1,051 results on '"Lygus"'
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2. Lygus Hahn in Turkey with a new subspecies of Lygus wagneri Remane (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae)
- Author
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Yazıcı, Gülten and Bal, Neslihan
- Abstract
The paper presents all species of Lygus Hahn in Turkey. In this study, a total of 228 Lygus samples collected from Çankırı between 2013–2014 are evaluated. As a result, a total of six species of Lygus are determined from Turkey. In addition, Lygus wagneri ozdikmeni ssp. n., a new subspecies of Lygus wagneri from Çankırı province of Turkey is described. Habitus of holotype (male) and its genitalia are photographed. The newly described subspecies differs significantly from the nominative subspecies of Lygus wagneri and the other closely related Lygus species in terms of genital morphology and external morphology. The distribution data in Turkey and the world of all Lygus species are also given in the text. Accordingly, an identification key for all Lygus species in Turkey is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) to host plant volatiles.
- Author
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Hetherington, Matthew C., Brunet, Johanne, Nieto, Diego, Ramirez, Ricardo A., Wenninger, Erik J., and Guédot, Christelle
- Abstract
Lygus hesperus Knight is a polyphagous pest of major concern to numerous cropping systems across western North America. Lygus hesperus exhibits well-documented host preferences which may be used to develop behavioral management strategies for this pest. This study sought to identify plant volatiles that mediate L. hesperus host preferences and assess the potential of those compounds to improve monitoring and management of this pest. Gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection was applied to identify antennally active compounds in headspace extracts from four host plants of varying attractiveness. Y-tube olfactometer assays were then conducted to determine L. hesperus responses to each of these 17 antennally active compounds individually. Six compounds attracted female L. hesperus, and subsequent tests revealed that females were attracted to an equal-parts blend of these six attractive compounds versus clean air, and that this blend was as attractive as flowering Medicago sativa. We then examined L. hesperus attraction to attractive compounds individually and an equal-parts blend of five attractive compounds in the field. An equal-parts blend of five attractive compounds was tested in strawberry, whereas the blend and each individual component were tested in alfalfa. In both field settings, neither the individual compounds nor the blend increased L. hesperus capture rates compared to unbaited control traps. Low attraction in the field could result from a masking effect of background volatiles or the failure to include important compounds in tested blends. It remains important to assess whether the compounds tested in this study may facilitate L. hesperus management in other cropping systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Impact of alfalfa perimeter strips on Lygus lineolaris and beneficial arthropods in June-bearing strawberry fields
- Author
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Hetherington, Matthew C., Fox, Matthew, Johnson, Megan, Lopina, Allison, Mechelke, Emma, Weissner, Morgan, and Guédot, Christelle
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
5. Lygus species (Hemiptera: Miridae), their distribution, and population dynamics in cotton production areas in Diyarbakır province, Türkiye.
- Author
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YALÇIN, Hivda and MUTLU, Çetin
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LYGUS , *COTTON yields - Abstract
Many insect pests infest cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop, resulting in significant economic losses. The tarnished plant bugs (Lygus species) greatly damage the cotton crop during all growth stages. This study determined Lygus species infesting cotton in Diyarbakır province, their distribution, and population dynamics during 2020 and 2021. Lygus species samples were collected from 244 fields in 7 districts of the province by using either D-vac or sweep net based on the phenological period of cotton. Population dynamics of the species were monitored weekly by using sweep net and D-vac from two fields situated in the Sur (Gencan village) and Çınar (Şükürlü village) districts of the province during both years. Two species including Lygus gemellatus (Herrich-Schäffer) and L. pratensis (Linnaeus) were identified during the study. Lygus gemellatus was the most common and abundant species observed in 91.2% and 74.7% of the surveyed fields during 2020 and 2021, respectively. The species were recorded at the end of May (before flowering) during both years, and their populations increased afterward. The peak population of both species was observed during the boll maturation period. The D-vac trapped a statistically higher number of Lygus bugs than the sweep net at Gencan (p <0.05), while both methods trapped statistically similar numbers of bugs at Şükürlü. It is concluded that the population density of both species can change from year to year depending on biotic and abiotic factors. It is suggested that survey studies must be conducted at the start of a vegetative period of cotton to monitor these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Arthropod Pest Management in Strawberry.
- Author
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Lahiri, Sriyanka, Smith, Hugh A., Gireesh, Midhula, Kaur, Gagandeep, and Montemayor, Joseph D.
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PEST control , *STRAWBERRIES , *ARTHROPOD pests , *INTEGRATED pest control , *CROPPING systems , *BIOLOGICAL pest control agents , *INSECT pests - Abstract
Simple Summary: Strawberry is a commercially important crop which is produced and consumed globally. As there is an increase in economic significance of strawberry production, growers across the globe face challenges in protecting the crop against insect and mite pests. The damage from insect pests results in significant yield loss which adversely affects the strawberry industry. To overcome this situation, management of pests is warranted with reduced impact on the environment and beneficial organisms. Even though insecticide-driven management practices predominate in the strawberry production system, the use of non-chemical alternatives is also gaining importance. The current review is aimed at discussing the important pests of strawberry and various integrated pest management practices adopted worldwide to reduce the damage impact and improve production. The strawberry crop endures economic losses due to feeding injury from a number of phytophagous arthropod pests. A number of invasive pests have posed challenges to crop protection techniques in the strawberry cropping system recently. It is increasingly evident that sole reliance on chemical control options is not sustainable. In this review, current challenges and advances in integrated pest management of various strawberry pests are presented. Key pests discussed include thrips, mites, lygus bug, spotted wing drosophila, seed bug, weevils, aphids, whiteflies, and armyworms. Several integrated pest management techniques that include use of intercropping, resistant cultivars, irradiation with gamma rays, use of spectral sensitivity of pests, biological control agents and natural enemies, and biorational pesticides have recently been reported to be useful in managing the various strawberry pests. With the increase in world production of strawberry, several techniques will be necessary to manage the pest complex of strawberry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Changes in arthropod communities mediate the effects of landscape composition and farm management on pest control ecosystem services in organically managed strawberry crops.
- Author
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Lu, Adrian, Gonthier, David J., Sciligo, Amber R., Garcia, Karina, Chiba, Taiki, Juárez, Gila, and Kremen, Claire
- Subjects
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PEST control , *FARM management , *AGRICULTURAL pests , *ECOSYSTEM services , *ORGANIC farming , *STRAWBERRIES - Abstract
Landscape composition and local diversification practices such as polyculture, cover cropping and hedgerows may promote natural pest control by benefiting natural enemy communities on farms. Our study employs piecewise structural equation modelling (PSEM) to test causal hypotheses regarding the effects of landscape composition and local diversification practices on arthropod communities and pest control ecosystem services.We sampled 27 organic strawberry fields in California's Central Coast region in 2015 and 2016 (17 repeated between years) for a total of 37 distinct sites across years. The sites were selected along orthogonal gradients of landscape composition and local diversification practices. We also investigated the effects of two common pest management practices. At each site, we sampled arthropod communities using a handheld vacuum and performed sentinel prey experiments using the pest species Lygus hesperus to estimate pest control levels.At the landscape scale, proportion of woody habitat increased natural enemy abundance; at the local scale, on‐farm diversification practices increased natural enemy diversity.Insecticides and tractor vacuuming, aimed at controlling pests, were indirectly detrimental to pest control services. Both practices decreased natural enemy abundance, and while insecticides also decreased pest abundance, vacuuming did not.Natural enemy abundance and diversity increased pest control levels, while pest abundance had the opposite effect. The PSEM results confirmed our hypotheses that landscape and local effects on pest control are mediated through changes in arthropod communities.Synthesis and applications. At the landscape scale, higher proportions of woody habitat are associated with greater natural enemy abundance, which increases pest control levels in organic strawberry crops. When promoting pest control ecosystem services is a policy goal, regional planners should prioritize the conservation and restoration of woodlands in agricultural landscapes. At the local scale, actions by individual growers can impact pest control services. For many growers, adopting practices that promote on‐farm plant diversity may be a feasible solution for increasing pest control levels while avoiding the environmental and economic costs imposed by insecticide application and tractor vacuuming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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- View/download PDF
8. Effects of Agronomic Practices on Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) Population Dynamics in Quinoa.
