of the fissure itself. Comparison with results from the finite element software ABAQUS demonstrated significant advantages of the proposed method when solving temperature and seepage problems in discontinuous geological bodies containing hiatuses, mutations, and fissures.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has brought great damage to the patients' health and social economy. The number of patients with recovered dilated cardiomyopathy (recDCM) has increased over the years as treatment progresses. However, there is a lack of relevant evidence to support the clinical management of patients with recDCM, thereby, the recommendations in guidelines remains sparse. Accordingly, the exploration of recDCM is important to improve patient prognosis and reduce societal burden. This is an open-label, randomized controlled, prospective study that will compare the safety and efficacy of original dose and halved dose of neurohumoral blockades for patients with recDCM.MethodsAn open-label, randomized controlled, prospective study will be conducted among eligible patients with recDCM. During the pilot study phase, we will recruit 50 patients. The primary endpoint is hospitalization for heart failure or heart failure relapse within 12 months. Secondary endpoint is major adverse cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, sustained atrial tachycardia, or ventricular tachycardia. The results will be analyzed using intention-to-treatment analysis.DiscussionThe study will provide important evidence of whether it is safe and effective to halve the dosage of neurohumoral blockades in recDCM patients.Trial registration numberChiCTR2100054051 (www.chictr.org.cn)

Efficient and safe removal of widely used herbicides such as atrazine has become a recent hotspot. Herein, UV driven sodium percarbonate system (UV/SPC) was established to have many advantages in remediation of atrazine contamination. The mechanism and environmental risk of intermediates were explored, which provided information for the feasibility of UV/SPC. The degradation efficiency of atrazine was significantly enhanced as the increasing dosage of SPC. Quenching assay identified that •OH and CO3•− were committed to degrading atrazine. Humic acid and HPO42− remarkably inhibited atrazine degradation. Several intermediates were generated through the dealkylation, dechlorination-hydroxylation, alkylic-hydroxylation, alkyl oxidation and olefination reactions. Toxicity prediction proved that acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of intermediates were mitigated comparing with atrazine. Based on metabolomics results, the alteration of key metabolites such as citrate, L-kynurenine, malic acid, putrescine, glutamine, spermine, ethanolamine and phytosphingosine in various metabolic pathways of E.coli verified that the toxicity of atrazine was weakened after UV/SPC treatment. The application of UV/SPC on atrazine removal in real waters was influenced by environmental factors, and might be improved through coupling with other treatment technologies.

A core concern in the research on deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste is the migration of radionuclides in geological bodies. Most studies on radionuclide migration consider the role of only the rock fissures without incorporating the influence of the rock matrix. In this paper, the rock mass for geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste is regarded as a fissure-pore medium. Considering the influences of radionuclide diffusion and fluid transport on radionuclide migration in the process of disposal, the governing equation of radionuclide migration and evolution in the pore-fissure medium is established. The numerical scheme of the governing equation is given based on the mixed finite volume method (FVM), using our program solution module written in C++. On this basis, the numerical test model with fissures was developed, which analyzed the radionuclide migration law in clayey rocks under various fissure and rock matrix diffusion coefficients and hydraulic conductivities. The simulation results are compared with finite element method results, revealing the superiority of the mixed FVM method in solving problems of radionuclide migration in discontinuous geological bodies containing hiatuses, mutations, and fissures. The study provides a theoretical basis for evaluating the safety, feasibility, and suitability of geological disposal repositories for high-level radioactive waste in terms of radionuclide migration.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) participate in maternal immune regulation at multiple maternal-fetal interfaces. The liver is crucial for innate and adaptive immunity during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to measure the expression of genes and proteins related to TLR signaling. In this study, livers were obtained from ewes on day 16 of the estrous cycle, and on days 13, 16 and 25 of gestation, and RT-qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry were employed to measure the expression of genes and proteins related to TLR signaling, including TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1). Our data showed that the expression levels of TLR2, TLR3, TLR5, TLR9 and TRAF6 were increased, but those of TLR4 and TLR7 were decreased in the liver during early pregnancy. In addition, the expression levels of MyD88 and IRAK1 were the highest on days 13 and 16 of pregnancy, respectively, and the MyD88 protein was located in endothelial cells of proper hepatic arteries and portal veins and in hepatocytes. In conclusion, early pregnancy modulates TLR signaling in the maternal liver in sheep, which may participate in maternal immune regulation.

