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This study evaluates the effects of general fatiguing exercises on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), compensatory postural adjustments (CPAs), and standing stability between 18 individuals with comprehensive training experience (TR) and 18 untrained individuals (UT). Assessments were conducted before and after a 20-min fatiguing exercise using surface electromyography and a force platform during self-initiated perturbation and postural stability tests. Key findings include that, irrespective of fatigue, the APAs onsets in the TrA/IO (p = 0.004), LMF (PRE p = 0.003, POST p < 0.001), and ST (PRE p = 0.001, POST p = 0.006) muscles activated earlier in the TR group than in the UT group. Additionally, the APA co-contraction indices of the TrA/IO-LMF (PRE p = 0.011, POST p = 0.029), TrA/IO-ST (p = 0.014), and LMF-ST (PRE p = 0.002, POST p = 0.005) muscle pairs were higher in the TR group. After fatigue, the UT group significantly increased CPA co-contraction indices for the TrA/IO-LMF (p = 0.035) and LMF-ST (p = 0.005) muscle pairs. This research highlights the importance of comprehensive training in facilitating feedforward control strategies, particularly for individuals facing challenging postural conditions, such as fatigue or disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lower surface of bamboo leaves was adopted as a hydrophobic surface master. Regarding the characteristics of electroforming for hydrophobic surfaces, a wet-out treatment and a cathode horizontal-rotation were adopted to improve the replication quality of micro-nano hierarchical structures. The results show that the wet-out treatment can effectively improve the nickel ion deposition in the micro-nano cavities. The cathode horizontal-rotation is proved to be helpful for the better macro-and micro-qualities of electroformed nickel mold inserts. Electroforming technology with the wet-out treatment and the cathode horizontal-rotation can significantly improve the replication quality of micro-nano hierarchical structures of bamboo leaf surfaces, and can be used to successfully fabricate the hydrophobic nickel mold inserts with high quality for further molding.

Based on the COMSOL Multiphysics software, the electric field distribution and the growth front of electroformed layer on the cathode surface were simulated during the electroforming process. The simulation results show that the uniformity of electroformed layer with micro/nano-cavities can be effectively improved with a better replication quality by using a lower initial current density. Both nano-diaphragm and nanopillar array are selected as masters for the electroforming experiments. When the initial current density decreases from 4A/dm2 to 1A/dm2, the maximum deviation of characteristic width between the nano-diaphragm master and mold inserts dramatically decreases from 60nm to ±20nm. By setting proper current density and enhancing mass transfer near the cathode surface, the characteristic diameter dimension error of electroformed mold inserts for nanopillar array decreases from 6.27% to 2.49%. The replication quality of electroformed mold inserts with micro/nano-cavities can be significantly improved by these methods.

Diamond-like carbon(DLC) films had many unique and outstanding properties such as high thermal conductivity, high hardness, excellent chemical inertness, low friction coefficients and wear coefficients. The properties and combinations were very promising for heat sink, micro-electromechanical devices, radiation hardening, biomedical devices, automotive industry and other technical applications, more research and a lot of attention were attracted in recent years. The research progress of diamond-like films and the nucleation mechanism of film were summarized, and application prospect of DLC films were demonstrated. The aim of this paper is to provide insights on the research trend of DLC films and the industry applications.