- Author
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Oeller, Elisabeth C, Clark, Robert E, Hinojosa, Leonardo, Murphy, Kevin M, and Crowder, David W
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POPULATION dynamics ,QUINOA ,MIRIDAE ,HERBIVORES ,INTEGRATED pest control ,HEMIPTERA ,CROP diversification - Abstract
Crop diversification often promotes farm sustainability. However, proper management of newly introduced crops is difficult when pests are unknown. Characterizing herbivore dynamics on new crops, and how they respond to agronomic factors, is crucial for integrated pest management. Here we explored factors affecting Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) herbivores in quinoa crops of Washington State. Quinoa is a newly introduced crop for North America that has multiple varieties and a range of agronomic practices used for cultivation. Through arthropod surveys and discussions with growers, we determined that Lygus spp. was the most abundant insect herbivore and likely contributed to low quinoa yields in previous seasons. We assessed how different varieties (Pison and QQ74), irrigation regimes (present and not), and planting methods (direct-seeded and transplanted) affected Lygus population dynamics. Lygus phenology was correlated with timing of quinoa seed-set in July and August, corresponding to a period when quinoa is most susceptible to Lygus. Both irrigation and planting manipulations had significant effects on Lygus abundance. Irrigation reduced Lygus abundance compared with nonirrigated plots in 2018. Planting method had a significant effect on Lygus populations in both 2017 and 2018, but effects differed among years. Variety had a significant effect on Lygus abundance, but only in nonirrigated plots. Overall, our study shows that Lygus is a common insect herbivore in quinoa, and careful selection of variety, planting method, and irrigation regime may be key components of effective control in seasons where Lygus abundance is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Arthropod Pest Management in Strawberry
- Author
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Sriyanka Lahiri, Hugh A. Smith, Midhula Gireesh, Gagandeep Kaur, and Joseph D. Montemayor
- Subjects
thrips ,mites ,lygus ,spotted wing drosophila ,sap beetles ,aphids ,Science - Abstract
The strawberry crop endures economic losses due to feeding injury from a number of phytophagous arthropod pests. A number of invasive pests have posed challenges to crop protection techniques in the strawberry cropping system recently. It is increasingly evident that sole reliance on chemical control options is not sustainable. In this review, current challenges and advances in integrated pest management of various strawberry pests are presented. Key pests discussed include thrips, mites, lygus bug, spotted wing drosophila, seed bug, weevils, aphids, whiteflies, and armyworms. Several integrated pest management techniques that include use of intercropping, resistant cultivars, irradiation with gamma rays, use of spectral sensitivity of pests, biological control agents and natural enemies, and biorational pesticides have recently been reported to be useful in managing the various strawberry pests. With the increase in world production of strawberry, several techniques will be necessary to manage the pest complex of strawberry.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The Promise of a Multi-Disciplinary, Mixed-Methods Approach to Inform Insect Pest Management: Evidence From Wyoming Alfalfa
- Author
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Randa Jabbour and Shiri Noy
- Subjects
alfalfa weevil ,parasitoid ,biological control ,Lygus ,farmer decision-making ,mixed-methods ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 ,Food processing and manufacture ,TP368-456 - Abstract
Pest management strategies involve a complex set of considerations, circumstances, and decision-making. Existing research suggests that farmers are reflexive and reflective in their management choices yet continue to employ curative rather than preventative strategies, and opt for chemical over biological solutions. In this piece, we detail work from a two-year, multidisciplinary, mixed-methods study of insect pest management strategies in alfalfa in Wyoming, integrating data from four focus groups, a statewide survey, and biological sampling of production fields. We outline how these different sources of data together contribute to a more complete understanding of the challenges and strategies employed by farmers, and specifically on biological pest control. We applied this approach across alfalfa hay and seed crop systems. Relatively few farmers acknowledged biological control in focus groups or surveys, yet biological exploration yielded abundant parasitism of common pest alfalfa weevil. On the other hand, parasitism of seed alfalfa pest Lygus was far less common and patchy across fields. It is only in integrating quantitative and qualitative, biological and social data that we are able to generate a more complete portrait of the challenges and opportunities of working with farmers to embrace a preventative paradigm. In doing so, we offer insights on possible barriers to the adoption of preventative insect management strategies and provide a case study of integrating social science and biophysical techniques to better understand opportunities to expand biological pest control in cropping systems.
- Published
- 2020
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11. New genera, species, synonymies, and combinations in the "Lygus complex" from Japan : with discussion on Peltidolygus Poppius and Warrisia Carvalho (Heteroptera, Miridae, Mirinae)
- Author
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Yasunaga, Tomohide. 安永智秀 1963, Schwartz, Michael D., Chérot, Frédéric, American Museum of Natural History Library, Yasunaga, Tomohide. 安永智秀 1963, Schwartz, Michael D., and Chérot, Frédéric
- Subjects
Classification ,Insects ,Japan ,Lygus ,Miridae ,Peltidolygus ,Warrisia - Published
- 2002
12. Laboratory and Field Investigations on Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Spores With a Sprayable Bioplastic Formulation for Application in the Biocontrol of Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton.
- Author
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Portilla, Maribel, Abbas, Hamed K, Accinelli, Cesare, and Luttrell, Randall
- Subjects
BEAUVERIA bassiana ,COTTON diseases & pests - Abstract
Two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, including the commercial strain GHA and the Mississippi Delta native NI8 strain, and two emulsifiers, Tween-80 and a starch-based sprayable bioplastic, were evaluated in the laboratory and field for pathogenicity and infectivity against the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae). The effect on fruit damage based on within-season cotton plant mapping was also examined. The highest mortality 10 d after treatment was found with insects caged on cotton terminals sprayed with NI8 + Tween-80, followed by those exposed to NI8 + bioplastic. Similarly, sporulation was shown to be higher in NI8 + Tween-80 than in other treatments. Plots sprayed with B. bassiana showed at least a twofold decrease in tarnished plant bug adults 3 d after treatment compared with control plots. Little to no variation was observed in tarnished plant bug nymph populations between treated and untreated plots. Within-season plant mapping provided clear evidence of damage to cotton caused by tarnished plant bug. The highest percentage retention of all first position fruiting structures was observed in plots treated with NI8 + Tween-80 (93.41 ± 1.51) followed by NI8 + bioplastic (90.25 ± 1.52). Both treatments were significantly different when compared with GHA + Tween-80 (82.89 ± 2.26) and GHA + bioplastic (70.48 ± 3.19), and both GHA formulations did not differ from the control (63.61 ± 2.96). Overall, these results indicated that B. bassiana application resulted in >50% mortality of tarnished plant bug regardless of the isolates by direct spray or by contact. However, the superior performance of the Mississippi Delta native NI8 strain was observed in all treatment applications and evaluation times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Effect of Lygus spp. and Botrytis spp. on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seed quality — are there insect–pathogen interactions?
- Author
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Kaur, Surinder, Reid, Patty, Harker, K. Neil, Meers, Scott, Thomas, James, Chatterton, Syama, and Cárcamo, Hector
- Subjects
FAVA bean ,SEED quality ,LYGUS ,INSECT pathogens ,FUNGAL diseases of plants - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
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- View/download PDF
14. Molecular and Morphological Identifications Reveal Species Composition of Lygus (Hemiptera: Miridae) Bugs in Potatoes Fields in the Lower Columbia Basin of the United States.
- Author
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Antwi, Josephine and Rondon, Silvia I
- Subjects
LYGUS ,INSECT morphology - Abstract
Lygus bugs are highly polyphagous insect pests. In recent years, Lygus bugs have become more conspicuous on potato, Solanum tuberosum L. fields in the Pacific Northwest, particularly in the Lower Columbia Basin. There are concerns that direct feeding damage or potential pathogen transmission can reduce yield. Lygus species on potatoes in the region are collectively identified as ' Lygus bugs'. Overlapping physical traits and the fact that the same species exhibit morphological variations across a geographic range makes it difficult to identify Lygus to species level. Thus, in this study we used DNA barcodes in combination with morphological characters to identify Lygus species on potatoes. Three species were identified in the Lower Columbia Basin: Lygus hesperus (Knight) and Lygus elisus L. were the most common, whereas Lygus keltoni L. was the least common. Interspecific genetic distances among Lygus species were relatively low, ranging from 0.013 to 0.004. Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree clustered L. hesperus and L. elisus into two major clades, with L. keltoni forming a subclade within L. hesperus clade. Statistical parsimony analysis corroborated findings from phylogenetic analysis with L. keltoni and L. hesperus sharing one haplotype. Our study demonstrates the utility of integrating morphology and molecular markers in identifying morphologically similar species such as Lygus bugs. The study also serves as a fundamental step in contributing to developing suitable management strategies against Lygus bugs on potato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Changes in arthropod communities mediate the effects of landscape composition and farm management on pest control ecosystem services in organically managed strawberry crops
- Author
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Karina Garcia, Amber R. Sciligo, Gila Juarez, David J. Gonthier, Taiki Chiba, Adrian Lu, and Claire Kremen
- Subjects
Integrated pest management ,Ecology ,biology ,Agroforestry ,business.industry ,Biodiversity ,Pest control ,biology.organism_classification ,Ecosystem services ,Geography ,Arthropod ,Lygus ,business ,Agroecology - Published
- 2021
16. Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthaceae) and At-Plant Insecticide Impacts on Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Injury to Seedling Cotton Terminals
- Author
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Taylor M. Randell, Phillip M. Roberts, and A. Stanley Culpepper
- Subjects
biology ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Amaranth ,Plant insecticide ,Thripidae ,Amaranthaceae ,biology.organism_classification ,Amaranthus palmeri ,Horticulture ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Insect Science ,Seed treatment ,parasitic diseases ,Lygus ,Tarnished plant bug ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
The direct effect of Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri Watson, on cotton growth and development is well documented, but its indirect effect through harboring feeding insects is less understood. Palmer amaranth emerged with cotton and remaining in the field for 30 days increased tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), populations compared with a weed-free system. Weedy systems noted up to 49% more damaged terminals than weed-free systems, with cotton yield decreasing as damaged terminals increased at one of two locations. Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations were effectively controlled with Aeris® (Bayer, St. Louis, MO) seed treatment (imidacloprid + thiodicarb at 0.375 mg active ingredient per seed), but there was no correlation between thrips infestations and increasing damaged cotton terminals. However, Aeris seed treatment significantly reduced the occurrence of damaged cotton terminals. In a second experiment, Palmer amaranth infesting an area adjacent to a weed-free cotton field had maximum damaged terminals of 51% on the cotton row proximal to the weedy area, with the distal cotton row (44 m away) having 8% terminal damage. Cotton yield significantly decreased as damaged terminals increased. A final bioassay experiment further evaluated the influence of seed treatment on tarnished plant bug feeding impacting cotton seedlings. With Aeris seed treatment, tarnished plant bug mortality was 97%, compared with 37% for nontreated seed. Results suggest tarnished plant bug infestations increased where Palmer amaranth was present in cotton fields. Additionally, greater Palmer amaranth infestations led to an increase in damaged cotton terminals and lower yields.