The effect of the source/drain compressive stress on the mechanical stability of stacked Si nanosheets (NS) during the process of channel release has been investigated. The stress of the nanosheets in the stacking direction increased first and then decreased during the process of channel release by technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation. The finite element simulation showed that the stress caused serious deformation of the nanosheets, which was also confirmed by the experiment. This study proposed a novel channel release process that utilized multi-step etching to remove the sacrificial SiGe layers instead of conventional single-step etching. By gradually releasing the stress of the SiGe layer on the nanosheets, the stress difference in the stacking direction before and after the last step of etching was significantly reduced, thus achieving equally spaced stacked nanosheets. In addition, the plasma-free oxidation treatment was introduced in the multi-step etching process to realize an outstanding selectivity of 168:1 for Si0.7Ge0.3 versus Si. The proposed novel process could realize the channel release of nanosheets with a multi-width from 30 nm to 80 nm with little Si loss, unlocking the full potential of gate-all-around (GAA) technology for digital, analog, and radio-frequency (RF) circuit applications.

Injectable hydrogel has the advantage to fill the defective area and thereby shows promise as therapeutic implant or cell/drug delivery vehicle for tissue repair. In this study, an injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel in situ dual-enzymatically cross-linked by galactose oxidase (GalOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was synthesized and optimized, and the therapeutic effect of this hydrogel encapsulated with bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and nerve growth factors (NGF) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) mice was investigated. Results from in vitro experiments showed that either tyramine-modified hyaluronic acid hydrogels (HT) or NGF loaded HT hydrogels (HT/NGF) possessed good biocompatibility. More importantly, the HT hydrogels loaded with BMSC and NGF could facilitate the survival and proliferation of endogenous neural cells probably by neurotrophic factors release and neuroinflammation regulation, and consequently improved the neurological function recovery and accelerated the repair process in a C57BL/6 TBI mice model. All these findings highlight that this injectable, BMSC and NGF-laden HT hydrogel has enormous potential for TBI and other tissue repair therapy.

Wolf spiders (Lycosidae) are crucial component of integrated pest management programs and the characteristics of their gut microbiota are known to play important roles in improving fitness and survival of the host. However, there are only few studies of the gut microbiota among closely related species of wolf spider. Whether wolf spiders gut microbiota vary with habitats remains unknown. Here, we used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to compare the gut microbiota of two wolf spider species, Pardosa agraria and P. laura from farmland and woodland ecosystems, respectively. The results show that the gut microbiota of Pardosa spiders is similar in richness and abundance. Approximately 27.3% of the gut microbiota of P. agraria comprises Proteobacteria, and approximately 34.4% of the gut microbiota of P. laura comprises Firmicutes. We assembled microbial genomes and found that the gut microbiota of P. laura are enriched in genes for carbohydrate metabolism. In contrast, those of P. agraria showed a higher proportion of genes encoding acetyltransferase, an enzyme involved in resistance to antibiotics. We reconstructed three high-quality and species-level microbial genomes: Vulcaniibacterium thermophilum, Anoxybacillus flavithermus and an unknown bacterium belonging to the family Simkaniaceae. Our results contribute to an understanding of the diversity and function of gut microbiota in closely related spiders.