- Published
- 2021
17. Effects of Agronomic Practices on Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) Population Dynamics in Quinoa
- Author
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Elisabeth C Oeller, David W. Crowder, Leonardo Hinojosa, Kevin Murphy, Robert E. Clark, and IBED Other Research (FNWI)
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Integrated pest management ,Irrigation ,Insecta ,Population ,Population Dynamics ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Crop ,Hemiptera ,Heteroptera ,Animals ,Lygus ,Herbivory ,Chenopodium quinoa ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Herbivore ,education.field_of_study ,Ecology ,Phenology ,biology.organism_classification ,Miridae ,010602 entomology ,Agronomy ,Insect Science ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Crop diversification often promotes farm sustainability. However, proper management of newly introduced crops is difficult when pests are unknown. Characterizing herbivore dynamics on new crops, and how they respond to agronomic factors, is crucial for integrated pest management. Here we explored factors affecting Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) herbivores in quinoa crops of Washington State. Quinoa is a newly introduced crop for North America that has multiple varieties and a range of agronomic practices used for cultivation. Through arthropod surveys and discussions with growers, we determined that Lygus spp. was the most abundant insect herbivore and likely contributed to low quinoa yields in previous seasons. We assessed how different varieties (Pison and QQ74), irrigation regimes (present and not), and planting methods (direct-seeded and transplanted) affected Lygus population dynamics. Lygus phenology was correlated with timing of quinoa seed-set in July and August, corresponding to a period when quinoa is most susceptible to Lygus. Both irrigation and planting manipulations had significant effects on Lygus abundance. Irrigation reduced Lygus abundance compared with nonirrigated plots in 2018. Planting method had a significant effect on Lygus populations in both 2017 and 2018, but effects differed among years. Variety had a significant effect on Lygus abundance, but only in nonirrigated plots. Overall, our study shows that Lygus is a common insect herbivore in quinoa, and careful selection of variety, planting method, and irrigation regime may be key components of effective control in seasons where Lygus abundance is high.
- Published
- 2021
18. Lygus Hahn 1833
- Author
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Zamani, Mozhgan and Hosseini, Reza
- Subjects
Hemiptera ,Insecta ,Arthropoda ,Animalia ,Biodiversity ,Miridae ,Lygus ,Taxonomy - Abstract
Lygus genus (Fig. 2, node 11). Lygus species are economically important group of insects in many agro-ecosystems (Shrestha et al. 2007). This genus comprises 163 species in the world (Schuh 2002 –2013), where three species have been recorded from Iran (Aukema 2020). The genus Lygus was recovered as a monophyletic group according to all analyses, with strong support (IW= 88%, EW= 86%). The monophyly of the genus Lygus was found in the previous studies based on morphological, molecular and combine data sets (e.g., Schwartz & Foottit 1998; Kim & Jung 2019)., Published as part of Zamani, Mozhgan & Hosseini, Reza, 2022, A phylogenetic study of the relationships within Mirinae subfamily (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae) based on specimens from Northern Iran: Insight into analyses of genera complexes, pp. 101-127 in Zootaxa 5200 (2) on page 105, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5200.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7256717, {"references":["Shrestha, R., Parajulee, M. N. & Grimson, M. J. (2007) SEM Ultrastructure study of Lygus hesperus (Knight) (Hemiptera: Miridae). Available from: http: // wcrc. confex. com / wcrc / 2007 / techprogram / P 2024. HTM (accessed 10 Ocotber 2022)","Schuh, R. T. (2002 - 2013) On-line systematic catalog of plant bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. Available from http: // research. amnh. org / pbi / catalog (accessed 10 October 2022)","Aukema, B. (2020) Catalogue of Palaearctic Heteroptera. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Available from: https: // catpalhet. linnaeus. naturalis. nl / (accessed 20 August 2020)","Schwartz, M. D. & Foottit, R. G. (1998) Revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Lygus Hahn, with a review of the Palearctic species (Heteroptera: Miridae). Memoirs of Entomology International, 10, 1 - 428.","Kim, J. & Jung, S. (2019) Phylogeny of the plant bug subfamily Mirinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha: Miridae) based on total evidence analysis. Systematic Entomology, 44 (4), 686 - 698. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12348"]}
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Polygalacturonase gene expression and enzymatic activity in salivary glands of laboratory reared and wild populations of Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae).
- Author
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FLEMING, DANIEL, KRISHNAN, NATRAJ, and MUSSER, FRED
- Subjects
- *
POLYGALACTURONASE , *GENE expression , *SALIVARY glands , *LYGUS , *TARNISHED plant bug - Abstract
Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois, 1818) (tarnished plant bug) is a serious pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the Delta region as compared to cotton in the Hills region of the state of Mississippi in USA. The reason for this is unclear but it was hypothesized that the plant cell wall degrading polygalacturonase enzyme system in the salivary glands of L. lineolaris from the Delta could be better adapted for cotton, which is grown more predominantly in the Delta region than in the Hills region. Expression analysis of three primary polygalacturonase genes (LlPG1, LlPG2 and LlPG3) was conducted in laboratory reared and field collected populations of L. lineolaris. Assay of polygalacturonase enzyme activity was also conducted to compare wild collected populations. Initial laboratory and field data revealed gene expression differences in sex, age, region, and host plant which guided the direction of our subsequent study during 2013 and 2014. Based on the results of this study, we propose that the three genes studied may not be reflective of the entire polygalacturonase enzyme system and may not be solely responsible for the observed adaptation of L. lineolaris to cotton in the Delta region than in the Hills region. Analyses also revealed that the expression of the three targeted polygalacturonase genes was affected by the host plant from which the insects were collected and that adults had higher polygalacturonase expression than nymphs. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence for developmental stage specific and host plant based change in expression of PG genes in the salivary glands of L. lineolaris. This, however, was not refl ected in total polygalacturonase enzyme activity which was not significantly different between regions, hosts, sex, or developmental stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Long term post-release impacts of the introduced parasitoid Peristenus relictus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Lygus spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) populations in California.
- Author
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Pickett, Charles H., Nieto, Diego J., Bryer, Janet A., Swezey, Sean L., and Stadtherr, Marypat
- Subjects
- *
PARASITOIDS , *LYGUS , *STRAWBERRIES , *ALFALFA , *DIAPAUSE - Abstract
The European Lygus spp. parasitoid Peristenus relictus (Ruthe) was released into California between 1998 and 2004. Four release sites, including one in the Central Valley and three along the Monterey Bay, were monitored from 1999 to 2015. Lygus spp. and P. relictus populations were monitored in alfalfa, weedy non-crop vegetation, and commercial strawberries. An experimental field cage study was also conducted to measure the contribution of both P. relictus and resident predators to Lygus spp. mortality. Results from both caging and longitudinal studies demonstrated that P. relictus had a negative impact on Lygus spp. nymphal densities. Annual percent parasitism peaks ranged from 45 to 71% in alfalfa or non-crop vegetation, which were either correlated with host densities or demonstrated a delayed density dependent response. Lygus spp. population reductions of over 90% were recorded at five of six sampling locations by 2011–2012. An increase in Lygus spp. densities was observed at two release sites during the last two years of monitoring in the Monterey Bay region and may be related to climate. In-season nymphal densities were correlated with winter temperatures, as warmer than average winters may have affected diapause and accelerated population growth rates. We consider this study, which corroborates the preference by P. relictus for congeneric North American host species, the biological control value of this parasitoid’s establishment, and climate as a possible contributor to Lygus spp. population dynamics, to be a valuable contribution to understanding biological control of Lygus spp. by P. relictus . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Semi-natural habitats on organic strawberry farms and in surrounding landscapes promote bird biodiversity and pest control potential.
- Author
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Garcia, Karina, Olimpi, Elissa M., M'Gonigle, Leithen, Karp, Daniel S., Wilson-Rankin, Erin E., Kremen, Claire, and Gonthier, David J.
- Subjects
- *
PEST control , *ORGANIC farming , *HABITATS , *AGRICULTURAL intensification , *BIRD populations , *ARTHROPOD pests , *STRAWBERRIES , *BIRD surveys , *ECOSYSTEM services - Abstract
Agricultural intensification and expansion have degraded biodiversity in agroecosystems, jeopardizing the ecosystem services provided by wildlife. Birds can act as particularly important purveyors of ecosystem services to farmers by consuming arthropod pests. Some bird species, however, may sometimes act as pests themselves by consuming crops. Further, on-farm management practices (e.g., crop diversity, vegetative structure) and the complexity of the surrounding landscape can shift the balance of bird-mediated ecosystem services and disservices through changes in bird community composition. Here, we explored how organic strawberry farms in California could be managed to bolster bird biodiversity and shift community composition from strawberry-consuming to pest-eating species. Using multi-species N-mixture models we found that semi-natural habitat at the landscape (1000 m) and farm (50 m) scales were positively associated with mean abundance of all birds, with varying effects on different species. In particular, we found that the mean local abundance of species that consume Lygus spp. (a major pest), but not strawberry-consuming species, increased with semi-natural habitat at the farm scale. Nest density in developed areas within farms also increased with greater semi-natural habitat in the landscape, while nest density in semi-natural habitat within farms decreased with increasing semi-natural habitat in the landscape. Further, nest density of Lygus spp. eating birds increased with increasing local semi-natural habitat. These results suggest that increasing semi-natural habitat at the landscape and local scales can bolster bird abundance across farms, while pest control can be promoted locally by conserving or restoring semi-natural vegetation at the farm scale. • We paired bird surveys with molecular diet data to identify key ecosystem service/disservice providers of strawberry farms. • N-mixture models show that community-wide bird abundance responds to seminatural habitat at local and landscape scales. • Birds that consume Lygus increase with local seminatural habitat, suggesting local seminatural habitat promotes biocontrol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Local and landscape scale drivers of Euschistus servus and Lygus lineolaris in North Carolina small grain agroecosystems
- Author
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James K. Goethe, Seth J Dorman, and Anders S. Huseth
- Subjects
Agroecosystem ,Euschistus servus ,Source–sink dynamics ,biology ,Scale (ratio) ,Ecology ,Insect Science ,Forestry ,Lygus ,Tarnished plant bug ,biology.organism_classification ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Published
- 2021
23. Sublethal Impacts of Novaluron on Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Adults
- Author
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Jeff Gore, Scott D. Stewart, Angus L. Catchot, Gus M. Lorenz, Natraj Krishnan, Beverly D. Catchot, Ryan E. Jackson, Sebe Brown, Donald R. Cook, David L. Kerns, Nicholas J Seiter, K. S. Knighten, and Fred R. Musser
- Subjects
Male ,Nymph ,0106 biological sciences ,Oviposition ,01 natural sciences ,Hemiptera ,Heteroptera ,Toxicology ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Insect growth regulator ,Animals ,Lygus ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Novaluron ,Ecology ,biology ,Phenylurea Compounds ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Fecundity ,Miridae ,010602 entomology ,chemistry ,Insect Science ,Female ,PEST analysis ,Tarnished plant bug - Abstract
Tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot de Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae), has become a primary pest of cotton in the Midsouthern United States. Insect growth regulators such as novaluron are an important part of L. lineolaris management. While novaluron is lethal to nymphs, it does not kill adults, so it has been used when nymphs are the primary stage present. However, cotton yield protection was observed from an application of novaluron when adults were the predominant stage present. To explain this, a series of studies were conducted to examine sublethal impacts of novaluron to L. lineolaris adults. Novaluron ingestion by adults reduced hatch rate and sometimes reduced oviposition rate. Ingestion by either males or females reduced hatch rates, but the reduction was greater from female exposure. Contact exposure of adults with novaluron residues within 1 d of application reduced hatch rate by about 50%, but the impact on oviposition was inconsistent. A field study showed reduced hatch rate from contact exposure to mixed-age natural populations, but the overall net reproductive rate was not reduced. Surface exposure of eggs to novaluron did not reduce hatch rate. Overall, exposure of tarnished plant bug adults to novaluron, regardless of adult age or exposure route, reduced egg viability. However, the impact on oviposition rate and net reproductive rate varied with adult age and exposure route. This understanding of sublethal impacts of novaluron, in addition to lethal impacts on nymphs, should be considered when choosing application times to maximize effects on L. lineolaris populations.
- Published
- 2021
24. Fusarium Hardlock Associated With Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) Injury in Southeastern Cotton
- Author
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Sally V. Taylor, Seth J Dorman, Hillary L. Mehl, and Joseph Opoku
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Fusarium ,Lint ,biology ,food and beverages ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Hemiptera ,Miridae ,Cultural control ,010602 entomology ,Horticulture ,Increased risk ,Lygus ,Tarnished plant bug ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is an important insect pest in cotton that feeds on reproductive fruit, contributing to yield loss. Economically damaging infestations of L. lineolaris have doubled in Virginia since 2013. Escalation of L. lineolaris abundance may increase Fusarium hardlock disease observed in this region, compounding economic losses. Research has linked Fusarium hardlock with fungal species Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum. Field and greenhouse experiments were performed to investigate (i) Fusarium hardlock occurrence in field plots managed and unmanaged for L. lineolaris, (ii) severity of F. verticillioides infection of cotton bolls with and without the presence of L. lineolaris feeding in a greenhouse setting, and (iii) Fusarium species composition and prevalence within field-collected L. lineolaris and cotton lint with and without insect feeding injury and hardlock symptoms present. Nearly twice the amount of hardlock (i.e., proportion of hardlocked locules) occurred in field-collected bolls with L. lineolaris feeding symptoms (0.40 ± 0.02) compared with bolls without (0.21 ± 0.01). Based on real-time quantitative PCR, cotton bolls exposed to F. verticillioides inoculum and caged with L. lineolaris adults had greater levels of F. verticillioides DNA compared with untreated bolls. F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides, and F. fujikuroi were isolated from field-collected L. lineolaris and hardlocked cotton lint at harvest. These findings suggest that the presence of L. lineolaris is associated with an increased risk of Fusarium hardlock in Southeastern cotton, and both should be carefully managed using timely insecticide applications and cultural control practices to minimize yield loss.
- Published
- 2021
25. Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae) and Botrytis cinerea (Ascomycota: Leotiomycetes) Interaction Does Not Increase Faba Bean Seed Damage
- Author
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Héctor A. Cárcamo, Surinder Kaur, and Syama Chatterton
- Subjects
Leotiomycetes ,biology ,Ascomycota ,Insect Science ,Botany ,Heteroptera ,Lygus ,biology.organism_classification ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Miridae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Botrytis cinerea - Published
- 2021
26. Improving insect control protein activity for GM crops: A case study demonstrating that increased target insect potency can be achieved without impacting mammalian safety.
- Author
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Farmer, Donna R., Edrington, Thomas C., Kessenich, Colton R., Wang, Cunxi, and Petrick, Jay S.
- Subjects
- *
BACILLUS thuringiensis , *BACILLUS (Bacteria) , *INSECTICIDAL plants , *AMINO acid analysis , *OLIGOMERIZATION - Abstract
Many insect-protected crops express insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ), including both naturally-occurring Cry proteins and chimeric Cry proteins created through biotechnology. The Cry51Aa2 protein is a naturally-occurring Cry protein that was modified to increase its potency and expand its insect activity spectrum through amino acid sequence changes. The improved Cry51Aa2 variant, Cry51Aa2.834_16, and other developmental variants belong to the ETX_MTX2 family of proteins but share a low level of sequence similarity to other members of this family. This similarity is largely localized to the pore-forming and oligomerization protein domains, while sequence divergence is observed within the head domain that confers receptor binding specificity. The intact Cry51Aa2.834_16 protein was heat labile at temperatures ≥55 °C, and was rapidly degraded after exposure to the gastrointestinal protease pepsin. No acute oral toxicity was observed in mice for three protein variants of Cry51Aa2, including Cry51Aa2.834_16, at doses exceeding 1000 mg/kg body weight. The weight-of-evidence therefore supports the conclusion of safety for Cry51Aa2.834_16 and demonstrates that amino acid sequence modifications can be used to substantially increase insecticidal activity of a protein without an increased hazard to mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. The sequence, structural, and functional diversity within a protein family and implications for specificity and safety: The case for ETX_MTX2 insecticidal proteins.
- Author
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Moar, William J., Evans, Adam J., Kessenich, Colton R., Baum, James A., Bowen, David J., Edrington, Thomas C., Haas, Jeffrey A., Kouadio, Jean-Louis K., Roberts, James K., Silvanovich, Andre, Yin, Yong, Weiner, Brian E., Glenn, Kevin C., and Odegaard, Matthew L.
- Subjects
- *
PROTEIN structure , *INSECTICIDES , *PEST control , *BACILLUS thuringiensis , *TOXINS - Abstract
The need for sustainable insect pest control is driving the investigation and discovery of insecticidal proteins outside of the typical 3-domain Cry protein family from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Examples include Cry35 and Cry51 that belong to protein families (Toxin_10, ETX_MTX2) sharing a common β-pore forming structure and function with known mammalian toxins such as epsilon toxin (ETX). Although β-pore forming proteins are related to mammalian toxins, there are key differences in sequence and structure that lead to organism specificity that is useful in the weight-of-evidence approach for safety assessment. Despite low overall amino acid sequence identity among ETX_MTX2 proteins, sequence and structural similarities are found in the tail region responsible for the shared oligomerization and pore formation functions (causing the “relatedness”). Conversely, most of the sequence and structural diversity is located in the head region that is likely responsible for differential receptor binding and target species specificity (e.g., insecticidal vs. mammalian). Therefore, inclusion of a domain-based protein characterization approach that includes bioinformatic and functional comparisons of conserved and diverse domains will enhance the overall weight of evidence safety assessment of proteins including recently reported Cry51 protein variants (Cry51Aa1, Cry51Aa2, and Cry51Aa2.834_16). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Prototype Lygus Spp. Vacuum Provides Improved Pest Management in California Strawberries
- Author
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Caleb Fink, Daniel Olivier, John Lin, Mark Edsall, and Jack Wells
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Integrated pest management ,Ecology ,biology ,Agroforestry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Plant Science ,Horticulture ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Environmental science ,Lygus ,0405 other agricultural sciences ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany ,040502 food science - Abstract
Lygus spp. are major pests of the California strawberry industry and have prompted growers to purchase and use machines called “bug vacuums” to mitigate damage throughout the production season. The...