Cold stress is an important factor affecting cattle health, production performance, and reproductive efficiency. Understanding of the potential mechanism underlying genetic adaptation to local environments, particularly extreme cold environment, is limited. Here, by using FLK and hapFLK methods, we found that the Zinc finger CCCH-type containing 10 (ZC3H10) gene underwent positive selection in the Menggu, Fuzhou, Anxi, and Shigatse humped cattle breeds that are distributed in the cold areas of China. Furthermore, ZC3H10 expression significantly increased in bovine fetal fibroblast (BFF) cells at 28 °C for 4 h. ZC3H10 knockout BFFs were generated using CRISPR/Cas9. Wild and ZC3H10-deleted BFFs were treated at two temperatures and were divided into four groups (WT, wild and cultured at 38 °C; KO, ZC3H10−/− and 38 °C; WT_LT, wild, and 28 °C for 4 h; and KO_LT, ZC3H10−/− and 28 °C for 4 h. A total of 466, 598, 519, and 650 differently expressed genes (two-fold or more than two-fold changes) were identified by determining transcriptomic difference (KO_LT vs. KO, WT_LT vs. WT, KO vs. WT, and KO_LT vs. WT_LT, respectively). Loss of ZC3H10 dysregulated pathways involved in thermogenesis and immunity, and ZC3H10 participated in immunity-related pathways induced by cold stress and regulated genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and lipid transport (PLTP and APOA1), thereby facilitating adaptability to cold stress. Our findings provide a foundation for further studies on the function of ZC3H10 in cold stress and development of bovine breeding strategies for combatting the influences of cold climate.

Background and Aims: There is sparse information on the prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) for the outcomes in patients with left ventricular thrombus (LVT).Methods: Patients diagnosed with LVT by transthoracic echocardiography between November 2009 to July 2020 at our institution were included. The endpoints were all-cause mortality and systemic embolism.Results: Ninety-two subjects were finally included in the study. The mean age of the cohort was 56.73 ± 14.12, and 80.4% of the patients were male. The median BNP (1st quartile−3rd quartile) was 437.5 (112.74–1317.5). The total all-cause mortality rate was 30.44% (28/92), and the 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 85.4, 75.5, and 66.5%, respectively. Systemic embolism was identified in 10 subjects. COX multivariate analysis showed that Log BNP (HR, 4.16; 95%CI, 1.81–9.56; P = 0.001) and BMI (HR, 0.86; 95%CI, 0.73–0.99; P = 0.048) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality. In addition, patients with BNP levels in the upper median (≥ 437.5 pg/ml) had significantly higher all-cause mortality rate compared to those with lower median BNP (

A systematic study of the selective etching of p-GaN over AlGaN was carried out using a BCl3/SF6 inductively coupled plasma (ICP) process. Compared to similar chemistry, a record high etch selectivity of 41:1 with a p-GaN etch rate of 3.4 nm/min was realized by optimizing the SF6 concentration, chamber pressure, ICP and bias power. The surface morphology after p-GaN etching was characterized by AFM for both selective and nonselective processes, showing the exposed AlGaN surface RMS values of 0.43 nm and 0.99 nm, respectively. MIS-capacitor devices fabricated on the AlGaN surface with ALD-Al2O3 as the gate dielectric after p-GaN etch showed the significant benefit of BCl3/SF6 selective etch process.

Fractures commonly exist in rock masses; the coalescence of fractures provides fluid flow pathways in a fractured rock mass and greatly increases the flow capacity of fractured rock. This work aims to study the characteristics of nonlinear flow in fractures. A series of tests were conducted and indicated that the Forchheimer law performed well when describing the nonlinear relationship between hydraulic gradient and flow. The test results also indicate that higher water pressure may induce stronger nonlinearity. Additionally, the linear and nonlinear coefficients of the Forchheimer law increase with a decrease in the particle size of the filling material in fractures. On the basis of the laboratory results, the classical Forchheimer law was modified by considering the influence of stress on the variation of fracture aperture. A hydro-mechanical coupling model for fractured rock masses was built and programmed with a subroutine through ABAQUS. Furthermore, a random discrete fracture network was generated and simulated to prove that a high flow velocity will result in a nonlinear flow, not only in a single fracture, but also in a fracture network. The numerical results from fractured rock masses show that a ratio of the flow to the hydraulc gradient will change the flow from linear to weak nonlinearity and, finally, to strong nonlinearity with an increase in the hydraulic gradient. It also shows that the linear and nonlinear coefficients increase with an increase in the confining pressure and that they decrease with an increase in the aperture. Due to the complexity of fracture channels, a nonlinear flow is likely to occur in a fractured rock mass. Finally, the developed model was applied to simulate the flow behavior of underground engineering; the results show that the smaller the hydraulic aperture is, the higher the water pressure is required to be in order to change the flow regime from linear to nonlinear.