- Published
- 2020
29. Novaluron prevents oogenesis and oviposition by inducing ultrastructural changes in ovarian tissue of young adult <scp> Lygus lineolaris </scp>
- Author
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Chance J.H. Anderson, Beverly D. Catchot, Fred R. Musser, Ryan E. Jackson, Jeff Gore, Kuntol Rakshit, and Natraj Krishnan
- Subjects
Nymph ,Integrated pest management ,Insecticides ,Oviposition ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Insect ,Oogenesis ,Heteroptera ,Toxicology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Animals ,Lygus ,media_common ,Novaluron ,biology ,Hatching ,Phenylurea Compounds ,fungi ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Insect Science ,Female ,PEST analysis ,Tarnished plant bug ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
BACKGROUND The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), has emerged as a major pest of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L, in the mid-southern USA. In the early 1990s L. lineolaris populations developed resistance to several classes of conventional insecticides, increasing the need for insecticides with alternative modes of action such as insect growth regulators (IGRs) for integrated pest management (IPM). The benzoylphenyl urea (BPU) class of IGRs acts by disrupting the growth and development of immature stages of insects, but little is known about its impact on adult stages. RESULTS The effect of novaluron (Diamond™ 0.83EC), a BPU with known chitin synthesis inhibitor activity, was investigated on adult females of L. lineolaris. Treatment of 1-day-old adults with 600 ppm of novaluron in the diet prevented oviposition, while treatment of older females had no impact on oviposition. Oral novaluron exposure of adults of all ages reduced the viability of eggs laid. Novaluron treatment caused ultrastructural changes in the ovaries of 1-day-old adults (48 h post exposure), distorting the follicular epithelial cell architecture of developing oocytes. Additionally, novaluron treatment decreased the chitin content in ovarian tissue. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that chitin or chitin-like components in the developing ovaries of adult L. lineolaris are a target of IGRs such as novaluron, but its activity is specific to a critical time during development. This enhances our understanding of the effects of BPUs on adult insects and could lead to incorporation of IGRs in IPM for controlling adult insect pest populations in the field. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
- Published
- 2020
30. Effects of interplanting peppermint (Lamiaceae) in strawberry (Rosaceae) onDrosophila suzukii(Diptera: Drosophilidae) and seed-feeding pests (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae, Miridae, Rhyparochromidae)
- Author
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Andrew J. Frewin, Justin M. Renkema, and Rebecca H. Hallett
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,biology ,Physiology ,medicine.disease_cause ,biology.organism_classification ,Fragaria ,Lygaeidae ,01 natural sciences ,Miridae ,010602 entomology ,Horticulture ,Structural Biology ,Insect Science ,Infestation ,medicine ,PEST analysis ,Lygus ,Drosophila suzukii ,Molecular Biology ,Drosophila ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii(Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae)) is a pest of tender fruit and berry crops because female flies oviposit in ripening fruit. Frequent insecticide applications are needed for control during fruit ripening, with few noninsecticide options available. The effect of interplanting peppermint (Mentha × piperitaLinnaeus (Lamiaceae)) in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassaDuchesne (Rosaceae)) onD. suzukiifruit infestation was investigated because peppermint essential oil deterredD. suzukiifrom fruit in the laboratory, and interplanted aromatic plants reduced crop pest populations in other field studies. Regardless of whether peppermint was untrimmed or periodically trimmed to reduce shading of strawberries and promote release of volatiles,D. suzukiiinfestation was consistently lowest in strawberries adjacent to no peppermint. Interplanted peppermint also reduced strawberry yield in the second year of the experiment. Abundance ofLygus lineolaris(Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), a strawberry pest, was higher in plots with peppermint, but abundances ofLigyrocoris diffusus(Uhler) (Hemiptera: Rhyparochromidae) andNeortholomus scolopax(Say) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), seed feeders but not common strawberry pests, were lower in plots with peppermint. Overall, interplanted peppermint is not recommended forD. suzukiimanagement, but other strategies for using volatile, repellent compounds in the field should be investigated.
- Published
- 2020
31. Evaluation of Current Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Thresholds in Transgenic MON 88702 Cotton Expressing the Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 Trait
- Author
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Jeff Gore, T B Towles, Angus L. Catchot, Donald R. Cook, J C Corbin, Darrin M. Dodds, and Whitney D Crow
- Subjects
AcademicSubjects/SCI01382 ,0106 biological sciences ,Insecticides ,Bacillus thuringiensis ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Heteroptera ,lygus resistant ,Mississippi ,Animals ,Lygus ,Gossypium ,Ecology ,Field and Forage Crops ,fungi ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Hemiptera ,Miridae ,010602 entomology ,Agronomy ,Insect Science ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,Trait ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Late season ,IPM ,Seasons ,PEST analysis ,Tarnished plant bug - Abstract
The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), is an important pest of cotton in many areas of the southern United States. An experiment was conducted at two locations in Mississippi during 2016 and 2017 to evaluate action thresholds for tarnished plant bug on a novel Bacillus thuringiensis cotton that expresses the Cry51Aa2.834_16 toxin. Treatments included the current action threshold, a 2× threshold, and treatments where insecticides were only applied during the early season (preflower) or only during late season (during flowering) based on the current action thresholds. These were compared to an untreated control and a weekly insecticide use regime that received weekly insecticide sprays. All treatments were imposed on both Bt Cry1Aa2.834_16 cotton and a nontraited cotton. The Bt Cry1Aa2.834_16 trait reduced the number of tarnished plant bugs and injury, and improved yields compared to nontraited cotton. For all spray treatments except the weekly insecticide use regime, yields were greater for the Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton than the nontraited cotton. In terms of thresholds, Bt Cry1Aa2.834_16 cotton sprayed based on current action thresholds resulted in similar yields to the weekly insecticide use regime of both cotton types. In contrast, the 2× threshold resulted in lower yields than the current threshold for both cotton types. Though thresholds intermediate to the currently recommended action threshold and the 2× threshold were not tested, these data suggest that currently recommended action thresholds appear appropriate for Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton. These results suggest that this trait will be an important component of current IPM programs in cotton where tarnished plant bug is an important pest.
- Published
- 2020
32. Seasonal Development of Plant Bugs (Heteroptera, Miridae): Subfamily Mirinae, Tribe Mirini
- Author
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Dmitry L. Musolin and A. Kh. Saulich
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,biology ,Population ,Heteroptera ,Zoology ,Diapause ,biology.organism_classification ,Lygus pratensis ,Miridae ,Lygus hesperus ,Insect Science ,Lygus ,Adelphocoris ,education - Abstract
The available data on seasonal development of plant bugs (Mirinae: Mirini) are reviewed, and the level of understanding of their seasonal adaptations is evaluated. The ecological responses involved in control of seasonal development of 14 species from 5 genera (Adelphocoris, Apolygus, Lygus, Lygocoris, and Stenotus) are analyzed in detail. All the studied species are broadly polyphagous and produce a varying number of annual generations in different climatic zones. The studied members of four genera, namely Adelphocoris, Apolygus, Lygocoris, and Stenotus, hibernate at the embryonic stage while bugs of the genus Lygus do so at the adult stage. Some species of the genera Adelphocoris and Lygus, in particular Lygus pratensis, have acquired a pronounced ability to fly over long distances, facilitating the search for flowering vegetation. However, unlike many insects that make distant migrations in the state of adult diapause, females of plant bugs of the genus Adelphocoris migrate with mature eggs in their oviducts. This feature allows Adelphocoris females to successfully colonize new areas even in the absence of males, since females do not need additional mating in the colonized area. For the majority of Mirini species experimentally studied in the laboratory, the temperature parameters of development and the sum of effective temperatures needed to complete the full generation were calculated. When combined with observations done under natural conditions, these data allowed us to determine the exact number of annual generations produced by the species or population. The role of day length in the control of seasonal development was analyzed in detail in three species of the genus Adelphocoris: A. triannulatus, A. suturalis, and A. lineolatus. The conditions inducing and terminating adult diapause were studied in detail in Lygus hesperus in the southern United States. The seasonal development of Lygocoris pabulinus is an unusual example of an obligate host plant change during the year. The diapausing eggs of this species overwinter in the tissues of woody plants but the nymphs then migrate onto herbaceous plants on which the summer generations develop. Such a seasonal strategy is more characteristic of aphids (Homoptera) than of true bugs (Heteroptera). On the whole, our analysis of the available data indicates that the control of seasonal development of plant bugs of the subfamily Mirinae is still poorly understood despite their high economic importance. Most reports deal with a small number of experimentally studied species and are limited to the data on temperature parameters of development. The important role of photoperiodic adaptations in the control of seasonal development has been demonstrated only for a few well-studied species (e.g., Adelphocoris triannulatus); such data are crucial for analysis and prediction of seasonal development and spread of harmful and beneficial insects, since the seasonal cycle of each population of a given species is strictly synchronized with the local conditions.
- Published
- 2020
33. Quantifying Lygus lineolaris stylet probing behavior and associated damage to cotton leaf terminals
- Author
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Elaine A. Backus, Eugênio E. Oliveira, Edmar S. Tuelher, and Felix A. Cervantes
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,biology ,fungi ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Stylet ,Toxicology ,010602 entomology ,Crop loss ,Time course ,Instar ,Ingestion ,Lygus ,PEST analysis ,Nymph ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Lygus lineolaris is an important native pest of cotton in the mid-southern USA and a potential invasive species in other parts of the world. L. lineolaris feeds on more than 300 plant species, especially preferring reproductive plant organs but also feeding on young terminal leaves. There is little known about feeding behaviors performed on cotton leaves nor of associated injury symptoms triggered. Herein, we used the most accurate way to study feeding of piercing–sucking insects, i.e., electropenetrography (EPG). EPG was used to quantify L. lineolaris feeding behaviors on young terminal leaves of cotton, for third, fourth, and fifth instars plus male adults. Both non-probing (combined walking, standing and antennation) as well as probing behaviors (cell rupturing, transition, and ingestion) were compared with a time course of digitally measured leaf damage. Overall, L. lineolaris, especially adults, spent most time in non-probing behaviors. For probing behaviors, the longest duration was cell rupturing, especially for fourth and fifth instars followed by the third instars. The greatest damage to cotton leaves occurred when high numbers of wound-inducing cell-rupturing probes, which inject macerating saliva, were combined with minimal subsequent ingestion of saliva. On cotton leaves, this style of cell rupturing matches that of older nymphs. Thus, even small amounts of cell rupture feeding and ingestion by older L. lineolaris nymphs are damaging to cotton leaf terminals. These results help to understand the cause of damage to L. lineolaris hosts and consequently aid in developing strategies to reduce crop loss.
- Published
- 2020
34. Efficiency of volatile baited sticky traps for the Tarnished Plant Bug ( Lygus lineolaris ) in strawberry fields
- Author
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Daniel Chapdelaine, Pierre-Olivier Montiglio, Oscar Quintana Sanchez, Caroline Provost, Mathieu Lemieux, François Dumont, and Laura Chouinard-Thuly
- Subjects
Horticulture ,biology ,business.industry ,Insect Science ,Sex pheromone ,Pest control ,Lygus ,Tarnished plant bug ,biology.organism_classification ,business ,Chemical communication ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Published
- 2020
35. Characterization of Intercrop Movement of Lygus hesperus between Cotton and Alfalfa
- Author
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Ram B. Shrestha and Megha N. Parajulee
- Subjects
biology ,Agronomy ,Lygus hesperus ,Phenology ,Lygus ,PEST analysis ,Medicago sativa ,biology.organism_classification ,Hemiptera ,Miridae ,Field monitoring - Abstract
Lygus hesperus Knight (Miridae: Hemiptera), a key pest of cotton in the United States, is a highly polyphagous insect. Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. var. hirsutum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) are two major field crop hosts of Lygus hesperus in the Texas High Plains. While alfalfa is considered a source of Lygus in cotton, Lygus intercrop movement behavior has not been fully characterized in cotton-alfalfa systems. Understanding the intercrop movement behavior of Lygus may facilitate better decision-making for Lygus management in these crops. A series of studies including a mark-release-recapture study and season-long field monitoring of Lygus were conducted in the Texas High Plains, USA. Season-long field marking and monitoring of Lygus intercrop movement revealed bidirectional Lygus movement and confirmed that Lygus preferred alfalfa over cotton. Net movement of Lygus between cotton and alfalfa was influenced by cotton phenology. A “two-crop/two-marker” field-marking and monitoring approach was successfully applied in characterizing Lygus seasonal intercrop movement. This approach can be used to study the effect of various crop management practices on Lygus intercrop movement and is applicable to other pests and cropping systems.
- Published
- 2019
36. Keleto retų žodžių istorija
- Author
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Vladas Žulys
- Subjects
etimologija ,istorija ,dragės ,ešketras ,lygus ,lonė ,skrieliai ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 - Abstract
ИСТОРИЯ НЕКОТОРЫХ РЕДКИХ СЛОВРезюмеВ статье исследуется история пяти редких слов, встречающихся преимущественно в переводе библии И. Бреткунаса: 1) dragės „дрожжи; осадок, образующийся при изготовлении жира из корюшек", 2) ešketras „осётр, белуга", 3) lyg(i)us „суд", 4) lonė, (и lonia, lonis) „самка оленя", 5) skrieliai „крылья; (у Б. Хилинскиса) плавники". Hа основе соображений диалектологического, культурно-исторического и этимологического характера делается следующий вывод:1) по всей вероятности, dragės, ešketras и lyg(i)us являются заимствованиями из прусского языка;2) lonė, Ionia и lonis заимствованы из соседних славянских языков (славянский корень следует предположить и для пр. lonix „бык");3) skrieliai является диалектным (южнолитовским) словом, которое по типу образования можно сопоставить с близкими по значению западно- и южнославянскими словами того же корня - с польск. skrzele „жабры; (в диалект.) плавники" и с с.-х. krèljа „жабры".
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Biology, Ecology, and Pest Management of the Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) in Southern Row Crops
- Author
-
Gadi V. P. Reddy, Jeff Gore, Whitney D Crow, James P Glover, and Justin George
- Subjects
Integrated pest management ,Lygus management ,Science ,Population ,Review ,cotton ,Lygus lineolaris ,Lygus ,education ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Ecology ,fungi ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Miridae ,insecticide resistance in cotton insects ,Bt cotton ,Anthonomus ,Insect Science ,PEST analysis ,Tarnished plant bug ,tarnished plant bug - Abstract
Simple Summary The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, is a polyphagous, sap-feeder that causes significant economic damage in several field crops, especially cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the mid-southern United States. In 2020, it was reported that 4.8 million acres of cotton were infested by Lygus spp. in the United States. A broad host range, polyphagous feeding behavior and high mobility of this pest along with resistance development to conventional pesticides helped them establish as a significant pest of concern for cotton growers in the mid-south. Since the publication of a review by Layton (2000) on damage caused by Lygus lineolaris, many new research studies have been published on the Lygus biology, ecology, and integrated pest management strategies. A comprehensive review paper that summarizes these latest research developments and Lygus management strategies will be useful for researchers and cotton growers. In this review, we report and discuss the latest developments in Lygus research and the new control strategies that have been developed in the last two decades. Abstract The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), (Hemiptera: Miridae) is considered the most damaging pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the mid-southern United States, although it is established throughout the United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico. The introduction of transgenic crops for the control of moths in the Heliothine complex and eradication of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, from much of the United States led to greatly reduced pesticide use in cotton fields, which allowed L. lineolaris to emerge as a new primary pest of cotton in the mid-southern United States. Since the publication of a review by Layton (2000) on damage caused by Lygus lineolaris, many new studies have been published on the changes in host range, population dynamics, sampling methods and thresholds, cultural practices, sex pheromones and attractant blends, novel pesticides and insecticide resistance mechanisms, olfactory and feeding behaviors, introduction of biological control agents, host-plant resistance mechanisms, and new molecular and genetic tools for integrated pest management of Lygus species in cotton and other important crops. Here, we review and discuss the latest developments in L. lineolaris research in the last two decades.
- Published
- 2021
38. Development of a Method for Rearing Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on a Semi-solid Artificial Diet
- Author
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Maribel Portilla and Gadi V. P. Reddy
- Subjects
biology ,Oviposition ,Reproduction ,Heteroptera ,Biological pest control ,General Medicine ,Pentatomidae ,biology.organism_classification ,Animal Feed ,Fertility ,Animal science ,Biological Control Agents ,Nezara viridula ,Insect Science ,Animals ,Instar ,Lygus ,Mortality ,Laboratories ,Cage ,Nymph ,Research Articles - Abstract
A method for rearing the southern green stinkbug, (Nezara viridula L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), using a modified lygus semi-solid artificial diet was developed. First to second-instar nymph were reared in a density of 631.5 ± 125.05 eggs per Petri-dish (4 cm deep × 15 cm diam). Second instar to adult were reared in a density of 535.0 ± 112.46 s instar nymphs per rearing cage (43 × 28 × 9 cm). Mating and oviposition occurred in popup rearing cages (30 × 30 cm), each holding 60–90 mixed sex adults of similar age. Adults emerged 35.88 ± 2.13 d after oviposition and survived for an average of 43.09 ± 9.53 d. On average, adults laid 223.95 ± 69.88 eggs in their lifetime, for a total production of 8,099 ± 1,277 fertile eggs/oviposition cage. Egg fertility was 77.93% ± 16.28. Egg masses held in petri-dishes had a total hatchability of 79.38% ± 20.03. Mortality of early nymphs in petri-dishes was 0.64% ± 0.12 for the first instar and 1.37% ± 0.45 for second instar. Late nymphal mortality in rearing cages was 1.41% ± 0.10, 3.47% ± 1.27, and 4.72% ± 1.29 for the third, fourth, and fifth instars, respectively. Survivorship from nymphs to adults was 88.48% ± 2.76. Using artificial diet for rearing N. viridula could reduce cost by avoiding time-consuming issues with daily feeding fresh natural hosts and insect manipulation. It could increase reliability and simplicity of bug production, which should facilitate mass rearing of its biological control agents.
- Published
- 2021
39. Estimation of Median Lethal Concentration of Three Isolates of Beauveria bassiana for Control of Megacopta cribraria (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) Bioassayed on Solid Lygus spp. Diet.
- Author
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Portilla, Maribel, Jones, Walker, Perera, Omaththage, Seiter, Nick, Greene, Jeremy, and Luttrell, Randall
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- *
MEGACOPTA cribraria , *PLATASPIDAE , *BIOLOGICAL assay , *BEAUVERIA , *CLAVICIPITACEAE , *LYGUS , *HEMIPTERA - Abstract
Abstract: The kudzu bug, Megacopta cribraria (F.), is an urban nuisance and significant agricultural pest. The median lethal concentrations of three strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo), including the Mississippi Delta native strain (NI8) isolated from Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), the commercial strain BotaniGard® (GHA) (Victor, NY, USA), and the B. bassiana strain isolated from M. cribraria (KUDSC), were estimated on kudzu bug adults. A technique developed to evaluate B. bassiana against L. lineolaris was used. Younger adults (eight days after collection) were treated with NI8 and GHA and older adult (50 days after collection) were treated with NI8, GHA and KUDSC. Higher concentrations (n × 106, n × 107) of NI8 and GHA caused kudzu bug mortality two days after treatment in younger adults and similar concentrations of NI8, GHA, and KUDSC caused mortality one day after treatment in older adults. Lower concentrations (n × 104, n × 105) were not significantly different in mortality between strains. LS50 values of the KUDSC were significantly lower than NI8 and GHA values in older adults. This is the first available information on median lethal concentration of B. bassiana on kudzu bug adults bioassayed on artificial diet. It was determined that B. bassiana (KUDSC and NI8) are highly effective for young adults at very low doses (LC50 1.98-4.98 viable spores per mm²). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Mechanistic insights into the first Lygus-active β-pore forming protein.
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Jerga, Agoston, Chen, Danqi, Zhang, Chunfen, Fu, Jinping, Kouadio, Jean-Louis K., Wang, Yanfei, Duff, Stephen M.G., Howard, Jennifer E., Rydel, Timothy J., Evdokimov, Artem G., Ramaseshadri, Parthasarathy, Evans, Adam, Bolognesi, Renata, Park, Yoonseong, and Haas, Jeffrey A.