Background and Aims: There is scant information available about the prognostic value of preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) levels on the long-term outcomes of acute type B aortic dissection (ABAD) following thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR).Methods: A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients from 2010 to 2018 regarding the relationship between Hb level and long-term outcomes was conducted. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) included all-cause death, recurrent ruptures, and secondary procedures.Results: In total, 391 subjects treated by TEVAR were enrolled, with a mean age of 57.1 ± 12.0 years; 79.5% of them were male. Cox multivariate analysis showed that the preoperative Hb level was independently associated with all-cause death [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.797 (per 1 g/dl), 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.693–0.918, p = 0.002] and MACEs (adjusted HR 0.795, 95% CI 0.672–0.871, p = 0.000). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of Hb for all-cause death and MACEs were 0.617 (95% CI 0.548–0.687, p = 0.008) and 0.617 (95% CI 0.551–0.684, p = 0.005), respectively. In the linear trend test, Hb concentration was significantly related to all-cause mortality (p for trend = 0.001) and MACEs (p for trend = 0.000). Moreover, in Kaplan–Meier analysis, lower Hb levels (< 12 g/dl) were significantly different from higher Hb (≥12 g/dl) levels for both all-cause death (log-rank p = 0.001) and MACEs (log-rank p = 0.001). Similar results were found when assessing the prognostic value of red blood cell count and anemia.Conclusions: Preoperative Hb may serve as a prognostic marker for long-range adverse outcomes for ABAD patients post-TEVAR.

During early gestation in humans, complement regulation is essential for normal fetal growth. It is supposed that a complement pathway participates in maternal splenic immune regulation at the early stage of gestation in ewes. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of early pregnancy on the expression of complement components in the maternal spleen of ewes. In this study, ovine spleens were sampled on day 16 of nonpregnancy, and days 13, 16 and 25 of gestation. RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis were used to detect the changes in expression of complement components in the ovine maternal spleens. Our results reveal that C1q was upregulated during early gestation, C1r, C1s, C2, C3 and C5b increased at day 25 of gestation and C4a and C9 peaked at days 13 and 16 of gestation. In addition, C3 protein was located in the capsule, trabeculae and splenic cords. In conclusion, our results show for the first time that there was modification in the expression of complement components in the ovine spleen at the early stage of gestation, and complement pathways may participate in modulating splenic immune responses at the early stage of gestation.

Green spaces in residential areas provide multiple cultural ecosystem services (CES), which can contribute to human health by increasing the frequency of residents' visits. We evaluated the CES of residential green spaces by assessing residents' satisfaction with these spaces in the city of Zhengzhou, China. The data reveal the supply capacity of CES in residential green spaces: the results suggest that the level of recreational services is low, whereas the residents' satisfaction with the sense of place and neighborhood relations is high. The lower the frequency of residents who visit a park outside the residential area, the higher the satisfaction with the CES. This suggests that residential green spaces can effectively compensate for the lack of nearby parks owing to their proximity to residents' living quarters. The CES in residential communities increased as vegetation coverage increased, indicating that natural vegetation is a source of CES. In addition, the results showed that residents' perceptions of plant decoration, landscape patterns, and management and infrastructure in particular can effectively improve the level of CES, and this could compensate for CES that have shrunk owing to low green space coverage. This study has practical significance and value for the planning and design of residential green spaces, offering suggestions for urban landscape planners and decision makers. Future research should combine the residents' perception of demand and supply of CES and should clarify the gap and trade-off between them.

Five new species of the genus Meta C.L. Koch, 1836 from the Gongligong Mountains, Yunnan are described: Meta hamata sp. nov. (♂♀), M. longlingensis sp. nov. (♂), M. tangi sp. nov. (♂♀), M. yani sp. nov. (♂♀) and M. yinae sp. nov. (♂♀). Detailed descriptions of somatic features and genitalic characters, photos of the body and genital organs, line drawings of the copulatory organs and distribution maps are provided.