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- *
LYGUS , *PROTEIN binding , *INSECT mortality , *PROTEIN crosslinking , *OLIGOMERS , *OLIGOMERIZATION , *CELL membranes - Abstract
The cotton pests Lygus hesperus and Lygus lineolaris can be controlled by expressing Cry51Aa2.834_16 in cotton. Insecticidal activity of pore-forming proteins is generally associated with damage to the midgut epithelium due to pores, and their biological specificity results from a set of key determinants including proteolytic activation and receptor binding. We conducted mechanistic studies to gain insight into how the first Lygus-active β-pore forming protein variant functions. Biophysical characterization revealed that the full-length Cry51Aa2.834_16 was a stable dimer in solution, and when exposed to Lygus saliva or to trypsin, the protein underwent proteolytic cleavage at the C-terminus of each of the subunits, resulting in dissociation of the dimer to two separate monomers. The monomer showed tight binding to a specific protein in Lygus brush border membranes, and also formed a membrane-associated oligomeric complex both in vitro and in vivo . Chemically cross-linking the β-hairpin to the Cry51Aa2.834_16 body rendered the protein inactive, but still competent to compete for binding sites with the native protein in vivo . Our study suggests that disassociation of the Cry51Aa2.834_16 dimer into monomeric units with unoccupied head-region and sterically unhindered β-hairpin is required for brush border membrane binding, oligomerization, and the subsequent steps leading to insect mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Regulatory roles of biogenic amines and juvenile hormone in the reproductive behavior of the western tarnished plant bug ( Lygus hesperus).
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Brent, Colin, Miyasaki, Katelyn, Vuong, Connor, Miranda, Brittany, Steele, Bronwen, Brent, Kristoffer, and Nath, Rachna
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- *
LYGUS , *LYGUS hesperus , *HEMIPTERA , *SEXUAL behavior in insects , *OVIPARITY in insects , *BIOGENIC amines , *BEHAVIOR , *REPRODUCTION - Abstract
Mating induces behavioral and physiological changes in the plant bug Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae). After receiving seminal products, which include the systemic regulator juvenile hormone (JH), females enter a post-mating period lasting several days during which they enhance their oviposition rate and lose interest in remating. To elucidate the regulation of these behavioral changes in L. hesperus, biogenic amines were quantified in the heads of females at 5 min, 1 h and 24 h after copulation and compared to levels in virgins using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. Mating significantly increased dopamine (DA) after 1 and 24 h, and decreased octopamine (OA) after 5 min and 1 h. Serotonin did not change with mating, but tyramine was significantly reduced after 5 min. While injection of amines into virgin females did not influence sexual receptivity, OA caused a decrease in oviposition during the 24 h following injection. Topical application of the JH analog methoprene to virgins caused an increase in DA, and a decline in mating propensity, but did not influence other amines or the oviposition rate. The results suggest the decline in OA observed immediately after mating may promote egg laying, and that male-derived JH may induce an increase in DA that could account for the post-mating loss of sexual receptivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Diversity of Phytophagous Insects with Potential to Become Key Pests in Genetically Modified Bt Cotton
- Author
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Miriam Sánchez-Vega, Alonso Méndez-López, Yisa María Ochoa-Fuentes, Luis Alberto Aguirre-Uribe, Agustín Hernández-Juárez, Mariano Flores-Dávila, and Ernesto Cerna-Chávez
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Ecology ,biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Hemiptera ,Lepidoptera genitalia ,Crop ,Horticulture ,Bt cotton ,Anthonomus ,Insect Science ,Aphis gossypii ,Lygus ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Diabrotica balteata - Abstract
Reduction in pests targeted by Bt cotton is widely studied; however, other phytophages not affected by Bt cotton-expressed toxins are increasing, suggesting these potential pests might occupy ecological niches of primary pests and become new key pests requiring use of broad-spectrum insecticide. During the 2017 spring-summer crop season, insects were collected on 10 genetically modified (GM) hybrids of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), planted at “Rincon del Buitre” ranch, belonging to “Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro” (UAAAN) at San Pedro, Coahuila, Mexico. The 13,422 phytophagous insects collected from GM cotton were in five orders: Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera; ≈12,766 of the individual insects were in Hemiptera, mainly whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), for a total of 657 other insects collected. Coleoptera were 18.5% of the families, 19.4% of species, and 6.6% of individuals; Diptera had 29.6, 27.8, and 17.2%, respectively; Hemiptera (without Aleyrodidae) had 25.9, 27.8, and 18.9%, respectively; Lepidoptera had 18.5, 19.4, and 44.6%, respectively, and Thysanoptera had 3.7, 2.8, and 2.5%, respectively. Species with more individuals than 5% of the total were Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (32.7%), Spodoptera exigua Hubner (11.0%), Epichlorops sp. Becker (10.7%), Lygus oblineatus Say (9.0%), Diabrotica balteata Leconte (6.9%), Anthonomus grandis Boheman (5.9%), and Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (≈12,766 individuals). Species with greatest incidence among cotton hybrids were Epichlorops sp. (70%), L. oblineatus and D. balteata (each 60%), and A. grandis and Aphis gossypii Glover (each 30%). Monitoring increasing abundance of secondary pests on Bt crops can indicate if the pests threaten sustainable production of the crop.
- Published
- 2021
43. First evidence of protein-carbohydrate regulation in a plant bug (Lygus hesperus)
- Author
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Carrie A. Deans, Spencer T. Behmer, and Gregory A. Sword
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Nymph ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Zoology ,01 natural sciences ,Heteroptera ,03 medical and health sciences ,Dietary Carbohydrates ,Animals ,Lygus ,Herbivore ,biology ,fungi ,Nutrients ,biology.organism_classification ,Arthropod mouthparts ,Diet ,010602 entomology ,030104 developmental biology ,Lygus hesperus ,Insect Science ,Instar ,Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ,Dietary Proteins ,PEST analysis - Abstract
Lygus bugs are highly polyphagous piercing/sucking insects found throughout North America. Collectively, they have been reported to feed on over 330 plant species (one of the broadest host range ever documented for a group of insects); they also feed on many economically important crops. Despite its prevalence across North America and status as a common pest in many agroecosystems, very little is known about how Lygus bugs regulate their intake of nutrients. In reality, little is known about nutrient regulation for most hemipterans, specifically non-phloem feeding species in the suborder Heteroptera. This likely reflects difficulties in developing adequate artificial diets for insects with piercing/sucking mouthparts. There is, however, an artificial diet for L. hersperus, and in this study we modified it and performed choice and no-choice experiments to determine how L. hesperus regulates its intake of two macronutrients – protein (p) and carbohydrates (c) – that are tightly linked to survival and performance in other insect herbivores. In choice experiments L. hesperus was allowed to select between two foods with different protein:carbohydrate ratios. We documented strong regulation for protein and carbohydrates, with late instar nymphs selecting a slightly protein-biased intake target (protein-carbohydrate ratio = 1.5:1). We also performed no-choice experiments, where nymphs were restricted to a single food. Here, the protein-carbohydrate ratio of their food had a strong impact on survival, which was highest for nymphs reared on the treatment with a protein-carbohydrate ratio closest to the self-selected intake target (determined by the choice experiments), but no significant impact on developmental time or mass gain. Our data are the first of their kind for a non-phloem feeding hemipteran and provide a starting point for more broadly understanding and further investigating the nutritional ecology/physiology of Lygus bugs. Our study also provides a framework for exploring nutrient regulation in other hemipterans and for optimizing artificial diets for piercing/sucking insects, especially heteropterans.
- Published
- 2019
44. Quantifying Lygus (Hemiptera: Miridae) damage in faba bean (Fabaceae) seeds using shortwave-infrared imaging
- Author
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J. Feng, H.A. Carcamo, A.M. Smith, and Benoit Rivard
- Subjects
biology ,Physiology ,Visual examination ,010401 analytical chemistry ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Fabaceae ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Reflectivity ,Miridae ,Hemiptera ,Shortwave infrared ,0104 chemical sciences ,Vicia faba ,Agronomy ,Structural Biology ,Insect Science ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Lygus ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Lygus Hahn (Hemiptera: Miridae) feeding in faba beans (Vicia faba Linnaeus (Fabaceae)) often results in a reduction in seed quality and economic losses. Traditionally, seed damage is assessed subjectively through visual examination by a trained individual, but the use of non-destructive imaging to evaluate seed quality is gaining momentum. The focus of this study was to determine the ability to quantify Lygus species damage in faba bean using shortwave-infrared imaging and two analysis techniques: (1) spectral angle mapper and (2) simple reflectance indices. Seed samples were visually assessed for damage before imaging in 242 wavebands between 980 and 2500 nm. Four spectral intervals, involving 102 wavebands, were identified as optimal for the detection of seed damage using spectral angle mapper. A strong relationship was obtained between the area of seed damage derived using spectral angle mapper and visually (R2 = 0.95). Seed damage derived by thresholding of two normalised faba bean damage indices involving reflectance at 1086 and 1313 nm and 2218 and 2342 nm also showed a strong relationship with the visual assessment (R2 = 0.92). The two image analysis techniques provided similar results. The study suggests that imaging in the shortwave-infrared wavelengths and the derivation of simple indices can effectively quantify faba bean damage by Lygus feeding.
- Published
- 2019
45. Behavioral Responses of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) to a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 in Cotton
- Author
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Scott D. Stewart, Scott H Graham, Beverly D. Catchot, Fred M Musser, Anitha Chitturi, and Alana L. Jacobson
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Insecticides ,Cry51Aa2.834_16 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Insect ,01 natural sciences ,thrips ,Heteroptera ,Animals ,Lygus ,media_common ,Gossypium ,Ecology ,Thrips ,biology ,Field and Forage Crops ,behavior ,Thysanoptera ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Thripidae ,biology.organism_classification ,Miridae ,Hemiptera ,010602 entomology ,Horticulture ,Bt cotton ,Insect Science ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Tarnished plant bug ,tarnished plant bug - Abstract
Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), are among the most important insect pests of cotton, Gosssypium hirsutum, in the mid-southern United States. These pests are currently managed primarily by insecticides; however, a new Bt toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 is under evaluation for control of thrips and tarnished plant bug. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavioral response of thrips and tarnished plant bug to Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16. Adult thrips avoided Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton in field choice tests and in separate field tests of Bt and non-Bt cotton not treated with insecticides. In a greenhouse choice test, approximately twice as many adult thrips and eggs were found on non-Bt compared with Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton. Similarly, in a field test of nontreated Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 and non-Bt cotton, 68% of adult thrips collected were found on non-Bt cotton. In cotton that was not sprayed with insecticides, Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 did not affect the distribution of tarnished plant bug within the canopy, although more square and flower injury was caused by tarnished plant bug in non-Bt cotton. Adult tarnished plant bug exhibited a nonpreference for diet containing lyophilized Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 leaves and for excised Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 squares in choice tests with non-Bt squares. The behavioral responses of these pests when exposed to this new Bt toxin will play a key role in the efficacy and potential resistance management strategies if this new technology is incorporated in an overall cotton insect pest management system.
- Published
- 2019
46. Combining the use of trap crops and insecticide sprays to control the tarnished plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) in strawberry (Rosaceae) fields
- Author
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F. Dumont and C. Provost
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,education.field_of_study ,Pesticide resistance ,biology ,Physiology ,Population ,Fragaria ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Miridae ,010602 entomology ,Horticulture ,Structural Biology ,Insect Science ,Trap crop ,Lygus ,Tarnished plant bug ,education ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,White mustard - Abstract
The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), causes severe damages in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier; Rosaceae) fields in Québec, Canada. Currently, only chemical insecticides successfully control that major pest. Lygus lineolaris aggregate in trap crops such as buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench; Polygonaceae) and white mustard (Sinapis alba Linnaeus; Brassicaceae) but do not remain long enough on these plants to significantly reduce damages on strawberries. However, the attractiveness of the trap crop gives the opportunity to gather L. lineolaris in an area of the field where chemical treatments could be applied more efficiently. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of the combination of trap crop (buckwheat and white mustard) and chemical treatments to control L. lineolaris. Randomised complete-block design included treatment with either no trap crop, buckwheat, or white mustard row planted close to strawberry plants. Half blocks were treated with insecticide (cypermethrin) sprayed on strawberry plants (in treatment without trap crop) or directly on trap crop. We found that L. lineolaris was more abundant on buckwheat than on white mustard or strawberry plants. Insecticide application on trap crops reduced the population on these hosts, but did not reduce L. lineolaris on adjacent strawberry plants. Behavioural avoidance and physiological pesticide resistance could explain this result.
- Published
- 2019
47. Evaluating Optimal Spray Timing, Planting Date, and Current Thresholds for Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Virginia and North Carolina Cotton
- Author
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Dominic D. Reisig, Sally V. Taylor, Seth J Dorman, and Mohammad-Amir Aghaee
- Subjects
Nymph ,Integrated pest management ,Gossypium ,Ecology ,biology ,Phenology ,fungi ,Virginia ,Sowing ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Hemiptera ,Miridae ,Heteroptera ,Agronomy ,Insect Science ,North Carolina ,Animals ,Lygus ,Tarnished plant bug - Abstract
Economically damaging infestations of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), the tarnished plant bug, have been increasing in North Carolina and Virginia cotton since 2009. We conducted experiments to compare prophylactically timed sprays based on cotton phenology and current action thresholds based on sweep net and drop cloth sampling. In the second year of the study, we included planting date as a factor, with early and late-planted cotton. We found L. lineolaris nymph densities were reduced by at least 60% in North Carolina and 74% in Virginia in threshold plots when compared with the untreated control. Protecting the crop from first square through the fourth week of bloom afforded at least 30% control across planting dates in Virginia and at least 40% control in North Carolina. Economic returns were two to three times greater in early-planted cotton than in late-planted cotton. Treating cotton at action threshold or using prophylactic sprays from first square until the sixth week of bloom in early-planted cotton yielded over $500/ha in net returns in both North Carolina and Virginia. This study supports previous research that shows controlling L. lineolaris infestations during squaring and early weeks of flowering is critical for maximizing yield potential. Our findings also suggest that prebloom and bloom thresholds based on adult and nymphal density devised in the Mid-South may need revision in North Carolina and Virginia.
- Published
- 2019
48. First transgenic trait for control of plant bugs and thrips in cotton
- Author
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David L. Kerns, Anilkumar Gowda, Scott L Bollman, Jeffrey Ahrens, Jason W Stelzer, Peter C. Ellsworth, Michael D. Toews, John T. Greenplate, Gus M. Lorenz, Robert S. Brown, Larry D. Godfrey, D. A. Herbert, Dominic D. Reisig, Thomas L. Clark, Scott D. Stewart, Angus L. Catchot, Waseem Akbar, Jeff Gore, Jeremy K. Greene, and Gregory A. Sword
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Integrated pest management ,Thrips ,fungi ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,Genetically modified crops ,Biology ,Pesticide ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Hemiptera ,Toxicology ,010602 entomology ,Insect Science ,Lygus ,PEST analysis ,Nymph ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Background Plant bugs (Lygus spp.) and thrips (Thrips spp.) are two of the most economically important insect pest groups impacting cotton production in the USA today, but are not controlled by current transgenic cotton varieties. Thus, seed or foliar-applied chemical insecticides are typically required to protect cotton from these pest groups. Currently, these pests are resistant to several insecticides, resulting in fewer options for economically viable management. Previous publications documented the efficacy of transgenic cotton event MON 88702 against plant bugs and thrips in limited laboratory and field studies. Here, we report results from multi-location and multi-year field studies demonstrating efficacy provided by MON 88702 against various levels of these pests. Results MON 88702 provided a significant reduction in numbers of Lygus nymphs and subsequent yield advantage. MON 88702 also had fewer thrips and minimal injury. The level of control demonstrated by this transgenic trait was significantly better compared with its non-transgenic near-isoline, DP393, receiving insecticides at current commercial rates. Conclusion The level of efficacy demonstrated here suggests that MON 88702, when incorporated into existing IPM programs, could become a valuable additional tool for management of Lygus and thrips in cotton agroecosystems experiencing challenges of resistance to existing chemical control strategies. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
- Published
- 2018
49. Managing cabbage seedpod weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in canola (Brassicaceae) – are Lygus (Hemiptera: Miridae) affected?
- Author
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S.B. Meers, Carolyn E. Herle, and Héctor A. Cárcamo
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,food.ingredient ,biology ,Physiology ,Weevil ,Brassica ,Brassicaceae ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Hemiptera ,Miridae ,010602 entomology ,Horticulture ,food ,Structural Biology ,Insect Science ,Curculionidae ,Lygus ,Canola ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus Marsham; Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Lygus Hahn (Hemiptera: Miridae) species are part of the late season insect pest complex of canola (Brassica Linnaeus; Brassicacea) in the southern prairies of Canada. From 2010 to 2013, large strips in 73 commercial fields were studied in southern Alberta to validate action thresholds for cabbage seedpod weevil and assess the impact of insecticide spraying at the early flower stage for cabbage seedpod weevils on abundance of Lygus at the pod stage. Only fields planted in April accumulated the damaging populations of cabbage seedpod weevils, such that the application of an insecticide resulted in significant yield protection. The economic injury level for the cabbage seedpod weevil was calculated at 20 cabbage seedpod weevils per 10 sweeps, but an action threshold of 25–40 is recommended because sampling mainly occurs along the edge where cabbage seedpod weevils are initially concentrated. At the pod stage, Lygus were lower in strips sprayed with insecticides at the early flower stage than in those not sprayed, but the differences were not statistically significant. Furthermore, Lygus were generally below economically damaging levels in early seeded fields. Therefore, there is no benefit of spraying early seeded fields to attempt to prevent Lygus outbreaks when cabbage seedpod weevils are below thresholds because Lygus may pose a risk only in fields planted later in the season.
- Published
- 2018
50. Identification of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that are associated with the nectariless trait of Gossypium hirsutum L
- Author
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Sang-Hyuck Park, Jeffery D. Ray, Jodi A. Scheffler, and Brian E. Scheffler
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Genetics ,Bract ,biology ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Plant Science ,Horticulture ,Marker-assisted selection ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Genetic marker ,Trait ,Nectar ,Beneficial insects ,Lygus ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has nectar containing modified stomates called nectaries that can be located on leaves, bracts or calyces. The nectar attracts some beneficial insects such as bees, but also predatory damaging insects such as heliothines and Lygus species. There is a naturally occurring mutation that eliminates the nectar containing nectaries and makes the cotton plants less attractive to insects. The nectariless (ne) trait is associated with a double recessive mutation of two genes (ne1 and ne2) on homeologous chromosomes 12 and 26. Expression of the trait can be variable and is also affected by environmental conditions. This makes accurately selecting for the trait based on phenotype difficult. This study identified SSR and SNP markers that can be used by breeders for marker assisted selection (MAS) of the nectariless trait. DNA markers associated with the genes conditioning the trait and used for MAS, will allow cotton cultivars to be easily developed that have decreased attractiveness to insects and reduce the need for insecticides, especially those harmful to beneficial insects such as honeybees.
- Published
- 2021
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