For high-resolution side scan sonar images, accurate and fast segmentation of sonar images is crucial for underwater target detection and recognition. However, due to the characteristics of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and complex environmental noise of sonar, the existing methods with high accuracy and good robustness are mostly iterative methods with high complexity and poor real-time performance. For this purpose, a region growing based segmentation using the likelihood ratio testing method (RGLT) is proposed. This method obtains the seed points in the highlight and the shadow regions by likelihood ratio testing based on the statistical probability distribution and then grows them according to the similarity criterion. The growth avoids the processing of the seabed reverberation regions, which account for the largest proportion of sonar images, thus greatly reducing segmentation time and improving segmentation accuracy. In addition, a pre-processing filtering method called standard deviation filtering (STDF) is proposed to improve the SNR and remove the speckle noise. Experiments were conducted on three sonar databases, which showed that RGLT has significantly improved quantitative metrics such as accuracy, speed, and segmentation visual effects. The average accuracy and running times of the proposed segmentation method for 100 × 400 images are separately 95.90% and 0.44 s.

Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias (HSPs) are a genetically diverse group of inherited neurological diseases with over 80 associated gene loci. Over the last decade, research into mechanisms underlying HSPs has led to an emerging interest in lysosome dysfunction. In this review, we highlight the different classes of HSPs that have been linked to lysosome defects: (1) a subset of complex HSPs where mutations in lysosomal genes are causally linked to the diseases, (2) other complex HSPs where mutation in genes encoding membrane trafficking adaptors lead to lysosomal defects, and (3) a subset of HSPs where mutations affect genes encoding proteins whose function is primarily linked to a different cellular component or organelle such as microtubule severing and Endoplasmic Reticulum-shaping, while also altering to lysosomes. Interestingly, aberrant axonal lysosomes, associated with the latter two subsets of HSPs, are a key feature observed in other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. We discuss how altered lysosome function and trafficking may be a critical contributor to HSP pathology and highlight the need for examining these features in the cortico-spinal motor neurons of HSP mutant models.

The investigation of concrete structural performance is crucial to maintain the stability of infrastructure. In order to assess structural stability, this work focuses on the development of an integrated framework to detect damaged conditions in the field and analyze their effect on mechanical performance through nondestructive testing (NDT) technology and numerical models. First, a ground penetrating radar (GPR) and an infrared camera work collaboratively to identify the damaged positions of the concrete structure, with parameters calibrated by laboratory experiments. Then, a finite element model is established to study structural mechanical performance based on field conditions and detected results. In addition, the influenced regions induced by local damage are studied under different boundary conditions. As a case study, the devised method was employed in the Nanjing Yangtze River tunnel for stability assessment and disaster prevention. The detected results of the damaged conditions agree well with the actual conditions in the field. Numerical results show that the circumferential stress component is more significant than that observed longitudinally. The effect of local damage on stress implies a positive correlation with the rise of water pressure, in which the maximum stress response to the variation of water level is 45KPa per meter.

Based on Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensing platform, modifying functional groups was usually used to improve the performance of sensing materials. In this work, we reported a novel sensing material, carboxyl functionalized carbon nanocoil by acidification treatment. It was found that carboxyl functionalized carbon nanocoil had excellent reversible response to ammonia (NH _3 ), and the response to 50 ppm NH _3 was as high as 8.1 Hz. As a contrast, pristine carbon nanocoil had only 2 Hz response to 50 ppm NH _3 . The enhanced response should be ascribed to the hydrogen bond adsorption between carboxyl gropus and NH _3 molecules. These results demonstrated that carboxyl functionalization could improve the NH _3 sensing performance of carbon nanocoil, which has potential in monitoring NH _3 in the future.

The green house is widely used to add the quality and value of agricultural products. Newly developed full opening type green house has a lot of attracted attention because the roof opens and closes automatically in order to control the inside temperature. However, since the roof opens and closes very often, the cover sheet can be used only for 3-4months. This is because the plastic film is damaged between the support and rolling pipes during opening-closing affected by fatigue and wear. In this study, by using Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) and roughness test machine, the damage mechanism is investigated for the several plastic films. Then, FEM analysis is performed to evaluate the mechanical damage of plastic film between the pipes under different conditions and film materials. Also rolling fatigue experiments are performed to investigate the damage under different film materials. Then the results are compared with the FEM analysis. It is found that the thickness reduction of the film obtained under static contact analysis is the most important factor to control the damage of the film.